Operation Allied Force: air war over Serbia, 1999 Volume 2
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| Schriftenreihe: | Europe@war
No. 18 |
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| Beschreibung: | 90 Seiten, xiv Seiten Tafeln, Karte |
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CONTENTS Helion Company Limited Unit 8 Amherst Business Centre Budbrooke Road Warwick CV34 5WE England Tel. 01926 499 619 Email: info@helion.co.uk Website: www.helion.co.uk Twitter: @helionbooks Visit our blog http://blog.helion.co.uk/ Text © Bojan Dimitrijević and Lieutenant General (ret.) Jovica Draganie 2022 Photographs © as individually credited Colour profiles © David Bocquelet, Luca Canossa, Tom Cooper and Goran Sudar 2022 Map and diagrams ©Tom Cooper and Jovica Draganie 2022 Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 2 3 Commanding Operation Allied Force NATO Combat Experiences RV i PVO Combat Experience NATO Strikes On The RV i PVO Infrastructure Consequences of the Air Campaign Experiences of Operation Allied Force 4 16 45 54 63 72 Conclusion 79 Bibliography Notes About the Authors 81 83 90 Designed and typeset by Farr out Publications, Wokingham, Berkshire Cover design Paul Hewitt, Battlefield Design (www.battlefield-design.co.uk) Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The author and publisher apologise for any errors or omissions in this work, and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. ISBN 978-1-915070-65-4 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the express written consent of Helion Company Limited. We always welcome receiving book proposals from prospective authors. MAP OF EUROPE SINCE 1992 Note: In order to simplify the use of this book, all names, locations and geographic designations are as provided in The Times World Atlas, or other traditionally accepted major sources of reference, as of the time of described events. Müncheni
OPERATION ALLIED FORCE: AIR WAR OVER SERBIA 1999 VOLUME 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Archival Sources Kabinet načelnika Generalštaba Vojske Jugoslavije [Cabinet of the Chief of the General Staff of Yugoslav Army]. Komanda RV i PVO [Air Force and Air Defence HQs] and annual histories of subordinated units: Vazduhoplovni korpus, Korpus PVO, 204. lovački avijacijski puk, 250. raketna brigada PVO, 98. lovačko-avijacijski puk, 230,240. samohodni raketni puk PVO, 210. bataljon veze, 280 centar za ЕЮ. Muzej Jugoslovenskog ratnog vazduhoplovstva: fond jedinica RV i PVO [Yugoslav Air Force Museum, The RV i PVO Units Fond]. Unpublished Sources - Materials: Davis, Charles H., JDAM, The Kosovo Experience and DPAS, The Boeing Company (presentation). Đorđević, Slađan, Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava RJ PVO malog dometa u agresiji NATO na Saveznu Republiku Jugoslaviju, GŠ VJ, Sektor za ŠONID, ŠP škola (Beograd, 2000). Draganie, Jovica, Potrebne snage za odvraćanje u PVO, stručni rad, ŠNO (1999). Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju, za strategijski nivo (monografija), GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, ŠNO; VT-Տէր. Pov (Beograd, oktobar 1999). Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju (sintetička studija), GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, Institut za ratnu veštinu; VT-SP (Beograd, 1999). Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih zdruzeno-taktičkih jedinica Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju, GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, Vojna akademija; VT-SP (Beograd, 1999). Iskustva iz
borbenih dejstava osnovnih taktičkih jedinica Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju, GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, Vojna akademija; VT-SP (Beograd, oktobar 1999). Materijali sa razmene iskustva о operaciji AF 1999 (Zemun/ Ramstein, 2005). Milinković, Milan, Operativni zahtevi za dogradnju i modernizaciju lovačke avijacije, Stručni rad, VA, ŠNO, GŠU 45. klasa (Beograd, 2002). Ristič, Slađan, Organizacija i funkcionisanje veza sistema VOJ u VJ, u uslovima narušenog sistema veza VJ, diplomski rad Sektor za ŠONID, Generalštabna škola VJ, smer RV i PVO (Beograd, 2000). Todorov, Staniša, Iskustva iz učešća 450. rp PVO u suprotstavljanju NATO operaciji „Milosrdni anđeo“ 1999. godine, ST-INT seminarski rad VA ŠNO, KŠU (Beograd, 2007). Published Sources - Materials: Agresija NATO pakta na Saveznu Republiku Jugoslaviju (Belgrade, Bezbednost, ratno izdanje 2-3,1999). Amnesty International, NATO/Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ‘collateral damage’ or unlawful killings? Violations of the Laws of War by NATO during Operation Allied Force (June 2000). Bolkcom, Christoper, Military Suppression ofEnemy Air Defenses (SEAD): Assessing Future Needs, CRS Report for Congress. Combined Prepared Statement of General Wesley Clark, USA, Admiral James Ellis, Jr., USN, and Lieutenant General Michael Short, USAF, Of the United States European Command Before the Senate Armed Services Committee (21 October 1999). Electronic Warfare, Comprehensive Strategy Needed for Suppressing Enemy Air Defenses, US General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional Requesters (January 2001).
European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, Implications from Transatlantic Cooperation, Project Air Force (RAND, 2001). Hardy, Scott A., LCDR, USN, US Air Force, The Search For Air Dominance: Stealth Versus SEAD, A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, April 2006). Kometer, Michael W., Lt Col, USAF, Command in Air War: Centralized vs. Decentralized Control of Combat Airpower, Submitted to the Engineering Systems Division in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Technology, Management, and Policy (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 2005). Kosovo Air Operations, Army Resolving Lessons Learned Regarding the Apache Helicopter, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, US General Accounting Office (May 2001). Kosovo Air Operations, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, US General Accounting Office (May 2001). Kosovo and Macedonia, US and Allied Military Operations, CRS Issue Brief for Congress, updated 8 July 2003 (Steve Bowman, Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade Division). Kosovo, One Year on, Achivement and Challenge (Lord Robertson of Port Ellen, Sec. Gen. of NATO). Kosovo: Operation Allied Force, House of Commons, Research paper 99/48 (29 April 1999). Kosovo: U.S. Naval Lessons Learned During Operation Allied Force, March-June 1999: Statement of Vice Admiral Daniel J. Murphy, Jr, Commander, U.S. Sixth Fleet and Striking and Support Forces, Southern
Europe. Statement of Brigadier General Robert Μ. Flanagan, Deputy Commander, II Marine Expeditionary Force. Statement of Vice Admiral James F. Amerault, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Logistics). Military Aircraft, Information on Air Force Aerial Refuelling Tankers, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Protection Forces, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, US General Accounting Office (June 2003). Nardulli, Bruce R., Perry, Walter L., Pirnie, Bruce, Gordon IV, John McGinn, John G., Disjointed War Military Operations in Kosovo 1999, Prepared for the United States Army, Approved for public release; distribution unlimited (RAND Arroyo Center, 2002). Nicolls, Boone, MSgt, USAF (ret.), Airmans Guide, 6th Edition (Stackpole Books, 2004). Parker, Brandon D., Major, US Air Force, Caught in a Jam: the US Air Force’s Electronic Attack Conundrum, Research Report Submitted to the Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, April 2008). Leaf, Brigadier General Daniel P., press conference, NATO HQ, Brussels (19 April 1999). 81
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 18 Prepared Statement of General Henry H. Shelton to the Senate Armed Services Committee Hearing on Operations in Kosovo (20 July 1999). Stone, Troy R., The Air War Over Serbia: Denial, Punishment, Or Balance ofInterest, Thesis presented to the Faculty of the School of Advanced Airpower Studies (Airpower Studies, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, June 2001). The Readers Guide to the NATO Summit in Washington (23-25 April 1999). Report to Congress, Kosovo/Allied Force After-action Report, Unclassified (31 January 2000). Statement of General John P. Jumper, Commander, United States Air Forces in Europe. Magazines: Aeromagazin, Air Action, Air Force, Air Forces Monthly, Airmen, Combat Aircraft, Jets, Odbrana, Royal Air Force Yearbook (20002001), Službeni vojni list, Soldier of Fortune, United States Air Force Yearbook (1999-2002), Vojska, World Air Power Journal. Web Pages: US DoD, USAF, USAFE and its units: 31st, 48th, 52nd, 86th and 100th Wing. US Air Forces in Europe, New Service (March-July 1999), www. usafe.af.mil/news/news99. Articles: Allied Force Debrief, Interviews and photos by Eric Hehs’, Code One Magazine (October 1999). Cooper, A. Scott, Air Power and the Coersive Use of Force’, The Washington Quarterly (Autumn 2001), pp.81-93. Cordesman, Anthony H. (Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy), ‘The Effectiveness of the NATO Strategic Air and Missile Campaign in Kosovo’, A Working Paper Revised (August 2000). Cordesman, Anthony H. (Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy), ‘The Lessons and Non-Lessons of the Air and Missile Campaign in Kosovo’,
Revised (August 2000). Devries, Donald C., ‘Reserve Intelligence Support for Operation Allied Force’, JFQ (Spring 2000), pp.81-87. Dimitrijević, Bojan, ‘Rat NATO-а protiv Srbije 1999. godine: vojni aspekti posledice’, Nova srpska politička misao, posebno izdanje Srbija i NATO (I), Srpski diskurs rata (Belgrade, 2000), pp.161-174. Dimitrijević, Bojan, ‘Vazdušne operacije NATO u Jugoslaviji i posledice’, Istorija 20. veka (Belgrade, January 2000), pp.109-120. Gazzini, Tarcisio, ‘NATO Coercive Military Activities in the Yugoslav Crisis’, European Journal ofInternational Law, Volume 12, Issue 3,1 (June 2001), pp.391-436. Gordon IV, John, Nardull, Bruce Perry, Walter L., ‘The Operational Challenges of Task Force Hawk’, JFQ, Autumn/ Winter (2001-02), pp.52-57. Jumper, P. John’, ‘General, Rapidly Deploying Aerospace Power, Lessons from Allied Force’, Aerospace Power Journal (Winter 1999). Lambeth, Dr Benjamin S., ‘Kosovo and the Continuing SEAD Challenge’, Aerospace Power Journal (Summer 2002). ‘Mission ready: Canada’s role in the Kosovo Air campaign’, Canadian Military Journal (Spring 2000), pp.55-61. 82 Ochmanek, David A., ‘What Operation Allied Force Can Teach Us About Capabilities Needed for Future Military Operations’, RAND. Richter, Andrew, ‘Lessons From the Revolution: What Recent US Military Operations Reveal About the Revolution in Military Affairs and Future Combat’, Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, Vol. 7, Issue 3, Spring (2005). Schatz, Lt Col Rowayne A., ‘USAF Theater Airlift Lessons from Kosovo’, Air Space Power Journal, Chronicles Online (2000). Solana,
Javier, ‘NATO’s Success in Kosovo’, Foreign Affairs (November/December 1999), pp.114-121. Tirpák, John A., DTIC, ‘Dealing with Air Defenses the Balkan War pointed up how short the force is for electronic combat’, Early Bird, Air Force Magazine (November 1999). LITERATURE (MONOGRAPHS, MEMOIRS): Agresija NATO, uzroci, karakter i posledice krize na Kosovu i Metohiji (Belgrade: Klub generala i admirala Vojske Srbije, 2008). Ahtisari, Marti, Misija u Beogradu (Belgrade: Filip Višnjić, 2001). Aničić, Đorđe S., Smena (ratni dnevnik) (Belgrade: Agrotop Marketing, 2009). Crickmore, Paul, Lockheed F-l 17 Nighthawk Stealth Fighter, Air Vanguard 16 (London: Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2014). della Croce, Roberto, Priča jednog borbenog pilota (Novi Sad: Stylos Art, 2013). Daalader Ivo H. O’Hanlon, Michael E., Winning Ugly, NATO’s War to Save Kosovo (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Pres, 2000). Dimitrijević, Bojan, Kurjaci sa ušća, istorijat 252. lovačkobombarderske eskadrile (Beograd: ISI, 2004). Dimitrijević, Bojan Draganie, Jovica, 250. raketna brigada PVO (Beograd: VIZ, 2007). Dimitrijević, Bojan Draganie, Jovica, Vazdušni rat nad Srbijom (Belgrade: ISI, 2010). Drendel, Lou, Bone, В-l Lancer in action, Aircraft number 179 (Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 2002). Đošan, Miloš, Generalov kosmetski put (Beograd: autorsko izdanje, 2004). Haave, Christopher E. (Col USAF) Haun, Phil M. (Lt Col USAF), A-lOs over Kosovo, The Victory ofAirpower over a Fielded Army as Told by the Airmen Who Fought in Operation Allied Force (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press,
2003). Henriksen, Dag, Operation Allied Force, A Product of Military Theory or Political Pragmatism?, An Examination of the Role ofAir Power in handling the Kosovo Crisis 1999-99, PhD Dissertation (University of Glasgow: December 2005). Junaci Slobodnog neba (Belgrade: Komanda RV i PVO, June 2000). Klark, Vesli K., Moderno ratovanje, Bosna, Kosovo i budućnost oružane borbe (Belgrade: Samizdat, 2003). The Kosovo News and Propaganda War, edited by Peter Goff (Wien: International Press Instituten, September 1999). Kraljevske lisice 1977-2002, povodom 25godina 450.raketnogpuka protivvazdušne odbrane (Belgrade: VINC, 2002). Lamb, Michael W. Sr, Lt Col, USAF, Operation Allied Force, Golden Nuggets for Future Campaigns, Air War College Maxwell Paper No. 27 (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: August 2002). Larsen, Wayne A., Serbian information operations during Operation Allied Force, Research Report (Maxwell AFB: Air Command and Staff College, Air University, April 2000).
OPERATION ALLIED FORCE: AIR WAR OVER SERBIA 1999 VOLUME 2 McKinney, Maj. Mike Ryan, Mike, Chariots of the Damned, Helicopter Special Operations from Vietnam to Kosovo (New York: St Martin’s Paperbacks, 2003). Micevski, Milan Dimitrijević, Bojan, 83. lovački avijacijski puk (Niš: Galakisijanis, 2016). Oluić, Saša, Antic, Goran Dimitrijević, Bojan, 204. lovački avijacijskipuk (Belgrade: VINC, 2005). Radić, Aleksandar, Orao, pogled iz jugoslavenskog ugla (Belgrade: Medija centar, 2012). Smiljanič, Spasoje, Agresija NATO, RV i РѴО u odbrani otadžbine (Belgrade: autorsko izdanje, 2009). Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, volume I (Belgrade: Klub generala i admirala Srbije, 2019). NOTES Chapter 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Andrew Richter, ‘Lessons From the Revolution: What Recent US Military Operations Reveal About the Revolution in Military Affairs and Future Combat’, Journal ofMilitary and Strategic Studies, Vol. 7, Issue 3, Spring (2005); Report to Congress, Kosovo/Allied Force After-action Report, Unclassified (31 January 2000), pp.7-8. Report to Congress, pp.7-8. Vesli K. Klark, Moderno ratovanje, Bosna, Kosovo i budućnost oružane borbe (Beograd: Samizdat, 2003), p.457. Under the new arrangement, the Commander-in-Chief, US Air Forces in Europe, and the Commander-in-Chief, US Naval Forces, Europe, were removed from the chain of operational control, and the Commanders, 16th Air Force and Sixth Fleet, became joint task force commanders reporting directly to the US Commanderin-Chief, Europe. Report to Congress, pp.16-17. Report to Congress,
p.45; Gert Kromhout, ‘Allied Force - Planning NATO Attacks’, Air Forces Monthly (December 1999), p.51; Cordesman, Anthony H. (Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy), The Lessons and Non-Lessons of the Air and Missile Campaign in Kosovo, Revised (August 2000), pp.258-259. Kromhout, Allied Force - Planning NATO Attacks’, p.51. Kromhout, Allied Force - Planning NATO Attacks’, p.51. Wing Commander Andrew Brookes, ‘European Lessons’, Air Forces Monthly (June 2000), p.29. Jim Hedge, ‘Chinese Embassy Bombing’, Air Forces Monthly (May 2000), pp.31-34. US Air Force Academy: General (ret) John Jumper Talks Operation Allied Force at USAFA - YouTube https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=lhpkE_FC!YY t=287 Christopher E. Haave (Col, USAF) Phil Μ. Haun (Lt Col, USAF), A-lOs over Kosovo, The Victory ofAirpower over a Fielded Army as Told by the Airmen Who Fought in Operation Allied Force (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 2003), pp.86-96. Haave Haun, A-lOs over Kosovo, pp.71, 77-86; Archer, Bob, ‘Spangdahlem Force’, USAF Yearbook (2000), p.46. Haave Haun, A-lOs over Kosovo, pp.72-74 ; Archer, ‘Spangdahlem Force’, p.46. Adam J. Hebert, ‘The Balkan Air War,’ Air Force Magazine (March 2009), p.45. Amnesty International, NATO/Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ‘collateral damage’ or unlawful killings? Violations of the Laws of War by NATO during Operation Allied Force (June 2000). Klark, Moderno ratovanje, p.478. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.94. Kromhout, Allied Force - Planning NATO Attacks’, pp.50-54. 19 Ben Dunnell, Allied Force’, USAF Yearbook (1999), p.13; Kromhout,
Allied Force - Planning NATO Attacks’, p.54. 20 After Kosovo’, RAF Yearbook (2000), pp.40-42. 21 After Kosovo’, pp.40-42. 22 European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, Implications from Transatlantic Cooperation, Project Air Force, (RAND, 2001), pp.28-29; Isby, David C., Allied Force - US Lessons’, Air Forces Monthly (May 2000), p.27. 23 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju, GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, Vojna akademija; VT-SP (Beograd, 1999), р.ЗЗ. 24 The Reader’s Guide to the NATO Summit in Washington, 23-25 April 1999. 25 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.44. 26 ‘The RAF s Year 1999’, RAF Yearbook (2000), p.86; European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, pp.22-23. 27 Tim Ripley, ‘UK’s Precision Bombing’, Air Force Magazine (October 2000), p.26; ‘The RAF’s Year 1999’, p.86. 28 Brookes, ‘European Lessons’, pp.24-29. 29 Jean-Louis Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, Air Forces Monthly (December 1999), pp.29-35; European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, pp. 18-21. 30 European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, pp.21-22. 31 Dr Riccardo Niccoli, ‘Improving the Tornado, Italian Style’, Air Forces Monthly (April 2001), p.64. 32 Henri Pierre Grolleau, ‘Hornet Mission the CF-18 in action’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 2, No. 11, pp.870-877; Randy Jolly, ‘Balkan Debrief No. 1’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 2., No 8 (2000), pp.644-45. This author quotes different facts: 18 CF-188s logged 522 combat missions and accumulated 1,873 hours of flying time. 33 Kromhout,
Allied Force - Planning NATO Attacks’, pp.50-54; European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, p.22. 34 Jolly, ‘Balkan Debrief No. 1’, pp.644-645. 35 For more details, see: European Contributions to Operation Allied Force. 36 Isby, Allied Force - US Lessons’, p.27. 37 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, pp.181-189. 38 Komanda RV i PVO (К-da RV i PVO): Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Analiza rada oragana KRV i PVO, “Komandovanje”. General Smiljanič left his personal account on the OAF: General Spasoje Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO u odbrani otadžbine (Belgrade: II autorsko izdanje, 2009). 39 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.37. 40 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.38; Report on combat activities during 1999 of the 280th ELINT 83
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 18 Centre (report is still confidential; this is descriptive tittle). Further as: ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 41 Radić Aleksandar Micevski Milan, ‘NATO u agresiji na SR Jugoslaviju’, Novi Glasnik, Belgrade (February 1999). Chapter 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 84 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.41. Jamie Hunter Richard Collens, ‘Invisible Spirits’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp.6-9; Peter Grier, ‘The JDAM revolution, Air Force Magazine (September 2006), pp.60-63. Ross Simpson, Stealth Down (Charleston, South California: Narwahl Press, 2002), pp.9֊ll. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.40. Vojska - ratno izdanje, broj 363-364, 3.5.1999. Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, volume II (Beograd: Klub generala i admirala Srbije, 2019), p.419. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.35. ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.35. ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. Dylan Eklund, ‘Liberty Warriors’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp.40-43. Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. Niccoli, ‘Improving the Tornado, Italian Style’, p.64. ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, pp.33-34. Dylan Eklund, ‘Liberty Warriors’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp.40-43. ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. Haave Haun, A-lOs over Kosovo, pp.29-31. Bob Archer, ‘Spangdahlem Force’, USAF Yearbook (2000), p.46. Carrier Air Wing 8 consisted of: 24 F/A-18Cs
(VFA-15 and 87), 22 F-14s (VF-14 and 41), four EA֊6Bs (VAQ-141), four E-2Cs (VAW124), eight S-3Bs (VS-24), seven SH/HH-60s (HS-З) and two C֊2As (Det l/VRC-40). Tom Kaminski, ‘Where are the Carriers?’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 2, No. 8 (2000), p.664; Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.31. Tony Holmes, ‘Bombcats on the Prowl’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 6, No. 6, p.40. ‘Kosovo Naval Lessons Learned During Operation Allied Force’, March-June 1999, Statement of Vice Admiral Daniel J. Murphy Jr, US Navy, Commander, US Sixth Fleet, and Striking and Support Forces, Southern Europe, at: www.history.navy.mil/ research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/k/ kosovo-naval-lessons-learned-during-operation-allied-force. html#murphy Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.245. Dylan Eklund, ‘To Seek and Strike. RAF Bruggen’, RAF Yearbook (2000), p.24. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.43. Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35; Chistophe Gasztych Benjamin Vinot Prefontaine, ‘Mirage F-1CT’, Air Forces Monthly (February 2004), p.62 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.30; Henri-Pierre Grolleau, ‘Farewell Foch’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 3, No. 2, p.152; Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. Cordesman, TJie Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.43. 29 Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. 30 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.36; Report to Congress, p.89. 31 Haave Haun, A-lOs over Kosovo, pp.11-14. 32 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 33 Peter Grier, ‘The JDAM revolution’, Air Force Magazine (September
2006), pp.60-63. 34 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.46. 35 Lou Drendel, Bone, В-l Lancer in action, Aircraft number 179 (Carrollton Texas: Squadron/signal publications, 2002). pp.32-37; Dunnell, Allied Force’, p.13. 36 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, pp.37-38. 37 Report to Congress, p.97. 38 Dylan Eklund, ‘Fairford at War’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp. 10-13; Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.318; Drendel, B-l Lancer in action, pp.32-37. 39 Eklund, ‘Fairford at War’, pp.10-13; Mark Farmer, ‘Roving Sands’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 3, No. 3, p.214; Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.263. 40 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, pp.37-38. 41 Eklund, ‘Fairford at War’, pp.10-13. 42 Tim Ripley, Allied Force: Battle damage in Kosovo’, Air Forces Monthly (January 2000), p.31. 43 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.248. 44 Eklund, ‘Fairford at War’, pp.10-13. 45 Dunnell, Allied Force’, p.12; Grier, ‘The JDAM revolution’, pp.60-63. 46 Depending on the author, the number of JDAMs dropped vary between 651 and 656. It is the same with a number of sorties: 45 or 49. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.38; Jamie Hunter Richard Collens, ‘Invisible Spirits’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp.69. Mark Ayton, ‘Ten Years of American Spirit’, Air Forces Monthly (February 2004), p.25; Grier, ‘The JDAM revolution’, pp.60-63. 47 Brad Elward, ‘The Stealth Bomber at War, Allied Force Strike Missions of the B-2A Spirit’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 2, No. 11, pp.870-877. 48 Minutes from expert talks between RV i PVO
and USAFE, Zemun, September 2005: Expose of Colonel Vujic, commanding officer of the 280th ELINT Centre during OAF. 49 Grier, ‘The JDAM revolution, pp.60-63. This author states that “after action reports showed that 98 percent of the 652 JDAM s used in the campaign hit their targets”. 50 John A. Tirpák, ‘With the Stealth in Balkans’, Air Force Magazine (October 1999), p.22. 51 Elward, ‘The Stealth Bomber at War’, pp.870-877. 52 Elward, ‘The Stealth Bomber at War’, pp.870-877. 53 Minutes from expert talks: Expose of Colonel Vujic. 54 Slaviša Golubovič, Pad noćnog sokola (Belgrade: MC Odbrana, 2016), pp.271-301. 55 Military Supression ofEnemy Air Defenses (SEAD): Assessing Future Needs, Christopher Bolkcom, CRS Report for Congress. 56 Brookes, ‘European Lessons’, p.27. 57 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.209. 58 Gert Kromhout, ‘Viper Weasels in action’, Air Forces Monthly (August 2000), pp.22-26. 59 Tim Ripley, ‘Viper Weasels’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp.15-16. 60 Rick Burgess, ‘Prowling the New Century’, Air Forces Monthly (September 2001), pp.46-47. 61 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’.
OPERATION ALLIED FORCE: AIR WAR OVER SERBIA 1999 VOLUME 2 ‘Kosovo Naval Lessons Learned During Operation Allied Force, March-June 1999, Statement of Brigadier General Robert Μ. Flanagan, Deputy Commanding General II MEF (Marine Expeditionary Force), US Marine Corps, at: www.history. navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-listalphabetically/k/kosovo-naval-lessons-learned-during-operationallied-force.html#murphy . Flanagan claimed that EA-6B Prowlers had logged 464 combat missions. 63 Jolly, ‘Balkan Debrief No. 1’, p.645. 64 ‘Kosovo Naval Lessons Learned During Operation Allied Force’ (Flanagan). 65 European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, pp.32-33. 66 Niccoli, ‘Improving the Tornado, Italian Style’, p.64. 67 Eklund, ‘To Seek and Strike. RAF Bruggen’, p.24. 68 Jon Lake, ‘Weapons for Weasels’, Air Forces Monthly (April 2001), p.73. 69 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.209. 70 Rajiča Boskovic, Nebo na dlanu - Vek Vazdušnog osmatranja, javljanja i navodjenja (Beograd: autorsko izdanje, 2017), p.556. 71 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.210. 72 Ripley, ‘Viper Weasels’, pp.15-16. 73 Ripley, ‘Viper Weasels’, pp.15-16. 74 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 75 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 76 David C. Isby, ‘EC-130s At War’, Air Forces Monthly (November 2003), pp.32-33. 77 Iskustva iz borbenih đejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.40. 78 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.38; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 79 Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. 80 ‘The RAF’s Year 1999’, p.86. 81 ‘Reconnaissance in Force’, Air
Force Magazine (December 2004), pp.38-45. 82 ‘Kosovo Naval Lessons Learned During Operation Allied Force’. 83 Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. 84 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 85 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.39; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 86 Ken Worthington, ‘Electronic Eavesdroppers’, USAF Yearbook 2001, pp.26-28. 87 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.39. 88 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 89 Henri Pierre Grolleau, ‘French SIGINT Revelations’, Air Forces Monthly (March 2002), pp.60-61; Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. 90 Gert Kromhout, AWACS assist’, Air Forces Monthly (March 2002), pp.62-64. 91 Dylan Eklund, ‘Fighter Control’, RAF Yearbook (2001), pp.70-71. 92 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 93 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, pp.34-35. 94 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 95 Kromhout, AWACS assist’, p.64. 96 Archer, ‘Spangdahlem Force’, p.45. 97 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 98 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 99 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 100 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 62 101 Jean-Louis Prome, ‘Horizon - French J-STARS’, Air Forces Monthly (June 2000), pp.70-73; Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. 102 Report to Congress, pp.56-57; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.39. 103 Tim Ripley, ‘UAVs over Kosovo’, Air Force Magazine (September 2000), pp.57-60. 104 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.322. 105 Ripley, ‘UAVs over Kosovo’, pp.57-60. 106 Ripley,
‘UAVs over Kosovo’, pp.57-60. 107 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.39; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’, pp.57-60. 108 European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, p.21. 109 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 110 The Commander of the 16th AF, Lt General Michael Short, had learned from a conversation with his son, an A-10 pilot, that although Predator operators could see targets the UAV was reconnoitring, there was no effective way to direct strikes to the targets. What typically resulted was a cumbersome and inefficient conversation as the Predator operators attempted to ‘talk’ the fighter pilots to the targets. Walter J. Boyne, ‘How the Predator Grew Teeth’, Air Force Magazine (March 2009), p.43. Ill Boyne, ’How the Predator Grew Teeth) pp.43-44. 112 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.323. 113 Brookes, ‘European Lessons’, p.27. 114 Ripley, ‘UAVs over Kosovo’, p.59. 115 Tim Ripley, ‘Kosovo Tanker Mission’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp.37-38; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 116 Ripley, ‘Kosovo Tanker Mission, pp.37-38 117 Derek Bower, ‘Brize Norton - RAF “Superbase”’, RAF Yearbook (2000), p.70. Squadron Leader Stuart Mitchell of No. 216 Squadron was decorated with the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC), thus being the first member of the tanker fleet to be decorated with such a high decoration. 118 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.38; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 119 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.38; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 120 General John P. Jumper, ‘Rapidly
Deploying Aerospace Power, Lessons from Allied Force’, Aerospace Power Journal (Winter 1999), pp.4-10. 121 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 122 Report to Congress, pp.39-40; Peter R. March, ‘Globemaster lifts the RAF’, RAF Yearbook (2000), p.8; Mark Nicholls, ‘Strategic success story’, Air Forces Monthly (January 2000), p.60. 123 ‘The RAF’s Year 1999) p.86. 124 Tim Ripley, ‘Kosovo CSAR success’, USAF Yearbook (2001), pp.44-46; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 125 Minutes from expert talks: Expose of Colonel Vujic. Chapter 3 1 2 3 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Avijacija’; Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, p.366, table 18. Bojan Dimitrijević Milan Micevski, ‘Silver Birds over the Estuary’, The MiG-21 in Yugoslav and Serbian Air Force Service, 1962-2019 (Warwick, England: Helion, 2020); Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju (sintetička studija), GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, Institut za ratnu veštinu; VT-SP (Beograd: 1999), p.206. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.206; Bojan Dimitrijević, Kurjaci sa ušća, istorijai 252. lovačkobombarderske eskadrile (Beograd: ISI, 85
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 18 2004), p.71; Aleksandar Radić, Orao, pogled iz jugoslavenskog ugla (Belgrade: Medija centar, 2012), pp.229-235. 4 Komanda RV i PVO: ‘Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Avijacija; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava’, p.206. 5 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.320-321. 6 Komanda RV i PVO: ‘Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: ARJ PVO’; Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.341-343. 7 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.342-343. 8 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.217. Those statistics (General Ștaif, VJ) did not count the launchings from the earlier RL system that was used by the 252nd FB Squadron, and those belonging to the Pristinski Corps in Kosovo. 9 Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, р.553; Komanda RV i PVO (К-da RV i PVO): ‘Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: ARJ PVO’; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.217. 10 Slaviša Golubovič, Pad noćnog sokola, pp.201-204. 11 Working material for Komanda RV i PVO Analiza borbenih dejstava session: ‘Borbena dejstva ARJ I PVO’. 12 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.213; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, pp.111-113. 13 Đošan Miloš, Generalov kosmetski put (Beograd: autorsko izdanje, 2004). 14 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: VT i Tsľ, Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, p.104. 15 Dimitrijević, Kurjaci sa ušća, pp.75-76. 16 Komanda 25O.rbr PVO, 24.05.1999. ‘Komandiru odeljenja RL-4M, borbeno naredjenje Op.br.206’; Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.306-308. 17 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica,
p.104; Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, p.308; Đorđević Slađan, Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava RJ PVO malog dometa u agresiji NATO na Saveznu Republiku Jugoslaviju, GŠ VJ, Sektor za ŚONID, ŠP škola (Beograd: 2000). 18 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Analiza rada VOJ’; Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, pp.517-527. 19 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: VOJIN’. 20 Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, pp.528-536. 21 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju (sintetička studija), GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, Institut za ratnu veštinu; VT-SP Beograd 1999; Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, pp.537-583. 22 Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, pp.586-588. 23 Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, p.590. 24 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.396-397. 25 Oluić Saša, Antić Goran, Dimitrijević Bojan, 204. lovački avijacijski puk, (Belgrade: VINC, 2005), p.115. 26 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 27 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’; Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Ostali rodovi, EI I PED’. 28 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 29 Minutes from expert talks; Expose of Colonel Vujič; Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, p.565. 30 Isby, Allied Force - US Lessons’, pp.27-28. 31 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.294. 32 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, pp.220-221; Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: ARJ PVO’. 33 Stankovič. 34 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, pp.33-34. 86 35 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, p.82. 36 Komanda 250. rbr PVO, Pov.br.
03/139-674,25.04.1999. and telegram: Komanda RV i PVO pov.br. 40-2/8929-2,22.04.1999; KOMANDA 25O.rbr PVO, Str.Pov.br.03/139-1589-1, 02.06.1999. godine ‘Uputstvo za borbenu upotrebu IRZ i pasivnih reflektora, dostavlja’. 37 Written statement of Colonel Dragan Stankovic, acting commander of the 250th Missile Brigade, to authors (Belgrade: 2009). 38 Written statement of Colonel Stankovic; Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: ARJ PVO’. 39 К-da RV i PVO: Analiza borbene gotovosti RV i PVO za 1998. Godinu’. 40 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999’. 41 K-đa RV i PVO: Analiza borbene gotovosti RV i PVO za 1998. godinu’; Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.282-283. 42 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999’. 43 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.284-286. 44 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.377-378. 45 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.377-378. 46 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.379-381. 47 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.381-382. Chapter 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: OIP: Dejstva vazduhoplovnih snaga NATO po SRJ i snagama i objektima RV I PVO’. Some other RV i PVO statistics counted a total of 15,023 different projectiles being dropped, including 3,425 classic bombs, 70 cluster bombs, 48 cruise missiles and 11,550 other projectiles and munitions. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, p.81. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, p.79; Oluić, Antić Dimitrijević, 204. lovački avijacijskipuk, pp.l
16-119; Milan Micevski Bojan Dimitrijević, 83. lovački avijacijski puk (Niš: Galakisijanis, 2016), pp.147-149. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.207; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, pp.80-88. Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, p.574. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, pp.81-82. Bojan Dimitrijević Jovica Draganie, 250. raketna brigada PVO (Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački zavod, 2007), pp.94-95. Archer, ‘Spangdahlem Force’, pp.44-46. Komanda RV i PVO (К-da RV i PVO): Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: ARJ PVO’. Dimitrijević Draganie, 250. raketna brigada PVO, pp.97-98,110. Dimitrijević Draganie, 250. raketna brigada PVO, pp.97-98,110. Dimitrijević Draganić, 250. raketna brigada PVO, pp.167-194. Kraljevske lisice 1977-2002, povodom 25godina 450.raketnogpuka protivvazdušne odbrane, (Belgrade: VINC, 2002); Todorov Staniša, Iskustva iz učešća 450. rp PVO u suprotstavljanju NATO operaciji ‘Milosrdni anđeo’ 1999. godine, ST-INT, seminarski rad VA ŠNO, KŠU, Beograd 2007. Kromhout, ‘Viper Weasels in action, p.26. Slaviša Golubovič, Pad noćnog sokola, p.201. Dimitrijević Draganić, 250. raketna brigada PVO, pp.167-194.
OPERATION ALLIED FORCE: AIR WAR OVER SERBIA 1999 VOLUME 2 Kromhout, ‘Viper Weasels in action’, pp.25-26. Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, pp.537-582. Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, pp.537-582. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.220. Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, p.590. Komanda RV i PVO: ‘Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Ostali rodovi, EI IPED’; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 24 Komanda RV i PVO: ‘Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: An.Veza. rati’.; Slađan, Ristić Organizacija ifunkcionisanje veza sistema VOJ u VJ, u uslovima narušenog sistema veza Vf, diplomski rad Sektor za ŠONID, Generalštabna škola VJ, smer RV i PVO, Beograd 2000. 25 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.220. 18 19 20 21 22 23 Chapter 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Vojska - ratno izdanje, broj 348, 30.3.1999. Junaci otadžbine (Beograd: Spomen-knjiga, June 2000); Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, p.251. Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, volume 2, pp.291, 530-531, 632. Kabinet načelnika Generalštaba Vojske Jugoslavije (KNGŠ VJ), ‘Kolegijum, Sednice kolegijuma Načelnika Generalštaba Vojske Jugoslavije, 02. 07.1999’. (report by General Smiljanić), p.19. Material: Analiza borbenih dejstava ARJ PVO’. Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Org. Mob, Gubici u ljudstvu’; Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, pp.572-573. Cordesman suggested this conclusion: “The effectiveness of the NATO air attacks on Serbian forces in the field must be judged in terms of impact in strengthening the credibility of the KLA (and prospective NATO ground option), and not simply in terms of how much of the
Serbian land force was destroyed and whether this halted ethnic cleansing.” Cordesman, The Lessons and Non Lessons, p.236. Ripley, Allied Force: Battle damage in Kosovo’, p.29. Vojska, ratno izdanje, broj 381-382,14.6.1999. Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, p.502. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.147. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.147; Stephen P. Aubin, ‘Newsweek and 14 tanks’, Air Forces Magazine (July 2000). Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.303. KNGŠ VJ (report by General Smiljanić), p.19. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju, za strategijski nivo (monografija), GŠ VJ, Sektor za ŠONID, ŠNO, Beograd oktobar 1999. In Smiljanić’s detailed study on air war (also the General Staff), the general tried to be precise. He claimed 127 (or 107) destroyed aircraft (119 (or 99) on the ground and eight in the air) and 50 damaged aircraft (one in the air), which makes a total of 177 (or 157). The first figure was published in General Smiljanić’s book (Smiljanić, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.437-438); the second in the synthesis Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, p.573, which he also wrote. In the period when he wrote the analyses (2000-?), there were 17 aircraft (out of 50) that were returned to service after repairs. Smiljanić counted 151 (140) aircraft as irretrievably lost, or 41.09 percent of the total number. Dimitrijević Micevski, ‘Silver birds’: the author’s research counted 43 lost MİG-2İS from an initial 72. Among them 32 were destroyed (23 bis, six
UMs and three Ms) and 11 damaged but remained unserviceable (eight bis and three VM)s. A total of 29 MiG֊21s were used in the period after OAF: 20 bis, six UMs, two Rs and a single Μ. 17 Radić counted a total of 19 destroyed Oraos (16 J-22s and 3 NJ-22 two-seaters): at Ponikve (seven), Batajnica (five), Ladjevci (three). Moma Stanojlović Air Depot (two), in combat mission (one) and damaged beyond repair (one). Radić, Orao, pp.293-303. 18 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, pp.84, 89, 92. This study noted the following numbers of destroyed aircraft: nine J-22 Oraos, three NJ-22 Oraos, two N-62T/Galeb G-4s, two V-53/UTVA-75S, six N-62/Galeb G-4s, 11 N-62S/Galeb G-4s, 17 N-60/Galeb G-2s, one H-42/Gazelle SA-341, two HP-43/ Kamov Ka֊25PLs, three HP-44/MI-14PLs (a total of 56), plus six HT-40/Mi-8s that belonged to the 119th Helicopter Regiment. Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, volume I (Klub generala I admirala Srbije, Beograd 2019). p.581; Komanda RV i PVO (К-da RV i PVO): Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: PoOb, Ibid, VT I Tsľ. 19 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju, za strategijski nivo (monografija), ČŠ VJ, Sektor za ŠONID, (ŠNO, Belgrade, October 1999). 20 KNGŠ VJ (report by General Smiljanić), p.19. 21 Komanda RV i PVO (К-da RV i PVO): Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: ARJ PVO, Ibid, VT i Tsl. Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, p.587, table 9. The other facts counted the following losses in air defence units: Radars: P-15 (three destroyed/ two
damaged), P-18 (one/one), P-12 (three/two), R-StON or 1S91M2 (five/10), PRV-16 (none/two), 1RL-128D-1 (none/four), guidance cab Dvina (none/one). Cabs: UNV-M (nine/four), UNK-M (three/seven), RKU-N (five/six), and other commanding and guidance equipment: PRM (one/one), UV-600 (none/one), UPPC (none/two) and UKUV (one/none). Generators (10/six), vehicles (33/seven). Self-propelled launching vehicle Kub (three/ four), Launching ramp Neva (one/none). Missiles Neva (122/five) and Kub (nine/none). Light AA Artilery: L-70 Bofors (three/four) and PAT 20/3 (six/none). 22 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.219. 23 Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, ρρ.573֊574; Komanda RV i PVO (К-da RV i PVO): Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: VOJIN’. 24 Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, pp.541֊542; Smiljanić, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.442-443 25 Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, p.574; KNGŠ VJ (report by General Smiljanić), p.19. Smiljanić stated that there were 510 objects destroyed or damaged beyond repair. 26 For details see: Agresija NATO pakta na Saveznu Republiku Jugoslaviju (Belgrade: Bezbednost, ratno izdanje 2-3,1999); Smiljanić, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.213-250. 27 Ripley, Allied Force: Battle damage in Kosovo’, pp.30-31. 28 Isby, Allied Force - US Lessons’, p.25. 29 Akt Komande RV I PVO int.br.25/8899-2, 22.04.1999. 30 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju (sintetička studija). 31 A detailed account on the Serb side including the testimonies of each member of the 3rd
Battalion and F-l 17 pilot Lt Colonel Delko in: Golubovič, Pad noćnog sokola; Paul F. Crickmore, Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk Stealth Fighter, Air Vanguard 16 (London: Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2014), p.57. 32 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.48. 33 Vojska - ratno izdanje, broj 365, 6.5.1999. 34 In recent years, among the crews of the 3rd Battalion, 250th Missile Brigade, and part of the wider public, a tale was launched of claiming the B-2A at 0012 hours on 20 May 1999. Golubovič, Pad noćnog sokola, pp.272-302. 87
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 18 35 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 36 Ripley, ‘UAVs over Kosovo’, p.59; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.104. 37 Report to Congress, pp.75-77; Hebert, ‘The Balkan Air War’, p.45. Chapter б and Conclusion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 88 Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, vol. I, p.528. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, pp.211-214. Isby, Allied Force - US Lessons’, p.26; Kosovo Naval Lessons (Murphy, Jr). Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.26 Marti Ahtisari, Misija u Beogradu (Beograd: Filip Visnjic, 2001); Vojska - ratno izdanje, broj 381-382,14.6.1999. pp.2-3. After Kosovo’, pp.40-42. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.18. Hebert, ‘The Balkan Air War’, p.46. Ivo H. Daalader 8c Michael E. O’Hanlon, Winning Ugly: NATOs War to Save Kosovo (Brookings Institute Press, 2000). Klark, Moderno ratovanje, pp.452-461. Golubovič, Pad noćnog sokola, pp.40-195. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons. Cooper A. Scott, Air Power and the Coersive Use of Force’, The Washington Quarterly (Autumn 2001), pp.81-93. Jim Hedge, ‘Chinese Embassy Bombing’, Air Forces Monthly (May 2000), pp.31-34. Isby, Allied Force - US Lessons’, p.26; Rebecca Grant, ‘Why Arimén Don’t Command’, Air Force Magazine (September 2008), p.48. Simpson, Stealth Down, pp.228,245. Simpson, Stealth Down, p.229. ‘Introduction, USAF Yearbook (2000), p.5. After Kosovo’, pp.40-42. Klark, Moderno ratovanje, pp.451, 472. Niall Ferguson, The Cash Nexus, Money and Power in the Modern World (London: Penguin Books, 2002).
pp.412-413. Klark, Moderno ratovanje, pp.494-495. Ferguson, The Cash Nexus, pp.412-413. |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS Helion Company Limited Unit 8 Amherst Business Centre Budbrooke Road Warwick CV34 5WE England Tel. 01926 499 619 Email: info@helion.co.uk Website: www.helion.co.uk Twitter: @helionbooks Visit our blog http://blog.helion.co.uk/ Text © Bojan Dimitrijević and Lieutenant General (ret.) Jovica Draganie 2022 Photographs © as individually credited Colour profiles © David Bocquelet, Luca Canossa, Tom Cooper and Goran Sudar 2022 Map and diagrams ©Tom Cooper and Jovica Draganie 2022 Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 2 3 Commanding Operation Allied Force NATO Combat Experiences RV i PVO Combat Experience NATO Strikes On The RV i PVO Infrastructure Consequences of the Air Campaign Experiences of Operation Allied Force 4 16 45 54 63 72 Conclusion 79 Bibliography Notes About the Authors 81 83 90 Designed and typeset by Farr out Publications, Wokingham, Berkshire Cover design Paul Hewitt, Battlefield Design (www.battlefield-design.co.uk) Every reasonable effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The author and publisher apologise for any errors or omissions in this work, and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. ISBN 978-1-915070-65-4 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the express written consent of Helion Company Limited. We always welcome receiving book proposals from prospective authors. MAP OF EUROPE SINCE 1992 Note: In order to simplify the use of this book, all names, locations and geographic designations are as provided in The Times World Atlas, or other traditionally accepted major sources of reference, as of the time of described events. Müncheni
OPERATION ALLIED FORCE: AIR WAR OVER SERBIA 1999 VOLUME 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Archival Sources Kabinet načelnika Generalštaba Vojske Jugoslavije [Cabinet of the Chief of the General Staff of Yugoslav Army]. Komanda RV i PVO [Air Force and Air Defence HQs] and annual histories of subordinated units: Vazduhoplovni korpus, Korpus PVO, 204. lovački avijacijski puk, 250. raketna brigada PVO, 98. lovačko-avijacijski puk, 230,240. samohodni raketni puk PVO, 210. bataljon veze, 280 centar za ЕЮ. Muzej Jugoslovenskog ratnog vazduhoplovstva: fond jedinica RV i PVO [Yugoslav Air Force Museum, The RV i PVO Units Fond]. Unpublished Sources - Materials: Davis, Charles H., JDAM, The Kosovo Experience and DPAS, The Boeing Company (presentation). Đorđević, Slađan, Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava RJ PVO malog dometa u agresiji NATO na Saveznu Republiku Jugoslaviju, GŠ VJ, Sektor za ŠONID, ŠP škola (Beograd, 2000). Draganie, Jovica, Potrebne snage za odvraćanje u PVO, stručni rad, ŠNO (1999). Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju, za strategijski nivo (monografija), GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, ŠNO; VT-Տէր. Pov (Beograd, oktobar 1999). Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju (sintetička studija), GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, Institut za ratnu veštinu; VT-SP (Beograd, 1999). Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih zdruzeno-taktičkih jedinica Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju, GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, Vojna akademija; VT-SP (Beograd, 1999). Iskustva iz
borbenih dejstava osnovnih taktičkih jedinica Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju, GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, Vojna akademija; VT-SP (Beograd, oktobar 1999). Materijali sa razmene iskustva о operaciji AF 1999 (Zemun/ Ramstein, 2005). Milinković, Milan, Operativni zahtevi za dogradnju i modernizaciju lovačke avijacije, Stručni rad, VA, ŠNO, GŠU 45. klasa (Beograd, 2002). Ristič, Slađan, Organizacija i funkcionisanje veza sistema VOJ u VJ, u uslovima narušenog sistema veza VJ, diplomski rad Sektor za ŠONID, Generalštabna škola VJ, smer RV i PVO (Beograd, 2000). Todorov, Staniša, Iskustva iz učešća 450. rp PVO u suprotstavljanju NATO operaciji „Milosrdni anđeo“ 1999. godine, ST-INT seminarski rad VA ŠNO, KŠU (Beograd, 2007). Published Sources - Materials: Agresija NATO pakta na Saveznu Republiku Jugoslaviju (Belgrade, Bezbednost, ratno izdanje 2-3,1999). Amnesty International, NATO/Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ‘collateral damage’ or unlawful killings? Violations of the Laws of War by NATO during Operation Allied Force (June 2000). Bolkcom, Christoper, Military Suppression ofEnemy Air Defenses (SEAD): Assessing Future Needs, CRS Report for Congress. Combined Prepared Statement of General Wesley Clark, USA, Admiral James Ellis, Jr., USN, and Lieutenant General Michael Short, USAF, Of the United States European Command Before the Senate Armed Services Committee (21 October 1999). Electronic Warfare, Comprehensive Strategy Needed for Suppressing Enemy Air Defenses, US General Accounting Office, Report to Congressional Requesters (January 2001).
European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, Implications from Transatlantic Cooperation, Project Air Force (RAND, 2001). Hardy, Scott A., LCDR, USN, US Air Force, The Search For Air Dominance: Stealth Versus SEAD, A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, April 2006). Kometer, Michael W., Lt Col, USAF, Command in Air War: Centralized vs. Decentralized Control of Combat Airpower, Submitted to the Engineering Systems Division in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Technology, Management, and Policy (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 2005). Kosovo Air Operations, Army Resolving Lessons Learned Regarding the Apache Helicopter, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, US General Accounting Office (May 2001). Kosovo Air Operations, Report to the Chairman, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, US General Accounting Office (May 2001). Kosovo and Macedonia, US and Allied Military Operations, CRS Issue Brief for Congress, updated 8 July 2003 (Steve Bowman, Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade Division). Kosovo, One Year on, Achivement and Challenge (Lord Robertson of Port Ellen, Sec. Gen. of NATO). Kosovo: Operation Allied Force, House of Commons, Research paper 99/48 (29 April 1999). Kosovo: U.S. Naval Lessons Learned During Operation Allied Force, March-June 1999: Statement of Vice Admiral Daniel J. Murphy, Jr, Commander, U.S. Sixth Fleet and Striking and Support Forces, Southern
Europe. Statement of Brigadier General Robert Μ. Flanagan, Deputy Commander, II Marine Expeditionary Force. Statement of Vice Admiral James F. Amerault, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Logistics). Military Aircraft, Information on Air Force Aerial Refuelling Tankers, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Protection Forces, Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, US General Accounting Office (June 2003). Nardulli, Bruce R., Perry, Walter L., Pirnie, Bruce, Gordon IV, John McGinn, John G., Disjointed War Military Operations in Kosovo 1999, Prepared for the United States Army, Approved for public release; distribution unlimited (RAND Arroyo Center, 2002). Nicolls, Boone, MSgt, USAF (ret.), Airmans Guide, 6th Edition (Stackpole Books, 2004). Parker, Brandon D., Major, US Air Force, Caught in a Jam: the US Air Force’s Electronic Attack Conundrum, Research Report Submitted to the Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Graduation Requirements (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, April 2008). Leaf, Brigadier General Daniel P., press conference, NATO HQ, Brussels (19 April 1999). 81
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 18 Prepared Statement of General Henry H. Shelton to the Senate Armed Services Committee Hearing on Operations in Kosovo (20 July 1999). Stone, Troy R., The Air War Over Serbia: Denial, Punishment, Or Balance ofInterest, Thesis presented to the Faculty of the School of Advanced Airpower Studies (Airpower Studies, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, June 2001). The Readers Guide to the NATO Summit in Washington (23-25 April 1999). Report to Congress, Kosovo/Allied Force After-action Report, Unclassified (31 January 2000). Statement of General John P. Jumper, Commander, United States Air Forces in Europe. Magazines: Aeromagazin, Air Action, Air Force, Air Forces Monthly, Airmen, Combat Aircraft, Jets, Odbrana, Royal Air Force Yearbook (20002001), Službeni vojni list, Soldier of Fortune, United States Air Force Yearbook (1999-2002), Vojska, World Air Power Journal. Web Pages: US DoD, USAF, USAFE and its units: 31st, 48th, 52nd, 86th and 100th Wing. US Air Forces in Europe, New Service (March-July 1999), www. usafe.af.mil/news/news99. Articles: Allied Force Debrief, Interviews and photos by Eric Hehs’, Code One Magazine (October 1999). Cooper, A. Scott, Air Power and the Coersive Use of Force’, The Washington Quarterly (Autumn 2001), pp.81-93. Cordesman, Anthony H. (Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy), ‘The Effectiveness of the NATO Strategic Air and Missile Campaign in Kosovo’, A Working Paper Revised (August 2000). Cordesman, Anthony H. (Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy), ‘The Lessons and Non-Lessons of the Air and Missile Campaign in Kosovo’,
Revised (August 2000). Devries, Donald C., ‘Reserve Intelligence Support for Operation Allied Force’, JFQ (Spring 2000), pp.81-87. Dimitrijević, Bojan, ‘Rat NATO-а protiv Srbije 1999. godine: vojni aspekti posledice’, Nova srpska politička misao, posebno izdanje Srbija i NATO (I), Srpski diskurs rata (Belgrade, 2000), pp.161-174. Dimitrijević, Bojan, ‘Vazdušne operacije NATO u Jugoslaviji i posledice’, Istorija 20. veka (Belgrade, January 2000), pp.109-120. Gazzini, Tarcisio, ‘NATO Coercive Military Activities in the Yugoslav Crisis’, European Journal ofInternational Law, Volume 12, Issue 3,1 (June 2001), pp.391-436. Gordon IV, John, Nardull, Bruce Perry, Walter L., ‘The Operational Challenges of Task Force Hawk’, JFQ, Autumn/ Winter (2001-02), pp.52-57. Jumper, P. John’, ‘General, Rapidly Deploying Aerospace Power, Lessons from Allied Force’, Aerospace Power Journal (Winter 1999). Lambeth, Dr Benjamin S., ‘Kosovo and the Continuing SEAD Challenge’, Aerospace Power Journal (Summer 2002). ‘Mission ready: Canada’s role in the Kosovo Air campaign’, Canadian Military Journal (Spring 2000), pp.55-61. 82 Ochmanek, David A., ‘What Operation Allied Force Can Teach Us About Capabilities Needed for Future Military Operations’, RAND. Richter, Andrew, ‘Lessons From the Revolution: What Recent US Military Operations Reveal About the Revolution in Military Affairs and Future Combat’, Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, Vol. 7, Issue 3, Spring (2005). Schatz, Lt Col Rowayne A., ‘USAF Theater Airlift Lessons from Kosovo’, Air Space Power Journal, Chronicles Online (2000). Solana,
Javier, ‘NATO’s Success in Kosovo’, Foreign Affairs (November/December 1999), pp.114-121. Tirpák, John A., DTIC, ‘Dealing with Air Defenses the Balkan War pointed up how short the force is for electronic combat’, Early Bird, Air Force Magazine (November 1999). LITERATURE (MONOGRAPHS, MEMOIRS): Agresija NATO, uzroci, karakter i posledice krize na Kosovu i Metohiji (Belgrade: Klub generala i admirala Vojske Srbije, 2008). Ahtisari, Marti, Misija u Beogradu (Belgrade: Filip Višnjić, 2001). Aničić, Đorđe S., Smena (ratni dnevnik) (Belgrade: Agrotop Marketing, 2009). Crickmore, Paul, Lockheed F-l 17 Nighthawk Stealth Fighter, Air Vanguard 16 (London: Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2014). della Croce, Roberto, Priča jednog borbenog pilota (Novi Sad: Stylos Art, 2013). Daalader Ivo H. O’Hanlon, Michael E., Winning Ugly, NATO’s War to Save Kosovo (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Pres, 2000). Dimitrijević, Bojan, Kurjaci sa ušća, istorijat 252. lovačkobombarderske eskadrile (Beograd: ISI, 2004). Dimitrijević, Bojan Draganie, Jovica, 250. raketna brigada PVO (Beograd: VIZ, 2007). Dimitrijević, Bojan Draganie, Jovica, Vazdušni rat nad Srbijom (Belgrade: ISI, 2010). Drendel, Lou, Bone, В-l Lancer in action, Aircraft number 179 (Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 2002). Đošan, Miloš, Generalov kosmetski put (Beograd: autorsko izdanje, 2004). Haave, Christopher E. (Col USAF) Haun, Phil M. (Lt Col USAF), A-lOs over Kosovo, The Victory ofAirpower over a Fielded Army as Told by the Airmen Who Fought in Operation Allied Force (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press,
2003). Henriksen, Dag, Operation Allied Force, A Product of Military Theory or Political Pragmatism?, An Examination of the Role ofAir Power in handling the Kosovo Crisis 1999-99, PhD Dissertation (University of Glasgow: December 2005). Junaci Slobodnog neba (Belgrade: Komanda RV i PVO, June 2000). Klark, Vesli K., Moderno ratovanje, Bosna, Kosovo i budućnost oružane borbe (Belgrade: Samizdat, 2003). The Kosovo News and Propaganda War, edited by Peter Goff (Wien: International Press Instituten, September 1999). Kraljevske lisice 1977-2002, povodom 25godina 450.raketnogpuka protivvazdušne odbrane (Belgrade: VINC, 2002). Lamb, Michael W. Sr, Lt Col, USAF, Operation Allied Force, Golden Nuggets for Future Campaigns, Air War College Maxwell Paper No. 27 (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: August 2002). Larsen, Wayne A., Serbian information operations during Operation Allied Force, Research Report (Maxwell AFB: Air Command and Staff College, Air University, April 2000).
OPERATION ALLIED FORCE: AIR WAR OVER SERBIA 1999 VOLUME 2 McKinney, Maj. Mike Ryan, Mike, Chariots of the Damned, Helicopter Special Operations from Vietnam to Kosovo (New York: St Martin’s Paperbacks, 2003). Micevski, Milan Dimitrijević, Bojan, 83. lovački avijacijski puk (Niš: Galakisijanis, 2016). Oluić, Saša, Antic, Goran Dimitrijević, Bojan, 204. lovački avijacijskipuk (Belgrade: VINC, 2005). Radić, Aleksandar, Orao, pogled iz jugoslavenskog ugla (Belgrade: Medija centar, 2012). Smiljanič, Spasoje, Agresija NATO, RV i РѴО u odbrani otadžbine (Belgrade: autorsko izdanje, 2009). Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, volume I (Belgrade: Klub generala i admirala Srbije, 2019). NOTES Chapter 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Andrew Richter, ‘Lessons From the Revolution: What Recent US Military Operations Reveal About the Revolution in Military Affairs and Future Combat’, Journal ofMilitary and Strategic Studies, Vol. 7, Issue 3, Spring (2005); Report to Congress, Kosovo/Allied Force After-action Report, Unclassified (31 January 2000), pp.7-8. Report to Congress, pp.7-8. Vesli K. Klark, Moderno ratovanje, Bosna, Kosovo i budućnost oružane borbe (Beograd: Samizdat, 2003), p.457. Under the new arrangement, the Commander-in-Chief, US Air Forces in Europe, and the Commander-in-Chief, US Naval Forces, Europe, were removed from the chain of operational control, and the Commanders, 16th Air Force and Sixth Fleet, became joint task force commanders reporting directly to the US Commanderin-Chief, Europe. Report to Congress, pp.16-17. Report to Congress,
p.45; Gert Kromhout, ‘Allied Force - Planning NATO Attacks’, Air Forces Monthly (December 1999), p.51; Cordesman, Anthony H. (Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy), The Lessons and Non-Lessons of the Air and Missile Campaign in Kosovo, Revised (August 2000), pp.258-259. Kromhout, Allied Force - Planning NATO Attacks’, p.51. Kromhout, Allied Force - Planning NATO Attacks’, p.51. Wing Commander Andrew Brookes, ‘European Lessons’, Air Forces Monthly (June 2000), p.29. Jim Hedge, ‘Chinese Embassy Bombing’, Air Forces Monthly (May 2000), pp.31-34. US Air Force Academy: General (ret) John Jumper Talks Operation Allied Force at USAFA - YouTube https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=lhpkE_FC!YY t=287 Christopher E. Haave (Col, USAF) Phil Μ. Haun (Lt Col, USAF), A-lOs over Kosovo, The Victory ofAirpower over a Fielded Army as Told by the Airmen Who Fought in Operation Allied Force (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press, 2003), pp.86-96. Haave Haun, A-lOs over Kosovo, pp.71, 77-86; Archer, Bob, ‘Spangdahlem Force’, USAF Yearbook (2000), p.46. Haave Haun, A-lOs over Kosovo, pp.72-74 ; Archer, ‘Spangdahlem Force’, p.46. Adam J. Hebert, ‘The Balkan Air War,’ Air Force Magazine (March 2009), p.45. Amnesty International, NATO/Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ‘collateral damage’ or unlawful killings? Violations of the Laws of War by NATO during Operation Allied Force (June 2000). Klark, Moderno ratovanje, p.478. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.94. Kromhout, Allied Force - Planning NATO Attacks’, pp.50-54. 19 Ben Dunnell, Allied Force’, USAF Yearbook (1999), p.13; Kromhout,
Allied Force - Planning NATO Attacks’, p.54. 20 After Kosovo’, RAF Yearbook (2000), pp.40-42. 21 After Kosovo’, pp.40-42. 22 European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, Implications from Transatlantic Cooperation, Project Air Force, (RAND, 2001), pp.28-29; Isby, David C., Allied Force - US Lessons’, Air Forces Monthly (May 2000), p.27. 23 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju, GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, Vojna akademija; VT-SP (Beograd, 1999), р.ЗЗ. 24 The Reader’s Guide to the NATO Summit in Washington, 23-25 April 1999. 25 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.44. 26 ‘The RAF s Year 1999’, RAF Yearbook (2000), p.86; European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, pp.22-23. 27 Tim Ripley, ‘UK’s Precision Bombing’, Air Force Magazine (October 2000), p.26; ‘The RAF’s Year 1999’, p.86. 28 Brookes, ‘European Lessons’, pp.24-29. 29 Jean-Louis Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, Air Forces Monthly (December 1999), pp.29-35; European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, pp. 18-21. 30 European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, pp.21-22. 31 Dr Riccardo Niccoli, ‘Improving the Tornado, Italian Style’, Air Forces Monthly (April 2001), p.64. 32 Henri Pierre Grolleau, ‘Hornet Mission the CF-18 in action’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 2, No. 11, pp.870-877; Randy Jolly, ‘Balkan Debrief No. 1’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 2., No 8 (2000), pp.644-45. This author quotes different facts: 18 CF-188s logged 522 combat missions and accumulated 1,873 hours of flying time. 33 Kromhout,
Allied Force - Planning NATO Attacks’, pp.50-54; European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, p.22. 34 Jolly, ‘Balkan Debrief No. 1’, pp.644-645. 35 For more details, see: European Contributions to Operation Allied Force. 36 Isby, Allied Force - US Lessons’, p.27. 37 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, pp.181-189. 38 Komanda RV i PVO (К-da RV i PVO): Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Analiza rada oragana KRV i PVO, “Komandovanje”. General Smiljanič left his personal account on the OAF: General Spasoje Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO u odbrani otadžbine (Belgrade: II autorsko izdanje, 2009). 39 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.37. 40 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.38; Report on combat activities during 1999 of the 280th ELINT 83
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 18 Centre (report is still confidential; this is descriptive tittle). Further as: ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 41 Radić Aleksandar Micevski Milan, ‘NATO u agresiji na SR Jugoslaviju’, Novi Glasnik, Belgrade (February 1999). Chapter 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 84 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.41. Jamie Hunter Richard Collens, ‘Invisible Spirits’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp.6-9; Peter Grier, ‘The JDAM revolution, Air Force Magazine (September 2006), pp.60-63. Ross Simpson, Stealth Down (Charleston, South California: Narwahl Press, 2002), pp.9֊ll. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.40. Vojska - ratno izdanje, broj 363-364, 3.5.1999. Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, volume II (Beograd: Klub generala i admirala Srbije, 2019), p.419. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.35. ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.35. ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. Dylan Eklund, ‘Liberty Warriors’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp.40-43. Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. Niccoli, ‘Improving the Tornado, Italian Style’, p.64. ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, pp.33-34. Dylan Eklund, ‘Liberty Warriors’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp.40-43. ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. Haave Haun, A-lOs over Kosovo, pp.29-31. Bob Archer, ‘Spangdahlem Force’, USAF Yearbook (2000), p.46. Carrier Air Wing 8 consisted of: 24 F/A-18Cs
(VFA-15 and 87), 22 F-14s (VF-14 and 41), four EA֊6Bs (VAQ-141), four E-2Cs (VAW124), eight S-3Bs (VS-24), seven SH/HH-60s (HS-З) and two C֊2As (Det l/VRC-40). Tom Kaminski, ‘Where are the Carriers?’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 2, No. 8 (2000), p.664; Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.31. Tony Holmes, ‘Bombcats on the Prowl’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 6, No. 6, p.40. ‘Kosovo Naval Lessons Learned During Operation Allied Force’, March-June 1999, Statement of Vice Admiral Daniel J. Murphy Jr, US Navy, Commander, US Sixth Fleet, and Striking and Support Forces, Southern Europe, at: www.history.navy.mil/ research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/k/ kosovo-naval-lessons-learned-during-operation-allied-force. html#murphy Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.245. Dylan Eklund, ‘To Seek and Strike. RAF Bruggen’, RAF Yearbook (2000), p.24. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.43. Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35; Chistophe Gasztych Benjamin Vinot Prefontaine, ‘Mirage F-1CT’, Air Forces Monthly (February 2004), p.62 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.30; Henri-Pierre Grolleau, ‘Farewell Foch’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 3, No. 2, p.152; Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. Cordesman, TJie Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.43. 29 Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. 30 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.36; Report to Congress, p.89. 31 Haave Haun, A-lOs over Kosovo, pp.11-14. 32 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 33 Peter Grier, ‘The JDAM revolution’, Air Force Magazine (September
2006), pp.60-63. 34 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.46. 35 Lou Drendel, Bone, В-l Lancer in action, Aircraft number 179 (Carrollton Texas: Squadron/signal publications, 2002). pp.32-37; Dunnell, Allied Force’, p.13. 36 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, pp.37-38. 37 Report to Congress, p.97. 38 Dylan Eklund, ‘Fairford at War’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp. 10-13; Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.318; Drendel, B-l Lancer in action, pp.32-37. 39 Eklund, ‘Fairford at War’, pp.10-13; Mark Farmer, ‘Roving Sands’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 3, No. 3, p.214; Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.263. 40 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, pp.37-38. 41 Eklund, ‘Fairford at War’, pp.10-13. 42 Tim Ripley, Allied Force: Battle damage in Kosovo’, Air Forces Monthly (January 2000), p.31. 43 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.248. 44 Eklund, ‘Fairford at War’, pp.10-13. 45 Dunnell, Allied Force’, p.12; Grier, ‘The JDAM revolution’, pp.60-63. 46 Depending on the author, the number of JDAMs dropped vary between 651 and 656. It is the same with a number of sorties: 45 or 49. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.38; Jamie Hunter Richard Collens, ‘Invisible Spirits’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp.69. Mark Ayton, ‘Ten Years of American Spirit’, Air Forces Monthly (February 2004), p.25; Grier, ‘The JDAM revolution’, pp.60-63. 47 Brad Elward, ‘The Stealth Bomber at War, Allied Force Strike Missions of the B-2A Spirit’, Combat Aircraft, Vol. 2, No. 11, pp.870-877. 48 Minutes from expert talks between RV i PVO
and USAFE, Zemun, September 2005: Expose of Colonel Vujic, commanding officer of the 280th ELINT Centre during OAF. 49 Grier, ‘The JDAM revolution, pp.60-63. This author states that “after action reports showed that 98 percent of the 652 JDAM s used in the campaign hit their targets”. 50 John A. Tirpák, ‘With the Stealth in Balkans’, Air Force Magazine (October 1999), p.22. 51 Elward, ‘The Stealth Bomber at War’, pp.870-877. 52 Elward, ‘The Stealth Bomber at War’, pp.870-877. 53 Minutes from expert talks: Expose of Colonel Vujic. 54 Slaviša Golubovič, Pad noćnog sokola (Belgrade: MC Odbrana, 2016), pp.271-301. 55 Military Supression ofEnemy Air Defenses (SEAD): Assessing Future Needs, Christopher Bolkcom, CRS Report for Congress. 56 Brookes, ‘European Lessons’, p.27. 57 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.209. 58 Gert Kromhout, ‘Viper Weasels in action’, Air Forces Monthly (August 2000), pp.22-26. 59 Tim Ripley, ‘Viper Weasels’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp.15-16. 60 Rick Burgess, ‘Prowling the New Century’, Air Forces Monthly (September 2001), pp.46-47. 61 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’.
OPERATION ALLIED FORCE: AIR WAR OVER SERBIA 1999 VOLUME 2 ‘Kosovo Naval Lessons Learned During Operation Allied Force, March-June 1999, Statement of Brigadier General Robert Μ. Flanagan, Deputy Commanding General II MEF (Marine Expeditionary Force), US Marine Corps, at: www.history. navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-listalphabetically/k/kosovo-naval-lessons-learned-during-operationallied-force.html#murphy . Flanagan claimed that EA-6B Prowlers had logged 464 combat missions. 63 Jolly, ‘Balkan Debrief No. 1’, p.645. 64 ‘Kosovo Naval Lessons Learned During Operation Allied Force’ (Flanagan). 65 European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, pp.32-33. 66 Niccoli, ‘Improving the Tornado, Italian Style’, p.64. 67 Eklund, ‘To Seek and Strike. RAF Bruggen’, p.24. 68 Jon Lake, ‘Weapons for Weasels’, Air Forces Monthly (April 2001), p.73. 69 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.209. 70 Rajiča Boskovic, Nebo na dlanu - Vek Vazdušnog osmatranja, javljanja i navodjenja (Beograd: autorsko izdanje, 2017), p.556. 71 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.210. 72 Ripley, ‘Viper Weasels’, pp.15-16. 73 Ripley, ‘Viper Weasels’, pp.15-16. 74 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 75 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 76 David C. Isby, ‘EC-130s At War’, Air Forces Monthly (November 2003), pp.32-33. 77 Iskustva iz borbenih đejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.40. 78 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.38; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 79 Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. 80 ‘The RAF’s Year 1999’, p.86. 81 ‘Reconnaissance in Force’, Air
Force Magazine (December 2004), pp.38-45. 82 ‘Kosovo Naval Lessons Learned During Operation Allied Force’. 83 Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. 84 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 85 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.39; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 86 Ken Worthington, ‘Electronic Eavesdroppers’, USAF Yearbook 2001, pp.26-28. 87 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.39. 88 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 89 Henri Pierre Grolleau, ‘French SIGINT Revelations’, Air Forces Monthly (March 2002), pp.60-61; Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. 90 Gert Kromhout, AWACS assist’, Air Forces Monthly (March 2002), pp.62-64. 91 Dylan Eklund, ‘Fighter Control’, RAF Yearbook (2001), pp.70-71. 92 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 93 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, pp.34-35. 94 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 95 Kromhout, AWACS assist’, p.64. 96 Archer, ‘Spangdahlem Force’, p.45. 97 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 98 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 99 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 100 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 62 101 Jean-Louis Prome, ‘Horizon - French J-STARS’, Air Forces Monthly (June 2000), pp.70-73; Prome, Allied Force - French Operations’, pp.29-35. 102 Report to Congress, pp.56-57; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.39. 103 Tim Ripley, ‘UAVs over Kosovo’, Air Force Magazine (September 2000), pp.57-60. 104 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.322. 105 Ripley, ‘UAVs over Kosovo’, pp.57-60. 106 Ripley,
‘UAVs over Kosovo’, pp.57-60. 107 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.39; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’, pp.57-60. 108 European Contributions to Operation Allied Force, p.21. 109 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 110 The Commander of the 16th AF, Lt General Michael Short, had learned from a conversation with his son, an A-10 pilot, that although Predator operators could see targets the UAV was reconnoitring, there was no effective way to direct strikes to the targets. What typically resulted was a cumbersome and inefficient conversation as the Predator operators attempted to ‘talk’ the fighter pilots to the targets. Walter J. Boyne, ‘How the Predator Grew Teeth’, Air Force Magazine (March 2009), p.43. Ill Boyne, ’How the Predator Grew Teeth) pp.43-44. 112 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.323. 113 Brookes, ‘European Lessons’, p.27. 114 Ripley, ‘UAVs over Kosovo’, p.59. 115 Tim Ripley, ‘Kosovo Tanker Mission’, USAF Yearbook (2000), pp.37-38; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 116 Ripley, ‘Kosovo Tanker Mission, pp.37-38 117 Derek Bower, ‘Brize Norton - RAF “Superbase”’, RAF Yearbook (2000), p.70. Squadron Leader Stuart Mitchell of No. 216 Squadron was decorated with the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC), thus being the first member of the tanker fleet to be decorated with such a high decoration. 118 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.38; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 119 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.38; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 120 General John P. Jumper, ‘Rapidly
Deploying Aerospace Power, Lessons from Allied Force’, Aerospace Power Journal (Winter 1999), pp.4-10. 121 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 122 Report to Congress, pp.39-40; Peter R. March, ‘Globemaster lifts the RAF’, RAF Yearbook (2000), p.8; Mark Nicholls, ‘Strategic success story’, Air Forces Monthly (January 2000), p.60. 123 ‘The RAF’s Year 1999) p.86. 124 Tim Ripley, ‘Kosovo CSAR success’, USAF Yearbook (2001), pp.44-46; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 125 Minutes from expert talks: Expose of Colonel Vujic. Chapter 3 1 2 3 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Avijacija’; Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, p.366, table 18. Bojan Dimitrijević Milan Micevski, ‘Silver Birds over the Estuary’, The MiG-21 in Yugoslav and Serbian Air Force Service, 1962-2019 (Warwick, England: Helion, 2020); Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju (sintetička studija), GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, Institut za ratnu veštinu; VT-SP (Beograd: 1999), p.206. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.206; Bojan Dimitrijević, Kurjaci sa ušća, istorijai 252. lovačkobombarderske eskadrile (Beograd: ISI, 85
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 18 2004), p.71; Aleksandar Radić, Orao, pogled iz jugoslavenskog ugla (Belgrade: Medija centar, 2012), pp.229-235. 4 Komanda RV i PVO: ‘Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Avijacija; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava’, p.206. 5 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.320-321. 6 Komanda RV i PVO: ‘Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: ARJ PVO’; Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.341-343. 7 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.342-343. 8 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.217. Those statistics (General Ștaif, VJ) did not count the launchings from the earlier RL system that was used by the 252nd FB Squadron, and those belonging to the Pristinski Corps in Kosovo. 9 Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, р.553; Komanda RV i PVO (К-da RV i PVO): ‘Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: ARJ PVO’; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.217. 10 Slaviša Golubovič, Pad noćnog sokola, pp.201-204. 11 Working material for Komanda RV i PVO Analiza borbenih dejstava session: ‘Borbena dejstva ARJ I PVO’. 12 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.213; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, pp.111-113. 13 Đošan Miloš, Generalov kosmetski put (Beograd: autorsko izdanje, 2004). 14 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: VT i Tsľ, Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, p.104. 15 Dimitrijević, Kurjaci sa ušća, pp.75-76. 16 Komanda 25O.rbr PVO, 24.05.1999. ‘Komandiru odeljenja RL-4M, borbeno naredjenje Op.br.206’; Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.306-308. 17 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica,
p.104; Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, p.308; Đorđević Slađan, Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava RJ PVO malog dometa u agresiji NATO na Saveznu Republiku Jugoslaviju, GŠ VJ, Sektor za ŚONID, ŠP škola (Beograd: 2000). 18 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Analiza rada VOJ’; Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, pp.517-527. 19 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: VOJIN’. 20 Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, pp.528-536. 21 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju (sintetička studija), GŠ VJ; Sektor za ŠONID, Institut za ratnu veštinu; VT-SP Beograd 1999; Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, pp.537-583. 22 Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, pp.586-588. 23 Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, p.590. 24 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.396-397. 25 Oluić Saša, Antić Goran, Dimitrijević Bojan, 204. lovački avijacijski puk, (Belgrade: VINC, 2005), p.115. 26 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 27 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’; Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Ostali rodovi, EI I PED’. 28 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 29 Minutes from expert talks; Expose of Colonel Vujič; Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, p.565. 30 Isby, Allied Force - US Lessons’, pp.27-28. 31 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.294. 32 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, pp.220-221; Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: ARJ PVO’. 33 Stankovič. 34 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, pp.33-34. 86 35 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, p.82. 36 Komanda 250. rbr PVO, Pov.br.
03/139-674,25.04.1999. and telegram: Komanda RV i PVO pov.br. 40-2/8929-2,22.04.1999; KOMANDA 25O.rbr PVO, Str.Pov.br.03/139-1589-1, 02.06.1999. godine ‘Uputstvo za borbenu upotrebu IRZ i pasivnih reflektora, dostavlja’. 37 Written statement of Colonel Dragan Stankovic, acting commander of the 250th Missile Brigade, to authors (Belgrade: 2009). 38 Written statement of Colonel Stankovic; Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: ARJ PVO’. 39 К-da RV i PVO: Analiza borbene gotovosti RV i PVO za 1998. Godinu’. 40 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999’. 41 K-đa RV i PVO: Analiza borbene gotovosti RV i PVO za 1998. godinu’; Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.282-283. 42 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999’. 43 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.284-286. 44 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.377-378. 45 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.377-378. 46 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.379-381. 47 Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.381-382. Chapter 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: OIP: Dejstva vazduhoplovnih snaga NATO po SRJ i snagama i objektima RV I PVO’. Some other RV i PVO statistics counted a total of 15,023 different projectiles being dropped, including 3,425 classic bombs, 70 cluster bombs, 48 cruise missiles and 11,550 other projectiles and munitions. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, p.81. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, p.79; Oluić, Antić Dimitrijević, 204. lovački avijacijskipuk, pp.l
16-119; Milan Micevski Bojan Dimitrijević, 83. lovački avijacijski puk (Niš: Galakisijanis, 2016), pp.147-149. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.207; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, pp.80-88. Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, p.574. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktickih jedinica, pp.81-82. Bojan Dimitrijević Jovica Draganie, 250. raketna brigada PVO (Belgrade: Vojnoizdavački zavod, 2007), pp.94-95. Archer, ‘Spangdahlem Force’, pp.44-46. Komanda RV i PVO (К-da RV i PVO): Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: ARJ PVO’. Dimitrijević Draganie, 250. raketna brigada PVO, pp.97-98,110. Dimitrijević Draganie, 250. raketna brigada PVO, pp.97-98,110. Dimitrijević Draganić, 250. raketna brigada PVO, pp.167-194. Kraljevske lisice 1977-2002, povodom 25godina 450.raketnogpuka protivvazdušne odbrane, (Belgrade: VINC, 2002); Todorov Staniša, Iskustva iz učešća 450. rp PVO u suprotstavljanju NATO operaciji ‘Milosrdni anđeo’ 1999. godine, ST-INT, seminarski rad VA ŠNO, KŠU, Beograd 2007. Kromhout, ‘Viper Weasels in action, p.26. Slaviša Golubovič, Pad noćnog sokola, p.201. Dimitrijević Draganić, 250. raketna brigada PVO, pp.167-194.
OPERATION ALLIED FORCE: AIR WAR OVER SERBIA 1999 VOLUME 2 Kromhout, ‘Viper Weasels in action’, pp.25-26. Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, pp.537-582. Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, pp.537-582. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.220. Bošković, Nebo na dlanu, p.590. Komanda RV i PVO: ‘Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Ostali rodovi, EI IPED’; ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 24 Komanda RV i PVO: ‘Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: An.Veza. rati’.; Slađan, Ristić Organizacija ifunkcionisanje veza sistema VOJ u VJ, u uslovima narušenog sistema veza Vf, diplomski rad Sektor za ŠONID, Generalštabna škola VJ, smer RV i PVO, Beograd 2000. 25 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.220. 18 19 20 21 22 23 Chapter 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Vojska - ratno izdanje, broj 348, 30.3.1999. Junaci otadžbine (Beograd: Spomen-knjiga, June 2000); Smiljanič, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, p.251. Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, volume 2, pp.291, 530-531, 632. Kabinet načelnika Generalštaba Vojske Jugoslavije (KNGŠ VJ), ‘Kolegijum, Sednice kolegijuma Načelnika Generalštaba Vojske Jugoslavije, 02. 07.1999’. (report by General Smiljanić), p.19. Material: Analiza borbenih dejstava ARJ PVO’. Komanda RV i PVO: Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: Org. Mob, Gubici u ljudstvu’; Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, pp.572-573. Cordesman suggested this conclusion: “The effectiveness of the NATO air attacks on Serbian forces in the field must be judged in terms of impact in strengthening the credibility of the KLA (and prospective NATO ground option), and not simply in terms of how much of the
Serbian land force was destroyed and whether this halted ethnic cleansing.” Cordesman, The Lessons and Non Lessons, p.236. Ripley, Allied Force: Battle damage in Kosovo’, p.29. Vojska, ratno izdanje, broj 381-382,14.6.1999. Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, p.502. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.147. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.147; Stephen P. Aubin, ‘Newsweek and 14 tanks’, Air Forces Magazine (July 2000). Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.303. KNGŠ VJ (report by General Smiljanić), p.19. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju, za strategijski nivo (monografija), GŠ VJ, Sektor za ŠONID, ŠNO, Beograd oktobar 1999. In Smiljanić’s detailed study on air war (also the General Staff), the general tried to be precise. He claimed 127 (or 107) destroyed aircraft (119 (or 99) on the ground and eight in the air) and 50 damaged aircraft (one in the air), which makes a total of 177 (or 157). The first figure was published in General Smiljanić’s book (Smiljanić, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.437-438); the second in the synthesis Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, p.573, which he also wrote. In the period when he wrote the analyses (2000-?), there were 17 aircraft (out of 50) that were returned to service after repairs. Smiljanić counted 151 (140) aircraft as irretrievably lost, or 41.09 percent of the total number. Dimitrijević Micevski, ‘Silver birds’: the author’s research counted 43 lost MİG-2İS from an initial 72. Among them 32 were destroyed (23 bis, six
UMs and three Ms) and 11 damaged but remained unserviceable (eight bis and three VM)s. A total of 29 MiG֊21s were used in the period after OAF: 20 bis, six UMs, two Rs and a single Μ. 17 Radić counted a total of 19 destroyed Oraos (16 J-22s and 3 NJ-22 two-seaters): at Ponikve (seven), Batajnica (five), Ladjevci (three). Moma Stanojlović Air Depot (two), in combat mission (one) and damaged beyond repair (one). Radić, Orao, pp.293-303. 18 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, pp.84, 89, 92. This study noted the following numbers of destroyed aircraft: nine J-22 Oraos, three NJ-22 Oraos, two N-62T/Galeb G-4s, two V-53/UTVA-75S, six N-62/Galeb G-4s, 11 N-62S/Galeb G-4s, 17 N-60/Galeb G-2s, one H-42/Gazelle SA-341, two HP-43/ Kamov Ka֊25PLs, three HP-44/MI-14PLs (a total of 56), plus six HT-40/Mi-8s that belonged to the 119th Helicopter Regiment. Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, volume I (Klub generala I admirala Srbije, Beograd 2019). p.581; Komanda RV i PVO (К-da RV i PVO): Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: PoOb, Ibid, VT I Tsľ. 19 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju, za strategijski nivo (monografija), ČŠ VJ, Sektor za ŠONID, (ŠNO, Belgrade, October 1999). 20 KNGŠ VJ (report by General Smiljanić), p.19. 21 Komanda RV i PVO (К-da RV i PVO): Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: ARJ PVO, Ibid, VT i Tsl. Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, p.587, table 9. The other facts counted the following losses in air defence units: Radars: P-15 (three destroyed/ two
damaged), P-18 (one/one), P-12 (three/two), R-StON or 1S91M2 (five/10), PRV-16 (none/two), 1RL-128D-1 (none/four), guidance cab Dvina (none/one). Cabs: UNV-M (nine/four), UNK-M (three/seven), RKU-N (five/six), and other commanding and guidance equipment: PRM (one/one), UV-600 (none/one), UPPC (none/two) and UKUV (one/none). Generators (10/six), vehicles (33/seven). Self-propelled launching vehicle Kub (three/ four), Launching ramp Neva (one/none). Missiles Neva (122/five) and Kub (nine/none). Light AA Artilery: L-70 Bofors (three/four) and PAT 20/3 (six/none). 22 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, p.219. 23 Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, ρρ.573֊574; Komanda RV i PVO (К-da RV i PVO): Analiza borbenih dejstava 1999: VOJIN’. 24 Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, pp.541֊542; Smiljanić, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.442-443 25 Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, p.574; KNGŠ VJ (report by General Smiljanić), p.19. Smiljanić stated that there were 510 objects destroyed or damaged beyond repair. 26 For details see: Agresija NATO pakta na Saveznu Republiku Jugoslaviju (Belgrade: Bezbednost, ratno izdanje 2-3,1999); Smiljanić, Agresija NATO, RV i PVO, pp.213-250. 27 Ripley, Allied Force: Battle damage in Kosovo’, pp.30-31. 28 Isby, Allied Force - US Lessons’, p.25. 29 Akt Komande RV I PVO int.br.25/8899-2, 22.04.1999. 30 Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava Vojske Jugoslavije u suprotstavljanju agresiji NATO na SR Jugoslaviju (sintetička studija). 31 A detailed account on the Serb side including the testimonies of each member of the 3rd
Battalion and F-l 17 pilot Lt Colonel Delko in: Golubovič, Pad noćnog sokola; Paul F. Crickmore, Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk Stealth Fighter, Air Vanguard 16 (London: Osprey Publishing Ltd, 2014), p.57. 32 Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.48. 33 Vojska - ratno izdanje, broj 365, 6.5.1999. 34 In recent years, among the crews of the 3rd Battalion, 250th Missile Brigade, and part of the wider public, a tale was launched of claiming the B-2A at 0012 hours on 20 May 1999. Golubovič, Pad noćnog sokola, pp.272-302. 87
EUROPE@WAR VOLUME 18 35 ‘Report 280th ELINT Centre’. 36 Ripley, ‘UAVs over Kosovo’, p.59; Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava osnovnih združeno-taktičkih jedinica, p.104. 37 Report to Congress, pp.75-77; Hebert, ‘The Balkan Air War’, p.45. Chapter б and Conclusion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 88 Vojska Jugoslavije u odbrambenom ratu 1999. godine, vol. I, p.528. Iskustva iz borbenih dejstava, pp.211-214. Isby, Allied Force - US Lessons’, p.26; Kosovo Naval Lessons (Murphy, Jr). Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.26 Marti Ahtisari, Misija u Beogradu (Beograd: Filip Visnjic, 2001); Vojska - ratno izdanje, broj 381-382,14.6.1999. pp.2-3. After Kosovo’, pp.40-42. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons, p.18. Hebert, ‘The Balkan Air War’, p.46. Ivo H. Daalader 8c Michael E. O’Hanlon, Winning Ugly: NATOs War to Save Kosovo (Brookings Institute Press, 2000). Klark, Moderno ratovanje, pp.452-461. Golubovič, Pad noćnog sokola, pp.40-195. Cordesman, The Lessons and Non-Lessons. Cooper A. Scott, Air Power and the Coersive Use of Force’, The Washington Quarterly (Autumn 2001), pp.81-93. Jim Hedge, ‘Chinese Embassy Bombing’, Air Forces Monthly (May 2000), pp.31-34. Isby, Allied Force - US Lessons’, p.26; Rebecca Grant, ‘Why Arimén Don’t Command’, Air Force Magazine (September 2008), p.48. Simpson, Stealth Down, pp.228,245. Simpson, Stealth Down, p.229. ‘Introduction, USAF Yearbook (2000), p.5. After Kosovo’, pp.40-42. Klark, Moderno ratovanje, pp.451, 472. Niall Ferguson, The Cash Nexus, Money and Power in the Modern World (London: Penguin Books, 2002).
pp.412-413. Klark, Moderno ratovanje, pp.494-495. Ferguson, The Cash Nexus, pp.412-413. |
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| title | Operation Allied Force air war over Serbia, 1999 |
| title_auth | Operation Allied Force air war over Serbia, 1999 |
| title_exact_search | Operation Allied Force air war over Serbia, 1999 |
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| title_full | Operation Allied Force air war over Serbia, 1999 Volume 2 Bojan Dimitrijević and Lt-Gen Jovica Draganić |
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| title_full_unstemmed | Operation Allied Force air war over Serbia, 1999 Volume 2 Bojan Dimitrijević and Lt-Gen Jovica Draganić |
| title_short | Operation Allied Force |
| title_sort | operation allied force air war over serbia 1999 |
| title_sub | air war over Serbia, 1999 |
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