Ideology and holy landscape in the Baltic crusades:
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CONTENTS List of Illustrations. vi Acknowledgements.x Introduction . 1 Chapter 1. Landscape Imagery in the Texts Documenting the Baltic Crusades. 17 Chapter 2. Literary Themes and Landscape Sacralization in the Written Evidence for the Baltic Crusades. 31 Chapter 3. Mapping Landscape Sacralization during the Baltic Crusades, Thirteenth to Fourteenth Centuries.65 Chapter 4. Relics, Processions, and Sacred Landscape in the Baltic, Thirteenth to Fourteenth Centuries.101 Chapter 5. Space, Visual Culture, and Landscape Sacralization in the Baltic.129 Conclusion. 161 Concordance of Placenames. 166 Appendix. Relics in the Baltic Region (Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries). 169 Abbreviations and Short Titles. 179
Bibliography. 181 Index. 205
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INDEX The general index presented here lists people, places, and key terms. In addition to a per son’s occupation (e.g., "herald," "Grand Master," or "Grand Marshal"), subheadings indicate their relevance to themes addressed in the book. Anonymous texts, such as the Livonian Rhymed Chronicie, are grouped within the index of people. Places connected to pilgrimage shrines, hierophanies, or battles also have subheadings. Key terms were selected along the lines of highlighting significant topics addressed in the book. Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations (maps and figures). Page numbers directly next to a term imply general ref erences to it in the book. Absalon, Archbishop of Lund, 25 Adalbert of Prague, saint as patron of Königsberg Cathedral, 67 missionary work in Prussia, 5, 32-33, 63, 66-67,79,105 relics, 106,170 See also Gnesen, Tenkitten Acre, 1 Fall of (1291), 8 Adam of Bremen, chronicler, 33 Adolf VI Count of Berg, 24 Ältere Hochmeisterchronik, 125,145 Agatha, saint, 96 Albert of Aachen, chronicler, 110n57,121 Albert III, duke of Austria, 98 Albert of Riga as Bishop of Livonia, 4,143 at the Fourth Lateran Council, 77 as founder of Riga, 70 relations with crusaders, 49,109 Albert of Stade, chronicler, 19, 71, 76n47, 78n57 Albert of Trois Fontaines, chronicler, 19, 71 Alexander IV, Pope, 36, 50-51, 72 Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 93 Althaus Kulm as sacral centre in Prussia, 85-87 castle, 138 church of Saint Barbara, 15 pilgrimage shrine of Saint Barbara, 6, 105,107-8 Andrew II, king of Hungary, 6 Anna, princess of Lithuania, 90,143 Anno of Sangerhausen,
Grand Master, 144 Anselm, Bishop ofWarmia, 114 Anthony, saint, 96,117 Arnau frescoes, 55, 59-60,153 shrine of Saint Katherine, 59,118 visits of crusaders to, 91-92,119,142 Arnold, Swordbrother, 75 Arnold of Liibeck, chronicler account of early Livonian mission, 3-4, 17-18 landscape imagery in the Chronicle, 17nn5-6,54 martyrdom in the Chronicle, 69 Arnold of Protzan, churchman, 46, 77,138 Arnold Stapel, Bishop of Kulm, 116 Asywiote, 41 Babath see Marienburg (Livonia) Balga, 6, 87 as economic centre, 70 foundation, 147-48 piety of brothers living at, 139 pilgrims and processions, 109 relics, 171,176 Baltic crusades character and ideology, 3-9 historiographical approaches, 9-13 in the twelfth century, 3-4, 32-33 sources for the study of the, 17-28 See also Reisen Barbara, saint see Althaus Kulm Barbarka, 147 Bartholomew of Radam, Bishop of Sambia, 92 Benedict XII, Pope, 77 Bernard of Clairvaux, saint impact on the idea of the military orders, 8, 76
206 INDEX Bernard II of Lippe, churchman and crusader, 61,122 Berthold of Loccum, Bishop of Livonia, 4, 18,19, 65, 69, 75,104,144 See also Riga Boniface IX, Pope, 9 Brandenburg hierophany, 87 proximity to place of martyrdom, 141 relics of Saint Katherine, 96,134,147, 170,177,178 visits of crusaders to, 119-20,132-33,147 visual culture, 59 Braunsberg, 68, 95,133 Breslau, 77 Bruno, Bishop of Olmiitz, 68 Bruno of Querfurt, saint, 5, 66-69 Carl of Trier, Grand Master, 101 castles, 2, 7 and process of landscape sacralization, 15, 22, 25, 45,113-16,123,126-28, 130-32,146-49,161,163 as stop for crusaders, 86,110,113, 134-35,136-37 proximity to hierophanies, 136-37 spatial significance, 139-41,156 symbolism in Teutonic Order writings, 128,138-39,143-44 visual culture, 52, 55, 63,149,150-55, 156-59 See also Marienburg, Marienburg (Livonia), Marienburg (Lithuania) Celestine III, Pope, 4 Christburg, 32, 85,87,123,141,147,170, 173,174,175 Treaty of (1249), 7, 32, 35, 80 Christian, Bishop of Prussia, 5-6 Christina, saint, 96 Christmemel foundation and procession, 101,116 relics, 147-48,170 Conrad of Feuchtwangen, Grand Master, 94 Conrad Gesselen, churchman, 23 Conrad of Jungingen, Grand Master, 9, 23, 26, 27,40,43,51,161 Conrad of Mazovia, duke, 6, 25 Conrad Sack, Prussian Master, 94-95 Conrad of Wallenrode, Grand Master, 23,43n75 Coseleykin grove, 41 crusaders and the Holy Land, 15 as pilgrims, 15,118-19 motivations, 7, 77,141 Daniel, Biblical Book, 24, 44-45 Danzig (Gdańsk), 132,173,174,178 attack (1308), 8 David, Biblical King, 9,151,153,157 desertům in chronicles documenting Reisen,
40-46 scriptural connotations, 33, 40, 59 See also Wigand of Marburg Dietrich of Hasseldorf, crusader, 76 Dorothea of Montau, saint, 161 Dorpat, 5, 72,110,144n70 Dünamünde, 61,130 Durben battle (1260), 7, 76-78, 99 Elbing, 6, 59, 60nl44,126,129,170,177 as stop for visiting crusaders, 52, 92nll0,114,115,117,118-20 as trade and resupply centre, 70,117 Church of St. Nicholas, 15,55 Dominican church, 114 hierophany, 87,123 processions, 109,112-13,128 relic ofTrue Cross, 35,106,108,112, 118,121-22,127 Teutonic Order castle and church, 126-27 Engelhard Rabe, Great Marshal, 43 Engelsberg, 172,173 meaning of name, 139 Erik IV Ploughpenny, king of Denmark, 37 Eugenius III, Pope, 3 Fellin, 5 as religious centre, 113 chapel of the True Cross, 112 death of Swordbrothers, 76 hierophany, 75,122 martyrdom, 75,99 siege (1211), 5,75,104 siege (1217), 112,122 siege (1224), 5
INDEX Frauenburg (Prussia) meaning of name, 146 episcopal castle, 52, 55, 58,134 Frauenburg (Livonia) meaning of name, 143,144n70 Frisches Haff as location of "pilgrim" and "Vredeland," 147-48 See also Henry III Margrave of Meißen Gdańsk see Danzig George, saint altar in Königsberg, 118,133 church in Riga, 103 hospital in Königsberg, 133 in visual culture of Prussia, 118-19, 158-59 popularity among crusaders, 97 popularity among Teutonic Order, 144 Georgenburg meaning of name, 146 Gerhard of Jork, Livonian Master, 42 Gnesen cathedral doors, 69 cult centre for St. Adalbert of Prague, 105 Gog and Magog, biblical figures significance to the Baltic crusades, 24 link to landscape sacralization, 47nl03 Goldingen possible procession, 110 Gollub, 172 Graudenz relics, 96nl40,170,172,175 Gregory IX, Pope, 5, 36, 72, 79,114 Guillibert of Lannoy, traveller visit to Königsberg, 90,119,133 visit to Marienburg, 155 visit to Thorn, 145 Hartmann of Heldrungen, Grand Master, 21 Heiligenbeil construction of monastery, 93 visit of Henry Bolingbroke, 93nl20 Heiligenberg depiction in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, 110 meaning of name, 144 siege, 110 207 Heiligenkreutz, 125 Church of Holy Cross, 125,128 Helena, saint, 120 Helmerich of Rechenberg, Prussian Master, 94 Helmold of Bosau, chronicler, 32-33 Henning Schindekopf, Great Marshal, 93-94 Henry H, Count of Dannenberg, crusader, 76 Henry III, Margrave of Meißen, crusader, 147-48 Henry IV, Duke of Bavaria, crusader, 98 Henry Bolingbroke, crusader, 8, 92, 93, 96, 142-43 Henry Dusemer, Grand Master, 133 Henry of Hesler, churchman, 24,140 Henry of
Hohenlohe, Grand Master, 80 Henry of Livonia, chronicler, 10,12 Chronicle, 18-19, 25 depictions of martyrdom, 73-75, 77, 83 depiction of pagan religion, 34-35 use of the Bible, 41, 44,47, 49, 51, 70, 77, 83, 102-3,110-11,113,139 Henry of Lützelburg, Bishop of Curland, 36 Henry of Sandomierz, Piast prince, 5 Heraclius, Roman Emperor, 120 Herbord, chronicler. 33 Herkus Monte, Prussian rebel, 7 Hermann Balk, Prussian Master, 6 Hermann of Salza, Grand Master, 6, 21 See also Hermann of Salza Letter Hermann of Salza Letter as source for conquest of Prussia, 21-22, 23,80, 85,113,145 relics and processions, 109 Hermann of Wartberge, chronicler background, 23nn44-45 Chronicle, 23-24 commemoration of Battle of Saule (1236), 76 depiction of landscape in the Chronicle, 38, 40, 49, 51,147 hierophanies and landscape sacralization, 65-66, 70, 75, 86, 88,122-23,129-30, 134-36,136 definition, 14-16,110-11 in texts for Prussian and Lithuanian campaigns, 79, 83-91, 99
208 INDEX hierotopy, 29 Holme as early sacral centre in the landscape, 72,99 connection to first missions to Livonia, 70 martyrdom ofpriestand associates, 73-75 Holy Land and the Teutonic Order, 6, 20 as "Land of the Son," 5 links to the Baltic, 8-9,18, 32, 34,45,47, 52,102,106,123,127,129,141, 144,153-55, 159,162,165 See also relics in the Baltic Humbert of Romans, preacher, 155 indulgences for crusading against the Slavs, 3 for the construction of churches, 114-15,118,123-24 for visiting churches and chapels, 107,139 in times of war, 27, 92-93,139 See also Mary, relics in the Baltic Innocent HI, Pope, 5-6 perception of Baltic landscape, 35, 50-51, 79 Innocent IV, Pope enthusiasm for crusades in the Baltic, 36, 37, 50, 72, 76,80 significance to crusading in the Baltic, 7 Innocent VI, Pope, 92,96,105 Insterburg as centre of gathering for Reisen, 146 Jean II Le Maingre (Boucicault), crusader, 8 Jerusalem Baltic Crusades and idea, 50, 77 connection of the Templars, 9 conquest (1099), 84,110,121,162 Heavenly and Earthly, 140,152-55 indulgences for visiting, 102nll sacrality, 3, 8,165 symbolic use by chroniclers in the Baltic, 11,21,45 significance to crusading ideology, 120-21 See also Maccabees John Canaparius, chronicler, 32-33 John II Count of Namur, crusader, 95,142 John XXII, Pope, 42 John of Posilge, chronicler, 108n47, 111, 112n66 Joshua, Biblical Book, 9,19nl3, 21, 110n57,151 Judas Maccabeus, 45, 81n74, 93,157 See also Maccabees Judges, Biblical Book, 21,47,49 Juditten as Marian pilgrimage shrine, 59,142, 170,178 first mention, 119 frescoes, 55,59,151,157 Jüngere
Hochmeisterchronik, 21ո28 Kaarma church and sculptures, 54 Karja church and sculptures, 53, 54,130 Karuse battle (1270), 99 burial of Otto of Lutterberg, 79 church of saint Margaret, 78 excavations, 78-79 Katherine, saint, 34, 96,119,123,143, 147,171 See also Brandenburg Kaunas, 41 siege (1362), 91, 92-93 Table of Honour, 43 See also Marienwerder (Lithuania) Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 25, 77n51, 92-93 Knights of Dobrin foundation and absorption, 5-6 Knights Hospitaller, 1,20, 26 Knights Templar, 4, 8, 20, 50 Königsberg as commemorative space for crusaders, 95-96,118 as Peter of Dusburg's place of work, 22 burial of Luder of Braunschweig, 95 cathedral, 15, 52, 59, 67,151,155-56 church of St. George, 95, 97 connection to Reisen, 52, 92,107,108, 114,117,132-35,141,162-63 foundation, 7, 85 pilgrimage shrines surrounding, 88 sacred grove (Tuwangste), 133 See also Arnau, Juditten, Löbenicht Kreuzburg (Prussia) abandonment, 147 foundation, 146-47
INDEX in Livonia, 147 proximity to Crucke, 82 Kulm as sacral centre, 128,134 as stop for crusaders, 52,108,109 bishopric, 6 cathedral, 57, 59,137,152 foundation, 129 hierophany, 85, 99,113,141 indulgences for, 116 procession, 109 Kulmerland, 6, 25, 40,113,145 Kulmsee cathedral, 94,114 as burial place for members of the Teutonic Order, 94-95 Kuno of Hattenstein, Great Marshal, 26 landscape (sacred) definition, 13-15 imagery in chronicles, 20-22, 26-27, 65 recent scholarly interest, 10-12, 65 topography in Livonia and Prussia, 132,144 See also Livonia, Nicolaus of Jeroschin, Peter of Dusburg, Prussia, Teutonic Order, Wigand of Marburg Łekno Abbey, 5, 79 Lithuania as target for Reisen, 7-8,23-27,40-45, 51,80, 91-93,97-98,107,116,118, 141,164 death of crusaders, 95-96 perception in sources, 27,40,46, 68, 98, 125-27,135 See also Wigand of Marburg Livonia as "Land of the Mother,” 164 as sacral landscape, 2, 5-6,17, 33-41, 43-44,47-49, 88, 90,136-37 conquest, 6,17-20,104-5,127-28 land administration, 5-6,113,164 martyrdom, 73-9,88, 99,162 pilgrims to, 48-9, 71-72, 75-76,78n57, 90,102-4,108,109,122,162,164 Sword Brothers, 4-5, 22, 50 Teutonic Order, 5,11, 22-23, 25,41-42, 43,75-77,103,130 visual culture, 54-55, 63, 79 209 See also Albert of Riga, Berthold of Loccum,Innocent III, Meinhard Littauischen Wegeberichte, 146 context, 41 Livonian Rhymed Chronicle commemorative nature, 75-76 depiction of Livonia, 49 importance to place-naming, 144 information on religious life, 139-40 martyrdom, 80 relics and processions, 110-11 translation, 11 Loccum see Berthold of Loccum Lochstedt
foundation, 60,156 iconography, 42,43n74, 52, 55, 59-60, 156-57,158-59,163 locus amoenus and locus horribilis as literary theory, 31 in missionary texts preceding the crusades, 32-33 in chronicles for the Baltic Crusades, 35, 37-39 Löbau, 7 Löbenicht connection to the Battle of the Streba (1348), 92 monastery, 133-34 visit of Henry Bolingbroke, 92 Louis of Hungary, crusader, 98 Luder of Braunschweig, Grand Master, 24,95 Ludwig IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 98,141 Ludwig of Lanse, Great Marshal, 156 Ludwig of Schippen, Grand Master, 94 Ludwig ofWulkenburch, Great Trappier, 91 Maccabees, biblical books and the conquest of the Baltic, 9,19, 21, 148,155nl24 imagery, 34,45-48, 62, 70n23 in the literature of the Teutonic Order, 24 potential references in chronicles, 81,93 See also Henry of Livonia and Peter of Dusburg maps, 14-16 Marienburg (Lithuania) foundation, 146 Marienburg (Livonia) foundation, 143
210 INDEX Marienburg (Prussia) as symbol, 155-59,163 Chapel of St. Anne, 8,120-21,142-43 Chapel of St. Laurence, 96,125 Chapel of the Virgin, 52, 61, 111, 149, 150-52,154 foundation, 146 Golden Gate, 55-56, 56-59, 62 headquarters of Teutonic Order, 8, 52 High Castle, 140 Middle Castle, 117-19,127 relics, 96,113n70,117-20,126-28 visits by guests and crusaders to, 52, 96, 112, 117,125, 132-34 Marienwerder (Lithuania) foundation, 146 Marienwerder (Prussia) foundation, 145 Mary as patron saint of the Teutonic Order, 59, 119,130,144 as patron saint of crusaders and pilgrims, 52, 91, 97-98,103-4,142-43 in places and placenames, 77, 99,134, 144-49,155-59 significance to crusade ideology, 18-24, 48,103,107,130-32,138-39,151 veneration by the local population, 29, 85,116-17 martyrdom attitudes in the age of the Reisen, 91-94 and commemoration, 83 and community in the Teutonic Order, 89 in chronicles in relation to sacralization of Prussia, 65-69, 82-83 in relation to sacralization of Livonia, 70-79 spatial aspects of in Livonia and Prussia, 85-56, 88, 88-89 See also Henry of Livonia, Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, Peter of Dusburg, Wigand of Marburg Matthew, Gospel, 47, 49 Mazovia see Conrad of Mazovia Meinhard of Segeberg, Bishop of Livonia, 3-4,18, 49, 70-72 Memel, 40, 96nl40,101,173 Mewe, 59, 173,174 Michael Kiichmeister of Sternberg, Grand Master, 94 Montfort headquarters of the Teutonic Order, 144 Moses, 9, 21, 37, 40, 46, 59,138,155nl24 Muhu church and hillfort, 34 Nessau, 25,96nl40,173 Nicolaus of Jeroschin, chronicler commemorative nature of the Chronicle, 80,145 hierophanies in
the Chronicle, 85 significance of the Chronicle, 20 translation of the Chronicle of Peter of Dusburg, 23, 31 novella plantatio fidei in the Baltic, 35-36, 44, 50-52, 63, 71-73 See also Innocent 111 Ösel, 72 churches on the island, 108 conquest of (1227), 109 inhabitants of (Öselians), 34 See also Karja, Kaarma, Pöide Oliva, 5, 67 Chronicle, 67, 82 Otto of Bamberg, saint, 33 mission to Pomerania, 66,105 Otto III of Brandenburg, crusader crusade to Prussia (1266), 7,114 Otto of Lutterberg, Livonian Master, 78 See also Karuse Ottokar II, king of Bohemia and crusader crusade to Prussia (1255), 7, 67-68, 93, 106,133 crusade to Prussia (1266), 7, 62, 72,93, 114-15 impact on fortification design by, 62 paganism and the landscape in Baltic crusade chronicles, 32-33, 37-38, 62-63, 91,110,134,148,161 in correspondence, 77 problems of interpreting, 32 veneration of nature among Prussians and Livonians, 32-36 Peter of Celle, churchman, 25
INDEX Peter of Dusburg, chronicler background and status, 7, 22 depiction of martyrdom, 80-83, 84-87, 140-41 depiction of pagan religion, 32, 35 relics and processions in the Chronicle, 90,101,109,113-14,121-23,147 sources used, 22-3 use of the Bible, 40, 44-47, 51,113-14 and visual culture, 61-62,129,149-51 Peter Suchenwirt, herald, 108 Philippe of Mézières, chronicler, 42 phenomenology as tool for studying the Baltic crusades, 14-15,23 definition and uses, 13 Pöide church, 39 Pokarwis defeat of the Teutonic Order (1263), 7, 82 Poszyli sacred grove, 41 preaching and imagery of crusading activities, 70, 75-80 to the local population, 112 processions as form of commemoration, 14-16,97, 130 and sacralization of the landscape, 15-16,101-4,109-16,120,127-28, 132,134,140-43 participation of local population and crusaders, 118-19 See also relics in the Baltic Prussia arrival of the Teutonic Knights, 6 as sacral landscape, 6,13-15,17, 22, 46-47, 82, 84-85,86, 88,137, 144-47 conquest, 20-22, 23, 31,47, 52, 84-85, 86, 87-88, 90,109, 112-13,128, 146,151,163 martyrdom, 67, 76, 82-83, 86, 88, 91, 97-99,137,162 prior contacts between Christianity and, 79 religion of inhabitants, 32-34, 69 21 I uprisings, 7, 51, 80, 85n95 See also Adalbert of Prague, Conrad of Mazovia Quedenau, 168 See also Henning Schindekopf Ragnit, 41, 168,171,173 as gathering point for Reisen, 133 paintings, 133,140 visits by crusaders to, 142 See also Henry Bolingbroke Rehden, 87,168,170,171 hierophany, 123,141 relic of True Cross, 122,124 visual culture, 59,140 Reisen activities of participants, 59, 62, 93-98
chivalric nature, 42-43,108,125, 130Ո10,132-33,149,163-64 international appeal, 8,125 meaning, 2n7, 7 religious elements, 23, 25-27, 91-93, 99, 115-19,124,135-43,155 See also crusaders, Wigand of Marburg relics in the Baltic as objects solidifying group identity, 101, 103-6,115-17 discovery, 107-8,109 True Cross, 102,120-26 use by the local population, 107-9,119, 124-25,128 See also Sartowitz Reval (Tallinn) 168 Riga as sacral centre, 75, 84, 99,104,112-13, 122,162,168 as seat of Bishops of Riga, 19 as pilgrimage destination, 11,102-03, 134 as place of the death of Berthold of Loccum, 65, 70-71 cathedral, 15,104,116,127-28 foundation, 4 pilgrims from the city, 104-5 relics, 108, 110,122, 170 sacred hill near, 49, 70-71,144 significance of name, 18-19 tomb of Berthold of Loccum, 75
212 INDEX tomb of Meinhard, 3 See also Absalon of Lund, Peter of Celle Rudau, 168 battle (1370), 91, 93 death of Henning Schindekopf, 99 sacred groves, 31n2,41 as dwelling place of gods, 32-33,110 as places of martyrdom, 66-67, 69, 82 See also Asywiote, Coseleykin, Tharapita, Tuwangste Sambia bishopric, 6, 27 campaign of Ottokar II, 93-94,133 connection of St. Adalbert of Prague to, 66-67 indulgences issued by bishops, 114-17 inhabitants, 60,133 martyrdom of brother of the Teutonic Order, 82 See also Arnau, Heiligenkreutz, Juditten, Königsberg, and Tenkitten Samson, İSİ Samuel, 48-9 Santiago de Compostela, 10,102,104 Sartowitz battle (1242), 112 discovery of St. Barbara’s relics, 107 Saule battle (1236), 5, 76, 78,99,168 Saxony, 28 origins of crusaders to Livonia, 5, 35 Sebastian, saint, 96,174 Segewold, 5 Segeberg, 3 shrines development, 2-3, 20,46-47, 52, 86, 91,117 indulgences for, 115,117 patronage, 11,107-8,115-16,118 See also Arnau, Juditten, Königsberg, Löbenicht Siegfried of Regenstein, Bishop of Sambia, 67 Sigismund of Luxembourg, Holy Roman Emperor, 26,145 Solomon Litter of, 9 Temple of, 9, 26 See also Jerusalem Starkenberg places in Prussia, 144 Stenckel of Bernheim, crusader, 81 Strasburg, 122-23,140,168,175,177 Streba, 168 battle (1348), 91,99,123,125,134 See also Löbenicht Swantopolk II, Duke of Pomerania, 6 Sword Brothers defeat at Battle of Saule (1236), 5, 76, 78n57 inspiration for and foundation of, 4, 50 relations with the Bishop of Riga, 5 Table of Honour see Reisen Tallinn see Reval Tannenberg, 168 battle (1410), 126 chapel at the site of the battle,
174 Tapiau, 168,176 taskscape and activity of crusaders, 96, 98,162 definition, 15 Tenkitten, 168 shrine of St. Adalbert of Prague, 66,156 Teutonic Order arrival in the Baltic region crusade ideology of and communication by, 20-22, 25-27, 31, 52-59, 61-63, 84-90, 97,106-7,121,130-34, 145-51,157-59,162-65 foundation, 1,6n29 historical writings, 20-24, 38, 46-50, 65, 109,113,144-46 liturgy, 1-2,40, 83, 92,139 monastic rule, 21,45-46, 65, 81, 87, 111, 139,141,146,148 See also Conrad of Mazovia, Hermann of Salza Letter, Peter of Dusburg, Nicolaus of Jeroschin Tharapita, pagan god, 34 Thomas of Woodstock, crusader, 27 Thorn, 70,147,168 castle chapel, 124 foundation, 6,129 hierophanies, 99,113,123,141,162 indulgences for constructing chapel of the castle, 28,114-15 memory of oak tree castle, 145
INDEX processions, 109 relic of the True Cross, 114,122-24,139, 170,171,172 visits of crusaders, 87, 95,108,113-14, 142 See also Toron des Chevaliers Toron des Chevaliers relationship to Thorn in Prussia, 144-45 Treiden, 5,168 Tuwangste see Königsberg Urban IV, Pope 36, 80 Urban V, Pope, 26 Urban VI, Pope, 26, 51,171 ŰxkülI, 73 burial of first Livonian bishops, 70-71, 75 first church, 3-4 martyrdom, 71-72 significance of foundation, 18-19, 99 Velun see Marienburg (Lithuania) Victor, saint, 96 vinea Domini in art in Prussia and Livonia, 52-56, 62-69,164 in texts for the Baltic Crusades, 26, 31, 40n56, 44,50-51 relationship to landscape sacralization, 56,164 Warmia association with St. Bruno of Querfurt, 68 bishopric, 6,161,164 indulgences for construction of churches, 115,117 See also Anselm, Bishop of Warmia Wehlau, 168 pilgrimage shrine, 118 213 Wenden, 5 Wenno of Rohrbach, Master of the Sword Brothers, 139-40 Werner of Örsein, Grand Master, 8,133 Westphalia origin of crusaders to Livonia, 5, 35 significance to architecture in Livonia, 54, 61, 63 See also Stenckel of Bernheim Wigand of Marburg, herald as a source for visual culture in Prussia, 129-30 banners in the Chronicle, 97-98 Chronicle, 23-24 depiction of landscape, 38, 40,146n87 holy war in the Chronicle, 91-93,116, 152-53 relics in the Chronicle, 125,170 representation of crusaders and brothers, 82,135n31,149 Table of Honour, 43 William IV of Guelders, crusader, 8, 97, 119,142 William of Holland, crusader, 95,117-19, 142 William of Modena, Papal Legate, 36, 70 William IV of Ostrevent, crusader, 95,142 Winrich of
Kniprode, Grand Master, 51, 91, 92-93, 123,129,146 reign, 130 Witold, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 44,134, 143 Wladyslaw the Elbow High, king of Poland, 8,93 woods see sacred groves Wytenis, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 97 Ymera, 34,168 ! Beyenscnv I Steatebibiirt՜·՝ ì Mönch*։֊ |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS List of Illustrations. vi Acknowledgements.x Introduction . 1 Chapter 1. Landscape Imagery in the Texts Documenting the Baltic Crusades. 17 Chapter 2. Literary Themes and Landscape Sacralization in the Written Evidence for the Baltic Crusades. 31 Chapter 3. Mapping Landscape Sacralization during the Baltic Crusades, Thirteenth to Fourteenth Centuries.65 Chapter 4. Relics, Processions, and Sacred Landscape in the Baltic, Thirteenth to Fourteenth Centuries.101 Chapter 5. Space, Visual Culture, and Landscape Sacralization in the Baltic.129 Conclusion. 161 Concordance of Placenames. 166 Appendix. Relics in the Baltic Region (Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries). 169 Abbreviations and Short Titles. 179
Bibliography. 181 Index. 205
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INDEX The general index presented here lists people, places, and key terms. In addition to a per son’s occupation (e.g., "herald," "Grand Master," or "Grand Marshal"), subheadings indicate their relevance to themes addressed in the book. Anonymous texts, such as the Livonian Rhymed Chronicie, are grouped within the index of people. Places connected to pilgrimage shrines, hierophanies, or battles also have subheadings. Key terms were selected along the lines of highlighting significant topics addressed in the book. Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations (maps and figures). Page numbers directly next to a term imply general ref erences to it in the book. Absalon, Archbishop of Lund, 25 Adalbert of Prague, saint as patron of Königsberg Cathedral, 67 missionary work in Prussia, 5, 32-33, 63, 66-67,79,105 relics, 106,170 See also Gnesen, Tenkitten Acre, 1 Fall of (1291), 8 Adam of Bremen, chronicler, 33 Adolf VI Count of Berg, 24 Ältere Hochmeisterchronik, 125,145 Agatha, saint, 96 Albert of Aachen, chronicler, 110n57,121 Albert III, duke of Austria, 98 Albert of Riga as Bishop of Livonia, 4,143 at the Fourth Lateran Council, 77 as founder of Riga, 70 relations with crusaders, 49,109 Albert of Stade, chronicler, 19, 71, 76n47, 78n57 Albert of Trois Fontaines, chronicler, 19, 71 Alexander IV, Pope, 36, 50-51, 72 Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 93 Althaus Kulm as sacral centre in Prussia, 85-87 castle, 138 church of Saint Barbara, 15 pilgrimage shrine of Saint Barbara, 6, 105,107-8 Andrew II, king of Hungary, 6 Anna, princess of Lithuania, 90,143 Anno of Sangerhausen,
Grand Master, 144 Anselm, Bishop ofWarmia, 114 Anthony, saint, 96,117 Arnau frescoes, 55, 59-60,153 shrine of Saint Katherine, 59,118 visits of crusaders to, 91-92,119,142 Arnold, Swordbrother, 75 Arnold of Liibeck, chronicler account of early Livonian mission, 3-4, 17-18 landscape imagery in the Chronicle, 17nn5-6,54 martyrdom in the Chronicle, 69 Arnold of Protzan, churchman, 46, 77,138 Arnold Stapel, Bishop of Kulm, 116 Asywiote, 41 Babath see Marienburg (Livonia) Balga, 6, 87 as economic centre, 70 foundation, 147-48 piety of brothers living at, 139 pilgrims and processions, 109 relics, 171,176 Baltic crusades character and ideology, 3-9 historiographical approaches, 9-13 in the twelfth century, 3-4, 32-33 sources for the study of the, 17-28 See also Reisen Barbara, saint see Althaus Kulm Barbarka, 147 Bartholomew of Radam, Bishop of Sambia, 92 Benedict XII, Pope, 77 Bernard of Clairvaux, saint impact on the idea of the military orders, 8, 76
206 INDEX Bernard II of Lippe, churchman and crusader, 61,122 Berthold of Loccum, Bishop of Livonia, 4, 18,19, 65, 69, 75,104,144 See also Riga Boniface IX, Pope, 9 Brandenburg hierophany, 87 proximity to place of martyrdom, 141 relics of Saint Katherine, 96,134,147, 170,177,178 visits of crusaders to, 119-20,132-33,147 visual culture, 59 Braunsberg, 68, 95,133 Breslau, 77 Bruno, Bishop of Olmiitz, 68 Bruno of Querfurt, saint, 5, 66-69 Carl of Trier, Grand Master, 101 castles, 2, 7 and process of landscape sacralization, 15, 22, 25, 45,113-16,123,126-28, 130-32,146-49,161,163 as stop for crusaders, 86,110,113, 134-35,136-37 proximity to hierophanies, 136-37 spatial significance, 139-41,156 symbolism in Teutonic Order writings, 128,138-39,143-44 visual culture, 52, 55, 63,149,150-55, 156-59 See also Marienburg, Marienburg (Livonia), Marienburg (Lithuania) Celestine III, Pope, 4 Christburg, 32, 85,87,123,141,147,170, 173,174,175 Treaty of (1249), 7, 32, 35, 80 Christian, Bishop of Prussia, 5-6 Christina, saint, 96 Christmemel foundation and procession, 101,116 relics, 147-48,170 Conrad of Feuchtwangen, Grand Master, 94 Conrad Gesselen, churchman, 23 Conrad of Jungingen, Grand Master, 9, 23, 26, 27,40,43,51,161 Conrad of Mazovia, duke, 6, 25 Conrad Sack, Prussian Master, 94-95 Conrad of Wallenrode, Grand Master, 23,43n75 Coseleykin grove, 41 crusaders and the Holy Land, 15 as pilgrims, 15,118-19 motivations, 7, 77,141 Daniel, Biblical Book, 24, 44-45 Danzig (Gdańsk), 132,173,174,178 attack (1308), 8 David, Biblical King, 9,151,153,157 desertům in chronicles documenting Reisen,
40-46 scriptural connotations, 33, 40, 59 See also Wigand of Marburg Dietrich of Hasseldorf, crusader, 76 Dorothea of Montau, saint, 161 Dorpat, 5, 72,110,144n70 Dünamünde, 61,130 Durben battle (1260), 7, 76-78, 99 Elbing, 6, 59, 60nl44,126,129,170,177 as stop for visiting crusaders, 52, 92nll0,114,115,117,118-20 as trade and resupply centre, 70,117 Church of St. Nicholas, 15,55 Dominican church, 114 hierophany, 87,123 processions, 109,112-13,128 relic ofTrue Cross, 35,106,108,112, 118,121-22,127 Teutonic Order castle and church, 126-27 Engelhard Rabe, Great Marshal, 43 Engelsberg, 172,173 meaning of name, 139 Erik IV Ploughpenny, king of Denmark, 37 Eugenius III, Pope, 3 Fellin, 5 as religious centre, 113 chapel of the True Cross, 112 death of Swordbrothers, 76 hierophany, 75,122 martyrdom, 75,99 siege (1211), 5,75,104 siege (1217), 112,122 siege (1224), 5
INDEX Frauenburg (Prussia) meaning of name, 146 episcopal castle, 52, 55, 58,134 Frauenburg (Livonia) meaning of name, 143,144n70 Frisches Haff as location of "pilgrim" and "Vredeland," 147-48 See also Henry III Margrave of Meißen Gdańsk see Danzig George, saint altar in Königsberg, 118,133 church in Riga, 103 hospital in Königsberg, 133 in visual culture of Prussia, 118-19, 158-59 popularity among crusaders, 97 popularity among Teutonic Order, 144 Georgenburg meaning of name, 146 Gerhard of Jork, Livonian Master, 42 Gnesen cathedral doors, 69 cult centre for St. Adalbert of Prague, 105 Gog and Magog, biblical figures significance to the Baltic crusades, 24 link to landscape sacralization, 47nl03 Goldingen possible procession, 110 Gollub, 172 Graudenz relics, 96nl40,170,172,175 Gregory IX, Pope, 5, 36, 72, 79,114 Guillibert of Lannoy, traveller visit to Königsberg, 90,119,133 visit to Marienburg, 155 visit to Thorn, 145 Hartmann of Heldrungen, Grand Master, 21 Heiligenbeil construction of monastery, 93 visit of Henry Bolingbroke, 93nl20 Heiligenberg depiction in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, 110 meaning of name, 144 siege, 110 207 Heiligenkreutz, 125 Church of Holy Cross, 125,128 Helena, saint, 120 Helmerich of Rechenberg, Prussian Master, 94 Helmold of Bosau, chronicler, 32-33 Henning Schindekopf, Great Marshal, 93-94 Henry H, Count of Dannenberg, crusader, 76 Henry III, Margrave of Meißen, crusader, 147-48 Henry IV, Duke of Bavaria, crusader, 98 Henry Bolingbroke, crusader, 8, 92, 93, 96, 142-43 Henry Dusemer, Grand Master, 133 Henry of Hesler, churchman, 24,140 Henry of
Hohenlohe, Grand Master, 80 Henry of Livonia, chronicler, 10,12 Chronicle, 18-19, 25 depictions of martyrdom, 73-75, 77, 83 depiction of pagan religion, 34-35 use of the Bible, 41, 44,47, 49, 51, 70, 77, 83, 102-3,110-11,113,139 Henry of Lützelburg, Bishop of Curland, 36 Henry of Sandomierz, Piast prince, 5 Heraclius, Roman Emperor, 120 Herbord, chronicler. 33 Herkus Monte, Prussian rebel, 7 Hermann Balk, Prussian Master, 6 Hermann of Salza, Grand Master, 6, 21 See also Hermann of Salza Letter Hermann of Salza Letter as source for conquest of Prussia, 21-22, 23,80, 85,113,145 relics and processions, 109 Hermann of Wartberge, chronicler background, 23nn44-45 Chronicle, 23-24 commemoration of Battle of Saule (1236), 76 depiction of landscape in the Chronicle, 38, 40, 49, 51,147 hierophanies and landscape sacralization, 65-66, 70, 75, 86, 88,122-23,129-30, 134-36,136 definition, 14-16,110-11 in texts for Prussian and Lithuanian campaigns, 79, 83-91, 99
208 INDEX hierotopy, 29 Holme as early sacral centre in the landscape, 72,99 connection to first missions to Livonia, 70 martyrdom ofpriestand associates, 73-75 Holy Land and the Teutonic Order, 6, 20 as "Land of the Son," 5 links to the Baltic, 8-9,18, 32, 34,45,47, 52,102,106,123,127,129,141, 144,153-55, 159,162,165 See also relics in the Baltic Humbert of Romans, preacher, 155 indulgences for crusading against the Slavs, 3 for the construction of churches, 114-15,118,123-24 for visiting churches and chapels, 107,139 in times of war, 27, 92-93,139 See also Mary, relics in the Baltic Innocent HI, Pope, 5-6 perception of Baltic landscape, 35, 50-51, 79 Innocent IV, Pope enthusiasm for crusades in the Baltic, 36, 37, 50, 72, 76,80 significance to crusading in the Baltic, 7 Innocent VI, Pope, 92,96,105 Insterburg as centre of gathering for Reisen, 146 Jean II Le Maingre (Boucicault), crusader, 8 Jerusalem Baltic Crusades and idea, 50, 77 connection of the Templars, 9 conquest (1099), 84,110,121,162 Heavenly and Earthly, 140,152-55 indulgences for visiting, 102nll sacrality, 3, 8,165 symbolic use by chroniclers in the Baltic, 11,21,45 significance to crusading ideology, 120-21 See also Maccabees John Canaparius, chronicler, 32-33 John II Count of Namur, crusader, 95,142 John XXII, Pope, 42 John of Posilge, chronicler, 108n47, 111, 112n66 Joshua, Biblical Book, 9,19nl3, 21, 110n57,151 Judas Maccabeus, 45, 81n74, 93,157 See also Maccabees Judges, Biblical Book, 21,47,49 Juditten as Marian pilgrimage shrine, 59,142, 170,178 first mention, 119 frescoes, 55,59,151,157 Jüngere
Hochmeisterchronik, 21ո28 Kaarma church and sculptures, 54 Karja church and sculptures, 53, 54,130 Karuse battle (1270), 99 burial of Otto of Lutterberg, 79 church of saint Margaret, 78 excavations, 78-79 Katherine, saint, 34, 96,119,123,143, 147,171 See also Brandenburg Kaunas, 41 siege (1362), 91, 92-93 Table of Honour, 43 See also Marienwerder (Lithuania) Kęstutis, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 25, 77n51, 92-93 Knights of Dobrin foundation and absorption, 5-6 Knights Hospitaller, 1,20, 26 Knights Templar, 4, 8, 20, 50 Königsberg as commemorative space for crusaders, 95-96,118 as Peter of Dusburg's place of work, 22 burial of Luder of Braunschweig, 95 cathedral, 15, 52, 59, 67,151,155-56 church of St. George, 95, 97 connection to Reisen, 52, 92,107,108, 114,117,132-35,141,162-63 foundation, 7, 85 pilgrimage shrines surrounding, 88 sacred grove (Tuwangste), 133 See also Arnau, Juditten, Löbenicht Kreuzburg (Prussia) abandonment, 147 foundation, 146-47
INDEX in Livonia, 147 proximity to Crucke, 82 Kulm as sacral centre, 128,134 as stop for crusaders, 52,108,109 bishopric, 6 cathedral, 57, 59,137,152 foundation, 129 hierophany, 85, 99,113,141 indulgences for, 116 procession, 109 Kulmerland, 6, 25, 40,113,145 Kulmsee cathedral, 94,114 as burial place for members of the Teutonic Order, 94-95 Kuno of Hattenstein, Great Marshal, 26 landscape (sacred) definition, 13-15 imagery in chronicles, 20-22, 26-27, 65 recent scholarly interest, 10-12, 65 topography in Livonia and Prussia, 132,144 See also Livonia, Nicolaus of Jeroschin, Peter of Dusburg, Prussia, Teutonic Order, Wigand of Marburg Łekno Abbey, 5, 79 Lithuania as target for Reisen, 7-8,23-27,40-45, 51,80, 91-93,97-98,107,116,118, 141,164 death of crusaders, 95-96 perception in sources, 27,40,46, 68, 98, 125-27,135 See also Wigand of Marburg Livonia as "Land of the Mother,” 164 as sacral landscape, 2, 5-6,17, 33-41, 43-44,47-49, 88, 90,136-37 conquest, 6,17-20,104-5,127-28 land administration, 5-6,113,164 martyrdom, 73-9,88, 99,162 pilgrims to, 48-9, 71-72, 75-76,78n57, 90,102-4,108,109,122,162,164 Sword Brothers, 4-5, 22, 50 Teutonic Order, 5,11, 22-23, 25,41-42, 43,75-77,103,130 visual culture, 54-55, 63, 79 209 See also Albert of Riga, Berthold of Loccum,Innocent III, Meinhard Littauischen Wegeberichte, 146 context, 41 Livonian Rhymed Chronicle commemorative nature, 75-76 depiction of Livonia, 49 importance to place-naming, 144 information on religious life, 139-40 martyrdom, 80 relics and processions, 110-11 translation, 11 Loccum see Berthold of Loccum Lochstedt
foundation, 60,156 iconography, 42,43n74, 52, 55, 59-60, 156-57,158-59,163 locus amoenus and locus horribilis as literary theory, 31 in missionary texts preceding the crusades, 32-33 in chronicles for the Baltic Crusades, 35, 37-39 Löbau, 7 Löbenicht connection to the Battle of the Streba (1348), 92 monastery, 133-34 visit of Henry Bolingbroke, 92 Louis of Hungary, crusader, 98 Luder of Braunschweig, Grand Master, 24,95 Ludwig IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 98,141 Ludwig of Lanse, Great Marshal, 156 Ludwig of Schippen, Grand Master, 94 Ludwig ofWulkenburch, Great Trappier, 91 Maccabees, biblical books and the conquest of the Baltic, 9,19, 21, 148,155nl24 imagery, 34,45-48, 62, 70n23 in the literature of the Teutonic Order, 24 potential references in chronicles, 81,93 See also Henry of Livonia and Peter of Dusburg maps, 14-16 Marienburg (Lithuania) foundation, 146 Marienburg (Livonia) foundation, 143
210 INDEX Marienburg (Prussia) as symbol, 155-59,163 Chapel of St. Anne, 8,120-21,142-43 Chapel of St. Laurence, 96,125 Chapel of the Virgin, 52, 61, 111, 149, 150-52,154 foundation, 146 Golden Gate, 55-56, 56-59, 62 headquarters of Teutonic Order, 8, 52 High Castle, 140 Middle Castle, 117-19,127 relics, 96,113n70,117-20,126-28 visits by guests and crusaders to, 52, 96, 112, 117,125, 132-34 Marienwerder (Lithuania) foundation, 146 Marienwerder (Prussia) foundation, 145 Mary as patron saint of the Teutonic Order, 59, 119,130,144 as patron saint of crusaders and pilgrims, 52, 91, 97-98,103-4,142-43 in places and placenames, 77, 99,134, 144-49,155-59 significance to crusade ideology, 18-24, 48,103,107,130-32,138-39,151 veneration by the local population, 29, 85,116-17 martyrdom attitudes in the age of the Reisen, 91-94 and commemoration, 83 and community in the Teutonic Order, 89 in chronicles in relation to sacralization of Prussia, 65-69, 82-83 in relation to sacralization of Livonia, 70-79 spatial aspects of in Livonia and Prussia, 85-56, 88, 88-89 See also Henry of Livonia, Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, Peter of Dusburg, Wigand of Marburg Matthew, Gospel, 47, 49 Mazovia see Conrad of Mazovia Meinhard of Segeberg, Bishop of Livonia, 3-4,18, 49, 70-72 Memel, 40, 96nl40,101,173 Mewe, 59, 173,174 Michael Kiichmeister of Sternberg, Grand Master, 94 Montfort headquarters of the Teutonic Order, 144 Moses, 9, 21, 37, 40, 46, 59,138,155nl24 Muhu church and hillfort, 34 Nessau, 25,96nl40,173 Nicolaus of Jeroschin, chronicler commemorative nature of the Chronicle, 80,145 hierophanies in
the Chronicle, 85 significance of the Chronicle, 20 translation of the Chronicle of Peter of Dusburg, 23, 31 novella plantatio fidei in the Baltic, 35-36, 44, 50-52, 63, 71-73 See also Innocent 111 Ösel, 72 churches on the island, 108 conquest of (1227), 109 inhabitants of (Öselians), 34 See also Karja, Kaarma, Pöide Oliva, 5, 67 Chronicle, 67, 82 Otto of Bamberg, saint, 33 mission to Pomerania, 66,105 Otto III of Brandenburg, crusader crusade to Prussia (1266), 7,114 Otto of Lutterberg, Livonian Master, 78 See also Karuse Ottokar II, king of Bohemia and crusader crusade to Prussia (1255), 7, 67-68, 93, 106,133 crusade to Prussia (1266), 7, 62, 72,93, 114-15 impact on fortification design by, 62 paganism and the landscape in Baltic crusade chronicles, 32-33, 37-38, 62-63, 91,110,134,148,161 in correspondence, 77 problems of interpreting, 32 veneration of nature among Prussians and Livonians, 32-36 Peter of Celle, churchman, 25
INDEX Peter of Dusburg, chronicler background and status, 7, 22 depiction of martyrdom, 80-83, 84-87, 140-41 depiction of pagan religion, 32, 35 relics and processions in the Chronicle, 90,101,109,113-14,121-23,147 sources used, 22-3 use of the Bible, 40, 44-47, 51,113-14 and visual culture, 61-62,129,149-51 Peter Suchenwirt, herald, 108 Philippe of Mézières, chronicler, 42 phenomenology as tool for studying the Baltic crusades, 14-15,23 definition and uses, 13 Pöide church, 39 Pokarwis defeat of the Teutonic Order (1263), 7, 82 Poszyli sacred grove, 41 preaching and imagery of crusading activities, 70, 75-80 to the local population, 112 processions as form of commemoration, 14-16,97, 130 and sacralization of the landscape, 15-16,101-4,109-16,120,127-28, 132,134,140-43 participation of local population and crusaders, 118-19 See also relics in the Baltic Prussia arrival of the Teutonic Knights, 6 as sacral landscape, 6,13-15,17, 22, 46-47, 82, 84-85,86, 88,137, 144-47 conquest, 20-22, 23, 31,47, 52, 84-85, 86, 87-88, 90,109, 112-13,128, 146,151,163 martyrdom, 67, 76, 82-83, 86, 88, 91, 97-99,137,162 prior contacts between Christianity and, 79 religion of inhabitants, 32-34, 69 21 I uprisings, 7, 51, 80, 85n95 See also Adalbert of Prague, Conrad of Mazovia Quedenau, 168 See also Henning Schindekopf Ragnit, 41, 168,171,173 as gathering point for Reisen, 133 paintings, 133,140 visits by crusaders to, 142 See also Henry Bolingbroke Rehden, 87,168,170,171 hierophany, 123,141 relic of True Cross, 122,124 visual culture, 59,140 Reisen activities of participants, 59, 62, 93-98
chivalric nature, 42-43,108,125, 130Ո10,132-33,149,163-64 international appeal, 8,125 meaning, 2n7, 7 religious elements, 23, 25-27, 91-93, 99, 115-19,124,135-43,155 See also crusaders, Wigand of Marburg relics in the Baltic as objects solidifying group identity, 101, 103-6,115-17 discovery, 107-8,109 True Cross, 102,120-26 use by the local population, 107-9,119, 124-25,128 See also Sartowitz Reval (Tallinn) 168 Riga as sacral centre, 75, 84, 99,104,112-13, 122,162,168 as seat of Bishops of Riga, 19 as pilgrimage destination, 11,102-03, 134 as place of the death of Berthold of Loccum, 65, 70-71 cathedral, 15,104,116,127-28 foundation, 4 pilgrims from the city, 104-5 relics, 108, 110,122, 170 sacred hill near, 49, 70-71,144 significance of name, 18-19 tomb of Berthold of Loccum, 75
212 INDEX tomb of Meinhard, 3 See also Absalon of Lund, Peter of Celle Rudau, 168 battle (1370), 91, 93 death of Henning Schindekopf, 99 sacred groves, 31n2,41 as dwelling place of gods, 32-33,110 as places of martyrdom, 66-67, 69, 82 See also Asywiote, Coseleykin, Tharapita, Tuwangste Sambia bishopric, 6, 27 campaign of Ottokar II, 93-94,133 connection of St. Adalbert of Prague to, 66-67 indulgences issued by bishops, 114-17 inhabitants, 60,133 martyrdom of brother of the Teutonic Order, 82 See also Arnau, Heiligenkreutz, Juditten, Königsberg, and Tenkitten Samson, İSİ Samuel, 48-9 Santiago de Compostela, 10,102,104 Sartowitz battle (1242), 112 discovery of St. Barbara’s relics, 107 Saule battle (1236), 5, 76, 78,99,168 Saxony, 28 origins of crusaders to Livonia, 5, 35 Sebastian, saint, 96,174 Segewold, 5 Segeberg, 3 shrines development, 2-3, 20,46-47, 52, 86, 91,117 indulgences for, 115,117 patronage, 11,107-8,115-16,118 See also Arnau, Juditten, Königsberg, Löbenicht Siegfried of Regenstein, Bishop of Sambia, 67 Sigismund of Luxembourg, Holy Roman Emperor, 26,145 Solomon Litter of, 9 Temple of, 9, 26 See also Jerusalem Starkenberg places in Prussia, 144 Stenckel of Bernheim, crusader, 81 Strasburg, 122-23,140,168,175,177 Streba, 168 battle (1348), 91,99,123,125,134 See also Löbenicht Swantopolk II, Duke of Pomerania, 6 Sword Brothers defeat at Battle of Saule (1236), 5, 76, 78n57 inspiration for and foundation of, 4, 50 relations with the Bishop of Riga, 5 Table of Honour see Reisen Tallinn see Reval Tannenberg, 168 battle (1410), 126 chapel at the site of the battle,
174 Tapiau, 168,176 taskscape and activity of crusaders, 96, 98,162 definition, 15 Tenkitten, 168 shrine of St. Adalbert of Prague, 66,156 Teutonic Order arrival in the Baltic region crusade ideology of and communication by, 20-22, 25-27, 31, 52-59, 61-63, 84-90, 97,106-7,121,130-34, 145-51,157-59,162-65 foundation, 1,6n29 historical writings, 20-24, 38, 46-50, 65, 109,113,144-46 liturgy, 1-2,40, 83, 92,139 monastic rule, 21,45-46, 65, 81, 87, 111, 139,141,146,148 See also Conrad of Mazovia, Hermann of Salza Letter, Peter of Dusburg, Nicolaus of Jeroschin Tharapita, pagan god, 34 Thomas of Woodstock, crusader, 27 Thorn, 70,147,168 castle chapel, 124 foundation, 6,129 hierophanies, 99,113,123,141,162 indulgences for constructing chapel of the castle, 28,114-15 memory of oak tree castle, 145
INDEX processions, 109 relic of the True Cross, 114,122-24,139, 170,171,172 visits of crusaders, 87, 95,108,113-14, 142 See also Toron des Chevaliers Toron des Chevaliers relationship to Thorn in Prussia, 144-45 Treiden, 5,168 Tuwangste see Königsberg Urban IV, Pope 36, 80 Urban V, Pope, 26 Urban VI, Pope, 26, 51,171 ŰxkülI, 73 burial of first Livonian bishops, 70-71, 75 first church, 3-4 martyrdom, 71-72 significance of foundation, 18-19, 99 Velun see Marienburg (Lithuania) Victor, saint, 96 vinea Domini in art in Prussia and Livonia, 52-56, 62-69,164 in texts for the Baltic Crusades, 26, 31, 40n56, 44,50-51 relationship to landscape sacralization, 56,164 Warmia association with St. Bruno of Querfurt, 68 bishopric, 6,161,164 indulgences for construction of churches, 115,117 See also Anselm, Bishop of Warmia Wehlau, 168 pilgrimage shrine, 118 213 Wenden, 5 Wenno of Rohrbach, Master of the Sword Brothers, 139-40 Werner of Örsein, Grand Master, 8,133 Westphalia origin of crusaders to Livonia, 5, 35 significance to architecture in Livonia, 54, 61, 63 See also Stenckel of Bernheim Wigand of Marburg, herald as a source for visual culture in Prussia, 129-30 banners in the Chronicle, 97-98 Chronicle, 23-24 depiction of landscape, 38, 40,146n87 holy war in the Chronicle, 91-93,116, 152-53 relics in the Chronicle, 125,170 representation of crusaders and brothers, 82,135n31,149 Table of Honour, 43 William IV of Guelders, crusader, 8, 97, 119,142 William of Holland, crusader, 95,117-19, 142 William of Modena, Papal Legate, 36, 70 William IV of Ostrevent, crusader, 95,142 Winrich of
Kniprode, Grand Master, 51, 91, 92-93, 123,129,146 reign, 130 Witold, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 44,134, 143 Wladyslaw the Elbow High, king of Poland, 8,93 woods see sacred groves Wytenis, Grand Duke of Lithuania, 97 Ymera, 34,168 ! Beyenscnv I Steatebibiirt՜·՝ ì Mönch*։֊ |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Leighton, Gregory |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1273676351 |
| author_facet | Leighton, Gregory |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Leighton, Gregory |
| author_variant | g l gl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048510623 |
| classification_rvk | NM 8270 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1347431768 (DE-599)KXP1814216936 |
| dewey-full | 274.79 |
| dewey-hundreds | 200 - Religion |
| dewey-ones | 274 - History of Christianity in Europe |
| dewey-raw | 274.79 |
| dewey-search | 274.79 |
| dewey-sort | 3274.79 |
| dewey-tens | 270 - History, geographic treatment, biography |
| discipline | Geschichte Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| era | Geschichte 1100 - 1400 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1100 - 1400 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048510623 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:47:34Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-19T09:02:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781641894548 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033887673 |
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| physical | VIII, 213 Seiten 24 Illustrationen und Karten |
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| publisher | Arc Humanities Press |
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| series2 | War and conflict in premodern societies |
| spelling | Leighton, Gregory Verfasser (DE-588)1273676351 aut Ideology and holy landscape in the Baltic crusades by Gregory Leighton Leeds Arc Humanities Press [2022] © 2022 VIII, 213 Seiten 24 Illustrationen und Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier War and conflict in premodern societies Deutscher Orden (DE-588)1017688-3 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1100 - 1400 gnd rswk-swf Das Sakrale (DE-588)4205979-3 gnd rswk-swf Kulturlandschaft (DE-588)4033573-2 gnd rswk-swf Preußen Ordensstaat (DE-588)4076337-7 gnd rswk-swf Crusades War / Religious aspects / Christianity Landscapes / Religious aspects / Christianity Landscapes / To 1500 / Ardennes / Baltic States Ideology / Religious aspects / Christianity Ideology / History / To 1500 / Baltic States Baltic States / Church history Preußen Ordensstaat (DE-588)4076337-7 g Deutscher Orden (DE-588)1017688-3 b Kulturlandschaft (DE-588)4033573-2 s Das Sakrale (DE-588)4205979-3 s Geschichte 1100 - 1400 z DE-604 9781802700596 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9781802700596 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033887673&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033887673&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033887673&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Leighton, Gregory Ideology and holy landscape in the Baltic crusades Deutscher Orden (DE-588)1017688-3 gnd Das Sakrale (DE-588)4205979-3 gnd Kulturlandschaft (DE-588)4033573-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1017688-3 (DE-588)4205979-3 (DE-588)4033573-2 (DE-588)4076337-7 |
| title | Ideology and holy landscape in the Baltic crusades |
| title_auth | Ideology and holy landscape in the Baltic crusades |
| title_exact_search | Ideology and holy landscape in the Baltic crusades |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Ideology and holy landscape in the Baltic crusades |
| title_full | Ideology and holy landscape in the Baltic crusades by Gregory Leighton |
| title_fullStr | Ideology and holy landscape in the Baltic crusades by Gregory Leighton |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ideology and holy landscape in the Baltic crusades by Gregory Leighton |
| title_short | Ideology and holy landscape in the Baltic crusades |
| title_sort | ideology and holy landscape in the baltic crusades |
| topic | Deutscher Orden (DE-588)1017688-3 gnd Das Sakrale (DE-588)4205979-3 gnd Kulturlandschaft (DE-588)4033573-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Deutscher Orden Das Sakrale Kulturlandschaft Preußen Ordensstaat |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033887673&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033887673&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033887673&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT leightongregory ideologyandholylandscapeinthebalticcrusades |