Economic inequality and poverty: facts, methods, and policies
Economic Inequality and Poverty examines how methods for measuring inequality and poverty have evolved. Kakwani and Son draw on household surveys to demonstate a framework based on economic variables that can be applied to draw up evidence-based policies
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
[2022]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | HWR01 UBR01 UPA01 URL des Erstveröffentlichers |
| Zusammenfassung: | Economic Inequality and Poverty examines how methods for measuring inequality and poverty have evolved. Kakwani and Son draw on household surveys to demonstate a framework based on economic variables that can be applied to draw up evidence-based policies |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (xvi, 516 Seiten) Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780192594198 |
| DOI: | 10.1093/oso/9780198852841.001.0001 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Economic inequality and poverty |b facts, methods, and policies |c Nanak Kakwani, Hyun H. Son |
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford |b Oxford University Press |c [2022] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2022 | |
| 300 | |a 1 Online-Ressource (xvi, 516 Seiten) |b Diagramme | ||
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| 505 | 8 | |a Cover -- Titlepage -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope and Limitations -- 1.2 Theories of Size Distribution of Income: A Brief Review -- 1.3 Lorenz Curve and Its Variants -- 1.4 Social Welfare Ranking of Income Distribution -- 1.5 Measures of Income Inequality -- 1.6 Identification of the Poor -- 1.7 Aggregate Poverty Measures -- 1.8 Multidimensional Poverty -- 1.9 Relationships among the Distributions of Economic Variables -- 1.10 Application of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis -- 1.11 Tax Progressivity and Redistributive Effect of Taxation -- 1.12 Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity and Redistributive Effects -- 1.13 Negative Income Tax Plans -- 1.14 Social Welfare Programs -- 1.15 Social Price Indices and Inequality -- 1.16 Impact of Prices on Poverty -- 1.17 Economic Growth and Poverty -- 1.18 Pro-Poor Growth and Poverty Reduction -- 1.19 Summarizing the Main Contributions of the Book -- 2 Income Distributions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Concepts of Income Distribution Functions -- 2.3 Normal Distribution -- 2.4 The Pareto Law -- 2.5 Generation of Income Distribution: Champernowne's Model -- 2.6 The Pareto-Levy Law -- 2.7 Family of Distribution Functions Satisfying the Weak Pareto Law -- 2.8 Champernowne's Distribution -- 2.9 Laws of Income Distribution Violating the Weak Pareto Law -- 2.10 Concluding Remarks -- 3 The Lorenz Curve and Its Variants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Definition of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.3 Lorenz Curve for Well-Known Distribution Functions -- 3.4 Direct Approaches to Specifying the Lorenz Curve -- 3.5 Some Useful Lemmas -- 3.6 Symmetric Lorenz Curve -- 3.7 Economic Development and Skewness of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.8 Intercountry Comparison of Skewness of Lorenz Curve -- 3.9 Relative and Absolute Inequality | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 3.10 Variants of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.11 Comparison of Inequality: China versus India -- 3.12 Concluding Remarks -- 4 Welfare Ranking of Income Distributions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Some Useful Definitions -- 4.3 Individual Welfare -- 4.4 Social Welfare Function -- 4.5 Utilitarian Social Welfare Function -- 4.6 Atkinson's Theorem -- 4.7 Generalized Lorenz Curve -- 4.8 Welfare Ranking and Utilitarian Social Welfare Function -- 4.9 Some Implications of the Theorems -- 4.10 Abba Lerner's Probabilistic Social Welfare Functions -- 4.11 A Further Generalization of the Theorems -- 4.12 Stochastic Dominance -- 4.13 An Illustration Using Lao PDR Data -- 4.14 Concluding Remarks -- 5 Measurement of Income Inequality -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Axioms of Inequality Comparison -- 5.3 Gini Index and Relative Mean Difference -- 5.4 Information Measures of Inequality -- 5.5 Discomposability and Subgroup Consistency -- 5.6 Normative Measures of Inequality -- 5.7 Atkinson's Inequality Measures -- 5.8 General Social Welfare Framework for Income Inequality -- 5.9 Social Welfare Implications of the Gini Index -- 5.10 Is the Gini Index Decomposable and Subgroup Consistent? -- 5.11 Generalized Gini Index -- 5.12 Trends in Inequality in China -- 5.13 Polarization -- 5.14 Size and Share of the Middle Class in China -- 5.15 Concluding Remarks -- 6 Specifying Poverty Lines -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Absolute versus Relative Poverty Lines -- 6.3 A New Model of Specifying Absolute Poverty Thresholds -- 6.4 Food Poverty Line -- 6.5 Non-Food Poverty Line -- 6.6 Economies of Scale in Non-food Expenditure -- 6.7 Updating the Poverty Line -- 6.8 Development of Poverty Lines for Pakistan: A Case Study -- 6.9 International Poverty Line -- 6.10 Concluding Remarks -- 7 Poverty Measures -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Head-Count Ratio: A Popular Measure of Poverty -- 7.3 Poverty Gap Ratio | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 7.4 A Social Welfare Framework of Poverty Measures -- 7.5 Sen's Relative Poverty Measure -- 7.6 Sen's Absolute Measure of Poverty -- 7.7 Variants of Sen's Poverty Measures -- 7.8 Troublesome Axiom of Income Transfers -- 7.9 Monotonicity and Transfer-Sensitivity Axioms -- 7.10 A General Class of Poverty Measures -- 7.11 Particular Cases of the General Class of Poverty Measures -- 7.12 Utilitarian Social Welfare Functions -- 7.13 Particular Cases of the General Utilitarian Poverty Measures -- 7.14 Total Social Cost of Poverty (TSCP) for Utilitarian Social Welfare Functions -- 7.15 Decomposable Poverty Indices and Subgroup Consistency -- 7.16 Decomposability of Sen's Generalized Poverty Measures -- 7.17 Application to China, 1988-2018 -- 7.18 Concluding Remarks -- 8 Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Unresolved Issues -- 8.3 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index -- 8.4 An Alternative Approach to Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.5 Union or Interaction Approaches to Identifying the Poor -- 8.6 A New Method of Measuring Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.7 Multidimensional Poverty in Brazilian Municipalities: A Case Study -- 8.8 Concluding Remarks -- 9 Concentration Curves -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Derivation of Concentration Curves -- 9.3 The Concentration Curve for Well-Known Income Distributions -- 9.4 Relationships between Elasticity and Concentration Curves -- 9.5 Concentration Index of a Function -- 9.6 Relative Concentration Curve and Index -- 9.7 Generalization of Social Welfare Functions -- 9.8 Aggregate Elasticity -- 9.9 Concluding Remarks -- 10 Applications of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Engel Curve -- 10.3 Consumption and Saving Functions -- 10.4 The Stiglitz Model of Distribution of Income and Wealth among Individuals -- 10.5 Employment-Growth Elasticity | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 10.6 Application of Employment-Growth Elasticity to Brazil -- 10.7 Income Inequality by Factor Components -- 10.8 A Dynamic Decomposition of Inequality -- 10.9 Inequity in Opportunity -- 10.10 Opportunities in Education and Health in Indonesia -- 10.11 Concluding Remarks -- 11 Tax Progressivity and Redistribution Effect of Taxes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Equity Axioms -- 11.3 Linkage between Tax Elasticity and Equity Axioms -- 11.4 Four Alternative Definitions of Tax Progressivity -- 11.5 Relative and Absolute Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 11.6 The Kakwani Index of Tax Progressivity and Its Variants -- 11.7 A Tax Progressivity Decomposition -- 11.8 The Suits Tax Progressivity Measure -- 11.9 Horizontal and Vertical Equity -- 11.10 A Hypothetical Example -- 11.11 Violation of Equity Axioms -- 11.12 An International Comparison of Inequities in Taxation -- 11.13 Income Tax Discrimination -- 11.14 Is There Discrimination in Australian Income Tax? -- 11.15 Relief Package in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic -- 11.16 An Illustration of Welfare Loss Due to DiscriminationUsing Brazilian Data -- 11.17 Concluding Remarks -- 12 Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Relative and Absolute Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 12.3 Additive Separable and Rank Order Social Welfare Functions -- 12.4 Horizontal Inequity and Rank Change -- 12.5 Social Welfare Framework for Measuring Tax Progressivity -- 12.6 Redistributive Effect of Taxation -- 12.7 A General Class of the Gini Social Welfare Functions -- 12.8 A Class of Atkinson and Kolm Social Welfare Functions -- 12.9 Welfare Interpretation of Suits' Measure of Tax Progressivity -- 12.10 A New Progressivity Index Based on the BonferroniSocial Welfare Function -- 12.11 International Comparison of Tax Progressivity -- 12.12 Concluding Remarks -- 13 Negative Income Tax Plans | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 A General Framework of Income Tax Plans -- 13.3 Alternative Negative Income Tax Plans -- 13.4 Progressivity of Negative Income Tax Plans -- 13.5 Redistributive Impacts of Negative Income Tax -- 13.6 A Numerical Illustration Using US data -- 13.7 Concluding Remarks -- 14 Targeting Tools to Evaluate Social Programs -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Targeting Indicators -- 14.3 Poverty Status and Selection of Beneficiaries -- 14.4 Beneficiary Incidence -- 14.5 Benefit Incidence -- 14.6 Universal Basic Income (UBI) -- 14.7 Perfect Targeting -- 14.8 The Social Rate of Return (SRR) -- 14.9 Operationalizing Social Rate of Return -- 14.10 China's Dibao Program -- 14.11 Evaluation Methodology -- 14.12 Evaluation of the Dibao, 2013 -- 14.13 Impact of the Dibao on Poverty Reduction -- 14.14 Social Rate of Return for the Dibao -- 14.15 Concluding Remarks -- 15 Social Price Indices and Inequality -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Individual Price Indices -- 15.3 Social Price Indices -- 15.4 Social Expenditure Function -- 15.5 Class of Atkinson's Social Expenditure Functions -- 15.6 Class of Interdependent Social Expenditure Functions -- 15.7 Impact of Price Change on Inequality -- 15.8 Social Price Indices: A Case Study of Thailand -- 15.9 A Comparison with South Korea -- 15.10 Concluding Remarks -- 16 Poverty Price Indices -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Price Elasticity of Individual Money Metric Utility -- 16.3 Price Elasticity of Poverty -- 16.4 Measuring the Impact of Prices on Poverty -- 16.5 Price Index for the Poor -- 16.6 A Case Study for Brazil -- 16.7 Concluding Remarks -- 17 Economic Growth and Poverty -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Three Alternative Measures of Economic Growth -- 17.3 Growth Elasticity of Poverty: Cross-Country Regressions -- 17.4 Linkage between Poverty, Economic Growth, and Income Inequality: A Non-Parametric Approach | |
| 505 | 8 | |a 17.5 Growth Elasticity of Poverty Measures | |
| 520 | 3 | |a Economic Inequality and Poverty examines how methods for measuring inequality and poverty have evolved. Kakwani and Son draw on household surveys to demonstate a framework based on economic variables that can be applied to draw up evidence-based policies | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| author2 | Kakwani, Nanak 1940- Son, Hyun H. |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)134048504 (DE-588)171919033 |
| author_facet | Kakwani, Nanak 1940- Son, Hyun H. |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048523558 |
| classification_rvk | QX 200 |
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| contents | Cover -- Titlepage -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope and Limitations -- 1.2 Theories of Size Distribution of Income: A Brief Review -- 1.3 Lorenz Curve and Its Variants -- 1.4 Social Welfare Ranking of Income Distribution -- 1.5 Measures of Income Inequality -- 1.6 Identification of the Poor -- 1.7 Aggregate Poverty Measures -- 1.8 Multidimensional Poverty -- 1.9 Relationships among the Distributions of Economic Variables -- 1.10 Application of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis -- 1.11 Tax Progressivity and Redistributive Effect of Taxation -- 1.12 Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity and Redistributive Effects -- 1.13 Negative Income Tax Plans -- 1.14 Social Welfare Programs -- 1.15 Social Price Indices and Inequality -- 1.16 Impact of Prices on Poverty -- 1.17 Economic Growth and Poverty -- 1.18 Pro-Poor Growth and Poverty Reduction -- 1.19 Summarizing the Main Contributions of the Book -- 2 Income Distributions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Concepts of Income Distribution Functions -- 2.3 Normal Distribution -- 2.4 The Pareto Law -- 2.5 Generation of Income Distribution: Champernowne's Model -- 2.6 The Pareto-Levy Law -- 2.7 Family of Distribution Functions Satisfying the Weak Pareto Law -- 2.8 Champernowne's Distribution -- 2.9 Laws of Income Distribution Violating the Weak Pareto Law -- 2.10 Concluding Remarks -- 3 The Lorenz Curve and Its Variants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Definition of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.3 Lorenz Curve for Well-Known Distribution Functions -- 3.4 Direct Approaches to Specifying the Lorenz Curve -- 3.5 Some Useful Lemmas -- 3.6 Symmetric Lorenz Curve -- 3.7 Economic Development and Skewness of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.8 Intercountry Comparison of Skewness of Lorenz Curve -- 3.9 Relative and Absolute Inequality 3.10 Variants of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.11 Comparison of Inequality: China versus India -- 3.12 Concluding Remarks -- 4 Welfare Ranking of Income Distributions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Some Useful Definitions -- 4.3 Individual Welfare -- 4.4 Social Welfare Function -- 4.5 Utilitarian Social Welfare Function -- 4.6 Atkinson's Theorem -- 4.7 Generalized Lorenz Curve -- 4.8 Welfare Ranking and Utilitarian Social Welfare Function -- 4.9 Some Implications of the Theorems -- 4.10 Abba Lerner's Probabilistic Social Welfare Functions -- 4.11 A Further Generalization of the Theorems -- 4.12 Stochastic Dominance -- 4.13 An Illustration Using Lao PDR Data -- 4.14 Concluding Remarks -- 5 Measurement of Income Inequality -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Axioms of Inequality Comparison -- 5.3 Gini Index and Relative Mean Difference -- 5.4 Information Measures of Inequality -- 5.5 Discomposability and Subgroup Consistency -- 5.6 Normative Measures of Inequality -- 5.7 Atkinson's Inequality Measures -- 5.8 General Social Welfare Framework for Income Inequality -- 5.9 Social Welfare Implications of the Gini Index -- 5.10 Is the Gini Index Decomposable and Subgroup Consistent? -- 5.11 Generalized Gini Index -- 5.12 Trends in Inequality in China -- 5.13 Polarization -- 5.14 Size and Share of the Middle Class in China -- 5.15 Concluding Remarks -- 6 Specifying Poverty Lines -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Absolute versus Relative Poverty Lines -- 6.3 A New Model of Specifying Absolute Poverty Thresholds -- 6.4 Food Poverty Line -- 6.5 Non-Food Poverty Line -- 6.6 Economies of Scale in Non-food Expenditure -- 6.7 Updating the Poverty Line -- 6.8 Development of Poverty Lines for Pakistan: A Case Study -- 6.9 International Poverty Line -- 6.10 Concluding Remarks -- 7 Poverty Measures -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Head-Count Ratio: A Popular Measure of Poverty -- 7.3 Poverty Gap Ratio 7.4 A Social Welfare Framework of Poverty Measures -- 7.5 Sen's Relative Poverty Measure -- 7.6 Sen's Absolute Measure of Poverty -- 7.7 Variants of Sen's Poverty Measures -- 7.8 Troublesome Axiom of Income Transfers -- 7.9 Monotonicity and Transfer-Sensitivity Axioms -- 7.10 A General Class of Poverty Measures -- 7.11 Particular Cases of the General Class of Poverty Measures -- 7.12 Utilitarian Social Welfare Functions -- 7.13 Particular Cases of the General Utilitarian Poverty Measures -- 7.14 Total Social Cost of Poverty (TSCP) for Utilitarian Social Welfare Functions -- 7.15 Decomposable Poverty Indices and Subgroup Consistency -- 7.16 Decomposability of Sen's Generalized Poverty Measures -- 7.17 Application to China, 1988-2018 -- 7.18 Concluding Remarks -- 8 Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Unresolved Issues -- 8.3 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index -- 8.4 An Alternative Approach to Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.5 Union or Interaction Approaches to Identifying the Poor -- 8.6 A New Method of Measuring Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.7 Multidimensional Poverty in Brazilian Municipalities: A Case Study -- 8.8 Concluding Remarks -- 9 Concentration Curves -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Derivation of Concentration Curves -- 9.3 The Concentration Curve for Well-Known Income Distributions -- 9.4 Relationships between Elasticity and Concentration Curves -- 9.5 Concentration Index of a Function -- 9.6 Relative Concentration Curve and Index -- 9.7 Generalization of Social Welfare Functions -- 9.8 Aggregate Elasticity -- 9.9 Concluding Remarks -- 10 Applications of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Engel Curve -- 10.3 Consumption and Saving Functions -- 10.4 The Stiglitz Model of Distribution of Income and Wealth among Individuals -- 10.5 Employment-Growth Elasticity 10.6 Application of Employment-Growth Elasticity to Brazil -- 10.7 Income Inequality by Factor Components -- 10.8 A Dynamic Decomposition of Inequality -- 10.9 Inequity in Opportunity -- 10.10 Opportunities in Education and Health in Indonesia -- 10.11 Concluding Remarks -- 11 Tax Progressivity and Redistribution Effect of Taxes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Equity Axioms -- 11.3 Linkage between Tax Elasticity and Equity Axioms -- 11.4 Four Alternative Definitions of Tax Progressivity -- 11.5 Relative and Absolute Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 11.6 The Kakwani Index of Tax Progressivity and Its Variants -- 11.7 A Tax Progressivity Decomposition -- 11.8 The Suits Tax Progressivity Measure -- 11.9 Horizontal and Vertical Equity -- 11.10 A Hypothetical Example -- 11.11 Violation of Equity Axioms -- 11.12 An International Comparison of Inequities in Taxation -- 11.13 Income Tax Discrimination -- 11.14 Is There Discrimination in Australian Income Tax? -- 11.15 Relief Package in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic -- 11.16 An Illustration of Welfare Loss Due to DiscriminationUsing Brazilian Data -- 11.17 Concluding Remarks -- 12 Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Relative and Absolute Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 12.3 Additive Separable and Rank Order Social Welfare Functions -- 12.4 Horizontal Inequity and Rank Change -- 12.5 Social Welfare Framework for Measuring Tax Progressivity -- 12.6 Redistributive Effect of Taxation -- 12.7 A General Class of the Gini Social Welfare Functions -- 12.8 A Class of Atkinson and Kolm Social Welfare Functions -- 12.9 Welfare Interpretation of Suits' Measure of Tax Progressivity -- 12.10 A New Progressivity Index Based on the BonferroniSocial Welfare Function -- 12.11 International Comparison of Tax Progressivity -- 12.12 Concluding Remarks -- 13 Negative Income Tax Plans 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 A General Framework of Income Tax Plans -- 13.3 Alternative Negative Income Tax Plans -- 13.4 Progressivity of Negative Income Tax Plans -- 13.5 Redistributive Impacts of Negative Income Tax -- 13.6 A Numerical Illustration Using US data -- 13.7 Concluding Remarks -- 14 Targeting Tools to Evaluate Social Programs -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Targeting Indicators -- 14.3 Poverty Status and Selection of Beneficiaries -- 14.4 Beneficiary Incidence -- 14.5 Benefit Incidence -- 14.6 Universal Basic Income (UBI) -- 14.7 Perfect Targeting -- 14.8 The Social Rate of Return (SRR) -- 14.9 Operationalizing Social Rate of Return -- 14.10 China's Dibao Program -- 14.11 Evaluation Methodology -- 14.12 Evaluation of the Dibao, 2013 -- 14.13 Impact of the Dibao on Poverty Reduction -- 14.14 Social Rate of Return for the Dibao -- 14.15 Concluding Remarks -- 15 Social Price Indices and Inequality -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Individual Price Indices -- 15.3 Social Price Indices -- 15.4 Social Expenditure Function -- 15.5 Class of Atkinson's Social Expenditure Functions -- 15.6 Class of Interdependent Social Expenditure Functions -- 15.7 Impact of Price Change on Inequality -- 15.8 Social Price Indices: A Case Study of Thailand -- 15.9 A Comparison with South Korea -- 15.10 Concluding Remarks -- 16 Poverty Price Indices -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Price Elasticity of Individual Money Metric Utility -- 16.3 Price Elasticity of Poverty -- 16.4 Measuring the Impact of Prices on Poverty -- 16.5 Price Index for the Poor -- 16.6 A Case Study for Brazil -- 16.7 Concluding Remarks -- 17 Economic Growth and Poverty -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Three Alternative Measures of Economic Growth -- 17.3 Growth Elasticity of Poverty: Cross-Country Regressions -- 17.4 Linkage between Poverty, Economic Growth, and Income Inequality: A Non-Parametric Approach 17.5 Growth Elasticity of Poverty Measures |
| ctrlnum | (ZDB-30-PQE)EBC7075588 (ZDB-30-PAD)EBC7075588 (ZDB-89-EBL)EBL7075588 (OCoLC)1341443379 (DE-599)BVBBV048523558 |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/oso/9780198852841.001.0001 |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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Son</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Oxford</subfield><subfield code="b">Oxford University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2022]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2022</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (xvi, 516 Seiten)</subfield><subfield code="b">Diagramme</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cover -- Titlepage -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope and Limitations -- 1.2 Theories of Size Distribution of Income: A Brief Review -- 1.3 Lorenz Curve and Its Variants -- 1.4 Social Welfare Ranking of Income Distribution -- 1.5 Measures of Income Inequality -- 1.6 Identification of the Poor -- 1.7 Aggregate Poverty Measures -- 1.8 Multidimensional Poverty -- 1.9 Relationships among the Distributions of Economic Variables -- 1.10 Application of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis -- 1.11 Tax Progressivity and Redistributive Effect of Taxation -- 1.12 Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity and Redistributive Effects -- 1.13 Negative Income Tax Plans -- 1.14 Social Welfare Programs -- 1.15 Social Price Indices and Inequality -- 1.16 Impact of Prices on Poverty -- 1.17 Economic Growth and Poverty -- 1.18 Pro-Poor Growth and Poverty Reduction -- 1.19 Summarizing the Main Contributions of the Book -- 2 Income Distributions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Concepts of Income Distribution Functions -- 2.3 Normal Distribution -- 2.4 The Pareto Law -- 2.5 Generation of Income Distribution: Champernowne's Model -- 2.6 The Pareto-Levy Law -- 2.7 Family of Distribution Functions Satisfying the Weak Pareto Law -- 2.8 Champernowne's Distribution -- 2.9 Laws of Income Distribution Violating the Weak Pareto Law -- 2.10 Concluding Remarks -- 3 The Lorenz Curve and Its Variants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Definition of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.3 Lorenz Curve for Well-Known Distribution Functions -- 3.4 Direct Approaches to Specifying the Lorenz Curve -- 3.5 Some Useful Lemmas -- 3.6 Symmetric Lorenz Curve -- 3.7 Economic Development and Skewness of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.8 Intercountry Comparison of Skewness of Lorenz Curve -- 3.9 Relative and Absolute Inequality</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3.10 Variants of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.11 Comparison of Inequality: China versus India -- 3.12 Concluding Remarks -- 4 Welfare Ranking of Income Distributions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Some Useful Definitions -- 4.3 Individual Welfare -- 4.4 Social Welfare Function -- 4.5 Utilitarian Social Welfare Function -- 4.6 Atkinson's Theorem -- 4.7 Generalized Lorenz Curve -- 4.8 Welfare Ranking and Utilitarian Social Welfare Function -- 4.9 Some Implications of the Theorems -- 4.10 Abba Lerner's Probabilistic Social Welfare Functions -- 4.11 A Further Generalization of the Theorems -- 4.12 Stochastic Dominance -- 4.13 An Illustration Using Lao PDR Data -- 4.14 Concluding Remarks -- 5 Measurement of Income Inequality -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Axioms of Inequality Comparison -- 5.3 Gini Index and Relative Mean Difference -- 5.4 Information Measures of Inequality -- 5.5 Discomposability and Subgroup Consistency -- 5.6 Normative Measures of Inequality -- 5.7 Atkinson's Inequality Measures -- 5.8 General Social Welfare Framework for Income Inequality -- 5.9 Social Welfare Implications of the Gini Index -- 5.10 Is the Gini Index Decomposable and Subgroup Consistent? -- 5.11 Generalized Gini Index -- 5.12 Trends in Inequality in China -- 5.13 Polarization -- 5.14 Size and Share of the Middle Class in China -- 5.15 Concluding Remarks -- 6 Specifying Poverty Lines -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Absolute versus Relative Poverty Lines -- 6.3 A New Model of Specifying Absolute Poverty Thresholds -- 6.4 Food Poverty Line -- 6.5 Non-Food Poverty Line -- 6.6 Economies of Scale in Non-food Expenditure -- 6.7 Updating the Poverty Line -- 6.8 Development of Poverty Lines for Pakistan: A Case Study -- 6.9 International Poverty Line -- 6.10 Concluding Remarks -- 7 Poverty Measures -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Head-Count Ratio: A Popular Measure of Poverty -- 7.3 Poverty Gap Ratio</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">7.4 A Social Welfare Framework of Poverty Measures -- 7.5 Sen's Relative Poverty Measure -- 7.6 Sen's Absolute Measure of Poverty -- 7.7 Variants of Sen's Poverty Measures -- 7.8 Troublesome Axiom of Income Transfers -- 7.9 Monotonicity and Transfer-Sensitivity Axioms -- 7.10 A General Class of Poverty Measures -- 7.11 Particular Cases of the General Class of Poverty Measures -- 7.12 Utilitarian Social Welfare Functions -- 7.13 Particular Cases of the General Utilitarian Poverty Measures -- 7.14 Total Social Cost of Poverty (TSCP) for Utilitarian Social Welfare Functions -- 7.15 Decomposable Poverty Indices and Subgroup Consistency -- 7.16 Decomposability of Sen's Generalized Poverty Measures -- 7.17 Application to China, 1988-2018 -- 7.18 Concluding Remarks -- 8 Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Unresolved Issues -- 8.3 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index -- 8.4 An Alternative Approach to Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.5 Union or Interaction Approaches to Identifying the Poor -- 8.6 A New Method of Measuring Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.7 Multidimensional Poverty in Brazilian Municipalities: A Case Study -- 8.8 Concluding Remarks -- 9 Concentration Curves -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Derivation of Concentration Curves -- 9.3 The Concentration Curve for Well-Known Income Distributions -- 9.4 Relationships between Elasticity and Concentration Curves -- 9.5 Concentration Index of a Function -- 9.6 Relative Concentration Curve and Index -- 9.7 Generalization of Social Welfare Functions -- 9.8 Aggregate Elasticity -- 9.9 Concluding Remarks -- 10 Applications of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Engel Curve -- 10.3 Consumption and Saving Functions -- 10.4 The Stiglitz Model of Distribution of Income and Wealth among Individuals -- 10.5 Employment-Growth Elasticity</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.6 Application of Employment-Growth Elasticity to Brazil -- 10.7 Income Inequality by Factor Components -- 10.8 A Dynamic Decomposition of Inequality -- 10.9 Inequity in Opportunity -- 10.10 Opportunities in Education and Health in Indonesia -- 10.11 Concluding Remarks -- 11 Tax Progressivity and Redistribution Effect of Taxes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Equity Axioms -- 11.3 Linkage between Tax Elasticity and Equity Axioms -- 11.4 Four Alternative Definitions of Tax Progressivity -- 11.5 Relative and Absolute Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 11.6 The Kakwani Index of Tax Progressivity and Its Variants -- 11.7 A Tax Progressivity Decomposition -- 11.8 The Suits Tax Progressivity Measure -- 11.9 Horizontal and Vertical Equity -- 11.10 A Hypothetical Example -- 11.11 Violation of Equity Axioms -- 11.12 An International Comparison of Inequities in Taxation -- 11.13 Income Tax Discrimination -- 11.14 Is There Discrimination in Australian Income Tax? -- 11.15 Relief Package in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic -- 11.16 An Illustration of Welfare Loss Due to DiscriminationUsing Brazilian Data -- 11.17 Concluding Remarks -- 12 Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Relative and Absolute Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 12.3 Additive Separable and Rank Order Social Welfare Functions -- 12.4 Horizontal Inequity and Rank Change -- 12.5 Social Welfare Framework for Measuring Tax Progressivity -- 12.6 Redistributive Effect of Taxation -- 12.7 A General Class of the Gini Social Welfare Functions -- 12.8 A Class of Atkinson and Kolm Social Welfare Functions -- 12.9 Welfare Interpretation of Suits' Measure of Tax Progressivity -- 12.10 A New Progressivity Index Based on the BonferroniSocial Welfare Function -- 12.11 International Comparison of Tax Progressivity -- 12.12 Concluding Remarks -- 13 Negative Income Tax Plans</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 A General Framework of Income Tax Plans -- 13.3 Alternative Negative Income Tax Plans -- 13.4 Progressivity of Negative Income Tax Plans -- 13.5 Redistributive Impacts of Negative Income Tax -- 13.6 A Numerical Illustration Using US data -- 13.7 Concluding Remarks -- 14 Targeting Tools to Evaluate Social Programs -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Targeting Indicators -- 14.3 Poverty Status and Selection of Beneficiaries -- 14.4 Beneficiary Incidence -- 14.5 Benefit Incidence -- 14.6 Universal Basic Income (UBI) -- 14.7 Perfect Targeting -- 14.8 The Social Rate of Return (SRR) -- 14.9 Operationalizing Social Rate of Return -- 14.10 China's Dibao Program -- 14.11 Evaluation Methodology -- 14.12 Evaluation of the Dibao, 2013 -- 14.13 Impact of the Dibao on Poverty Reduction -- 14.14 Social Rate of Return for the Dibao -- 14.15 Concluding Remarks -- 15 Social Price Indices and Inequality -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Individual Price Indices -- 15.3 Social Price Indices -- 15.4 Social Expenditure Function -- 15.5 Class of Atkinson's Social Expenditure Functions -- 15.6 Class of Interdependent Social Expenditure Functions -- 15.7 Impact of Price Change on Inequality -- 15.8 Social Price Indices: A Case Study of Thailand -- 15.9 A Comparison with South Korea -- 15.10 Concluding Remarks -- 16 Poverty Price Indices -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Price Elasticity of Individual Money Metric Utility -- 16.3 Price Elasticity of Poverty -- 16.4 Measuring the Impact of Prices on Poverty -- 16.5 Price Index for the Poor -- 16.6 A Case Study for Brazil -- 16.7 Concluding Remarks -- 17 Economic Growth and Poverty -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Three Alternative Measures of Economic Growth -- 17.3 Growth Elasticity of Poverty: Cross-Country Regressions -- 17.4 Linkage between Poverty, Economic Growth, and Income Inequality: A Non-Parametric Approach</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">17.5 Growth Elasticity of Poverty Measures</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Economic Inequality and Poverty examines how methods for measuring inequality and poverty have evolved. 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| id | DE-604.BV048523558 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:50:26Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:40:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780192594198 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033900406 |
| oclc_num | 1341443379 |
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| owner_facet | DE-2070s DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (xvi, 516 Seiten) Diagramme |
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| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
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| publisher | Oxford University Press |
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| spelling | Economic inequality and poverty facts, methods, and policies Nanak Kakwani, Hyun H. Son Oxford Oxford University Press [2022] © 2022 1 Online-Ressource (xvi, 516 Seiten) Diagramme txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Cover -- Titlepage -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope and Limitations -- 1.2 Theories of Size Distribution of Income: A Brief Review -- 1.3 Lorenz Curve and Its Variants -- 1.4 Social Welfare Ranking of Income Distribution -- 1.5 Measures of Income Inequality -- 1.6 Identification of the Poor -- 1.7 Aggregate Poverty Measures -- 1.8 Multidimensional Poverty -- 1.9 Relationships among the Distributions of Economic Variables -- 1.10 Application of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis -- 1.11 Tax Progressivity and Redistributive Effect of Taxation -- 1.12 Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity and Redistributive Effects -- 1.13 Negative Income Tax Plans -- 1.14 Social Welfare Programs -- 1.15 Social Price Indices and Inequality -- 1.16 Impact of Prices on Poverty -- 1.17 Economic Growth and Poverty -- 1.18 Pro-Poor Growth and Poverty Reduction -- 1.19 Summarizing the Main Contributions of the Book -- 2 Income Distributions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Concepts of Income Distribution Functions -- 2.3 Normal Distribution -- 2.4 The Pareto Law -- 2.5 Generation of Income Distribution: Champernowne's Model -- 2.6 The Pareto-Levy Law -- 2.7 Family of Distribution Functions Satisfying the Weak Pareto Law -- 2.8 Champernowne's Distribution -- 2.9 Laws of Income Distribution Violating the Weak Pareto Law -- 2.10 Concluding Remarks -- 3 The Lorenz Curve and Its Variants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Definition of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.3 Lorenz Curve for Well-Known Distribution Functions -- 3.4 Direct Approaches to Specifying the Lorenz Curve -- 3.5 Some Useful Lemmas -- 3.6 Symmetric Lorenz Curve -- 3.7 Economic Development and Skewness of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.8 Intercountry Comparison of Skewness of Lorenz Curve -- 3.9 Relative and Absolute Inequality 3.10 Variants of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.11 Comparison of Inequality: China versus India -- 3.12 Concluding Remarks -- 4 Welfare Ranking of Income Distributions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Some Useful Definitions -- 4.3 Individual Welfare -- 4.4 Social Welfare Function -- 4.5 Utilitarian Social Welfare Function -- 4.6 Atkinson's Theorem -- 4.7 Generalized Lorenz Curve -- 4.8 Welfare Ranking and Utilitarian Social Welfare Function -- 4.9 Some Implications of the Theorems -- 4.10 Abba Lerner's Probabilistic Social Welfare Functions -- 4.11 A Further Generalization of the Theorems -- 4.12 Stochastic Dominance -- 4.13 An Illustration Using Lao PDR Data -- 4.14 Concluding Remarks -- 5 Measurement of Income Inequality -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Axioms of Inequality Comparison -- 5.3 Gini Index and Relative Mean Difference -- 5.4 Information Measures of Inequality -- 5.5 Discomposability and Subgroup Consistency -- 5.6 Normative Measures of Inequality -- 5.7 Atkinson's Inequality Measures -- 5.8 General Social Welfare Framework for Income Inequality -- 5.9 Social Welfare Implications of the Gini Index -- 5.10 Is the Gini Index Decomposable and Subgroup Consistent? -- 5.11 Generalized Gini Index -- 5.12 Trends in Inequality in China -- 5.13 Polarization -- 5.14 Size and Share of the Middle Class in China -- 5.15 Concluding Remarks -- 6 Specifying Poverty Lines -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Absolute versus Relative Poverty Lines -- 6.3 A New Model of Specifying Absolute Poverty Thresholds -- 6.4 Food Poverty Line -- 6.5 Non-Food Poverty Line -- 6.6 Economies of Scale in Non-food Expenditure -- 6.7 Updating the Poverty Line -- 6.8 Development of Poverty Lines for Pakistan: A Case Study -- 6.9 International Poverty Line -- 6.10 Concluding Remarks -- 7 Poverty Measures -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Head-Count Ratio: A Popular Measure of Poverty -- 7.3 Poverty Gap Ratio 7.4 A Social Welfare Framework of Poverty Measures -- 7.5 Sen's Relative Poverty Measure -- 7.6 Sen's Absolute Measure of Poverty -- 7.7 Variants of Sen's Poverty Measures -- 7.8 Troublesome Axiom of Income Transfers -- 7.9 Monotonicity and Transfer-Sensitivity Axioms -- 7.10 A General Class of Poverty Measures -- 7.11 Particular Cases of the General Class of Poverty Measures -- 7.12 Utilitarian Social Welfare Functions -- 7.13 Particular Cases of the General Utilitarian Poverty Measures -- 7.14 Total Social Cost of Poverty (TSCP) for Utilitarian Social Welfare Functions -- 7.15 Decomposable Poverty Indices and Subgroup Consistency -- 7.16 Decomposability of Sen's Generalized Poverty Measures -- 7.17 Application to China, 1988-2018 -- 7.18 Concluding Remarks -- 8 Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Unresolved Issues -- 8.3 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index -- 8.4 An Alternative Approach to Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.5 Union or Interaction Approaches to Identifying the Poor -- 8.6 A New Method of Measuring Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.7 Multidimensional Poverty in Brazilian Municipalities: A Case Study -- 8.8 Concluding Remarks -- 9 Concentration Curves -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Derivation of Concentration Curves -- 9.3 The Concentration Curve for Well-Known Income Distributions -- 9.4 Relationships between Elasticity and Concentration Curves -- 9.5 Concentration Index of a Function -- 9.6 Relative Concentration Curve and Index -- 9.7 Generalization of Social Welfare Functions -- 9.8 Aggregate Elasticity -- 9.9 Concluding Remarks -- 10 Applications of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Engel Curve -- 10.3 Consumption and Saving Functions -- 10.4 The Stiglitz Model of Distribution of Income and Wealth among Individuals -- 10.5 Employment-Growth Elasticity 10.6 Application of Employment-Growth Elasticity to Brazil -- 10.7 Income Inequality by Factor Components -- 10.8 A Dynamic Decomposition of Inequality -- 10.9 Inequity in Opportunity -- 10.10 Opportunities in Education and Health in Indonesia -- 10.11 Concluding Remarks -- 11 Tax Progressivity and Redistribution Effect of Taxes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Equity Axioms -- 11.3 Linkage between Tax Elasticity and Equity Axioms -- 11.4 Four Alternative Definitions of Tax Progressivity -- 11.5 Relative and Absolute Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 11.6 The Kakwani Index of Tax Progressivity and Its Variants -- 11.7 A Tax Progressivity Decomposition -- 11.8 The Suits Tax Progressivity Measure -- 11.9 Horizontal and Vertical Equity -- 11.10 A Hypothetical Example -- 11.11 Violation of Equity Axioms -- 11.12 An International Comparison of Inequities in Taxation -- 11.13 Income Tax Discrimination -- 11.14 Is There Discrimination in Australian Income Tax? -- 11.15 Relief Package in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic -- 11.16 An Illustration of Welfare Loss Due to DiscriminationUsing Brazilian Data -- 11.17 Concluding Remarks -- 12 Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Relative and Absolute Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 12.3 Additive Separable and Rank Order Social Welfare Functions -- 12.4 Horizontal Inequity and Rank Change -- 12.5 Social Welfare Framework for Measuring Tax Progressivity -- 12.6 Redistributive Effect of Taxation -- 12.7 A General Class of the Gini Social Welfare Functions -- 12.8 A Class of Atkinson and Kolm Social Welfare Functions -- 12.9 Welfare Interpretation of Suits' Measure of Tax Progressivity -- 12.10 A New Progressivity Index Based on the BonferroniSocial Welfare Function -- 12.11 International Comparison of Tax Progressivity -- 12.12 Concluding Remarks -- 13 Negative Income Tax Plans 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 A General Framework of Income Tax Plans -- 13.3 Alternative Negative Income Tax Plans -- 13.4 Progressivity of Negative Income Tax Plans -- 13.5 Redistributive Impacts of Negative Income Tax -- 13.6 A Numerical Illustration Using US data -- 13.7 Concluding Remarks -- 14 Targeting Tools to Evaluate Social Programs -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Targeting Indicators -- 14.3 Poverty Status and Selection of Beneficiaries -- 14.4 Beneficiary Incidence -- 14.5 Benefit Incidence -- 14.6 Universal Basic Income (UBI) -- 14.7 Perfect Targeting -- 14.8 The Social Rate of Return (SRR) -- 14.9 Operationalizing Social Rate of Return -- 14.10 China's Dibao Program -- 14.11 Evaluation Methodology -- 14.12 Evaluation of the Dibao, 2013 -- 14.13 Impact of the Dibao on Poverty Reduction -- 14.14 Social Rate of Return for the Dibao -- 14.15 Concluding Remarks -- 15 Social Price Indices and Inequality -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Individual Price Indices -- 15.3 Social Price Indices -- 15.4 Social Expenditure Function -- 15.5 Class of Atkinson's Social Expenditure Functions -- 15.6 Class of Interdependent Social Expenditure Functions -- 15.7 Impact of Price Change on Inequality -- 15.8 Social Price Indices: A Case Study of Thailand -- 15.9 A Comparison with South Korea -- 15.10 Concluding Remarks -- 16 Poverty Price Indices -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Price Elasticity of Individual Money Metric Utility -- 16.3 Price Elasticity of Poverty -- 16.4 Measuring the Impact of Prices on Poverty -- 16.5 Price Index for the Poor -- 16.6 A Case Study for Brazil -- 16.7 Concluding Remarks -- 17 Economic Growth and Poverty -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Three Alternative Measures of Economic Growth -- 17.3 Growth Elasticity of Poverty: Cross-Country Regressions -- 17.4 Linkage between Poverty, Economic Growth, and Income Inequality: A Non-Parametric Approach 17.5 Growth Elasticity of Poverty Measures Economic Inequality and Poverty examines how methods for measuring inequality and poverty have evolved. Kakwani and Son draw on household surveys to demonstate a framework based on economic variables that can be applied to draw up evidence-based policies Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd rswk-swf Soziale Ungleichheit (DE-588)4055736-4 gnd rswk-swf Einkommensverteilung (DE-588)4013898-7 gnd rswk-swf Electronic books Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 s Einkommensverteilung (DE-588)4013898-7 s Soziale Ungleichheit (DE-588)4055736-4 s DE-604 Kakwani, Nanak 1940- (DE-588)134048504 edt Son, Hyun H. (DE-588)171919033 edt Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Kakwani, Nanak Economic Inequality and Poverty Oxford : Oxford University Press, Incorporated,c2022 978-0-19-885284-1 (DE-604)BV048492273 https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852841.001.0001 Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext |
| spellingShingle | Economic inequality and poverty facts, methods, and policies Cover -- Titlepage -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope and Limitations -- 1.2 Theories of Size Distribution of Income: A Brief Review -- 1.3 Lorenz Curve and Its Variants -- 1.4 Social Welfare Ranking of Income Distribution -- 1.5 Measures of Income Inequality -- 1.6 Identification of the Poor -- 1.7 Aggregate Poverty Measures -- 1.8 Multidimensional Poverty -- 1.9 Relationships among the Distributions of Economic Variables -- 1.10 Application of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis -- 1.11 Tax Progressivity and Redistributive Effect of Taxation -- 1.12 Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity and Redistributive Effects -- 1.13 Negative Income Tax Plans -- 1.14 Social Welfare Programs -- 1.15 Social Price Indices and Inequality -- 1.16 Impact of Prices on Poverty -- 1.17 Economic Growth and Poverty -- 1.18 Pro-Poor Growth and Poverty Reduction -- 1.19 Summarizing the Main Contributions of the Book -- 2 Income Distributions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Concepts of Income Distribution Functions -- 2.3 Normal Distribution -- 2.4 The Pareto Law -- 2.5 Generation of Income Distribution: Champernowne's Model -- 2.6 The Pareto-Levy Law -- 2.7 Family of Distribution Functions Satisfying the Weak Pareto Law -- 2.8 Champernowne's Distribution -- 2.9 Laws of Income Distribution Violating the Weak Pareto Law -- 2.10 Concluding Remarks -- 3 The Lorenz Curve and Its Variants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Definition of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.3 Lorenz Curve for Well-Known Distribution Functions -- 3.4 Direct Approaches to Specifying the Lorenz Curve -- 3.5 Some Useful Lemmas -- 3.6 Symmetric Lorenz Curve -- 3.7 Economic Development and Skewness of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.8 Intercountry Comparison of Skewness of Lorenz Curve -- 3.9 Relative and Absolute Inequality 3.10 Variants of the Lorenz Curve -- 3.11 Comparison of Inequality: China versus India -- 3.12 Concluding Remarks -- 4 Welfare Ranking of Income Distributions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Some Useful Definitions -- 4.3 Individual Welfare -- 4.4 Social Welfare Function -- 4.5 Utilitarian Social Welfare Function -- 4.6 Atkinson's Theorem -- 4.7 Generalized Lorenz Curve -- 4.8 Welfare Ranking and Utilitarian Social Welfare Function -- 4.9 Some Implications of the Theorems -- 4.10 Abba Lerner's Probabilistic Social Welfare Functions -- 4.11 A Further Generalization of the Theorems -- 4.12 Stochastic Dominance -- 4.13 An Illustration Using Lao PDR Data -- 4.14 Concluding Remarks -- 5 Measurement of Income Inequality -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Axioms of Inequality Comparison -- 5.3 Gini Index and Relative Mean Difference -- 5.4 Information Measures of Inequality -- 5.5 Discomposability and Subgroup Consistency -- 5.6 Normative Measures of Inequality -- 5.7 Atkinson's Inequality Measures -- 5.8 General Social Welfare Framework for Income Inequality -- 5.9 Social Welfare Implications of the Gini Index -- 5.10 Is the Gini Index Decomposable and Subgroup Consistent? -- 5.11 Generalized Gini Index -- 5.12 Trends in Inequality in China -- 5.13 Polarization -- 5.14 Size and Share of the Middle Class in China -- 5.15 Concluding Remarks -- 6 Specifying Poverty Lines -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Absolute versus Relative Poverty Lines -- 6.3 A New Model of Specifying Absolute Poverty Thresholds -- 6.4 Food Poverty Line -- 6.5 Non-Food Poverty Line -- 6.6 Economies of Scale in Non-food Expenditure -- 6.7 Updating the Poverty Line -- 6.8 Development of Poverty Lines for Pakistan: A Case Study -- 6.9 International Poverty Line -- 6.10 Concluding Remarks -- 7 Poverty Measures -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Head-Count Ratio: A Popular Measure of Poverty -- 7.3 Poverty Gap Ratio 7.4 A Social Welfare Framework of Poverty Measures -- 7.5 Sen's Relative Poverty Measure -- 7.6 Sen's Absolute Measure of Poverty -- 7.7 Variants of Sen's Poverty Measures -- 7.8 Troublesome Axiom of Income Transfers -- 7.9 Monotonicity and Transfer-Sensitivity Axioms -- 7.10 A General Class of Poverty Measures -- 7.11 Particular Cases of the General Class of Poverty Measures -- 7.12 Utilitarian Social Welfare Functions -- 7.13 Particular Cases of the General Utilitarian Poverty Measures -- 7.14 Total Social Cost of Poverty (TSCP) for Utilitarian Social Welfare Functions -- 7.15 Decomposable Poverty Indices and Subgroup Consistency -- 7.16 Decomposability of Sen's Generalized Poverty Measures -- 7.17 Application to China, 1988-2018 -- 7.18 Concluding Remarks -- 8 Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Unresolved Issues -- 8.3 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index -- 8.4 An Alternative Approach to Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.5 Union or Interaction Approaches to Identifying the Poor -- 8.6 A New Method of Measuring Multidimensional Poverty -- 8.7 Multidimensional Poverty in Brazilian Municipalities: A Case Study -- 8.8 Concluding Remarks -- 9 Concentration Curves -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Derivation of Concentration Curves -- 9.3 The Concentration Curve for Well-Known Income Distributions -- 9.4 Relationships between Elasticity and Concentration Curves -- 9.5 Concentration Index of a Function -- 9.6 Relative Concentration Curve and Index -- 9.7 Generalization of Social Welfare Functions -- 9.8 Aggregate Elasticity -- 9.9 Concluding Remarks -- 10 Applications of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Engel Curve -- 10.3 Consumption and Saving Functions -- 10.4 The Stiglitz Model of Distribution of Income and Wealth among Individuals -- 10.5 Employment-Growth Elasticity 10.6 Application of Employment-Growth Elasticity to Brazil -- 10.7 Income Inequality by Factor Components -- 10.8 A Dynamic Decomposition of Inequality -- 10.9 Inequity in Opportunity -- 10.10 Opportunities in Education and Health in Indonesia -- 10.11 Concluding Remarks -- 11 Tax Progressivity and Redistribution Effect of Taxes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Equity Axioms -- 11.3 Linkage between Tax Elasticity and Equity Axioms -- 11.4 Four Alternative Definitions of Tax Progressivity -- 11.5 Relative and Absolute Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 11.6 The Kakwani Index of Tax Progressivity and Its Variants -- 11.7 A Tax Progressivity Decomposition -- 11.8 The Suits Tax Progressivity Measure -- 11.9 Horizontal and Vertical Equity -- 11.10 A Hypothetical Example -- 11.11 Violation of Equity Axioms -- 11.12 An International Comparison of Inequities in Taxation -- 11.13 Income Tax Discrimination -- 11.14 Is There Discrimination in Australian Income Tax? -- 11.15 Relief Package in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic -- 11.16 An Illustration of Welfare Loss Due to DiscriminationUsing Brazilian Data -- 11.17 Concluding Remarks -- 12 Normative Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Relative and Absolute Measures of Tax Progressivity -- 12.3 Additive Separable and Rank Order Social Welfare Functions -- 12.4 Horizontal Inequity and Rank Change -- 12.5 Social Welfare Framework for Measuring Tax Progressivity -- 12.6 Redistributive Effect of Taxation -- 12.7 A General Class of the Gini Social Welfare Functions -- 12.8 A Class of Atkinson and Kolm Social Welfare Functions -- 12.9 Welfare Interpretation of Suits' Measure of Tax Progressivity -- 12.10 A New Progressivity Index Based on the BonferroniSocial Welfare Function -- 12.11 International Comparison of Tax Progressivity -- 12.12 Concluding Remarks -- 13 Negative Income Tax Plans 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 A General Framework of Income Tax Plans -- 13.3 Alternative Negative Income Tax Plans -- 13.4 Progressivity of Negative Income Tax Plans -- 13.5 Redistributive Impacts of Negative Income Tax -- 13.6 A Numerical Illustration Using US data -- 13.7 Concluding Remarks -- 14 Targeting Tools to Evaluate Social Programs -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Targeting Indicators -- 14.3 Poverty Status and Selection of Beneficiaries -- 14.4 Beneficiary Incidence -- 14.5 Benefit Incidence -- 14.6 Universal Basic Income (UBI) -- 14.7 Perfect Targeting -- 14.8 The Social Rate of Return (SRR) -- 14.9 Operationalizing Social Rate of Return -- 14.10 China's Dibao Program -- 14.11 Evaluation Methodology -- 14.12 Evaluation of the Dibao, 2013 -- 14.13 Impact of the Dibao on Poverty Reduction -- 14.14 Social Rate of Return for the Dibao -- 14.15 Concluding Remarks -- 15 Social Price Indices and Inequality -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Individual Price Indices -- 15.3 Social Price Indices -- 15.4 Social Expenditure Function -- 15.5 Class of Atkinson's Social Expenditure Functions -- 15.6 Class of Interdependent Social Expenditure Functions -- 15.7 Impact of Price Change on Inequality -- 15.8 Social Price Indices: A Case Study of Thailand -- 15.9 A Comparison with South Korea -- 15.10 Concluding Remarks -- 16 Poverty Price Indices -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Price Elasticity of Individual Money Metric Utility -- 16.3 Price Elasticity of Poverty -- 16.4 Measuring the Impact of Prices on Poverty -- 16.5 Price Index for the Poor -- 16.6 A Case Study for Brazil -- 16.7 Concluding Remarks -- 17 Economic Growth and Poverty -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Three Alternative Measures of Economic Growth -- 17.3 Growth Elasticity of Poverty: Cross-Country Regressions -- 17.4 Linkage between Poverty, Economic Growth, and Income Inequality: A Non-Parametric Approach 17.5 Growth Elasticity of Poverty Measures Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd Soziale Ungleichheit (DE-588)4055736-4 gnd Einkommensverteilung (DE-588)4013898-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002963-3 (DE-588)4055736-4 (DE-588)4013898-7 |
| title | Economic inequality and poverty facts, methods, and policies |
| title_auth | Economic inequality and poverty facts, methods, and policies |
| title_exact_search | Economic inequality and poverty facts, methods, and policies |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Economic inequality and poverty facts, methods, and policies |
| title_full | Economic inequality and poverty facts, methods, and policies Nanak Kakwani, Hyun H. Son |
| title_fullStr | Economic inequality and poverty facts, methods, and policies Nanak Kakwani, Hyun H. Son |
| title_full_unstemmed | Economic inequality and poverty facts, methods, and policies Nanak Kakwani, Hyun H. Son |
| title_short | Economic inequality and poverty |
| title_sort | economic inequality and poverty facts methods and policies |
| title_sub | facts, methods, and policies |
| topic | Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd Soziale Ungleichheit (DE-588)4055736-4 gnd Einkommensverteilung (DE-588)4013898-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Armut Soziale Ungleichheit Einkommensverteilung |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852841.001.0001 |
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