The neighborhood effect: the imperial roots of regional fracture in Eurasia
"Why are certain regions of the world mired in conflict? And how did some regions in Eurasia emerge from the Cold War as peaceful and resilient? Why do conflicts ignite in Bosnia, Donbas, and Damascus--once on the peripheries of mighty empires--yet other postimperial peripheries like the Baltic...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Stanford, California
Stanford University Press
[2022]
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Why are certain regions of the world mired in conflict? And how did some regions in Eurasia emerge from the Cold War as peaceful and resilient? Why do conflicts ignite in Bosnia, Donbas, and Damascus--once on the peripheries of mighty empires--yet other postimperial peripheries like the Baltics or Central Europe enjoy quiet stability? Anna Ohanyan argues for the salience of the neighborhood effect: the complex regional connectivity among ethnic-religious communities that can form resilient regions. In an account of Eurasian regional formation that stretches back long before the nation-state, Ohanyan refutes the notion that stable regions are the luxury of prosperous, stable, democratic states. She examines case studies from regions once on the fringes of the Habsburg, Ottoman, and Russian Empires to find the often-overlooked patterns of bonding and bridging, or clustering and isolation of political power and social resources, that are associated with regional resilience or fracture in those regions today. With comparative examples from Latin America and Africa, The Neighborhood Effect offers a new explanation for the conflicts we are likely to see emerge as the unipolar US-led order dissolves, making the fractures in regional neighborhoods painfully evident. And it points the way to the future of peacebuilding: making space for the smaller links and connections that comprise a stable neighborhood" |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 288 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781503632059 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "Why are certain regions of the world mired in conflict? And how did some regions in Eurasia emerge from the Cold War as peaceful and resilient? Why do conflicts ignite in Bosnia, Donbas, and Damascus--once on the peripheries of mighty empires--yet other postimperial peripheries like the Baltics or Central Europe enjoy quiet stability? Anna Ohanyan argues for the salience of the neighborhood effect: the complex regional connectivity among ethnic-religious communities that can form resilient regions. In an account of Eurasian regional formation that stretches back long before the nation-state, Ohanyan refutes the notion that stable regions are the luxury of prosperous, stable, democratic states. She examines case studies from regions once on the fringes of the Habsburg, Ottoman, and Russian Empires to find the often-overlooked patterns of bonding and bridging, or clustering and isolation of political power and social resources, that are associated with regional resilience or fracture in those regions today. With comparative examples from Latin America and Africa, The Neighborhood Effect offers a new explanation for the conflicts we are likely to see emerge as the unipolar US-led order dissolves, making the fractures in regional neighborhoods painfully evident. And it points the way to the future of peacebuilding: making space for the smaller links and connections that comprise a stable neighborhood" | |
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| adam_text | Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii 1 The Neighborhood Effect: From Empires and States i to Regional Resiliency 2 How to Study Imperial Peripheries as Political Regions 31 3 The Imperial Roots of Armed Conflicts in Eurasia 61 4 The Habsburg Empire and the Bosnian Province 89 5 The Ottoman Empire and Eastern Anatolia 115 6 The Russian Empire and Transcaucasia 149 7 Paired Peripheries and (C)old Conflicts 188 8 Peace by Proxy: The Neighborhood Effect in Turbulent Times Notes 253 Bibliography Index 277 257 230
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Index Abdülhamid II, 117,118,131,140, 222 Abkhazia, 184; conflict with Georgia, 191, 198-201 Abkhazians, 153 Adana massacres, 130,143 Africa, 74; colonial governance in, 25-26, 71-72; conflict in 24-25, 71, 79; subna tional institutions in, 85-86 Agency, 15, 61,131; of conflict actors, 76-77; Soviet ethnofederalism and, 75-76 Agrarian policies/reforms, 106, in; Armenian community and, 142-44; in Bosnian provinces, 112-13; in Ottoman empire, 132-33,140-41 Agricultural capitalism, 140 Albanians: in Kosovo, 213 Alexander 1,157,163, 254Ո2 Aliyev, Ilham, 195,196,197, 241 Alliance politics, 65, 243, 247-48; tran scending, 84-86 Alliances, alliance systems, 1,41, 88, 213, 243; formation of, 69, 244-46 All-Russian Constituent Assembly, 182,183 Alpine Austria: mercantilism in, 99, too Amiras, 120 Anatolia, 71, 79. See ako Eastern Anatolia Arabs, 120 ARE See Armenian Revolutionary Federation Armed conflict, 5, 6, n, 26,56, 69,190, 233, 237; in Africa, 24-25; in Eastern Ukraine, 207-12; ethnic and subnational institu tions, 85-86; imperialism and, 32, 74-75; in Nagorno-Karabakh, 77-78,192-97; Russia, 80-81; in South Caucasus and Balkans, 57-58, 77; Soviet ethnofederal ism and, 34, 75-76; transcending, 86-87. See ako Conflict; Wars, warfare Armenia, 22, 42,155,176,180,191; geopolitical position of, 247-48; and Nagorno-Karabakh war, 77-78, 192-97, 253m; and Russia, 9, 67, 241 Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), 143,178-79 Armenians, 5,10, 47, 61, 71, 78,120,132, 138,141,154,160,162,174,184, 220, 239; agrarian reforms, 142-44; and Azerbaijanis, 173-75; genocide of, 77,
78,116,117,130,137,145,185,186, 249; in Ottoman empire, 116,119,125, 135-36; revolutionary movements by, 20,178-79; Tanzimat reforms, 134-35; andTDFR, 177,183
278 Index Armeno-Tatar war, 184 Basayev, Shamil, 200 Assad, Bashar al-, 244 Associations, 29, no; Habsburg empire, Beks, 106,160,162 92-93. See aho confessional groups/ organizations Assyrians, 116 Austria, 89, 91, 96, 97,136; linguistic borderlands, 98-99 Austro-Hungarian Compromise (1867), 91, 92 Austro-Russian agreement (1897), 107 Austro-Turkish Convention (1870), 103 Authoritarianism, 40, 62, 205, 231, 232, 239, 241; in Azerbaijan, 180,195; civil society and, 19-20; Ottoman empire, 12-5,131 Autocracies: power and, 240-41 Autonomy, 50, 90, 92, 94, 96,107,161; in Ottoman empire, 115-16,119 Azerbaijan, 22, 58,155,177, 240, 241; and Nagorno-Karabakh, 67, 77-78,192-97, 253m Azerbaijani Popular Front, 194 Azerbaijanis, 61, 77,154-55, 173, Σ?8; in Baku, 174-75; *n Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, 192-97, 220-21; and TDFR, 180,183 Belarus, 241, 243-44 Belarusians, 153,157,158,161,163,164, 227 Belgium, 25 Belt and Road Initiative, 21-22, 82, 250 Berlin, treaty of, 117-18,135 Bohemia, 92; mercantilism in, 99,100 Bohemian Diet, 96 Bolivia-Paraguay war, 26 Bolsheviks, Bolshevism, 166,177,179-80; in Transcaucasia, 181-83,187 Borders, borderlands, 1,15, 70, 71,137, 152; imperial, 43, 68, 82, 83; linguistic, 98-99. See aho imperial peripheries Bosnia, Bosnian province, 5, 89-91,191, 213, 214, 215, 224; Burián de Rajeczis rule, 108-12; confessional groups in, 112-13; connectivity, 101-2; and Habsburg empire, 10, 44,102-3,I90· Kállay’s rule, 105-8; and Ottoman Empire, 100-101,118; regional fracture, 225-26; subaltern status of, 104-5 Bosnian Diet, 90,109, no, 112,113 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty
of, 185 Brexit, 30 Budapest, no Azeris, 184 Bukhovina, 96 Baku, 155,178,181,197; demonstrations in, 193,194; social stratification, 174-75 Bulgaria, 100,118 Burián de Rajeczi’s rule, István: Bosnian rule, 108-12,113,114 Byzantine empire, 154 Balkanization, 214-15 Balkans, 75,107, in, 136, 243, 253Ո2, 255Ո17; connectivity, 101-2; and Ottoman empire, 100-101,147; refu gees from, 132,135; regional conflict in, 57-58, 64, 71,145,191, 212-16 Baltics, 5, 8, n, 58, 70,151,159,188, 223, 224; representative institutions, 166-67; Russian empire and, 153, 173, 217-18; Russification of, 163-64, 165-66 Bargaining, state and nonstate, 41-42 Capitulation system, 119 Catherine II (the Great), 151,153,157 Catholics, Catholic church, 101,102, 106,163,170, 227. See aho Christian communities Caucasian Muslims. See Azerbaijanis Caucasus, 78, 79,136; centralized gover nance, 160-62; Muslims in, 154-55,158; refugees from, 132,135; Russian empire and, 153-54
Index Center-periphery relations, 14, 50,126 Central America, 24, 26 Central Asia, 38, 70,162; Russian empire in, 150,156,176 Central Europe, 224-25 Centralization: autocratie power, 240-41; Russian Empire, 150-51,154,156-57 Chechens, 153, 200 Cherkess, 200 China, 6, 87,156, 246; Belt and Road Initiative, 21-22, 82; continental con nectivity, 249-50; Eurasian hegemony, 65, 239 Chinese Malays, 72 Christian communities, 57,136,176; in Bosnia, 100,102,108; in Eastern Anatolia, 10, 43,130,132,133,138-39, 223; in Ottoman empire, 43,124; Tanzimat reforms, 134-35 Circassians, 135,153 Citizenship: in Habsburg empire, 96 Civic diversity: in Ottoman Empire, 223-24 Civic institutions, 2, 44, 45, 46, 47,105; connectivity, 51-52 Civic militiamen, 29 Civic traditions: in Ukraine, 170-71 Civilizing mission: in Habsburg empire, 104 Civil society, 20, 28-29, 78 Civil wars, 26, 73, 75 Class divisions, 28,165 Cold War, 220, 236, 238; end of, 24, 25, 57, 279 Community of Democratic Choice group, 211 Confessional groups/organizations, 20, 102; Bosnia, 101,106,107-8, no, 113; Eastern Anatolia, 132,139; Ottoman empire, 115֊16 Conflict, 3,188,198, 243; ArmenianAzerbaijani, 174-75; South Caucasus and Balkans, 57-58, 77; state-based, 24-25; Transcaucasia, 183-84. See also armed conflict Conflict actors: agency of, /(¡֊TJ Conflict theory, 4,188-89 Congo, Democratic Republic of, 243 Congress of Berlin (1878), ΙΟΙ Congruence method: comparative histori cal analysis, 54-55 Connectivity, 7, 89, 206, 250-51; in Bosnian province, 101-2,108; civic, 51-53; in Habsburg empire, 93-94, 97; in Ottoman empire,
145-46; regional, 2-4, 6, 44-45, 85, 86,138, 230-31; in Transcaucasia, 178,196. See aho Regional connectivity; Social connectivity Constant-cause approaches, 35, 36 Constituent Assembly (Transcaucasia), 183 Constitutional Democrat (Kadet) party, 183 Constitutionalism, 112,131 Constitutions: in Habsburg empire, 92 Contemporary theory development, 61 Controlled comparison: dependent and independent variables, 58-59; inter 58,188; Turkey in, 203-4 Collective Security Treaty Organization, 244 views in, 54-55 Cooperatives: Habsburg village, 92 Colonialism, 24,116; in Africa, 25-26; fracture, 35-36 Cossacks, 156,168 COVID-19 pandemic, 30; and deglobal ization, 5-6; and global connectivity, 230, 232 Crimea: conflicts in, 191, 207; Russian an nexation of, 8, 58,153, 208, 209 British and French, 71-72; extractive economies, 69-70; in Malaysia, 72-73 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) party, 134,143,144,145 Communities, 47, 96, 211; ethnic, 80,138; institutional obliteration of, 78-79 Core-periphery order, 7, 8-9; in regional
280 Index Crimean Tatars, 192 Crimean war, 157 Croatia, 89, 96, 101, 102, 213, 214 Croatian Daily (newspaper), no Croats, 96,101; in Bosnia, 106,114 Cross-border influences, 224 Cross-confessional connections: in Bosnia, 107-8,113 CUB See Committee of Union and Progress party Czech Republic, 89 Daghestanis, 174 Danube province, 123 Dashnaktsutiun, 183 Dayton Peace Accords, 213 Decolonization, 26, 70 Democracy, democratization, 237, 241, 242; in South America, 26-27; support for, 239-40 Demographic engineering: in Ottoman empire, 71, 222-23 Demonstrations: in Nagorno-Karabakh, 193-94; in Tbilisi, 199 Developmental states, 49-50 Divide-and-conquer tactics/policies, 35-36, 37, 72,120,138 Divisions of labor: colonial, 72-73; millet system, 132 governance in, 44,116,146; regional fracture in, 137,138-39,147-48, 203-4, 205; scholarship on, 42-43; as shatter zone, 129-30; Tanzimat reforms and, 130-31,134-35 East Slavs, 165,171 Economies, i, 8, 41, 67, 76, 89,107; colonial and imperial, 69-70; Eastern Anatolian, 132-33; of Habsburg empire, 99-100; of Ottoman empire, 119, 123,132; of Russian empire, 164-65; Ukrainian, 170,172-73 Elites, 9, 23, 28, 29, 52, 77, 90,172, 215, 227; German, 165,173, 218; Ottoman, 115,120,127-28; in Russian empire, 158, 164,171; in Transcaucasia, 181, 221 Ems Decree, 171 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 78,197, 205,106, 207, 223 Estates: German, 165,166 Estonia, 70,153,167 Estonians, 153,159,161,165,166,173, 218; and Orthodox Christianity, 163-64 Ethnic cleansing, 57, 71,158, 200; Ottoman empire, 116,130,137-38, 222 Ethnic conflicts, 75, 77; post-indepen dence,
73-74; studies of, 63-64 Ethnicity, 64, 73, 79. See abo ethno-na- Donbas, 207; conflict in, 80,169,190, 208, 209, 210, 211 tional groups/ organizations; ethno religious communities Ethno-corporatism, 222 Ethnofederalism, 192; Soviet, 75, 79-80, Donetsk, 58, 208 Duality, 115,191 155,197, 228; Yugoslav, 214-16 Ethno-national groups/organizations, 68, Dual Monarchy, 91, 92-93, 94, 95 Duma, 162 89,151; in Caucasus, 153-54 Ethno-religious communities, 2,14, 20, 36, 119,140,173, 222; in Bosnia, 108, no, 226; divide-and-conquer politics and, Dnieper River: geopolitics of, 169,170 Eastern Anatolia, 5, 9,10, 22,117,190, 217, 218, 222, 223, 249; agrarian reforms, 140-41,142-44; economy of, 132-33; interethnic polarization in, 139-40; Kurdish communities in, 133-34, 221! millet system in, 122,132; Ottoman 138-39; in Ottoman empire, 118,122, 127-28,132; in Russian Empire, 158, 159-60,162-63; and Tanzimat reforms, 124,134 Eurasia, 3,5, 8,12, 29, 74, 238, 239; con-
Index nectivity, 249-50; great-power rivalries, Abkhazia, 200, 201; and TDFR, 177, 246-47, 248-49; security studies, 63-69; statehood in, 6-7 Eurasian Economic Union, 82, 231 Euro-centricity: and global security stud 183 Georgia-Russia war (2008), 198 Georgia-Ukraine-Azerbaij an-Moldova ies, 63-64 European Union (EU), 1, 7, 30, 65, 82, 207 German empire, 217 Federalism: Transcaucasia, 179-80; Yugoslavia, 214-16 Finland, 153,159,165 First Republic (Georgia), 199 Foreign policies, 8, 33, 66,150; neo-imperial, 237, 239 Fortress policies, 244; free trade and, 234-35; global focus of, 235-36 France, 136,182, 212; colonial rule, 25-26, 27, 71-72 Franz Joseph (emperor), 91 Franz Ferdinand (archduke): assassination of, loi, 112 Free trade: and fortress policies, 234-36 Gajret, no Galicia, 92, 96,169,170,172, 210, 219, 224 Galicians, 93,170 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 199, 201 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 7 Genocide, 57, 71, 213; Armenian, 78,116, 117,119,145,185,186; Ottoman empire, 116,130,137-38,140,147, 223, 249; Rwanda, 46, 243 Geography: transcending, 82-84 Geopolitics, 3, 6, 23, 65, 76, 211, 245-46; of colonial Africa, 25-26; embeddedness, 216-17 Georgia, 58, 67, 76,155,177,180,185,196, 221, 239, 243, 244; Abkhaz conflict, 198-201; independence movement, 167,197-98 Georgian National Guard, 199 Georgians, 154,160,174,178,185; in 281 (GUAM) grouping, 2II Germans, 164; in Baltics, 159,166,167; nobles, 165,173, 218, 219; in PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, 153,162 Germany, 136,161,167,185,187, 212; colo nial governance, 25, 27 Glasnost, 34, 75 Globalization, 64, 232
Global regions: Post-World War II, 65-66 Gorbachev, Mikhail: glasnost and per estroika reforms, 34, 75, 79 Governance, 51, 73,123, 236, 245Ո2; in Caucasus, 160-62; in colonial Africa, 25-26; in Bosnian province, 102-3, 104,108-9, in-12; in Eastern Anatolia, 146,147-48; in Habsburg empire, 94, 95; imperial, 4, 5, 53; in Ottoman empire, 115,116,127,128-29; preda tory, 52,113; regional, 21, 30,128-29; in Transcaucasia, 175-76 Grassroots initiatives, 18, 20, 28-29, 219 Great Britain, 27,136,156, 218; African co lonial governance, 25, 71-72; Malaysian colonialism, 72-73; and Transcaucasia, 182,187 Great-power rivalries, 80,168; Eurasia, 24647, 248-49; Russian-Ottoman, 84-85 Great Terror, 155 Greek Orthodox (Rum), 119 Greeks, 116 Grounded theory development approach, 54-56 GUAM grouping. See Georgia-UkraineAzarbaijan-Moldova grouping Gubernias (province systems), 153,160 Gulf war, 202, 205 Habsburg empire, 4, 5,11, 20, 89, 104,
282 Index 105, 112,136,169, 217; Balkan region, 215, 253Ո2; and Bosnian province, io, 44, ιοί, 102, igo, 224, 225-26; collapse of, 57, 84; connectivity, Industrialization, 28,157,172,178 Inference: descriptive and causal, 55-56 Ingushetians, 153 Institutionalism, 65 93-94; geopolitical tensions in, Institutions, 7, 37; ethnic and subnational, 85-86; obliteration of, 78-79 no-11; institutional politics, 94-95; linguistic politics, 98-99; mercantil ist economics, 99-100; nationalism, 95-96; and Ottoman empire, 102, 146; politics, 91-92; peripheries, 90-91; and Ukraine, 168,170; in World War I, 96-97 Habsburg thesis, 170, 209-10 Hamidiye cavalry, 141-42,144 Insurgency: Kurdish-led, 202, 204-5 International relations theory, 65 International system, 62 Iran, 196 Iranian empire, 20, 47,145,154,155 Iranian Social Democratic Party, 178 Iranians, 178 Iran-Iraq war, 202, 205 HDP. See People’s Democratic Republic hegemony: regional, 2, 41, 65, 230-31, 239, 240 Iraq: Kurds in, 197, 202, 205-6 ISIS, 202 Herzegovina, 89-90,118,191, 213, 224 Hetmanate, 151 Italians, 137 High Commission: in Caucasus, 160 Hindu-Muslim communities, 46 Hub-and-spoke model, 118 Hungary, 89, 91, 92, 96; geopolitical ten sions, по-п Islam, 119. See aho Muslims Italy, 25 Jews, 119,171; in Ukraine, 171-72, 209, 227 JNA. See Yugoslav national army Joseph II (emperor), 94 Kabardinians, 153 Identity, 15, 72,171; Bosnian, 105-6 Imperialism, 7, 8,10,12, 24, 34, 56; armed conflict and, 32, 74-75; economies, 69-70; regionalism, 13-14,15-16; regional studies, 14-15 Imperial legacies, 3, 6, 57,168,190-91 Imperial
peripheries, 3, 5, 20-21, 31-32, 55, 62, 73,190-91; connectivity, 49-53; divide-and-conquer tactics, 35-36; Habsburg empire, 90-91, 94-95; Ottoman empire, 129-30; pressures on, 43-44; regional connectivity, 4, 48-49, 153, 232-33; regional social capital, 47-48 Independence, 167,183,188,198, 213 Independence coalition: Hungary, no Independence movements, 75,167; Georgian, 197-98 Kállay, Benjamin von: Bosnian rule by, 105-8,113 Karabakh, 194,195. See abo Nagorno-Karabakh Kasparov, Gary, 194 Kazakhs, 156 Kazakhstan, 70 Kemal Atatiirk, Mustafa, 203 Kemalism, 203-4, 221 շշ3 224 22$ Kirovabad, 193 Kitovani, Tengiz, 199 Kosovo, 191, 213 Kosovo Liberation Army, 213 KRG. See Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq Kurdish/Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 58, 202, 206; insurgency of, 203, 204-5 Kurdistan: predatory fracture in, 221-24
Index Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq, 206 Kurds, Kurdish tribes, io, 71,138,140, 143,146,197, 222; conflicts, 190, 223-24, 228; Hamidiye cavalry, 141-42; Ottoman empire and, 43,117,130, 136,144-45; power structure, 133-34; stresses on, 132-33; and Turkey, 5,11, 58, 191,192, 201-7, 228 Kyiv, 172, 207, 254Ո3 Land; landownership, 160; Armenian, 143-44; in Eastern Anatolia, 140-41; in Russian empire, 164,165 Land reform; in Bosnia, 106 Language/language practices, 98, in, 171; in Austria, 98-99 Latin America, 8, 24; neocolonialism, 27-28; peace and conflict in, 26-27; political participation in, 28-29 Latvia, 70,167 Latvians, 153,159, i6i, 165,166,173, 218; and Orthodox Christianity, 163-64 Lenin, 181, 219 Lithuania, 167,168 Lithuanian National Council {Taryba}, 167 Lithuanians, 161,163,164,167, 227 “Little Russians” project, 171,172, 210 Livonia, 153 Luhansk, 58, 208 Lukashenko, Alexander, 243-44 Mahmud II, 127 Maidan movement, 207, 210 Malaysia: British colonialism in, 72-73 March Days (1918), 174-75,184 Marginalization, 166, 200 Maria Theresa (empress), 91 Markets: and Ottoman economy, 132 Mashriq, 116 Massacres, 100,135,184; Adana, 130,143 Mediation: direct, 184 Meliks, 160 283 Mensheviks, 177,182,183,185,199 Mercantilism: in Habsburg empire, 99-100 Mercenaries: in Abkhaz-Georgian conflict, 200 Mexico, 29 Middle dass, 166,174 Middle East, 5,15, 22, 68, 71, 223, 240, 246; Kurds in, 205, 206, 228; nation state system in, 201-2 Military, 8, 67, 91,112; Ottoman empire, 119,124; state-building and, 17-18 Militias, 208; Kurdish, 140,141 Mill, Stuart, 58 Millet
systera, 105,116-17,132,139,146; political stratification of, 119-20; struc ture of, 118-19; taxation in, 125-29; tolerance in, 121-22 Minority language schools, 98 Minsk Agreement, 212 Minsk Group, 195,196 Mithat Pasha, 123 Mnatsakanyan, Zohrab, 247-48 Modernity; modernization, 93,157; in Bosnia, 105,113; in Habsburg empire, 95,104; in Ottoman empire, 123,134, 145-46; in Russian empire, 150-51 Moldova, 58 Montenegro, 100,118 Moravia, 96 Mostar, 107 Multinationalism, 104; in Kállay adminis tration, 106-7 Musavat (newspaper), no Musavat party, 183,186 Muslims, 57, 71,134,160; in Bosnia, 101,102,103,106,108,114, 225-26; in Caucasus, 154-55, 158; in Eastern Anatolia, 132,133,144; in Ottoman em pire, 115-16,119,120,124,136; in South Caucasus, 137,174; Transcaucasian, 156, 176,184 Muslim Socialist Bloc, 183
284 Index Muslims of Russia party, 183 Organic Statute (1832), 157 myth-symbolic complexes, 76, 77 Organization for Security and Co NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Organization Organized crime: in Russia, 46 operation in Europe (OSCE), 212 Nagorno-Karabakh, 22, 79,184,191, 220-21, 253m; conflict, 192-97, 243; war in, 67, 75, 77-78, 241, 254м Nakhichevan, 193,196 Napredak, no Nationalism, 73, 84,145,171, 214; civic, 28, 29, 46; in Georgia, 200, 201; in Latin America, 28, 29; Russian, 157-58; Turkish, 144, 203 Nationalist movements, 43, 49, 90,124, 165,166,198; Bosnia, 106,113; in Habsburg empire, 91-92, 95-96; in Nagorno-Karabakh, 193-94; in Soviet Union, 75-76; in Transcaucasia, 176-77,181 Nationalities, 166; in Habsburg empire, »9. 94֊95 97 99 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization Neocolonialism, 30; in Latin America, 27-28 “New” regionalism, 19-20 Nicholas 1,157,163, 254Ո2 1908 revolution, 143 Nobility: German, 165,173, 218, 219; Polish, 153,157,168, 227 North Africa, 22, 240 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 7 Orthodox Christianity/Christians, 101, 102; and Russification, 163-64; in Ukraine, 171, 227 OSCE. See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Osobyi Zakavkazski Komitet (Ozakom), 182 Ossetians, 153 Ottoman empire, 4, 5,11,13,18, 34, 71, 90,102,115,168, 215, 217, 218, 249; Armenians in, 9, 20, 77, 78,135-36, 185; and Bosnia, 100-101,103, in, 112, 225-26; collapse of, 57, 84-85; connectivity, 145-46; demographic engineering, 222-23; and Eastern Anatolia, 42-43, 44,129-30,190; elites in, 127-28; ethnic cleansing and genocide,
57,137-38; interethnic polarization in, 139-40,144-45; Kurds in, 10,133-34, 201-2, 203, 223-24; mil letsystem, 105,116-17,118-22; politics of, 146-47; regional fracture, 131-33, 138-39; regional governance, 128-29; revolutionary movements, 178-79; and Russian empires, 136-37,153,154, 157; Tanzimat reforms, 122-25,134-35; taxation, 125-29; andTDFR, 177,184; and Transcaucasia, 155,177,182,184, 186, 220 Ozakom. See Osobyi Zakavkazski Komitet North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 7 North Caucasus, 200 Northern Ireland, 46 Northwest Caucasus, 135,176 November uprising (1830), 163 Nystad, Treaty of, 152-53 Oil sector: in Transcaucasus, 178 Palestine, 120 Pan-Islamism, 184-85 Pan-Turkism, 155,184-85 Paskevich, I. E, 163 Path dependencies, 14, 36, 37 Peacebuilding, 18, 86, 233, 236, 241; liberal, 237-38; regional support, 242-43 Peacekeeping, 67,196,198
Index Peasants, 134,141,153,166; in Bosnia, too, 103,106; in Russian empire, 161,164; in Ukraine, 168, 227 Peoples Democratic Party (HDP), 206, 207 Perestroika reforms, 34, 75 Peru-Ecuador war, 26 Reform Edict (1876), 124 Reform politics: in Ottoman empire, 135-36 Refugees, 100,176,191; in Eastern Anatolia, 132-33, iff! Kurdish, 202, 205-6; Nagorno-Karabakh, 193,194 Regional connectivity, 2-3, 6,11,44,59, Peter the Great, 152-53 102,133,161,168, 227-29, 236, 247; PKK. See Kurdish/Kurdistan Workers’ Bosnian province, 103-4,107-8; party, 58, 202 285 China, 249-50; and civic institutions, Pogroms: in Nagorno-Karabakh, 193,194 51-52; imperial peripheries, 4, 48-53, Poland, 89,159,161,163,165,167,168,170 232-33; and regional fracture, 86-87; Poland, Kingdom of, 157,163 in Russian empire, 149-50,153; Soviet Poles: aristocracy, 153,157,168; national patterns of, 81-82 ism, 92,171; in Ukraine, 171,172, 209, 226-27 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 92, 153,162,168-69 Regional fracture, 26, 59-60, 83, 84, 85, 147,161,165, 233, 247; in Bosnia, 106, 108,113, 225-26; causes and effects of, 33-3 5, 36-37; core-periphery rela Polish question, 151 tions, 35-36; dimensions in, 40-42; in Political parties, no, 204; Kurdish, 206-7; Eastern Anatolia, 131-32,137, 203-4, Transcaucasia, 179-82,186 Politics, 15, 62, 98,105; Armenian, 142-43; 205; institutional planes, 38-39; in Kurdistan, 221-24; as political practice, Bosnian, 101,107; confessional groups, 37-38,138-39; Russia and, 67-68, 81, 102,112-13; grassroots participation, 155-56; South Caucasus, 218-21; struc 28-29; Habsburg imperial,
91-92. tural, 132-33; in Transcaucasia, 176, 97; hierarchy in, 66-67; Ottoman empire, 137-38,146-47; reform, 135-36; regional, 12-13, 29; state-centric, 16-17; symbolic, 76, 77; ofTanzimat reforms, 184-85; in Ukraine, 168, 226-27 Regional fracture theory, 4-5, 9, 32, 33, 88; and regional connectivity, 86-87 Regionalism, 15-16,175, 235; comparative, 134-35; TDFR, 180-86; Transcaucasia, 10,13-14; connectivity and, 230-31; 177-79,182-83; Turkish, 204-5; World, developmental, 231-32; “new,” 19-20; i, 11-12,16, 21,57, 61 Portugal, 25 Potiorek, Oskar, 112,114 Power, 2, 50, 91; in Kurdish society, 133-34; political agency of, 61-62; regional, 21, 22, 23-24 Property rights, 69, 70, 96 Prosvjeta, no Protectionism, 231 Protests: Maidan, 207; NagornoKarabakh, 193-94 Putin, Vladimir, 33,198,201, 210, 212,244, 245 politics, 12-13 Regional resilience, 38, 39-40, 45,113,167; of Habsburg empire, 97, 99 Regions-before-states policy paradigms, 2, 232-33, 238 Religion, 103; in Bosnia, 101,105,108. See aho Catholics, Catholic church; Muslims; Orthodox Christianity Representative institutions: in Baltics, 166-67 Resilience, 37; regional, 3, 22, 23, 30, 38, 39-40, 42, 45
286 Index Revolutionary movements: in Transcaucasus, 177-79 Roman empire, 38, 41 Romania, 89,118 Romanov system, 159 Rural banks: Habsburg, 92 Russia, 8, 30, 37, 46, 65, 77, 87,106,122, 135,136,145,199, 201, 245; armed conflicts, 80-81; and Armenia, 9, 61, 241; and Balkans, 100,101; and Belarus, 243-44; and Nagorno-Karabakh war, 195,196, 221; nationalism, 157-58; as neo-imperial, 237, 239; regional fractur ing, 22, 34, 67-68, 81; Ukraine, 58, 80, 207-12. See also Russian empire Russian empire, 4, 5,11,18, 20, 79,100, 135,164,187, 249; and Balkans, 107, in; Baltics and, 217-18; centralization, San Stefano, Treaty of, 117-18,135 Sarajevo, 107,112 Secessionist movements: in Russian empire, 165 Security, i, 3,16,17, 76, 87; Eurasian, 64-65, 82 Security studies, 68; Eurasian, 63-69 Sejm, 184 Self-governance, 165,179; Bosnian, in-12; Kurdish, 197, 205; in Ottoman empire, 115,119; in Russian empire, 161,162 Seljuk Turks, 154 Separatism: in Transcaucasia, 179,181 Serbia, 89,102,106,107, Ш, 213; and Bosnian province, 109,112; and Ottoman Empire, 100,101,118 Serbian Word (newspaper), no Serbo-Turkish war, 100 150-51,154,156-57; collapse of, 57, 84-85; and Eastern Anatolia, 129-30, 141-42; ethnic cleansing in, 57,137; ethno-religious groups in, 159-60; gov ernance in, 161-62, 254Ո2; legitimacy of, 157-58; nationalist movements in, Sheikh Said rebellion, 204 176-77; and Ottoman empire, 118, 136-37; regional connectivity, 149-50; Shevardnadze, Eduard, 199, 200 Slavs, 165 regional fracture, 155-56; revolution ary movements, 177-79; Russification policies, 162-63; and South Caucasus,
174-75, 218-21, 240; territorial expan sion, 152-54; and Transcaucasia, 186, 218-19, 220, 238-39; and Ukraine, 168-69,170,171-73, 226-27 Russians, 70, 75,158,171,172,174,178 Russification, 157,159,162,177; Baltics, 165-66; Orthodox Christianity and, 163-64; in South Caucasus, 174, 175; Transcaucasia, 176,181, 219-20; Ukraine, 172, 227 Serbs, Serbians, 101, 213; in Bosnia, 106, 114, 225, 226 Serfdom: abolition of, 161,164 Shatter zones, 68, 83-84; in Eastern Anatolia, 129-30,142 Slovakia, 89 Slovenia, 89, 213 Social capital, 2, 25,132,146; in Bosnia, 101,103-4; connectivity and, 189-90; Habsburg empire, 92, 95, 97, 99; pacifying quality of, 45-46; regional, 47-49, 52-53; Russian empire, 159,160; in Ukraine, 172, 209, 210 Social connectivity, 2, 25; in Latin America, 28-29; in Ukraine, 170-71, 189-90, 209-10 Russo-Georgia war, 201 Russo-Iranian war, 154 Social contract: Ottoman empire, 115-16 Social Democracy (Menshevik) party, 183 Social Democratic Himmat (Endeavor) party (Azerbaijani), 178 Russo-Turkish war, 118,135,153 Social Democratic Hunchakian Party Rwanda, 46, 73, 243 (Armenian), 178
Index Social Democratic Workers Party (Russian), 178 287 Syrian province, 123 Systems theory, xo-ii Social peace: in Ottoman empire, 115,116 Socioeconomics, 103; in Transcaucasia, 173-74.116-77 South America: democratization in, 26-27 South Caucasus, 5, 38, 78,137,160,175, 217, 223, 239, 240; conflicts in, 57-58, 77,190,195, 228; destabilization, 245-46; regional fracture, 67-68, 218-21; Russia in, 22, 67,150 South Ossetia, 184,198, 201 South Ossetian-Georgian conflict, 191, 200-201 Sovereignty, 90,103 Soviet Azerbaijani republic, 192 Soviet Union, 34, 37, 41, 64, 77, 84,167, 193. 199, 254гц; Bolshevism in, 182-83; Cold War, 203-4; collapse of, 7,188, 197, 2П, 216; ethnofederalism, 75-76, 79-80,155,192, 228; formation of, 57, 181-82; regional connectivity, 81-82; and South Caucasus, 57-58 Sovnarkom, 182,183 Srebrenica genocide, 213 State-building, 17-18, 26, 28 Stateless nations, 40 States, i, 3, 6-7,20,40,70; bargaining, 41-42; classification of, 49-50; developmental and security policies, 233-34; failures of, 18-19; fortress polides, 234-36; weakness, 17,18-19; and world politics, 16-17 State weakness, 18-19 Steinmeier Formula, 212 Structure, 47 Substance, 47-48 Sugar beet industry, 171 Sumgait pogroms, 193 Sweden: and Russia, 152-53 Switzerland, 179 Sword and quill strategy, 185 Syria, 8, 78,120; Kurds in, 197, 202, 205, 206, 207; Russia and, 243-44 Tajiks, 156; civil war, 75 Tanzimat reforms, 34,116,117,118,125, 130-31,132,139; failure of, 123-24; ineffectiveness of, 122-23; politics of, 134-35 Taxation: in Ottoman empire, 117,124, 125-29 Tax farming, 126,128 Tbilisi
(Tiflis), 178,182,183,199, 254Ո4 TDFR. See Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Territorial expansion, 150 Threshold effects, 34 Tiflis Duma, 182 Time horizons: for regional fracture, 33-35 Tito, Josip Broz: federalism of, 214, 215 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 44 Tolerance: in Ottoman empire, 121-22 Trade, trade networks, 1,41, 42, 92,130, 132, 207; free, 234-35 Trade groups: Habsburg, 92 Transcaucasia, 5, 79,159,160,167,187; civil administration in, 182-83; federal ism, 179-80; governance in, 175-76; nationalist movements, 176-77; politi cal parties, 180-82; regional fracture, 155-56,184-85; revolutionary move ments, 177-79; and Russia, 77,152, 154; Russian empire, 218-19, 238-39; Russification, 219-20; socioeconomics in, 173-74 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR), 176,177,178,179, 200, 220, 238; organizational politics of, 180-86 Transcaucasian Seim, 183-84 Transcaucasian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, 155 Transcending alliance politics, 84-86 Transcending geography, 82-84
288 Index Transnistria conflict, 58, 80 Velvet Revolution, 195, 247 Transportation infrastructures: Habsburg, Viceroyalty: Caucasus, 160 Violence, 3, 5, 56, 70, 71,146,188,193; 92 93 Treaties, 117-18,135,136,152-53,185 Trump, Donald, 207 Turkey, 8, 22, 30, 42, 65,173, 240, 241; alliance formation, 245-46; and Azerbaijan, 196-97; in Cold War, 2034; Kemalism, 203, 224, 228; Kurdish conflict, 5, π, 58,190,191,192, 201-7; and Nagorno-Karabakh war, 77-78, 194,195, 220-21, 254Ш; neo-imperial policies, 237, 239 Turkic communities, Turks, 133,184; in Armenian-Azerbaijani, 174-75; in Balkans, 212-16; in colonial Malaysia, 72-73; in Eastern Anatolia, 116,130, 131,147; shatter zones, 83-84; state based, 24-25. See also Armed conflict; Ethnic deansing; Genocide Volga Tatars, 174 Volhynia, 169 Volosti, 161 Vorontsov-Dashkov, Viceroy, 151,161,162 Voting: transethnic, 97 Caucasus, 154-55 War of Yugoslav Succession, 213-14 Turkish Republic, 223 Turkish Straits, 136 Wars, warfare, n, 26, 61, 74,100,184,188, 202; in Balkans, 64, 212-16,155Ո17; Nagorno-Karabakh, 194-95; Russian strategies, 208-9; South Caucasus and Turkmen, 156 Turkology, 155 Ukraine, 5, 70, 76, 89,157,165,167,191, 217; balanced connectivity in, 189-90; civic traditions in, 170-71; connectiv ity in, 209-10; democracy in, 239-40; regional fracture, 226—27; Russia and, 8, 58, 80, 207-12, 224; Russian empire and, 152,153,168-69; socioeconomics, 171-72 Ukrainians, 158,161,163,164; nationalist, 166,171, 209 Uniate church, 163 United States, 8, 21, 27, 87,179,182, 246; hegemony of, 65, 66; in Middle East, 202, 206, 207 Unkiar
iskelesi treaty, 136 Uvarov, Sergey (count), 157 Uzbeks, 156 Valuev, Petr, 165 Balkans, 57-58 Westphalian region, 4,10,13-14,15-16 World War I, 34, 62, 78,130; and Habsburg empire, 90, 96-97; in Transcaucasia, 181,187 World War II: and Yugoslavia, 214-15 Yanukovich, President, 207-8 Young Turks, 78,142,179 Yugoslavia: disintegration of, 191, 212; ethnofederalism of, 192, 214-16; wars in, 5,10 Yugoslav national army (JNA), 213 Zagreb, no-11 Zelensky,Volodymyr, 212 Zemstvaizemstva, 161,165,171; in Transcaucasia, 175,182,183 Zone of peace: in Central America, 26 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
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Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii 1 The Neighborhood Effect: From Empires and States i to Regional Resiliency 2 How to Study Imperial Peripheries as Political Regions 31 3 The Imperial Roots of Armed Conflicts in Eurasia 61 4 The Habsburg Empire and the Bosnian Province 89 5 The Ottoman Empire and Eastern Anatolia 115 6 The Russian Empire and Transcaucasia 149 7 Paired Peripheries and (C)old Conflicts 188 8 Peace by Proxy: The Neighborhood Effect in Turbulent Times Notes 253 Bibliography Index 277 257 230
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Index Abdülhamid II, 117,118,131,140, 222 Abkhazia, 184; conflict with Georgia, 191, 198-201 Abkhazians, 153 Adana massacres, 130,143 Africa, 74; colonial governance in, 25-26, 71-72; conflict in 24-25, 71, 79; subna tional institutions in, 85-86 Agency, 15, 61,131; of conflict actors, 76-77; Soviet ethnofederalism and, 75-76 Agrarian policies/reforms, 106, in; Armenian community and, 142-44; in Bosnian provinces, 112-13; in Ottoman empire, 132-33,140-41 Agricultural capitalism, 140 Albanians: in Kosovo, 213 Alexander 1,157,163, 254Ո2 Aliyev, Ilham, 195,196,197, 241 Alliance politics, 65, 243, 247-48; tran scending, 84-86 Alliances, alliance systems, 1,41, 88, 213, 243; formation of, 69, 244-46 All-Russian Constituent Assembly, 182,183 Alpine Austria: mercantilism in, 99, too Amiras, 120 Anatolia, 71, 79. See ako Eastern Anatolia Arabs, 120 ARE See Armenian Revolutionary Federation Armed conflict, 5, 6, n, 26,56, 69,190, 233, 237; in Africa, 24-25; in Eastern Ukraine, 207-12; ethnic and subnational institu tions, 85-86; imperialism and, 32, 74-75; in Nagorno-Karabakh, 77-78,192-97; Russia, 80-81; in South Caucasus and Balkans, 57-58, 77; Soviet ethnofederal ism and, 34, 75-76; transcending, 86-87. See ako Conflict; Wars, warfare Armenia, 22, 42,155,176,180,191; geopolitical position of, 247-48; and Nagorno-Karabakh war, 77-78, 192-97, 253m; and Russia, 9, 67, 241 Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF), 143,178-79 Armenians, 5,10, 47, 61, 71, 78,120,132, 138,141,154,160,162,174,184, 220, 239; agrarian reforms, 142-44; and Azerbaijanis, 173-75; genocide of, 77,
78,116,117,130,137,145,185,186, 249; in Ottoman empire, 116,119,125, 135-36; revolutionary movements by, 20,178-79; Tanzimat reforms, 134-35; andTDFR, 177,183
278 Index Armeno-Tatar war, 184 Basayev, Shamil, 200 Assad, Bashar al-, 244 Associations, 29, no; Habsburg empire, Beks, 106,160,162 92-93. See aho confessional groups/ organizations Assyrians, 116 Austria, 89, 91, 96, 97,136; linguistic borderlands, 98-99 Austro-Hungarian Compromise (1867), 91, 92 Austro-Russian agreement (1897), 107 Austro-Turkish Convention (1870), 103 Authoritarianism, 40, 62, 205, 231, 232, 239, 241; in Azerbaijan, 180,195; civil society and, 19-20; Ottoman empire, 12-5,131 Autocracies: power and, 240-41 Autonomy, 50, 90, 92, 94, 96,107,161; in Ottoman empire, 115-16,119 Azerbaijan, 22, 58,155,177, 240, 241; and Nagorno-Karabakh, 67, 77-78,192-97, 253m Azerbaijani Popular Front, 194 Azerbaijanis, 61, 77,154-55, 173, Σ?8; in Baku, 174-75; *n Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, 192-97, 220-21; and TDFR, 180,183 Belarus, 241, 243-44 Belarusians, 153,157,158,161,163,164, 227 Belgium, 25 Belt and Road Initiative, 21-22, 82, 250 Berlin, treaty of, 117-18,135 Bohemia, 92; mercantilism in, 99,100 Bohemian Diet, 96 Bolivia-Paraguay war, 26 Bolsheviks, Bolshevism, 166,177,179-80; in Transcaucasia, 181-83,187 Borders, borderlands, 1,15, 70, 71,137, 152; imperial, 43, 68, 82, 83; linguistic, 98-99. See aho imperial peripheries Bosnia, Bosnian province, 5, 89-91,191, 213, 214, 215, 224; Burián de Rajeczis rule, 108-12; confessional groups in, 112-13; connectivity, 101-2; and Habsburg empire, 10, 44,102-3,I90· Kállay’s rule, 105-8; and Ottoman Empire, 100-101,118; regional fracture, 225-26; subaltern status of, 104-5 Bosnian Diet, 90,109, no, 112,113 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty
of, 185 Brexit, 30 Budapest, no Azeris, 184 Bukhovina, 96 Baku, 155,178,181,197; demonstrations in, 193,194; social stratification, 174-75 Bulgaria, 100,118 Burián de Rajeczi’s rule, István: Bosnian rule, 108-12,113,114 Byzantine empire, 154 Balkanization, 214-15 Balkans, 75,107, in, 136, 243, 253Ո2, 255Ո17; connectivity, 101-2; and Ottoman empire, 100-101,147; refu gees from, 132,135; regional conflict in, 57-58, 64, 71,145,191, 212-16 Baltics, 5, 8, n, 58, 70,151,159,188, 223, 224; representative institutions, 166-67; Russian empire and, 153, 173, 217-18; Russification of, 163-64, 165-66 Bargaining, state and nonstate, 41-42 Capitulation system, 119 Catherine II (the Great), 151,153,157 Catholics, Catholic church, 101,102, 106,163,170, 227. See aho Christian communities Caucasian Muslims. See Azerbaijanis Caucasus, 78, 79,136; centralized gover nance, 160-62; Muslims in, 154-55,158; refugees from, 132,135; Russian empire and, 153-54
Index Center-periphery relations, 14, 50,126 Central America, 24, 26 Central Asia, 38, 70,162; Russian empire in, 150,156,176 Central Europe, 224-25 Centralization: autocratie power, 240-41; Russian Empire, 150-51,154,156-57 Chechens, 153, 200 Cherkess, 200 China, 6, 87,156, 246; Belt and Road Initiative, 21-22, 82; continental con nectivity, 249-50; Eurasian hegemony, 65, 239 Chinese Malays, 72 Christian communities, 57,136,176; in Bosnia, 100,102,108; in Eastern Anatolia, 10, 43,130,132,133,138-39, 223; in Ottoman empire, 43,124; Tanzimat reforms, 134-35 Circassians, 135,153 Citizenship: in Habsburg empire, 96 Civic diversity: in Ottoman Empire, 223-24 Civic institutions, 2, 44, 45, 46, 47,105; connectivity, 51-52 Civic militiamen, 29 Civic traditions: in Ukraine, 170-71 Civilizing mission: in Habsburg empire, 104 Civil society, 20, 28-29, 78 Civil wars, 26, 73, 75 Class divisions, 28,165 Cold War, 220, 236, 238; end of, 24, 25, 57, 279 Community of Democratic Choice group, 211 Confessional groups/organizations, 20, 102; Bosnia, 101,106,107-8, no, 113; Eastern Anatolia, 132,139; Ottoman empire, 115֊16 Conflict, 3,188,198, 243; ArmenianAzerbaijani, 174-75; South Caucasus and Balkans, 57-58, 77; state-based, 24-25; Transcaucasia, 183-84. See also armed conflict Conflict actors: agency of, "/(¡֊TJ Conflict theory, 4,188-89 Congo, Democratic Republic of, 243 Congress of Berlin (1878), ΙΟΙ Congruence method: comparative histori cal analysis, 54-55 Connectivity, 7, 89, 206, 250-51; in Bosnian province, 101-2,108; civic, 51-53; in Habsburg empire, 93-94, 97; in Ottoman empire,
145-46; regional, 2-4, 6, 44-45, 85, 86,138, 230-31; in Transcaucasia, 178,196. See aho Regional connectivity; Social connectivity Constant-cause approaches, 35, 36 Constituent Assembly (Transcaucasia), 183 Constitutional Democrat (Kadet) party, 183 Constitutionalism, 112,131 Constitutions: in Habsburg empire, 92 Contemporary theory development, 61 Controlled comparison: dependent and independent variables, 58-59; inter 58,188; Turkey in, 203-4 Collective Security Treaty Organization, 244 views in, 54-55 Cooperatives: Habsburg village, 92 Colonialism, 24,116; in Africa, 25-26; fracture, 35-36 Cossacks, 156,168 COVID-19 pandemic, 30; and deglobal ization, 5-6; and global connectivity, 230, 232 Crimea: conflicts in, 191, 207; Russian an nexation of, 8, 58,153, 208, 209 British and French, 71-72; extractive economies, 69-70; in Malaysia, 72-73 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) party, 134,143,144,145 Communities, 47, 96, 211; ethnic, 80,138; institutional obliteration of, 78-79 Core-periphery order, 7, 8-9; in regional
280 Index Crimean Tatars, 192 Crimean war, 157 Croatia, 89, 96, 101, 102, 213, 214 Croatian Daily (newspaper), no Croats, 96,101; in Bosnia, 106,114 Cross-border influences, 224 Cross-confessional connections: in Bosnia, 107-8,113 CUB See Committee of Union and Progress party Czech Republic, 89 Daghestanis, 174 Danube province, 123 Dashnaktsutiun, 183 Dayton Peace Accords, 213 Decolonization, 26, 70 Democracy, democratization, 237, 241, 242; in South America, 26-27; support for, 239-40 Demographic engineering: in Ottoman empire, 71, 222-23 Demonstrations: in Nagorno-Karabakh, 193-94; in Tbilisi, 199 Developmental states, 49-50 Divide-and-conquer tactics/policies, 35-36, 37, 72,120,138 Divisions of labor: colonial, 72-73; millet system, 132 governance in, 44,116,146; regional fracture in, 137,138-39,147-48, 203-4, 205; scholarship on, 42-43; as shatter zone, 129-30; Tanzimat reforms and, 130-31,134-35 East Slavs, 165,171 Economies, i, 8, 41, 67, 76, 89,107; colonial and imperial, 69-70; Eastern Anatolian, 132-33; of Habsburg empire, 99-100; of Ottoman empire, 119, 123,132; of Russian empire, 164-65; Ukrainian, 170,172-73 Elites, 9, 23, 28, 29, 52, 77, 90,172, 215, 227; German, 165,173, 218; Ottoman, 115,120,127-28; in Russian empire, 158, 164,171; in Transcaucasia, 181, 221 Ems Decree, 171 Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 78,197, 205,106, 207, 223 Estates: German, 165,166 Estonia, 70,153,167 Estonians, 153,159,161,165,166,173, 218; and Orthodox Christianity, 163-64 Ethnic cleansing, 57, 71,158, 200; Ottoman empire, 116,130,137-38, 222 Ethnic conflicts, 75, 77; post-indepen dence,
73-74; studies of, 63-64 Ethnicity, 64, 73, 79. See abo ethno-na- Donbas, 207; conflict in, 80,169,190, 208, 209, 210, 211 tional groups/ organizations; ethno religious communities Ethno-corporatism, 222 Ethnofederalism, 192; Soviet, 75, 79-80, Donetsk, 58, 208 Duality, 115,191 155,197, 228; Yugoslav, 214-16 Ethno-national groups/organizations, 68, Dual Monarchy, 91, 92-93, 94, 95 Duma, 162 89,151; in Caucasus, 153-54 Ethno-religious communities, 2,14, 20, 36, 119,140,173, 222; in Bosnia, 108, no, 226; divide-and-conquer politics and, Dnieper River: geopolitics of, 169,170 Eastern Anatolia, 5, 9,10, 22,117,190, 217, 218, 222, 223, 249; agrarian reforms, 140-41,142-44; economy of, 132-33; interethnic polarization in, 139-40; Kurdish communities in, 133-34, 221! millet system in, 122,132; Ottoman 138-39; in Ottoman empire, 118,122, 127-28,132; in Russian Empire, 158, 159-60,162-63; and Tanzimat reforms, 124,134 Eurasia, 3,5, 8,12, 29, 74, 238, 239; con-
Index nectivity, 249-50; great-power rivalries, Abkhazia, 200, 201; and TDFR, 177, 246-47, 248-49; security studies, 63-69; statehood in, 6-7 Eurasian Economic Union, 82, 231 Euro-centricity: and global security stud 183 Georgia-Russia war (2008), 198 Georgia-Ukraine-Azerbaij an-Moldova ies, 63-64 European Union (EU), 1, 7, 30, 65, 82, 207 German empire, 217 Federalism: Transcaucasia, 179-80; Yugoslavia, 214-16 Finland, 153,159,165 First Republic (Georgia), 199 Foreign policies, 8, 33, 66,150; neo-imperial, 237, 239 Fortress policies, 244; free trade and, 234-35; global focus of, 235-36 France, 136,182, 212; colonial rule, 25-26, 27, 71-72 Franz Joseph (emperor), 91 Franz Ferdinand (archduke): assassination of, loi, 112 Free trade: and fortress policies, 234-36 Gajret, no Galicia, 92, 96,169,170,172, 210, 219, 224 Galicians, 93,170 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 199, 201 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 7 Genocide, 57, 71, 213; Armenian, 78,116, 117,119,145,185,186; Ottoman empire, 116,130,137-38,140,147, 223, 249; Rwanda, 46, 243 Geography: transcending, 82-84 Geopolitics, 3, 6, 23, 65, 76, 211, 245-46; of colonial Africa, 25-26; embeddedness, 216-17 Georgia, 58, 67, 76,155,177,180,185,196, 221, 239, 243, 244; Abkhaz conflict, 198-201; independence movement, 167,197-98 Georgian National Guard, 199 Georgians, 154,160,174,178,185; in 281 (GUAM) grouping, 2II Germans, 164; in Baltics, 159,166,167; nobles, 165,173, 218, 219; in PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, 153,162 Germany, 136,161,167,185,187, 212; colo nial governance, 25, 27 Glasnost, 34, 75 Globalization, 64, 232
Global regions: Post-World War II, 65-66 Gorbachev, Mikhail: glasnost and per estroika reforms, 34, 75, 79 Governance, 51, 73,123, 236, 245Ո2; in Caucasus, 160-62; in colonial Africa, 25-26; in Bosnian province, 102-3, 104,108-9, in-12; in Eastern Anatolia, 146,147-48; in Habsburg empire, 94, 95; imperial, 4, 5, 53; in Ottoman empire, 115,116,127,128-29; preda tory, 52,113; regional, 21, 30,128-29; in Transcaucasia, 175-76 Grassroots initiatives, 18, 20, 28-29, 219 Great Britain, 27,136,156, 218; African co lonial governance, 25, 71-72; Malaysian colonialism, 72-73; and Transcaucasia, 182,187 Great-power rivalries, 80,168; Eurasia, 24647, 248-49; Russian-Ottoman, 84-85 Great Terror, 155 Greek Orthodox (Rum), 119 Greeks, 116 Grounded theory development approach, 54-56 GUAM grouping. See Georgia-UkraineAzarbaijan-Moldova grouping Gubernias (province systems), 153,160 Gulf war, 202, 205 Habsburg empire, 4, 5,11, 20, 89, 104,
282 Index 105, 112,136,169, 217; Balkan region, 215, 253Ո2; and Bosnian province, io, 44, ιοί, 102, igo, 224, 225-26; collapse of, 57, 84; connectivity, Industrialization, 28,157,172,178 Inference: descriptive and causal, 55-56 Ingushetians, 153 Institutionalism, 65 93-94; geopolitical tensions in, Institutions, 7, 37; ethnic and subnational, 85-86; obliteration of, 78-79 no-11; institutional politics, 94-95; linguistic politics, 98-99; mercantil ist economics, 99-100; nationalism, 95-96; and Ottoman empire, 102, 146; politics, 91-92; peripheries, 90-91; and Ukraine, 168,170; in World War I, 96-97 Habsburg thesis, 170, 209-10 Hamidiye cavalry, 141-42,144 Insurgency: Kurdish-led, 202, 204-5 International relations theory, 65 International system, 62 Iran, 196 Iranian empire, 20, 47,145,154,155 Iranian Social Democratic Party, 178 Iranians, 178 Iran-Iraq war, 202, 205 HDP. See People’s Democratic Republic hegemony: regional, 2, 41, 65, 230-31, 239, 240 Iraq: Kurds in, 197, 202, 205-6 ISIS, 202 Herzegovina, 89-90,118,191, 213, 224 Hetmanate, 151 Italians, 137 High Commission: in Caucasus, 160 Hindu-Muslim communities, 46 Hub-and-spoke model, 118 Hungary, 89, 91, 92, 96; geopolitical ten sions, по-п Islam, 119. See aho Muslims Italy, 25 Jews, 119,171; in Ukraine, 171-72, 209, 227 JNA. See Yugoslav national army Joseph II (emperor), 94 Kabardinians, 153 Identity, 15, 72,171; Bosnian, 105-6 Imperialism, 7, 8,10,12, 24, 34, 56; armed conflict and, 32, 74-75; economies, 69-70; regionalism, 13-14,15-16; regional studies, 14-15 Imperial legacies, 3, 6, 57,168,190-91 Imperial
peripheries, 3, 5, 20-21, 31-32, 55, 62, 73,190-91; connectivity, 49-53; divide-and-conquer tactics, 35-36; Habsburg empire, 90-91, 94-95; Ottoman empire, 129-30; pressures on, 43-44; regional connectivity, 4, 48-49, 153, 232-33; regional social capital, 47-48 Independence, 167,183,188,198, 213 Independence coalition: Hungary, no Independence movements, 75,167; Georgian, 197-98 Kállay, Benjamin von: Bosnian rule by, 105-8,113 Karabakh, 194,195. See abo Nagorno-Karabakh Kasparov, Gary, 194 Kazakhs, 156 Kazakhstan, 70 Kemal Atatiirk, Mustafa, 203 Kemalism, 203-4, 221 շշ3 224 22$ Kirovabad, 193 Kitovani, Tengiz, 199 Kosovo, 191, 213 Kosovo Liberation Army, 213 KRG. See Kurdistan Regional Government in Iraq Kurdish/Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 58, 202, 206; insurgency of, 203, 204-5 Kurdistan: predatory fracture in, 221-24
Index Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq, 206 Kurds, Kurdish tribes, io, 71,138,140, 143,146,197, 222; conflicts, 190, 223-24, 228; Hamidiye cavalry, 141-42; Ottoman empire and, 43,117,130, 136,144-45; power structure, 133-34; stresses on, 132-33; and Turkey, 5,11, 58, 191,192, 201-7, 228 Kyiv, 172, 207, 254Ո3 Land; landownership, 160; Armenian, 143-44; in Eastern Anatolia, 140-41; in Russian empire, 164,165 Land reform; in Bosnia, 106 Language/language practices, 98, in, 171; in Austria, 98-99 Latin America, 8, 24; neocolonialism, 27-28; peace and conflict in, 26-27; political participation in, 28-29 Latvia, 70,167 Latvians, 153,159, i6i, 165,166,173, 218; and Orthodox Christianity, 163-64 Lenin, 181, 219 Lithuania, 167,168 Lithuanian National Council {Taryba}, 167 Lithuanians, 161,163,164,167, 227 “Little Russians” project, 171,172, 210 Livonia, 153 Luhansk, 58, 208 Lukashenko, Alexander, 243-44 Mahmud II, 127 Maidan movement, 207, 210 Malaysia: British colonialism in, 72-73 March Days (1918), 174-75,184 Marginalization, 166, 200 Maria Theresa (empress), 91 Markets: and Ottoman economy, 132 Mashriq, 116 Massacres, 100,135,184; Adana, 130,143 Mediation: direct, 184 Meliks, 160 283 Mensheviks, 177,182,183,185,199 Mercantilism: in Habsburg empire, 99-100 Mercenaries: in Abkhaz-Georgian conflict, 200 Mexico, 29 Middle dass, 166,174 Middle East, 5,15, 22, 68, 71, 223, 240, 246; Kurds in, 205, 206, 228; nation state system in, 201-2 Military, 8, 67, 91,112; Ottoman empire, 119,124; state-building and, 17-18 Militias, 208; Kurdish, 140,141 Mill, Stuart, 58 Millet
systera, 105,116-17,132,139,146; political stratification of, 119-20; struc ture of, 118-19; taxation in, 125-29; tolerance in, 121-22 Minority language schools, 98 Minsk Agreement, 212 Minsk Group, 195,196 Mithat Pasha, 123 Mnatsakanyan, Zohrab, 247-48 Modernity; modernization, 93,157; in Bosnia, 105,113; in Habsburg empire, 95,104; in Ottoman empire, 123,134, 145-46; in Russian empire, 150-51 Moldova, 58 Montenegro, 100,118 Moravia, 96 Mostar, 107 Multinationalism, 104; in Kállay adminis tration, 106-7 Musavat (newspaper), no Musavat party, 183,186 Muslims, 57, 71,134,160; in Bosnia, 101,102,103,106,108,114, 225-26; in Caucasus, 154-55, 158; in Eastern Anatolia, 132,133,144; in Ottoman em pire, 115-16,119,120,124,136; in South Caucasus, 137,174; Transcaucasian, 156, 176,184 Muslim Socialist Bloc, 183
284 Index Muslims of Russia party, 183 Organic Statute (1832), 157 myth-symbolic complexes, 76, 77 Organization for Security and Co NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Organization Organized crime: in Russia, 46 operation in Europe (OSCE), 212 Nagorno-Karabakh, 22, 79,184,191, 220-21, 253m; conflict, 192-97, 243; war in, 67, 75, 77-78, 241, 254м Nakhichevan, 193,196 Napredak, no Nationalism, 73, 84,145,171, 214; civic, 28, 29, 46; in Georgia, 200, 201; in Latin America, 28, 29; Russian, 157-58; Turkish, 144, 203 Nationalist movements, 43, 49, 90,124, 165,166,198; Bosnia, 106,113; in Habsburg empire, 91-92, 95-96; in Nagorno-Karabakh, 193-94; in Soviet Union, 75-76; in Transcaucasia, 176-77,181 Nationalities, 166; in Habsburg empire, »9. 94֊95 97 99 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization Neocolonialism, 30; in Latin America, 27-28 “New” regionalism, 19-20 Nicholas 1,157,163, 254Ո2 1908 revolution, 143 Nobility: German, 165,173, 218, 219; Polish, 153,157,168, 227 North Africa, 22, 240 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 7 Orthodox Christianity/Christians, 101, 102; and Russification, 163-64; in Ukraine, 171, 227 OSCE. See Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Osobyi Zakavkazski Komitet (Ozakom), 182 Ossetians, 153 Ottoman empire, 4, 5,11,13,18, 34, 71, 90,102,115,168, 215, 217, 218, 249; Armenians in, 9, 20, 77, 78,135-36, 185; and Bosnia, 100-101,103, in, 112, 225-26; collapse of, 57, 84-85; connectivity, 145-46; demographic engineering, 222-23; and Eastern Anatolia, 42-43, 44,129-30,190; elites in, 127-28; ethnic cleansing and genocide,
57,137-38; interethnic polarization in, 139-40,144-45; Kurds in, 10,133-34, 201-2, 203, 223-24; mil letsystem, 105,116-17,118-22; politics of, 146-47; regional fracture, 131-33, 138-39; regional governance, 128-29; revolutionary movements, 178-79; and Russian empires, 136-37,153,154, 157; Tanzimat reforms, 122-25,134-35; taxation, 125-29; andTDFR, 177,184; and Transcaucasia, 155,177,182,184, 186, 220 Ozakom. See Osobyi Zakavkazski Komitet North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 7 North Caucasus, 200 Northern Ireland, 46 Northwest Caucasus, 135,176 November uprising (1830), 163 Nystad, Treaty of, 152-53 Oil sector: in Transcaucasus, 178 Palestine, 120 Pan-Islamism, 184-85 Pan-Turkism, 155,184-85 Paskevich, I. E, 163 Path dependencies, 14, 36, 37 Peacebuilding, 18, 86, 233, 236, 241; liberal, 237-38; regional support, 242-43 Peacekeeping, 67,196,198
Index Peasants, 134,141,153,166; in Bosnia, too, 103,106; in Russian empire, 161,164; in Ukraine, 168, 227 Peoples Democratic Party (HDP), 206, 207 Perestroika reforms, 34, 75 Peru-Ecuador war, 26 Reform Edict (1876), 124 Reform politics: in Ottoman empire, 135-36 Refugees, 100,176,191; in Eastern Anatolia, 132-33, iff! Kurdish, 202, 205-6; Nagorno-Karabakh, 193,194 Regional connectivity, 2-3, 6,11,44,59, Peter the Great, 152-53 102,133,161,168, 227-29, 236, 247; PKK. See Kurdish/Kurdistan Workers’ Bosnian province, 103-4,107-8; party, 58, 202 285 China, 249-50; and civic institutions, Pogroms: in Nagorno-Karabakh, 193,194 51-52; imperial peripheries, 4, 48-53, Poland, 89,159,161,163,165,167,168,170 232-33; and regional fracture, 86-87; Poland, Kingdom of, 157,163 in Russian empire, 149-50,153; Soviet Poles: aristocracy, 153,157,168; national patterns of, 81-82 ism, 92,171; in Ukraine, 171,172, 209, 226-27 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 92, 153,162,168-69 Regional fracture, 26, 59-60, 83, 84, 85, 147,161,165, 233, 247; in Bosnia, 106, 108,113, 225-26; causes and effects of, 33-3 5, 36-37; core-periphery rela Polish question, 151 tions, 35-36; dimensions in, 40-42; in Political parties, no, 204; Kurdish, 206-7; Eastern Anatolia, 131-32,137, 203-4, Transcaucasia, 179-82,186 Politics, 15, 62, 98,105; Armenian, 142-43; 205; institutional planes, 38-39; in Kurdistan, 221-24; as political practice, Bosnian, 101,107; confessional groups, 37-38,138-39; Russia and, 67-68, 81, 102,112-13; grassroots participation, 155-56; South Caucasus, 218-21; struc 28-29; Habsburg imperial,
91-92. tural, 132-33; in Transcaucasia, 176, 97; hierarchy in, 66-67; Ottoman empire, 137-38,146-47; reform, 135-36; regional, 12-13, 29; state-centric, 16-17; symbolic, 76, 77; ofTanzimat reforms, 184-85; in Ukraine, 168, 226-27 Regional fracture theory, 4-5, 9, 32, 33, 88; and regional connectivity, 86-87 Regionalism, 15-16,175, 235; comparative, 134-35; TDFR, 180-86; Transcaucasia, 10,13-14; connectivity and, 230-31; 177-79,182-83; Turkish, 204-5; World, developmental, 231-32; “new,” 19-20; i, 11-12,16, 21,57, 61 Portugal, 25 Potiorek, Oskar, 112,114 Power, 2, 50, 91; in Kurdish society, 133-34; political agency of, 61-62; regional, 21, 22, 23-24 Property rights, 69, 70, 96 Prosvjeta, no Protectionism, 231 Protests: Maidan, 207; NagornoKarabakh, 193-94 Putin, Vladimir, 33,198,201, 210, 212,244, 245 politics, 12-13 Regional resilience, 38, 39-40, 45,113,167; of Habsburg empire, 97, 99 Regions-before-states policy paradigms, 2, 232-33, 238 Religion, 103; in Bosnia, 101,105,108. See aho Catholics, Catholic church; Muslims; Orthodox Christianity Representative institutions: in Baltics, 166-67 Resilience, 37; regional, 3, 22, 23, 30, 38, 39-40, 42, 45
286 Index Revolutionary movements: in Transcaucasus, 177-79 Roman empire, 38, 41 Romania, 89,118 Romanov system, 159 Rural banks: Habsburg, 92 Russia, 8, 30, 37, 46, 65, 77, 87,106,122, 135,136,145,199, 201, 245; armed conflicts, 80-81; and Armenia, 9, 61, 241; and Balkans, 100,101; and Belarus, 243-44; and Nagorno-Karabakh war, 195,196, 221; nationalism, 157-58; as neo-imperial, 237, 239; regional fractur ing, 22, 34, 67-68, 81; Ukraine, 58, 80, 207-12. See also Russian empire Russian empire, 4, 5,11,18, 20, 79,100, 135,164,187, 249; and Balkans, 107, in; Baltics and, 217-18; centralization, San Stefano, Treaty of, 117-18,135 Sarajevo, 107,112 Secessionist movements: in Russian empire, 165 Security, i, 3,16,17, 76, 87; Eurasian, 64-65, 82 Security studies, 68; Eurasian, 63-69 Sejm, 184 Self-governance, 165,179; Bosnian, in-12; Kurdish, 197, 205; in Ottoman empire, 115,119; in Russian empire, 161,162 Seljuk Turks, 154 Separatism: in Transcaucasia, 179,181 Serbia, 89,102,106,107, Ш, 213; and Bosnian province, 109,112; and Ottoman Empire, 100,101,118 Serbian Word (newspaper), no Serbo-Turkish war, 100 150-51,154,156-57; collapse of, 57, 84-85; and Eastern Anatolia, 129-30, 141-42; ethnic cleansing in, 57,137; ethno-religious groups in, 159-60; gov ernance in, 161-62, 254Ո2; legitimacy of, 157-58; nationalist movements in, Sheikh Said rebellion, 204 176-77; and Ottoman empire, 118, 136-37; regional connectivity, 149-50; Shevardnadze, Eduard, 199, 200 Slavs, 165 regional fracture, 155-56; revolution ary movements, 177-79; Russification policies, 162-63; and South Caucasus,
174-75, 218-21, 240; territorial expan sion, 152-54; and Transcaucasia, 186, 218-19, 220, 238-39; and Ukraine, 168-69,170,171-73, 226-27 Russians, 70, 75,158,171,172,174,178 Russification, 157,159,162,177; Baltics, 165-66; Orthodox Christianity and, 163-64; in South Caucasus, 174, 175; Transcaucasia, 176,181, 219-20; Ukraine, 172, 227 Serbs, Serbians, 101, 213; in Bosnia, 106, 114, 225, 226 Serfdom: abolition of, 161,164 Shatter zones, 68, 83-84; in Eastern Anatolia, 129-30,142 Slovakia, 89 Slovenia, 89, 213 Social capital, 2, 25,132,146; in Bosnia, 101,103-4; connectivity and, 189-90; Habsburg empire, 92, 95, 97, 99; pacifying quality of, 45-46; regional, 47-49, 52-53; Russian empire, 159,160; in Ukraine, 172, 209, 210 Social connectivity, 2, 25; in Latin America, 28-29; in Ukraine, 170-71, 189-90, 209-10 Russo-Georgia war, 201 Russo-Iranian war, 154 Social contract: Ottoman empire, 115-16 Social Democracy (Menshevik) party, 183 Social Democratic Himmat (Endeavor) party (Azerbaijani), 178 Russo-Turkish war, 118,135,153 Social Democratic Hunchakian Party Rwanda, 46, 73, 243 (Armenian), 178
Index Social Democratic Workers Party (Russian), 178 287 Syrian province, 123 Systems theory, xo-ii Social peace: in Ottoman empire, 115,116 Socioeconomics, 103; in Transcaucasia, 173-74.116-77 South America: democratization in, 26-27 South Caucasus, 5, 38, 78,137,160,175, 217, 223, 239, 240; conflicts in, 57-58, 77,190,195, 228; destabilization, 245-46; regional fracture, 67-68, 218-21; Russia in, 22, 67,150 South Ossetia, 184,198, 201 South Ossetian-Georgian conflict, 191, 200-201 Sovereignty, 90,103 Soviet Azerbaijani republic, 192 Soviet Union, 34, 37, 41, 64, 77, 84,167, 193. 199, 254гц; Bolshevism in, 182-83; Cold War, 203-4; collapse of, 7,188, 197, 2П, 216; ethnofederalism, 75-76, 79-80,155,192, 228; formation of, 57, 181-82; regional connectivity, 81-82; and South Caucasus, 57-58 Sovnarkom, 182,183 Srebrenica genocide, 213 State-building, 17-18, 26, 28 Stateless nations, 40 States, i, 3, 6-7,20,40,70; bargaining, 41-42; classification of, 49-50; developmental and security policies, 233-34; failures of, 18-19; fortress polides, 234-36; weakness, 17,18-19; and world politics, 16-17 State weakness, 18-19 Steinmeier Formula, 212 Structure, 47 Substance, 47-48 Sugar beet industry, 171 Sumgait pogroms, 193 Sweden: and Russia, 152-53 Switzerland, 179 Sword and quill strategy, 185 Syria, 8, 78,120; Kurds in, 197, 202, 205, 206, 207; Russia and, 243-44 Tajiks, 156; civil war, 75 Tanzimat reforms, 34,116,117,118,125, 130-31,132,139; failure of, 123-24; ineffectiveness of, 122-23; politics of, 134-35 Taxation: in Ottoman empire, 117,124, 125-29 Tax farming, 126,128 Tbilisi
(Tiflis), 178,182,183,199, 254Ո4 TDFR. See Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Territorial expansion, 150 Threshold effects, 34 Tiflis Duma, 182 Time horizons: for regional fracture, 33-35 Tito, Josip Broz: federalism of, 214, 215 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 44 Tolerance: in Ottoman empire, 121-22 Trade, trade networks, 1,41, 42, 92,130, 132, 207; free, 234-35 Trade groups: Habsburg, 92 Transcaucasia, 5, 79,159,160,167,187; civil administration in, 182-83; federal ism, 179-80; governance in, 175-76; nationalist movements, 176-77; politi cal parties, 180-82; regional fracture, 155-56,184-85; revolutionary move ments, 177-79; and Russia, 77,152, 154; Russian empire, 218-19, 238-39; Russification, 219-20; socioeconomics in, 173-74 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR), 176,177,178,179, 200, 220, 238; organizational politics of, 180-86 Transcaucasian Seim, 183-84 Transcaucasian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, 155 Transcending alliance politics, 84-86 Transcending geography, 82-84
288 Index Transnistria conflict, 58, 80 Velvet Revolution, 195, 247 Transportation infrastructures: Habsburg, Viceroyalty: Caucasus, 160 Violence, 3, 5, 56, 70, 71,146,188,193; 92 93 Treaties, 117-18,135,136,152-53,185 Trump, Donald, 207 Turkey, 8, 22, 30, 42, 65,173, 240, 241; alliance formation, 245-46; and Azerbaijan, 196-97; in Cold War, 2034; Kemalism, 203, 224, 228; Kurdish conflict, 5, π, 58,190,191,192, 201-7; and Nagorno-Karabakh war, 77-78, 194,195, 220-21, 254Ш; neo-imperial policies, 237, 239 Turkic communities, Turks, 133,184; in Armenian-Azerbaijani, 174-75; in Balkans, 212-16; in colonial Malaysia, 72-73; in Eastern Anatolia, 116,130, 131,147; shatter zones, 83-84; state based, 24-25. See also Armed conflict; Ethnic deansing; Genocide Volga Tatars, 174 Volhynia, 169 Volosti, 161 Vorontsov-Dashkov, Viceroy, 151,161,162 Voting: transethnic, 97 Caucasus, 154-55 War of Yugoslav Succession, 213-14 Turkish Republic, 223 Turkish Straits, 136 Wars, warfare, n, 26, 61, 74,100,184,188, 202; in Balkans, 64, 212-16,155Ո17; Nagorno-Karabakh, 194-95; Russian strategies, 208-9; South Caucasus and Turkmen, 156 Turkology, 155 Ukraine, 5, 70, 76, 89,157,165,167,191, 217; balanced connectivity in, 189-90; civic traditions in, 170-71; connectiv ity in, 209-10; democracy in, 239-40; regional fracture, 226—27; Russia and, 8, 58, 80, 207-12, 224; Russian empire and, 152,153,168-69; socioeconomics, 171-72 Ukrainians, 158,161,163,164; nationalist, 166,171, 209 Uniate church, 163 United States, 8, 21, 27, 87,179,182, 246; hegemony of, 65, 66; in Middle East, 202, 206, 207 Unkiar
iskelesi treaty, 136 Uvarov, Sergey (count), 157 Uzbeks, 156 Valuev, Petr, 165 Balkans, 57-58 Westphalian region, 4,10,13-14,15-16 World War I, 34, 62, 78,130; and Habsburg empire, 90, 96-97; in Transcaucasia, 181,187 World War II: and Yugoslavia, 214-15 Yanukovich, President, 207-8 Young Turks, 78,142,179 Yugoslavia: disintegration of, 191, 212; ethnofederalism of, 192, 214-16; wars in, 5,10 Yugoslav national army (JNA), 213 Zagreb, no-11 Zelensky,Volodymyr, 212 Zemstvaizemstva, 161,165,171; in Transcaucasia, 175,182,183 Zone of peace: in Central America, 26 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Ohanyan, Anna |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1072702967 |
| author_facet | Ohanyan, Anna |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ohanyan, Anna |
| author_variant | a o ao |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048510348 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1344389097 (DE-599)BVBBV048510348 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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And how did some regions in Eurasia emerge from the Cold War as peaceful and resilient? Why do conflicts ignite in Bosnia, Donbas, and Damascus--once on the peripheries of mighty empires--yet other postimperial peripheries like the Baltics or Central Europe enjoy quiet stability? Anna Ohanyan argues for the salience of the neighborhood effect: the complex regional connectivity among ethnic-religious communities that can form resilient regions. In an account of Eurasian regional formation that stretches back long before the nation-state, Ohanyan refutes the notion that stable regions are the luxury of prosperous, stable, democratic states. She examines case studies from regions once on the fringes of the Habsburg, Ottoman, and Russian Empires to find the often-overlooked patterns of bonding and bridging, or clustering and isolation of political power and social resources, that are associated with regional resilience or fracture in those regions today. 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| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 gnd Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland Österreich Osmanisches Reich |
| id | DE-604.BV048510348 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:47:29Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:40:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781503632059 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033887400 |
| oclc_num | 1344389097 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xvi, 288 Seiten Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230215 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Stanford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ohanyan, Anna Verfasser (DE-588)1072702967 aut The neighborhood effect the imperial roots of regional fracture in Eurasia Anna Ohanyan The neighbourhood effect Stanford, California Stanford University Press [2022] xvi, 288 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Why are certain regions of the world mired in conflict? And how did some regions in Eurasia emerge from the Cold War as peaceful and resilient? Why do conflicts ignite in Bosnia, Donbas, and Damascus--once on the peripheries of mighty empires--yet other postimperial peripheries like the Baltics or Central Europe enjoy quiet stability? Anna Ohanyan argues for the salience of the neighborhood effect: the complex regional connectivity among ethnic-religious communities that can form resilient regions. In an account of Eurasian regional formation that stretches back long before the nation-state, Ohanyan refutes the notion that stable regions are the luxury of prosperous, stable, democratic states. She examines case studies from regions once on the fringes of the Habsburg, Ottoman, and Russian Empires to find the often-overlooked patterns of bonding and bridging, or clustering and isolation of political power and social resources, that are associated with regional resilience or fracture in those regions today. With comparative examples from Latin America and Africa, The Neighborhood Effect offers a new explanation for the conflicts we are likely to see emerge as the unipolar US-led order dissolves, making the fractures in regional neighborhoods painfully evident. And it points the way to the future of peacebuilding: making space for the smaller links and connections that comprise a stable neighborhood" Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Politische Stabilität (DE-588)4128497-5 gnd rswk-swf Peripherie (DE-588)4232983-8 gnd rswk-swf Regionalismus (DE-588)4049037-3 gnd rswk-swf Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 gnd rswk-swf Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 gnd rswk-swf Security, International / Eurasia Imperialism / History Regionalism (International organization) Eurasia / Foreign relations Eurasia / Politics and government Eurasia / Ethnic relations / Political aspects Impérialisme / Histoire Régionalisme (Politique internationale) Diplomatic relations Ethnic relations / Political aspects Imperialism Politics and government Security, International Eurasia History Österreich (DE-588)4043271-3 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 g Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 s Peripherie (DE-588)4232983-8 s Politische Stabilität (DE-588)4128497-5 s Regionalismus (DE-588)4049037-3 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5036-3206-6 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033887400&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033887400&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033887400&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Ohanyan, Anna The neighborhood effect the imperial roots of regional fracture in Eurasia Politische Stabilität (DE-588)4128497-5 gnd Peripherie (DE-588)4232983-8 gnd Regionalismus (DE-588)4049037-3 gnd Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4128497-5 (DE-588)4232983-8 (DE-588)4049037-3 (DE-588)4026651-5 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4043271-3 (DE-588)4075720-1 |
| title | The neighborhood effect the imperial roots of regional fracture in Eurasia |
| title_alt | The neighbourhood effect |
| title_auth | The neighborhood effect the imperial roots of regional fracture in Eurasia |
| title_exact_search | The neighborhood effect the imperial roots of regional fracture in Eurasia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The neighborhood effect the imperial roots of regional fracture in Eurasia |
| title_full | The neighborhood effect the imperial roots of regional fracture in Eurasia Anna Ohanyan |
| title_fullStr | The neighborhood effect the imperial roots of regional fracture in Eurasia Anna Ohanyan |
| title_full_unstemmed | The neighborhood effect the imperial roots of regional fracture in Eurasia Anna Ohanyan |
| title_short | The neighborhood effect |
| title_sort | the neighborhood effect the imperial roots of regional fracture in eurasia |
| title_sub | the imperial roots of regional fracture in Eurasia |
| topic | Politische Stabilität (DE-588)4128497-5 gnd Peripherie (DE-588)4232983-8 gnd Regionalismus (DE-588)4049037-3 gnd Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politische Stabilität Peripherie Regionalismus Imperialismus Russland Österreich Osmanisches Reich |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033887400&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033887400&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033887400&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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