The North Caucasus borderland: between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555-1605
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Edinburgh
Edinburgh University Press
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | Edinburgh studies on the Ottoman Empire
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| Beschreibung: | x, 272 Seiten 9 Illustrationen und Porträts, 2 Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781474498692 9781474498708 |
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Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgements A Note on Transliteration and Spelling of Terms and Names Introduction: Sources, Methodology and Terminology Sources Terminology Structure of the Book 1. 2. 3. The Land and Peoples of the North Caucasus in the Sixteenth Century: An Overview 1.1 The Land 1.2 The Peoples 1.3 The North Caucasus: An Overview of the First Half of the Sixteenth Century Tracing the Milky Way: The North Caucasus and the Two Empires 2.1 The North Caucasus within Ottoman Northern Policy 2.2 The North Caucasus within Muscovite Steppe Frontier Policy 2.3 The Road to Astrakhan: Towards a Mature Ottoman Policy in the North 2.4 Muscovite ‘Ghost Fortresses’ and Muscovite Ways of Defining Loyalties in the North Caucasus vii viii x 1 4 9 12 19 19 23 36 49 49 55 63 69 Bargaining for the Milky Way: The Astrakhan Campaign and the North Caucasus Borderland 86 3.1 The Astrakhan Ordeal: Preparation, Campaign and its Aftermath 86 3.2 The Muscovite Responses to the Campaign 98
Contents 4. The Milky Way Fades: Post-Astrakhan Ottoman and Muscovite Strategies in the North Caucasus 115 4.1 Out of the Ashes, the Tsar’s Prestige Born Again: Revival of Muscovite Power in Kabarda 115 4.2 Killing Two Birds with One Stone: The OttomanSafavid War of 1578-90 and the North Caucasus 118 4.3 Muscovite Attempts to Contain Ottoman Activities in the North Caucasus 138 5. The Milky Way Vanishes: The Denouement of the Ottoman-Muscovite Rivalry in the North Caucasus, 1605 5.1 Pacification and Muscovite Domination of Kabarda 5.2 The Final Act of the Imperial Rivalry in the North Caucasus: The Muscovite Offensives in Daghestan 6. Searching for the Milky Way: A Tale of Five Narts 6.1 Kansavuk and Sibok of the Janey Circassians 6.2 Solokh of Kabarda 6.3 Urus of the Greater Nogays 6.4 Alexander II of the Kingdom of Kakheti Conclusion: Imperial Entanglements and Borderlandisation of the North Caucasus Appendix I: Selected Ottoman Documents from Muhimme Registers Appendix II: Selected Muscovite Documents from Posoľskii Prikaz Records Appendix III: Glossary of Terms Appendix IV: Chronology Bibliography Index 155 155 162 177 178 181 189 194 202 218 232 244 247 250 266
Bibliography Primary Sources I. Archival Sources Turkish Presidency State Archives, Department of Ottoman Archives, Istanbul Mühimme defterleri (MD) MD 8,1569-70. MD 9, 1569-70. MD 12, 1570-1. MD 14,1571. MD 14-2, 1570. MD 16, 1571. MD 23, 1573-4. MD 24,1573-4. MD 25, 1573-4. MD 26, 1574. MD 28,1576. MD 29, 1576-7. MD 32, 1577-8. MD 37, 1578-9 MD 38, 1579-80. MD 40,1579. MD 41, 1579-80 MD 42, 1579-81. MD 43, 1580. MD 48, 1582-3. MD 58, 1585. MD 60,1585. MD 61, 1585-6. MD 62,1586-7. MD 64, 1587 MD 65,1588-9. MD 67, 1589-91. MD 68, 1589-90. 250
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Index aarnista see aamistadi aamistadi, 30 Abadzehs, 30 Abak, 135, 182 Abazas, 29, ЗО, 44 Abdullah Khan, 42 Abkhazis, 29, ЗО adat, 24, 31,43, 146 Adil Girey (Crimean prince), 106,117-18, 126-7, 129 Adil Girey (Daghestan! prince), 168,170 Adyghe, 23 ah see akha ahipshi, 30 Ahmed Çavuş, 96, 112 Ahmed (Janey chief), 92, 136 Ahti, 128,150 akha, 30 Akkerman, 68,121 Alacahisar, 68 Aleppo, 52, 66 Alexander II, 14,133,142,150, 155, 158, 163-4,166-8,178, 183, 194-7 Ali Bey, 112,143 Alkas, 135,156-8,160,173-4, 185 Altynchach, 71 amanat, 58, 157-8, 208 Amasya, 91 Ambassadorial Office see Posoľskii Prikaz Anapa, 37 Anastasia Romanovna, 69 Anatolia, 4, 39, 80, 89, 90,119,127,169, 172,214 Anderi,170 Andi, 169 Andrei Khvorostinin, 146-7, 166 Andrei Kuzminskii, 6, 107-8 Antonio Possevino, 84,103, 112 anyayoutskia, 30 Araghi Valley, 21 Armenia, 22, 37, 39 Asafi Dal Mehmed Çelebi, 129, 151-2, 187 Aslanbek, 8, 71, 73, 75, 106, 114, 116, 121, 134-5,145, 155-6,183-4, 186-9 Assyrians, 33 Astrakhan, 3,11, 13, 26, 35-6,40-2, 49, 55-7, 59, 63-9, 71, 73-6, 78, 82, 86-109, 117-24, 135, 138, 141-7, 158, 160, 162-6,174, 186-7,190-3, 203, 207-10 atalık see atalyk atalyk, 24-5,157, 204-5 Atsymguk, 62, 66 aul, 31 Avars, 21, 24, 31-2,125, 126, 128-9, 146, 150,211 Azak, 8,35, 37,51, 59, 65, 67, 68, 80-1, 83, 89, 90-1, 93, 100-1,115, 121-5, 135-7,144,165,181,190-1, 193, 203, 205, 207 azat, 27 Azerbaijan, 22, 37 Azlov, 156 Azov Sea, 19-20, 83, 89, 205 Babylonians, 33 Bahçesaray, 67, 99 Balkans, 80, 91, 202 Balkars, 23, 36,126 Behram Bey, 134 Bekbulat, 71 Berduk, 136 Beşir, 136 Beslen, 186 266
Index Besleneys, 26, 29, 30-1, 54, 66, 92, 135-6 Bestau, 26-7, 29-30, 54,62-3, 67, 92, 96, 130,136, 179, 210 beylerbeyi, 90, 194 beylerbey ilik, 12, 90, 213 Bibikov, 160 Black Sea, 13, 20-1, 25, 28-30, 37, 40, 49-51, 53-5, 60, 65, 67-8, 89-90,98, 102,124,137,165,171,179, 202, 204-5, 207-10 Boğazcık Fortress, 137 Bolayıkoğlu, 136 Boris Blagovo, 6,140-1 Boris Godunov, 169-71 Bozok, 135, 156, 173 Bozokoğlu Mehmed, 121 burg, 26-7 Burgun, 126 Buzuruk Murza see Bozok Byzantine Empire, 28, 37 Cafer Bey (governor of Kefe), 89 Cafer Pasha (Ottoman commander/ governor in the Caucasus), 130,133, 142,166-7 Caffa see Kefe cagar, 32 Cane Fortress, 37, 51 Canik, 91 Caspian Sea, 19-21, 26, 39,42,49, 60, 88-9,101,118,120, 125,127, 129,141, 162,203,208-9,211 Catholicisation, 65 çavuş, 139, 146 сета’at, 30, 32 Central Asia, 26, 88-9,100-1, 105, 141, 191, 209 Çermik, 126 Cezeri Kasim Pasha, 37 chanka, 32 Chechens, 36 Chechnya, 3 China, 89 Chinggis Khan, 204 Chinggisid, 35-6, 50, 55, 57-8, 64,124, 140-1, 204, 208 Chopolov, 156,158 Çıldır, 127 Circassians, 23-4, 26, 28-31, 37, 39, 51-3, 56, 59, 62, 66-7, 73-4, 76, 80, 83-4, 90, 95,101,106,120,122-3,127,130, 135-6, 149,158, 165,168,178-81, 210 Circassian genocide, 3 Çirmen, 68 Constantine, 197 Çorum, 90-1 Cossacks, 24, 33-4,52, 60-2, 65, 67-8, 73, 74-6, 80-1, 83, 92, 107,123,124-5, 137,139-41,143,146-7,156, 158, 160, 162,165,167,178-9,181-2,185-6, 188,192,194,199, 204-6 Crimean Khanate, 6, 9, 13, 29, 35-7, 39-42,49-51, 54-5, 60, 63, 65-7, 69, 71, 76,77, 81, 88, 92, 93, 95,97, 98, 100,103,105-6,108-9,118,123^1, 126, 128, 137, 139-141, 143,145,
147, 156,172,181,183,186,187,190,193, 202, 204-5, 207-8, 211 Crimean Tatars, 25, 30-1, 34, 36, 39-41, 50-3, 56, 59-62, 66-7, 69, 71, 73,75-6, 82, 86,106,108,112, 115-16,118,121, 133,137,139,141,144-6,155-6,166, 172,179,181-9,191-3, 203-5, 212 Cyprus, 97,101, 105, 108 Daghestan, 13, 20-4, 26, 31-3, 37, 39, 53, 54, 56, 63, 69, 73-6, 93, 95, 97,101, 122,125-140,142,146-7,149,150, 155,158,162-72, 176,177,183,185-6, 189,196-7, 210-14 Danilo Adashev, 68 darii’l-islam, 64 Daryal Pass, 20-1, 26, 69 Davud Khan (Georgian king), 126-7 Davud (Janey chief), 136 Derbend, 21, 32-3, 89, 120,129,130, 133-6,139,142,146,150,159,162-3, 165-8, 170,172-3, 182,185, 188 Devlet Girey I, 6, 64, 76, 88, 89, 93, 96-9, 106,108,143 dezhenugo, 27 dirliksüz, 68 Diyarbakır, 111, 119, 167 Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi, 13, 31, 34, 52, 65-9, 82, 86,178 Dnieper River, 34, 68 267
The North Caucasus Borderland Don Cossacks, 34, 141, 165 Don River, 34,123-5, 160, 194 Don-Volga Canal, 90, 95, 111 Dutahferuk, 136 Eltyuk, 157 Emir Mirza, 125,149 Erzurum, 119 Evliya Çelebi, 2,128, 151 Ezbozluk, 62-3 Feodori, 140-2,155, 159, 165, 168 Ferhad Kethüda, 133, 135 GaziGireyII, 137,143,160 Gazi Salih, 33, 125,128 Gazi-Kumuk, 31 Gedik Ahmed Pasha, 37 Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali, 126,129-30 Gence, 167 Golden Horde, 25, 35^10, 46, 50, 54-7, 106,108, 203-4, 206, 208 Goria, 39,127 Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 181 Great Horde, 36, 40 Greater Caucasus Mountains, 19-21, 26, 28, 53,129 Greater Nogay Horde, 14, 35,42, 71, 73, 92, 123-4,137-8,142, 144-5,160,178, 189-94,207 Greben Cossacks, 33-4, 61, 206 Grebentsy see Greben Cossacks Grigoril Nashchokin, 165-6 Grigoril Zasekin, 164 Habsburgs, 159,165-6,168-9 Halil Bey, 52 haraç, 136,152 Hasan Pasha, 164 Hatukhays, 24, 30 Hezarfen Hüseyin (chronicler), 53 Hoşab, 167 Hunzah, 32 Hüseyin (envoy of the shamkhal), 126 Ibak see Abak Ibero-Caucasian, 31-3 Ibrahim Peçevi, 88,130 Idars, 14, 29, 107,115,155,178,181-2, 184, 186-9 Ignarii Veshniakov, 68 Ilkhanid Empire, 36 İmam Kuh Khan, 133 Imereti, 39 Inal, 26, 29, 181 İnebahtı, 68 Islam Girey, 138-40,143 Islam-Kerman, 67 Islamisation, 33, 53,127,136 Ismail Beg, 35,42, 54, 71, 89,123,190 Istanbul, 12, 25, 28, 41, 52, 67, 68, 89, 97, 99,101,106,107, 120-1,123,125,133, 134-6, 138, 141, 165, 169, 171,198, 205, 212-13 istimalet, 51, 53, 78, 205 Ivan Baturlin, 170-1 Ivan Dashkov, 73^4 Ivan IV, 6, 41, 56, 62-5, 67-9, 71^1, 82, 84, 87,98-9, 101—4,106-8,112, 114-19,122, 139-40, 145, 157, 162, 165,
168, 171,179, 191 Ivan Novosiltsev, 6, 98-108,111 Janeys, 14, 26, 29, 39, 52-4, 66, 74,120, 135-6,178-9,181, 199 Joasaph II, 103 kabak, 27 Kabarda, 7-8, 14, 21, 23, 26-31, 39,49, 54, 63-9, 71, 73-6, 86, 93, 96, 98, 100-2,105-8, 115-19,121-2,124, 134-5,139, 142-7, 155-65,168-9, 171-2,178-9,181-9, 209-11 Kabardinians, 14, 21, 23—4, 26-30, 39, 54,56, 66-7, 76, 84, 96,116, 122, 144, 145-6,151, 155, 160,166,168, 170, 178, 197 Kakheti, 14, 39,133,142, 150,155-6, 163-4,167-9, 178,183, 194-7 Kanbulat, 107,115-17, 122,144-7, 155-7,182-4, 186-8 Kanoké, 29 Kansavuk, 14, 66-7,178-9,181 Kansutrak, 136 Kanuko, 66 Kara Koysu River, 32 268
Index Kara-Budak, 170 Karachai, 23, 36 Kartlı, 39 Kasım Mirza (of Shirvan), 150 Kasım Pasha (Ottoman commander), 88, 90-2, 95-100, 122, 124,190 Kastamonu, 140 Kastok, 136 Kaytaks, 24, 31-2,126,129-30, 167 Kaytuks, 14, 71, 73, 75, 106, 116, 155-6, 178,186-9 Kazan, 35-6,40-2, 54-7, 59, 62-4, 76, 88-9, 92, 98,101-3,108,123, 160,162, 191, 207-9 Kazy (Lesser Nogay leader), 71, 84, 115, 123 Kazy (Kabardinian prince), 106, 135, 169, 187, 189 Kefe, 8,11-12, 37, 51-3, 59, 67-8, 83, 88-91, 96-8,101,105,119-23, 127, 130, 133-42, 144, 172, 181-2, 188,190, 199, 203, 205, 207, 213 kekovat, 35 Kemirgoys, 29-31, 54,130,136-7 Kerę, 90,130 keykuvat see kekovat Khanate of Bukhara, 141,191-2 Khanate of Sibir, 36 Khoroshai (baptised as Boris), 117 Khotov, 147,156 Kipchak, 31 Kirkan, 136 Kızıltaş, 37, 51 kniaź, 26-1, 63, 75 Koba, 37 konak, 25 Köstendi!, 91,130 Koysu, 170 Koysu Andi River, 32 Koysu Avar River, 32 Koysu River, 166,170 kıym-shamkhal, 32,45, 166 Kuban region, 21, 23-4, 27, 29-30, 35, 71,136 Kuban River, 19-20, 29, 37, 50,130,134 Kuban-Taman region, 53, 62,66, 69, 86, 92,120-1,123, 179, 205 Kuchenei (baptised as Maria), 28,69,71,84 Kudadik (baptised as Alexander), 62-3 Kudenek, 144-7 Kulgun Mirza, 74 Kuma River, 20, 26 Kuma-Manych Depression, 19, 21 Kumyks, 21, 24, 31-2, 101, 146,158,166 Kura River, 32,120 Laba River, 130 Laks, 21, 24, 31 Lala Mustafa Pasha, 125-8,194, 211 Lesser Nogay Horde, 35, 71, 73, 84,93, 115-16,123,137,142,190-1,193 Levant, 89 Lezgins, 33 Livny, 159-60 Livonian War, 56, 107, 118, 191 loganapit, 27 Lori, 167 Luka Novosiltsev, 117-18 ma'sum, 33,126,167 Maashuk,
62 Malkhurub, 71 Mamstriuk, 28,107,115-18,144-7, 156-8,182-5,188-9,199 Maykop, 90 Mazandaran, 173 Mecca, 64, 88,100 Mehmed Çelebi (Ottoman merchant), 100 Mehmed Girey 1,41 Mehmed Girey II, 118,138-40 Mehmed II (Ottoman sultan), 37,101, 105 Mehmed (Western Circassian chief), 136-7 Mehmed (Besleney chief), 136 Mehmed (Ottoman-appointed governor of Kabarda), 116, 121, 134-5 Mengli Girey, 40,143 Mesih Pasha, 141 Metropolitan Makarii, 103 Mingrelia, 39,127 Moldavia, 68, 82, 91 Moscow, 6-7,12, 28, 31, 54, 58, 62-3, 69, 71, 84, 99-101,103,107-8, 115-17, 138,140, 144, 155,157-8,166, 168-9, 179,183, 188,196, 198, 213 269
The North Caucasus Borderland Mount Elbrus, 20 Mount Kazbek 20 Mübarek Girey, 166 muhimme, 4-5, 7-8, 121 Murad Girey, 65,138,140-3,147,153, 158,163, 165-6,174, 183,192 Murad III, 125-6, 141, 151,165-6 Mustafa (Western Circassian chief), 52, 92,120 mutasarrıf, 88 Nadir Shah, 37 Niğbolu, 91,130 Nikonian Chronicle, 67, 75 nişancı, 4 Nogays, 14, 22-4, 34-6, 39-42, 54-5,57, 59, 64, 71, 73, 80, 84, 91, 98,115,120, 123-5,137-8,140-2,144-5, 158,160, 178,189-94, 207, 209 Novorossiisk, 137 Nurdevlet Girey, 40 nureddin, 35,143 nutsal, 32 og see loganapit oprichnina, 69, 108 Osmanovskii shliakh see Ottoman road Ossetians, 36 Ottoman Imperial Council, 4, 88-9, 100, 125,142, 212 Ottoman road, 139 Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha, 13,120, 128-9, 133-5, 139-41,151-2, 162-3, 187-8, 211-12 özden see uzden Özi, 66 palanka, 123 Pannonia, 32 Papacy, 146 Peter 1,41, 209 Petro Doroshenko, 209 Piyale Pasha, 142,193 plausible deniability, 62, 81, 203, 210 Poland-Lithuania, 34,40, 42,49-50,60-1, 92,95-6, 98-9,103, 114,145, 204 paminki, 58-9, 208 Pontic-Caspian steppes, 8, 20, 37, 49, 55, 60-1, 67, 81, 88, 97,123-4,197,159, 171-2,189-92, 203-8, 210 posoľskia kniga, 4-6 Posoľskii Prikaz, 5-8, 99, 103-5,107, 163 Prince Beyazid, 92, 111 Psheapshoko, 71,73, 75, 84,106, 116, 135, 186-7 pshi, 26-7, 29-30,144-5,182 pshihua, 27, 71,107,115-16,134,144-5, 147, 155-6,158-9,184-9 pshim yapsh see pshihua pshitle, 29 rayat see cagar Remmal Hoca, 55, 64 Revan, 167 Roma, 91 Romanov dynasty, 173 Rudolfil, 159,166 Rumelia, 4,169 Saadet Girey, 138, 140,192 Safavid Empire, 13-14, 21-2, 36-7, 39, 55-6,58, 63-5, 69, 88, 92,96,
99,115, 117-29, 133^43,146, 156, 159, 162-3, 166-72,191-7, 204,209,211-14 Sahib Girey I, 39, 41-2,50, 54-5, 64, 66 sala uzden, 32 Saltankul (baptised as Mikhail Temriukovich Cherkasskii), 28, 69, 157 sancak, 12, 76,121,137, 213 sancakbeyi, 51-2, 66, 78, 116, 121, 134, 178 Saraichuk, 35 Şeca'atname, 187 Sefa Girey (khan of Kazan), 41 Sefa Girey (Crimean prince), 138,140, 143 Selanik, 68 Selim I, 37,43 Selim II, 89, 97-105, 107-8, 140 Şemahı, 129,150,169-70,185 Semen Zvenigorodskii, 156-7 Seyyid Ahmed, 40 Shafi’i, 33 Shah Abbas 1,159,166,169-70, 197, 214 shamkhal, 31-3, 53, 56, 63, 73-6, 95, 101, 122, 125-6,128-30,135,142, 270
Index 146,149-50,157-8,162-70,174,183, 185-6,196-7, 210 shamkhalate, 31-2, 75, 126, 163, 166 Shapshugs, 24, 30 sherť, 58,117,144-7,156,169,179, 188, 192, 208 Shi’ite, 33, 37 Shirvan, 22, 117,120,126-9,133, 136, 139,150,164,166-9,185, 191,194 Shumunuk, 156 Sibok (baptized as Vasilii), 14, 62, 66, 74, 178-81 Sigismund II, 65, 69, 82 Silistre, 68, 84, 91, 130 Simon Maltsev, 124 Sinan Pasha (governor of Silistre), 68 Sinan Pasha (Ottoman vizier), 165 Şirin tribe, 143 Sivas, 126 Sochi, 3 Sogucak, 136-7 Sokullu Mehmed Pasha, 88-90,97,100-1, 119-20, 209, 211 Solokh, 14, 135, 145, 147, 155-60, 169, 174,178, 181-9,199 South Caucasus, 14, 21-2, 39, 63, 69,115, 117,119,125-7,129,143,147,155-6, 159, 162, 171-2, 188, 196, 211, 213-14 Sozomuko, 136 stateinye spiski, 5 streTtsy, 74-5, 107, 139, 143, 147, 158, 160, 185, 192, 206 Sulak River, 32,130,164 SUleyman I, 39,41, 54-5, 64, 89, 92,99, 119, 123, 178 Sultan Mahmud (Daghestan! prince), 169-70 Sunni, 33, 35, 37, 64, 88, 120, 122,126, 150, 209-10 Sunzha River, 33-4, 75,117,139,156, 159-60, 164-5,182 Sweden, 145, 146, 183 Tabarasan, 32-3,125-6,128-9 Tabamsan shah see ma ‘sum Tabriz, 37, 89 Tabuly Mirza, 186 Tahmasp I, 39,119 Taman, 19, 21-2, 29-31, 37, 50-3, 62, 65-7, 69, 86, 90-2,96, 109,120-1,123, 127, 130, 135-6, 138,178-9,199, 202, 205, 209-10 Tana see Azak Tanashuk, 62 Tansaruk, 182 Tapshiuk, 147,183,187 Tarku, 31-2,75, 126,166, 168,170,176 Tasoitan, 181-2,186, 188 tawad see aamistadi Tausaltan see Tasoitan Tazriut, 63 Tbilisi, 120,126-7 tefekashou see anyayoutskia tekhoqotle, 29 Temriuk, 8, 28, 63, 69, 71, 73-6, 83^1, 86, 93,
98,101,106-7, 111, 115-16,121, 134-5,140,144,155,157,162,165, 186-7, 189 TemrUk, 37, 51, 65, 67,130,137 Terek Cossacks, 34, 61, 67,141, 206 Terek Fortress, 74,144-7, 155-9, 162, 163-4, 166, 170, 182-3, 185, 199, 207, 213 Terek hakimi, 93 Terek River, 20, 26, 33-4, 36,75-6, 86, 93, 101, 107, 117-18, 124,130,134, 139-40, 142, 144,146, 150,160,162, 164-5,188 Terek Valley, 21 Terek Town see Terek Fortress Third Rome, 58 Tiflis see Tbilisi timar, 52, 66, 78, 87 timariot, 68, 91,93,130 Timutid Empire, 36 Tinahmet Beg, 71,190,192 tlakotlesh, 27 tlfekotl, 27 Tokhtamysh, 36 Topkapt Palace, 5, 101 Torkh Antonov, 156-7 Trabzon, 37 Trebizond Empire, 37 Treaty of Amasya, 39 Treaty of Istanbul, 162,169 Tsaritsyn, 144,159-60,192 271
The North Caucasus Borderland Tsurak, 31 Tuchalav Burhaneddin, 125,128-9 tukhum, 32 tuma, ΊΊ Turco-Mongoalian, 57,172,177, 204 Turkey, 202 Tutaryk (baptised as Ivan), 63 Ubykhs, 30 Ukraine, 61, 65, 80, 202, 209 unatle, 29 unaví, 30 Urup River, 130 Urus Beg, 14,123^1,137-8,142,178, 189-94, 200 Urus Mirza see Urus Beg usmi, 32-3,126, 129-30, 167 usmiate, 32,129 ustmii see usmi uzden, 27, 29, 32, 78,163 Vainaks, 23 Van, 119,167 Venice, 97 Vidin, 68 voevoda (Muscovite governor), 68, 74 voivode (ruler of Wallachia and Moldavia), 68 Volga River, 13, 34-6, 42, 49,59-61, 71, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek' München 76, 88-91, 95, 100, 109, 111, 119-20, 123,144, 159-60,162, 171,189-94, 203, 207-8 Vulçitrin, 68 Wallachia, 68,91 Western Circassians, 8, 23, 26, 29-31, 51,56, 62, 66-7, 73, 95, 120,122,127, 135-6,165, 179,181, 210 werk see work work, 27 Yağmurcu, 41, 64 Yahşi Saat Mirza, 138 Yaik River, 35,59,160, 189-90,192, 194 Yankhot, 186 Yansokh, 134-5,155-6, 158-9,183-7, 189 yartm-shamkhal see krym-shamkhal yasir, 32 Yerevan, 169 yurt, 31, 35 Yusuf Mirza, 54, 89 Zaporozhian Cossacks, 31, 34,52, 65,67, 80-1, 178 zeuche, 27 zhalovaniia, 58-9, 208 272 |
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Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgements A Note on Transliteration and Spelling of Terms and Names Introduction: Sources, Methodology and Terminology Sources Terminology Structure of the Book 1. 2. 3. The Land and Peoples of the North Caucasus in the Sixteenth Century: An Overview 1.1 The Land 1.2 The Peoples 1.3 The North Caucasus: An Overview of the First Half of the Sixteenth Century Tracing the Milky Way: The North Caucasus and the Two Empires 2.1 The North Caucasus within Ottoman Northern Policy 2.2 The North Caucasus within Muscovite Steppe Frontier Policy 2.3 The Road to Astrakhan: Towards a Mature Ottoman Policy in the North 2.4 Muscovite ‘Ghost Fortresses’ and Muscovite Ways of Defining Loyalties in the North Caucasus vii viii x 1 4 9 12 19 19 23 36 49 49 55 63 69 Bargaining for the Milky Way: The Astrakhan Campaign and the North Caucasus Borderland 86 3.1 The Astrakhan Ordeal: Preparation, Campaign and its Aftermath 86 3.2 The Muscovite Responses to the Campaign 98
Contents 4. The Milky Way Fades: Post-Astrakhan Ottoman and Muscovite Strategies in the North Caucasus 115 4.1 Out of the Ashes, the Tsar’s Prestige Born Again: Revival of Muscovite Power in Kabarda 115 4.2 Killing Two Birds with One Stone: The OttomanSafavid War of 1578-90 and the North Caucasus 118 4.3 Muscovite Attempts to Contain Ottoman Activities in the North Caucasus 138 5. The Milky Way Vanishes: The Denouement of the Ottoman-Muscovite Rivalry in the North Caucasus, 1605 5.1 Pacification and Muscovite Domination of Kabarda 5.2 The Final Act of the Imperial Rivalry in the North Caucasus: The Muscovite Offensives in Daghestan 6. Searching for the Milky Way: A Tale of Five Narts 6.1 Kansavuk and Sibok of the Janey Circassians 6.2 Solokh of Kabarda 6.3 Urus of the Greater Nogays 6.4 Alexander II of the Kingdom of Kakheti Conclusion: Imperial Entanglements and Borderlandisation of the North Caucasus Appendix I: Selected Ottoman Documents from Muhimme Registers Appendix II: Selected Muscovite Documents from Posoľskii Prikaz Records Appendix III: Glossary of Terms Appendix IV: Chronology Bibliography Index 155 155 162 177 178 181 189 194 202 218 232 244 247 250 266
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Bibliography Zaitsev, I. V. Astrakhanskoe khanstvo. Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura, 2004. Zasedateleva, L. B. Terskie kazaki: Seredina XVI-nachalo XX v. Moskva: Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1974. Zelkina, Anna. In Quest for God and Freedom: The Sufi Response to the Russian Advance in the North Caucasus. New York: New York University Press, 2000. 265
Index aarnista see aamistadi aamistadi, 30 Abadzehs, 30 Abak, 135, 182 Abazas, 29, ЗО, 44 Abdullah Khan, 42 Abkhazis, 29, ЗО adat, 24, 31,43, 146 Adil Girey (Crimean prince), 106,117-18, 126-7, 129 Adil Girey (Daghestan! prince), 168,170 Adyghe, 23 ah see akha ahipshi, 30 Ahmed Çavuş, 96, 112 Ahmed (Janey chief), 92, 136 Ahti, 128,150 akha, 30 Akkerman, 68,121 Alacahisar, 68 Aleppo, 52, 66 Alexander II, 14,133,142,150, 155, 158, 163-4,166-8,178, 183, 194-7 Ali Bey, 112,143 Alkas, 135,156-8,160,173-4, 185 Altynchach, 71 amanat, 58, 157-8, 208 Amasya, 91 Ambassadorial Office see Posoľskii Prikaz Anapa, 37 Anastasia Romanovna, 69 Anatolia, 4, 39, 80, 89, 90,119,127,169, 172,214 Anderi,170 Andi, 169 Andrei Khvorostinin, 146-7, 166 Andrei Kuzminskii, 6, 107-8 Antonio Possevino, 84,103, 112 anyayoutskia, 30 Araghi Valley, 21 Armenia, 22, 37, 39 Asafi Dal Mehmed Çelebi, 129, 151-2, 187 Aslanbek, 8, 71, 73, 75, 106, 114, 116, 121, 134-5,145, 155-6,183-4, 186-9 Assyrians, 33 Astrakhan, 3,11, 13, 26, 35-6,40-2, 49, 55-7, 59, 63-9, 71, 73-6, 78, 82, 86-109, 117-24, 135, 138, 141-7, 158, 160, 162-6,174, 186-7,190-3, 203, 207-10 atalık see atalyk atalyk, 24-5,157, 204-5 Atsymguk, 62, 66 aul, 31 Avars, 21, 24, 31-2,125, 126, 128-9, 146, 150,211 Azak, 8,35, 37,51, 59, 65, 67, 68, 80-1, 83, 89, 90-1, 93, 100-1,115, 121-5, 135-7,144,165,181,190-1, 193, 203, 205, 207 azat, 27 Azerbaijan, 22, 37 Azlov, 156 Azov Sea, 19-20, 83, 89, 205 Babylonians, 33 Bahçesaray, 67, 99 Balkans, 80, 91, 202 Balkars, 23, 36,126 Behram Bey, 134 Bekbulat, 71 Berduk, 136 Beşir, 136 Beslen, 186 266
Index Besleneys, 26, 29, 30-1, 54, 66, 92, 135-6 Bestau, 26-7, 29-30, 54,62-3, 67, 92, 96, 130,136, 179, 210 beylerbeyi, 90, 194 beylerbey ilik, 12, 90, 213 Bibikov, 160 Black Sea, 13, 20-1, 25, 28-30, 37, 40, 49-51, 53-5, 60, 65, 67-8, 89-90,98, 102,124,137,165,171,179, 202, 204-5, 207-10 Boğazcık Fortress, 137 Bolayıkoğlu, 136 Boris Blagovo, 6,140-1 Boris Godunov, 169-71 Bozok, 135, 156, 173 Bozokoğlu Mehmed, 121 burg, 26-7 Burgun, 126 Buzuruk Murza see Bozok Byzantine Empire, 28, 37 Cafer Bey (governor of Kefe), 89 Cafer Pasha (Ottoman commander/ governor in the Caucasus), 130,133, 142,166-7 Caffa see Kefe cagar, 32 Cane Fortress, 37, 51 Canik, 91 Caspian Sea, 19-21, 26, 39,42,49, 60, 88-9,101,118,120, 125,127, 129,141, 162,203,208-9,211 Catholicisation, 65 çavuş, 139, 146 сета’at, 30, 32 Central Asia, 26, 88-9,100-1, 105, 141, 191, 209 Çermik, 126 Cezeri Kasim Pasha, 37 chanka, 32 Chechens, 36 Chechnya, 3 China, 89 Chinggis Khan, 204 Chinggisid, 35-6, 50, 55, 57-8, 64,124, 140-1, 204, 208 Chopolov, 156,158 Çıldır, 127 Circassians, 23-4, 26, 28-31, 37, 39, 51-3, 56, 59, 62, 66-7, 73-4, 76, 80, 83-4, 90, 95,101,106,120,122-3,127,130, 135-6, 149,158, 165,168,178-81, 210 Circassian genocide, 3 Çirmen, 68 Constantine, 197 Çorum, 90-1 Cossacks, 24, 33-4,52, 60-2, 65, 67-8, 73, 74-6, 80-1, 83, 92, 107,123,124-5, 137,139-41,143,146-7,156, 158, 160, 162,165,167,178-9,181-2,185-6, 188,192,194,199, 204-6 Crimean Khanate, 6, 9, 13, 29, 35-7, 39-42,49-51, 54-5, 60, 63, 65-7, 69, 71, 76,77, 81, 88, 92, 93, 95,97, 98, 100,103,105-6,108-9,118,123^1, 126, 128, 137, 139-141, 143,145,
147, 156,172,181,183,186,187,190,193, 202, 204-5, 207-8, 211 Crimean Tatars, 25, 30-1, 34, 36, 39-41, 50-3, 56, 59-62, 66-7, 69, 71, 73,75-6, 82, 86,106,108,112, 115-16,118,121, 133,137,139,141,144-6,155-6,166, 172,179,181-9,191-3, 203-5, 212 Cyprus, 97,101, 105, 108 Daghestan, 13, 20-4, 26, 31-3, 37, 39, 53, 54, 56, 63, 69, 73-6, 93, 95, 97,101, 122,125-140,142,146-7,149,150, 155,158,162-72, 176,177,183,185-6, 189,196-7, 210-14 Danilo Adashev, 68 darii’l-islam, 64 Daryal Pass, 20-1, 26, 69 Davud Khan (Georgian king), 126-7 Davud (Janey chief), 136 Derbend, 21, 32-3, 89, 120,129,130, 133-6,139,142,146,150,159,162-3, 165-8, 170,172-3, 182,185, 188 Devlet Girey I, 6, 64, 76, 88, 89, 93, 96-9, 106,108,143 dezhenugo, 27 dirliksüz, 68 Diyarbakır, 111, 119, 167 Dmytro Vyshnevetskyi, 13, 31, 34, 52, 65-9, 82, 86,178 Dnieper River, 34, 68 267
The North Caucasus Borderland Don Cossacks, 34, 141, 165 Don River, 34,123-5, 160, 194 Don-Volga Canal, 90, 95, 111 Dutahferuk, 136 Eltyuk, 157 Emir Mirza, 125,149 Erzurum, 119 Evliya Çelebi, 2,128, 151 Ezbozluk, 62-3 Feodori, 140-2,155, 159, 165, 168 Ferhad Kethüda, 133, 135 GaziGireyII, 137,143,160 Gazi Salih, 33, 125,128 Gazi-Kumuk, 31 Gedik Ahmed Pasha, 37 Gelibolulu Mustafa Ali, 126,129-30 Gence, 167 Golden Horde, 25, 35^10, 46, 50, 54-7, 106,108, 203-4, 206, 208 Goria, 39,127 Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 181 Great Horde, 36, 40 Greater Caucasus Mountains, 19-21, 26, 28, 53,129 Greater Nogay Horde, 14, 35,42, 71, 73, 92, 123-4,137-8,142, 144-5,160,178, 189-94,207 Greben Cossacks, 33-4, 61, 206 Grebentsy see Greben Cossacks Grigoril Nashchokin, 165-6 Grigoril Zasekin, 164 Habsburgs, 159,165-6,168-9 Halil Bey, 52 haraç, 136,152 Hasan Pasha, 164 Hatukhays, 24, 30 Hezarfen Hüseyin (chronicler), 53 Hoşab, 167 Hunzah, 32 Hüseyin (envoy of the shamkhal), 126 Ibak see Abak Ibero-Caucasian, 31-3 Ibrahim Peçevi, 88,130 Idars, 14, 29, 107,115,155,178,181-2, 184, 186-9 Ignarii Veshniakov, 68 Ilkhanid Empire, 36 İmam Kuh Khan, 133 Imereti, 39 Inal, 26, 29, 181 İnebahtı, 68 Islam Girey, 138-40,143 Islam-Kerman, 67 Islamisation, 33, 53,127,136 Ismail Beg, 35,42, 54, 71, 89,123,190 Istanbul, 12, 25, 28, 41, 52, 67, 68, 89, 97, 99,101,106,107, 120-1,123,125,133, 134-6, 138, 141, 165, 169, 171,198, 205, 212-13 istimalet, 51, 53, 78, 205 Ivan Baturlin, 170-1 Ivan Dashkov, 73^4 Ivan IV, 6, 41, 56, 62-5, 67-9, 71^1, 82, 84, 87,98-9, 101—4,106-8,112, 114-19,122, 139-40, 145, 157, 162, 165,
168, 171,179, 191 Ivan Novosiltsev, 6, 98-108,111 Janeys, 14, 26, 29, 39, 52-4, 66, 74,120, 135-6,178-9,181, 199 Joasaph II, 103 kabak, 27 Kabarda, 7-8, 14, 21, 23, 26-31, 39,49, 54, 63-9, 71, 73-6, 86, 93, 96, 98, 100-2,105-8, 115-19,121-2,124, 134-5,139, 142-7, 155-65,168-9, 171-2,178-9,181-9, 209-11 Kabardinians, 14, 21, 23—4, 26-30, 39, 54,56, 66-7, 76, 84, 96,116, 122, 144, 145-6,151, 155, 160,166,168, 170, 178, 197 Kakheti, 14, 39,133,142, 150,155-6, 163-4,167-9, 178,183, 194-7 Kanbulat, 107,115-17, 122,144-7, 155-7,182-4, 186-8 Kanoké, 29 Kansavuk, 14, 66-7,178-9,181 Kansutrak, 136 Kanuko, 66 Kara Koysu River, 32 268
Index Kara-Budak, 170 Karachai, 23, 36 Kartlı, 39 Kasım Mirza (of Shirvan), 150 Kasım Pasha (Ottoman commander), 88, 90-2, 95-100, 122, 124,190 Kastamonu, 140 Kastok, 136 Kaytaks, 24, 31-2,126,129-30, 167 Kaytuks, 14, 71, 73, 75, 106, 116, 155-6, 178,186-9 Kazan, 35-6,40-2, 54-7, 59, 62-4, 76, 88-9, 92, 98,101-3,108,123, 160,162, 191, 207-9 Kazy (Lesser Nogay leader), 71, 84, 115, 123 Kazy (Kabardinian prince), 106, 135, 169, 187, 189 Kefe, 8,11-12, 37, 51-3, 59, 67-8, 83, 88-91, 96-8,101,105,119-23, 127, 130, 133-42, 144, 172, 181-2, 188,190, 199, 203, 205, 207, 213 kekovat, 35 Kemirgoys, 29-31, 54,130,136-7 Kerę, 90,130 keykuvat see kekovat Khanate of Bukhara, 141,191-2 Khanate of Sibir, 36 Khoroshai (baptised as Boris), 117 Khotov, 147,156 Kipchak, 31 Kirkan, 136 Kızıltaş, 37, 51 kniaź, 26-1, 63, 75 Koba, 37 konak, 25 Köstendi!, 91,130 Koysu, 170 Koysu Andi River, 32 Koysu Avar River, 32 Koysu River, 166,170 kıym-shamkhal, 32,45, 166 Kuban region, 21, 23-4, 27, 29-30, 35, 71,136 Kuban River, 19-20, 29, 37, 50,130,134 Kuban-Taman region, 53, 62,66, 69, 86, 92,120-1,123, 179, 205 Kuchenei (baptised as Maria), 28,69,71,84 Kudadik (baptised as Alexander), 62-3 Kudenek, 144-7 Kulgun Mirza, 74 Kuma River, 20, 26 Kuma-Manych Depression, 19, 21 Kumyks, 21, 24, 31-2, 101, 146,158,166 Kura River, 32,120 Laba River, 130 Laks, 21, 24, 31 Lala Mustafa Pasha, 125-8,194, 211 Lesser Nogay Horde, 35, 71, 73, 84,93, 115-16,123,137,142,190-1,193 Levant, 89 Lezgins, 33 Livny, 159-60 Livonian War, 56, 107, 118, 191 loganapit, 27 Lori, 167 Luka Novosiltsev, 117-18 ma'sum, 33,126,167 Maashuk,
62 Malkhurub, 71 Mamstriuk, 28,107,115-18,144-7, 156-8,182-5,188-9,199 Maykop, 90 Mazandaran, 173 Mecca, 64, 88,100 Mehmed Çelebi (Ottoman merchant), 100 Mehmed Girey 1,41 Mehmed Girey II, 118,138-40 Mehmed II (Ottoman sultan), 37,101, 105 Mehmed (Western Circassian chief), 136-7 Mehmed (Besleney chief), 136 Mehmed (Ottoman-appointed governor of Kabarda), 116, 121, 134-5 Mengli Girey, 40,143 Mesih Pasha, 141 Metropolitan Makarii, 103 Mingrelia, 39,127 Moldavia, 68, 82, 91 Moscow, 6-7,12, 28, 31, 54, 58, 62-3, 69, 71, 84, 99-101,103,107-8, 115-17, 138,140, 144, 155,157-8,166, 168-9, 179,183, 188,196, 198, 213 269
The North Caucasus Borderland Mount Elbrus, 20 Mount Kazbek 20 Mübarek Girey, 166 muhimme, 4-5, 7-8, 121 Murad Girey, 65,138,140-3,147,153, 158,163, 165-6,174, 183,192 Murad III, 125-6, 141, 151,165-6 Mustafa (Western Circassian chief), 52, 92,120 mutasarrıf, 88 Nadir Shah, 37 Niğbolu, 91,130 Nikonian Chronicle, 67, 75 nişancı, 4 Nogays, 14, 22-4, 34-6, 39-42, 54-5,57, 59, 64, 71, 73, 80, 84, 91, 98,115,120, 123-5,137-8,140-2,144-5, 158,160, 178,189-94, 207, 209 Novorossiisk, 137 Nurdevlet Girey, 40 nureddin, 35,143 nutsal, 32 og see loganapit oprichnina, 69, 108 Osmanovskii shliakh see Ottoman road Ossetians, 36 Ottoman Imperial Council, 4, 88-9, 100, 125,142, 212 Ottoman road, 139 Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha, 13,120, 128-9, 133-5, 139-41,151-2, 162-3, 187-8, 211-12 özden see uzden Özi, 66 palanka, 123 Pannonia, 32 Papacy, 146 Peter 1,41, 209 Petro Doroshenko, 209 Piyale Pasha, 142,193 plausible deniability, 62, 81, 203, 210 Poland-Lithuania, 34,40, 42,49-50,60-1, 92,95-6, 98-9,103, 114,145, 204 paminki, 58-9, 208 Pontic-Caspian steppes, 8, 20, 37, 49, 55, 60-1, 67, 81, 88, 97,123-4,197,159, 171-2,189-92, 203-8, 210 posoľskia kniga, 4-6 Posoľskii Prikaz, 5-8, 99, 103-5,107, 163 Prince Beyazid, 92, 111 Psheapshoko, 71,73, 75, 84,106, 116, 135, 186-7 pshi, 26-7, 29-30,144-5,182 pshihua, 27, 71,107,115-16,134,144-5, 147, 155-6,158-9,184-9 pshim yapsh see pshihua pshitle, 29 rayat see cagar Remmal Hoca, 55, 64 Revan, 167 Roma, 91 Romanov dynasty, 173 Rudolfil, 159,166 Rumelia, 4,169 Saadet Girey, 138, 140,192 Safavid Empire, 13-14, 21-2, 36-7, 39, 55-6,58, 63-5, 69, 88, 92,96,
99,115, 117-29, 133^43,146, 156, 159, 162-3, 166-72,191-7, 204,209,211-14 Sahib Girey I, 39, 41-2,50, 54-5, 64, 66 sala uzden, 32 Saltankul (baptised as Mikhail Temriukovich Cherkasskii), 28, 69, 157 sancak, 12, 76,121,137, 213 sancakbeyi, 51-2, 66, 78, 116, 121, 134, 178 Saraichuk, 35 Şeca'atname, 187 Sefa Girey (khan of Kazan), 41 Sefa Girey (Crimean prince), 138,140, 143 Selanik, 68 Selim I, 37,43 Selim II, 89, 97-105, 107-8, 140 Şemahı, 129,150,169-70,185 Semen Zvenigorodskii, 156-7 Seyyid Ahmed, 40 Shafi’i, 33 Shah Abbas 1,159,166,169-70, 197, 214 shamkhal, 31-3, 53, 56, 63, 73-6, 95, 101, 122, 125-6,128-30,135,142, 270
Index 146,149-50,157-8,162-70,174,183, 185-6,196-7, 210 shamkhalate, 31-2, 75, 126, 163, 166 Shapshugs, 24, 30 sherť, 58,117,144-7,156,169,179, 188, 192, 208 Shi’ite, 33, 37 Shirvan, 22, 117,120,126-9,133, 136, 139,150,164,166-9,185, 191,194 Shumunuk, 156 Sibok (baptized as Vasilii), 14, 62, 66, 74, 178-81 Sigismund II, 65, 69, 82 Silistre, 68, 84, 91, 130 Simon Maltsev, 124 Sinan Pasha (governor of Silistre), 68 Sinan Pasha (Ottoman vizier), 165 Şirin tribe, 143 Sivas, 126 Sochi, 3 Sogucak, 136-7 Sokullu Mehmed Pasha, 88-90,97,100-1, 119-20, 209, 211 Solokh, 14, 135, 145, 147, 155-60, 169, 174,178, 181-9,199 South Caucasus, 14, 21-2, 39, 63, 69,115, 117,119,125-7,129,143,147,155-6, 159, 162, 171-2, 188, 196, 211, 213-14 Sozomuko, 136 stateinye spiski, 5 streTtsy, 74-5, 107, 139, 143, 147, 158, 160, 185, 192, 206 Sulak River, 32,130,164 SUleyman I, 39,41, 54-5, 64, 89, 92,99, 119, 123, 178 Sultan Mahmud (Daghestan! prince), 169-70 Sunni, 33, 35, 37, 64, 88, 120, 122,126, 150, 209-10 Sunzha River, 33-4, 75,117,139,156, 159-60, 164-5,182 Sweden, 145, 146, 183 Tabarasan, 32-3,125-6,128-9 Tabamsan shah see ma ‘sum Tabriz, 37, 89 Tabuly Mirza, 186 Tahmasp I, 39,119 Taman, 19, 21-2, 29-31, 37, 50-3, 62, 65-7, 69, 86, 90-2,96, 109,120-1,123, 127, 130, 135-6, 138,178-9,199, 202, 205, 209-10 Tana see Azak Tanashuk, 62 Tansaruk, 182 Tapshiuk, 147,183,187 Tarku, 31-2,75, 126,166, 168,170,176 Tasoitan, 181-2,186, 188 tawad see aamistadi Tausaltan see Tasoitan Tazriut, 63 Tbilisi, 120,126-7 tefekashou see anyayoutskia tekhoqotle, 29 Temriuk, 8, 28, 63, 69, 71, 73-6, 83^1, 86, 93,
98,101,106-7, 111, 115-16,121, 134-5,140,144,155,157,162,165, 186-7, 189 TemrUk, 37, 51, 65, 67,130,137 Terek Cossacks, 34, 61, 67,141, 206 Terek Fortress, 74,144-7, 155-9, 162, 163-4, 166, 170, 182-3, 185, 199, 207, 213 Terek hakimi, 93 Terek River, 20, 26, 33-4, 36,75-6, 86, 93, 101, 107, 117-18, 124,130,134, 139-40, 142, 144,146, 150,160,162, 164-5,188 Terek Valley, 21 Terek Town see Terek Fortress Third Rome, 58 Tiflis see Tbilisi timar, 52, 66, 78, 87 timariot, 68, 91,93,130 Timutid Empire, 36 Tinahmet Beg, 71,190,192 tlakotlesh, 27 tlfekotl, 27 Tokhtamysh, 36 Topkapt Palace, 5, 101 Torkh Antonov, 156-7 Trabzon, 37 Trebizond Empire, 37 Treaty of Amasya, 39 Treaty of Istanbul, 162,169 Tsaritsyn, 144,159-60,192 271
The North Caucasus Borderland Tsurak, 31 Tuchalav Burhaneddin, 125,128-9 tukhum, 32 tuma, ΊΊ Turco-Mongoalian, 57,172,177, 204 Turkey, 202 Tutaryk (baptised as Ivan), 63 Ubykhs, 30 Ukraine, 61, 65, 80, 202, 209 unatle, 29 unaví, 30 Urup River, 130 Urus Beg, 14,123^1,137-8,142,178, 189-94, 200 Urus Mirza see Urus Beg usmi, 32-3,126, 129-30, 167 usmiate, 32,129 ustmii see usmi uzden, 27, 29, 32, 78,163 Vainaks, 23 Van, 119,167 Venice, 97 Vidin, 68 voevoda (Muscovite governor), 68, 74 voivode (ruler of Wallachia and Moldavia), 68 Volga River, 13, 34-6, 42, 49,59-61, 71, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek' München 76, 88-91, 95, 100, 109, 111, 119-20, 123,144, 159-60,162, 171,189-94, 203, 207-8 Vulçitrin, 68 Wallachia, 68,91 Western Circassians, 8, 23, 26, 29-31, 51,56, 62, 66-7, 73, 95, 120,122,127, 135-6,165, 179,181, 210 werk see work work, 27 Yağmurcu, 41, 64 Yahşi Saat Mirza, 138 Yaik River, 35,59,160, 189-90,192, 194 Yankhot, 186 Yansokh, 134-5,155-6, 158-9,183-7, 189 yartm-shamkhal see krym-shamkhal yasir, 32 Yerevan, 169 yurt, 31, 35 Yusuf Mirza, 54, 89 Zaporozhian Cossacks, 31, 34,52, 65,67, 80-1, 178 zeuche, 27 zhalovaniia, 58-9, 208 272 |
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| geographic | Kaukasus Nord (DE-588)4260398-5 gnd Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 gnd Moskauer Reich (DE-588)4301291-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kaukasus Nord Osmanisches Reich Moskauer Reich |
| id | DE-604.BV048511319 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:47:44Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-07T11:03:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781474498692 9781474498708 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033888362 |
| oclc_num | 1345583731 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29 |
| physical | x, 272 Seiten 9 Illustrationen und Porträts, 2 Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230116 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Edinburgh University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Edinburgh studies on the Ottoman Empire |
| spelling | Yaşar, Murat Verfasser (DE-588)1267419156 aut The North Caucasus borderland between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555-1605 Murat Yaşar Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press 2022 x, 272 Seiten 9 Illustrationen und Porträts, 2 Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Edinburgh studies on the Ottoman Empire Geschichte 1555-1605 gnd rswk-swf Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Kaukasus Nord (DE-588)4260398-5 gnd rswk-swf Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 gnd rswk-swf Moskauer Reich (DE-588)4301291-7 gnd rswk-swf Borderlands / Russia / History / 16th century Caucasus, Northern (Russia) / History / 16th century Russia / Foreign relations / Turkey Turkey / Foreign relations / Russia Ciscaucasie (Russie) / Histoire / 16e siècle Borderlands Diplomatic relations Russia Russia (Federation) / Northern Caucasus Turkey 1500-1599 History Moskauer Reich (DE-588)4301291-7 g Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 g Kaukasus Nord (DE-588)4260398-5 g Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 s Geschichte 1555-1605 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4744-9872-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-4744-9871-5 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033888362&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033888362&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033888362&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Yaşar, Murat The North Caucasus borderland between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555-1605 Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137568-3 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4260398-5 (DE-588)4075720-1 (DE-588)4301291-7 |
| title | The North Caucasus borderland between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555-1605 |
| title_auth | The North Caucasus borderland between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555-1605 |
| title_exact_search | The North Caucasus borderland between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555-1605 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The North Caucasus borderland between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555-1605 |
| title_full | The North Caucasus borderland between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555-1605 Murat Yaşar |
| title_fullStr | The North Caucasus borderland between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555-1605 Murat Yaşar |
| title_full_unstemmed | The North Caucasus borderland between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555-1605 Murat Yaşar |
| title_short | The North Caucasus borderland |
| title_sort | the north caucasus borderland between muscovy and the ottoman empire 1555 1605 |
| title_sub | between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555-1605 |
| topic | Bewaffneter Konflikt (DE-588)4137568-3 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bewaffneter Konflikt Internationale Politik Kaukasus Nord Osmanisches Reich Moskauer Reich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033888362&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033888362&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033888362&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT yasarmurat thenorthcaucasusborderlandbetweenmuscovyandtheottomanempire15551605 |