Understanding the Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991
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| Beschreibung: | xviii, 365 Seiten 21,5 cm |
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CONTENTS ix List ofAbbreviations Dr John Freeman Chronology: 1988-1991 xi PARTI INTRODUCTION Rt Hon Charles Clarke 1. The Importance of the Baltic 2. A History of the Baltic Region: 1860-1991 3 Neil Taylor 15 PART II THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 3. The Baltic States, Russia and Europe’s Order: 1917֊ 1991-2022 Professor Kristina Spohr 35 4. Attaining Baltic Independence: In Search of a Helping Hand Professor Jonathan Haslam 49 5. Baltic Liberation, the Baltic Sea Regional Context and Sweden during the End of the Cold War Dr Mart Kuldkepp 61 PART III THE BALTIC INDEPENDENCE DIMENSION Professor Stefan 5999640969233 75 6. The Mice that Roared v
7. Contributions of the Baltic Independence Campaigns to Soviet Collapse Professor Kaarel Piirimäe 91 8. Baltic Exceptionalism from Versailles to Belovezhskaya Puscha Dr Donatas Kupčiūnas 109 PART IV THE RESPONSES FROM MOSCOW 9. Context, Cross-Pressures and Compromise: The Roles of Gorbachev and Yeltsin Professor Archie Brown 123 Professor Vladislav Zubok 137 11. Russia and the Baltic: The Long View Sir Rodric Braithwaite 153 12. Too ‘Great’ to Thrive? 169 10. The House Divided Starla Sigurjónsson PARTV THE BRITISH ANGLE 13. Moscow and the Baltics: A Western Correspondents View Bridget Kendall 179 14. British Policy towards the Baltic States in 1991 Patrick Salmon 195 15. The Contemporary Political Dimension Rt Hon Sir David Lidington 211 PART VI THE CONTEMPORARY USE OF HISTORY 16. Historical Propaganda in Pro-Kremlin Media: The Case of the Collapse of the Soviet Union Dr Inga Zakšauskienė 17. The Ukrainian Dimension vi Professor Andrew Wilson 221 237
PART VII FUTURE NEW CHALLENGES 18. The Baltic Geopolitics Challenges for Today Professor Brendan Simms and James Rogers 259 19. The Geopolitical Significance of Kaliningrad and the Suwałki Gap Professor Raimundas Lopata 273 20. The Maritime Geopolitics of the Baltic Sea Professor Basil Germond 289 Notes The Authors Index 303 333 ЪЪ! vii
INDEX Aberdeen, Scotland, 6 anti-nationalism, 92-3 Abkhazia, 185, 265 anti-Semitism, 18, 23 Abromavičius, Aivaras, 254 Arctic Council, 170 Academy of Finland, 91n Arctic region, 289, 291 Achalov, Vladislav, 58 Armenia; Armenians, 131, 184, 185, 190, 241, 247 adjacent internationalism, 65, 69 Armistice at Compiegne (1918), Afanasiev, Yuriy, 252 Afghanistan, 263 19 Ahlander, Dag Sebastian, 55 Aslund, Anders, 253 Akhromeyev, Sergey, 132 Atlantic Charter (1941), 93 Albert of Riga, 157 Atlantic Council, 270 Aleksii II, Patriarch of Moscow, Atlanticists, 268 Austria 89 Archduchy (1453-1804), 8, 160 Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, Habsburg Empire (1804-1918), 18 242 Alexander, Michael, 153 Republic, Second (1955-), 44 All-Soviet Inter-Regional Group, Auswärtiges Amt, 84 249 authoritarianism, 16, 26, 38 All-Union Public Opinion Azerbaijan, 131, 184, 185, 190 Research Centre (VTsIOM), 125 Andersson, Sten, 66, 69 Bahrov, Mykola, 251 Andropov, Yuri, 51, 229, 230 Baker, James, 54, 55, 57, 165 anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/ Baklanov, Oleg, 129 Baku, Azerbaijan, 131, 190 AD), 267, 287, 299 337
INDEX Baltic Crusades (1198-1290), 157 Wall, fall of (1989), 51, 53, 55, Baltic Fleet, 298-9 Baltic Germans, 15, 17, 26-7, 158-9 126, 144, 213 Berner, Orjan, 66 Bessmertnykh, Alexander, 201 Baltic Protector exercises, 270 Bildt, Carl, 63, 67, 70 Baltic Sea, 39, 44, 50, 260, 268, von Biron, Ernst, 158 289-301 Baltic Way (1989), 41, 85, 144, 240 Bismarck, Otto von, 8 Black Sea, 25, 39, 116, 185,255, 291, 292, 299, 301 baltnews.ru, 222 Black Sea Fleet, 252 Bandera, Stepan, 233, 235 Blair, Anthony ‘Tony’, 259, 263 Barrow, Tim, 197, 202 Blech, Klaus, 56 Battle of Grunwald (1410), 157 blockade of Lithuania (1990), 57, Beissinger, Mark, 96 Belarus, 112, 119, 140 Belovezha Accords (1991), 90, 96, 110, 117, 192-3 government-in-exile, 244 86, 145-6 Bloody Sunday (1905), 18, 161 Bogomolov, Oleg, 51 Bolsheviks, 7, 19-21, 23, 38, 45, 49 independence (1991), 244 Bonn, Germany, 22 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Bonner, Elena, 252 (1939), 237 Boos, Georgi, 277, 278, 282 Peoples Front, 184, 239 Bosnian War (1992-5), 263 Polish border crisis (2021), 271 Boston, Lincolnshire, 6 ‘soft Belarusianisation’ (2014- Bradford University, 209 20), 244 Suwałki Gap, 287-8 Braithwaite, Rodric, 132, 197, 199-203, 205-6 Belgium, 165 Brandt, Willy, 130 Belovezha Accords (1991), 90, 96, Brazauskas, Algirdas, 84, 85, 139 110, 117,192-3 history and, 225, 228, 229, 230, 234 Bergman, Annika, 69 Brexit (2016-20), 4, 6, 9-10, 12, 109, 269 Brezhnev, Leonid, 111, 139, 229, 230, 239 Berlin, Germany, 22 British Army on the Rhine, 5,263 Crisis (1961), 42 British Broadcasting Corporation Kaliningrad, flights to, 281-2 338
(BBC), 179-93
INDEX British Council, 204, 209 Brown, Archibald, 92, 182 Bucharest Summit (2008), 173 Bund, The, 23 Burbulis, Genady, 117-18 Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), 51 Bush, George Herbert Walker, 54-5, 106, 128-9, 132, 144-8, 150, 216, 246 ‘Chicken Kiev’ speech (1991), 106, 246 Malta Summit (1989), 57, 144 new era declaration (1992), 35 Reagan, relationship with, 54 Rüütel and Meri meeting (1991), 147 Byzantine Empire (330-1453), 155 Cambridge University, 3 Cameron, David, 266, 268 Carlsson, Ingvar, 67, 68 Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 7, 23, 160 Catholic League, 7 Catholicism, 15, 30, 39, 41, 156 Central Asia, 185-6, 208, 241, 251 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 51, 55, 231 Centre for Baltic Studies, 209 Centre for Geopolitics, 212 Cēsis, Latvia, 19-20 Chamberlain, Arthur Neville, 37 Chatham House, 287 Chechnya, 186, 261 Chernenko, Konstantin, 123 Chernovetskiy, Leonid, 253 Chernyaev, Anatoly, 51, 105, 202 China, 44, 276,286, 291,293 Christianity Catholicism, 15, 30, 39, 41, 156 Orthodoxy, 15, 18, 117, 155-6 Protestantism, 7, 15, 18, 81, 117 Churchill, Winston, 100 Clemenceau, Georges, 114 Clinton, William ‘Bill’, 246, 262 CNN, 149 Cold War (1947-91), 5, 35, 36,41, 43, 91-2, 95,106, 128,150,272 maritime geopolitics and, 291 neutrality, 61-2, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 296 colonialism, 53, 93 ‘Colour Revolutions’, 232 COMECON (1949-91), 92 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 43, 63 Common European Home, 76, 149 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 90, 118, 193 Communist International, 49 Communist Party of Estonia, 82, 103 Communist
Party of Lithuania, 86, 241 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 40, 81, 82,85, 88, 89-90, 249 339
INDEX Communist Party of Ukraine, 184, 241-2, 248-9 Congress of Peoples Deputies, 84, Soviet coup attempt (1991), 90, 133, 148 Tatars, 255 85-6, 89, 98-9, 116, 141, 143, Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 146 146, 181,248 Cultural Associations, 102 Considerations on the Government of Poland (Rousseau), 237 constitutional confederation, 138 Cultural Autonomy Law (Estonia, 1925), 23 cyber warfare, 44, 265 cont.ws, 225, 234 Cyrillic alphabet, 16, 18 Continental System (1806-14), 7 Czechoslovakia (1918-92), 37, 76, Cooper, Robert, 259 92,100, 112,120, 126,163,166, Corbyn, Jeremy, 12 214 Council of the Baltic States dissolution (1992), 262 (CBS), 295 coup attempt (1991), 31, 36, 42, Prague Spring (1968), 31, 42, 167, 199, 214 58, 70, 94, 105, 129-36, 148-9, 187, 195, 204, 210 Danzig, 8, 22 Dzerzhinsky monument and, Daryal UM Radar, 53 58 history and, 225, 228, 234 January Events and, 97 Dashichev, Vyacheslav, 51-2 Daugava river, 189 hydropower project, 78, 81 Lukyanov and, 141 Daugavpils, Latvia, 17 Pugo and, 98 DebunkEU.org, 221, 223, 224, Ukraine and, 148, 242 Yakovlev and, 131 Yeltsin and, 90, 94,149, 191 234 democracy, 56, 89, 97, 99, 113, 114, 117, 126, 127, 130, 149, Courland, 113, 157 167 Covid-19 pandemic, 109, 293 Nordic States and, 63, 64, 68, Crimea Crimean War (1853-6), 7 69, 70, 170, 171 radical democrats, 128, 129, 133 Republic (1992-5), 252 democratic centralism, 130, 134 Russian annexation (2014-), Democratic Labour Party 9-10, 11, 36,44, 170, 176, 238, 250, 267 Sebastopol, 297 340 (Lithuania), 241 Democratic Platform (Ukraine), 249
INDEX Democratic Russia, 133, 249 Denikin, Anton, 115 Denmark, 63, 113, 158, 159, 260 EEC accession (1973), 9 maritime geopolitics, 293, 294 Middle Ages, 6 Napoleonic Wars (1803-15), 7, 8 Nordic battlegroup and, 265 recognition of Baltic States (1991), 205 Schleswig War (1864), 8 Ukraine War (2022), 298 Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1988-91), 4,12,31,35,36,413, 51-9, 75, 77-107, 123-51, 179-217 Baltic independence declara tions (1991), 149, 151, 164 Belovezha Accords (1991), 90, 96, 110, 117, 192-3 blockade of Lithuania (1990), 57, 86, 145-6 Congress of People’s Deputies, 84, 85-6, 89, 98-9, 116, 141, 143, 146, 181 coup attempt (1991), see coup attempt exceptionalism and, 115-20 Extraordinary Party Congress (1990), 87 history and, 221-34 January Events (1991), 42, 57-8, 88, 97, 106, 131, 135, 147, 153, 164, 187-90, 198203 MRP crisis (1988-9), 83-4, 85-6, 98, 143 Nordic States and, 52, 55, 58, 59, 61-71 popular fronts, 76, 81-6, 98, 100-105, 137-9, 140, 142-3, 144, 239-40 presidential election (1991), 89, 134, 149 Putin’s views on, 45, 136, 223 radar installations and, 52-3 referendum (1991), 89, 97, 124, 148, 234, 241 Union Treaty proposal (1991), 131,247 Donbass region, 11, 36, 44, 170, 238, 250, 251 Dubček, Alexander, 214 Dublin, Ireland, 22 Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1561-1795), 157-8 Dudayev, Dzhokhar, 186 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 18, 58 early warning systems, 52 East Berlin, 179 East Germany (1949-90), 9, 22, 42, 51-2, 53, 76, 179, 216 East Prussia, 111, 160, 273, 275 Eden, Robert Anthony, 196 Edinburgh, Scotland, 6 Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom, 18
Eesti fosforiit, 77 Eesti Postimees, 16 341
INDEX Eestimaa Rahvarinne, 81 (1940-41), 8, 16, 27-9, 40, Eidimtaité, Agnė, 221 41, 50, 64, 125, 143, 153, Eisenstein, Sergei, 158 163, 204,212, 242 Ellemann-Jensen, Uffe, 63 Soviet Socialist Republic, emigration, see migration Second (1944-91), see Enhanced Forward Presence Estonian Soviet Socialist (2016-), 5, 267 Estonia Declaration of Independence Republic Sweden, relations with, 67, 95 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 112- (1918), 19 diaspora, 9, 50, 93, 95, 246 15 War of Independence (1918-20), flag, 83 German population, 15, 17, 26-7, 38, 159 19-20, 26, 162, 210, 270 Estonian Republic (1991-), 42-4, 90 government-in-exile, 243 Brexit and, 269 Jewish population, 23, 27 cyber-attacks (2007), 301 language, 16-17, 41, 83, 103, e-government, 254 157 Nazi occupation (1941-4), 28, 29, 40, 118-19, 163 Olympic Games (1980), 30 Enhanced Forward Presence (2016-), 5, 267, 271-2 EU accession (2004), 9, 37, 43, 110, 112, 120, 253, 296 population demographics, 53 euro adoption (2011), 268 Protestantism in, 15, 39, 81 independence (1991), 149, 164, Republic, First (1918-40), 8, 16, 19-20, 21, 23, 25-7, 38-40, 49-50, 95 Republic, Second (1944), 29 Republic, Third (1991-), 42-4, 90 Russian Imperial period (1710-1917), 16, 18 Russian settlement in, 53, 78-9, 102 204-10 Institute of Historical Memory, 245 International Centre for Defence and Security, 269 International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, 245 Joint Expeditionary Force, 268 NATO accession (2004), 37, 43, Song Festivals, 16, 83 110, 112, 120, 253,263-4, Soviet Socialist Republic, First 296 342
INDEX Russian troop withdrawal (1994), 261 . Ukraine War (2022-), 271 UN accession (1991), 206 Vabamu Museum of Occupations and Freedom, 245 Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944-91), 8,29-30, 40-43, 50-59, 77-90, 95-107, 123-51, 180 Baltic Way (1989), 41, 85, 144, 240, 242 Citizens’ Congress (1989-91), 238, 243, 244 Declaration of Independence (1990), 42, 104, 199 Declaration of Sovereignty (1988), 85, 99, 103 environmental damage in, 77-8 Finland, relations with, 30, 41, 95, 96 independence referendum (1991), 89, 227 January Events (1991), 88, 188, 198-203 perestroika (1985-91), see European Community (EC), 9, 198,206,217 European Parliament, 93 European Union (EU), 6, 9, 46, 70, 101, 104, 116, 149,232,261, 263 Baltic States’ accession (2004), 9, 37, 43, 110, 112, 116, 120, 253, 280, 296 Brexit (2016-20), 4, 6, 9, 12, 109, 269 Common Security and Defence Policy, 265, 269 Finnish accession (1995), 9, 263 Kaliningrad and, 279, 280-82, 284, 285,298 maritime geopolitics, 290, 294-5, 296 Nordic battlegroup, 265 Polish accession (2004), 296 Russia, relations with, 44, 68, 116,265,296 Russo-Ukrainian War (2022-), 175 Swedish accession (1995), 9, 68, 263 Ukraine and, 116, 253, 264 exceptionalism, 109 perestroika Popular Front, 76, 81-6, 98, 100, 104-5, 239-40 Singing Revolution (1987-91), 36, 83 F-111/F111A fighter bombers, 52 F-15E fighter bombers, 52 fake news, 12 Falin, Valentin, 52 Estonian Heritage Society, 79 Fallon, Michael, 267-8 Estonian Science Foundation, 9Խ fascism, 11, 24, 26, 38-9, 118-19, Euro-scepticism, 263, 264 150, 233 343
INDEX Fascist Italy (1922-43), 24, 26 EEC/EU membership, 9, 269 Fergana Valley, 185-6 Kaliningrad and, 279 fertilizer, 77-8 Napoleonic period (1804-15), 7-8 Finland, 38, 62, 208 Brexit and, 269 NATO membership, 166 Crimean War (1853-6), 7 recognition of Baltic States (1991), 150, 206 Estonia, relations with, 30, 41, 95, 96 EU accession (1995), 9, 263 Great Northern War (1700-21), 158 independence (1917-18), 162 Joint Expeditionary Force, 268 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 39, 50 NATO accession (2022), 5, 10, 46-7, 272, 296, 299 neutrality, 43, 296 radio transmissions from, 111 recognition of Baltic States (1991), 150 Sweden, relations with, 68 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 113 Ukraine crisis (2014), 267 Winter War (1939-40), 39 flags, 79, 82, 83 food crisis (2022), 293 Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK), 196, 203,211-17 Revolutionary Wars (17921802), 161 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 114. Ukraine War (2022-), 271 World War II (1939-45), 163, 164 Franco, Francisco, 92 Frankfurt, Germany, 282 Fukuyama, Francis, 259 Galicia, 156, 160, 162, 238 Gates, Robert, 55 Gdansk, Poland, 8, 22 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 55-6, 165 Georgia, 110, 125, 148, 185, 241, 254 April 9 tragedy (1989), 184 coup attempt (1991), 148 Democratic Republic (1918-21), 20 NATO and, 116, 264 Paris Peace Conference (1919-20), 112 Forest Brothers, 29, 233, 235 Popular Front, 140 Founding Act on Mutual Rose Revolution (2003), 232 Relations (NATO/Russia, 1997), 172 Fourteen Points (1918), 112 France, 5 344 Russo-Georgian War (2008), 170, 174, 265, 286 Union Treaty proposal (1991), 247
INDEX Victory Day in, 119 German language, 22, 23 German Romanticism, 160 Germany, 5, 7, 46, 215 Berlin Crisis (1961), 42 Berlin Wall, fall of (1989), 51, 53, 55, 126, 144-5,213 West Germany (1949-90), 22, 42 glasnost (1985-91), 31, 41, 84, 98, 102, 137, 142 Global Britain in a Competitive Age (2021 report), 6 global food crisis (2022), 293 British troops in, 5, 263, 266, 270 Global War on Terror (2001-), Confederation (1815-66), 290 East Germany (1949-90), 9,22, globalisation, 12, 92, 259 42, 51-2, 53, 76, 179,216 EEC/EU membership, 9, 269 Kaliningrad and, 279, 281-2 Latvian War of Independence (1918-20), 19-20 maritime geopolitics, 291 NATO membership, 94, 146, 165-6, 265 Nazi period (1933-45), see Nazi Germany Nord Stream, 266, 268, 271 recognition of Baltic republics (1991), 150 reunification (1989-90), 42, 51-6, 94, 126, 144-6, 165-6, 213,216, 260-61 Russian troop withdrawal (1994), 261 Soviet Union, collapse of (1988-91), 55-6 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 22, 25, 113, 114 Ukraine War (2022-), 271 Weimar Republic (1918-33), 21 263 Glücksburg, Germany, 290 Goble, Paul, 51 Godmanis, Ivars, 201 Golovanov, Mikhail, 58 Golovatov, Mikhail, 147 von der Goltz, Rüdiger, 19 Gonzalez, Felipe, 130 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 42-3, 53-9, 66, 67, 75, 80, 88, 93, 94-5, 116, 123-36, 137-51,185, 195 Baltic visit (1987), 79 Baltic Way (1989), 144 blockade of Lithuania (1990), 57, 86, 145-6 Bush, relationship with, 54-5, 57, 128-9, 132, 144-5, 150 Common European Home, 76, 149 Congress of People’s Deputies, 84, 85-6, 89, 98-9, 116, 141, 143, 146, 181 coup attempt (1991), see coup attempt death
(2022), 110, 186 democracy, views on, 130-31 345
INDEX East Berlin visit (1989), 179 Valjas, relationship with, 103 economic reform, 139 Yeltsin, relationship with, 75, Extraordinary Party Congress (1990), 87 force, aversion to, 127, 131, 135-6, 137, 145-6 87, 89, 99, 125-6, 147-8, 192, 205,214, 246 Gorbenko, Leonid, 277 Gorbunovs, Anatolijs, 139 glasnost (1985-91), 31, 41, 84, 98, 102, 137, 142, 212 Gordon, John, 100 history and, 228, 229, 230, 234 January Events (1991), 42, Gosplan, 145 57-8, 88, 97, 106, 131, 135, 187, 198-203 Major, relationship with, 202 Malta Summit (1989), 57, 144- 5 Milan visit (1989), 54 MRP crisis (1988-9), 83-4, 85-6, 98 NATO and, 165 perestroika (1985-91), see perestroika Gorshkov, Sergey, 292 Grand Duchy of Lithuania (c. 1236-1795), 114, 115, 118, 157 Gray, Colin, 291 Great Northern War (1700-21), 46, 154, 158 Great Patriotic War (1941-5), see World War II great power politics, 46, 171-3 Griniov, Vladimir, 249 gulags, 28, 40 GulfWar I (1990-91), 42, 52, 87-8, 195, 198, 200, 216,217 popular fronts, relations with, 80-82, 84-6 GulfWar II (2003-11), 263 popularity, 125-6 Gustavus II Adolphus, King of presidential election (1991), 89 Sweden, 6-7 Putin’s views on, 45, 136 Reagan, relationship with, 129 Hague, William, 263 referendum (1991), 89, 97, 124, 148 Hamburg, Germany, 282 resignation (1991), 90 Thatcher, relationship with, 128-9, 202, 215 Hanseatic League, 6, 39, 155,290, 293-4 Harpoon missiles, 298 Havel, Václav, 166 Ukraine invasion (2022), 186 Helsinki Commission, 295, 296 Ukraine plan (1991), 251 Helsinki Final Act (1975), 38 Union Treaty proposal (1991), Helsinki-86 monitoring group,
81 131,247 346 Helsinki, Finland, 30
INDEX Hiden, John, 196, 210 history, 5, 6, 10-13, 41, 44-7, 98, 110, 221-34 association, 227, 234 hyperbolization, 226, 234 information selection techni ques, 226-7, 234 Soviet collapse and, 221-34 Hitler-Stalin Pact (1939), see Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Hitler, Adolf, 22, 163 Hogg, Douglas, 197, 199, 204, 206-7 Holocaust (1941-5), 23-4, 28 Holodomor (1932-3), 24, 222 Holy Roman Empire (800-1806), 7, 157 Human Chain (1989), 41, 85, 144, 240 International Centre for Defence and Security, 269 International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, 245 internationalism, 65, 68-9, 79 Interregional Deputies Group, 99 Iraq Gulf War I (1990-91), 42, 52, 87-8, 195, 198,200,216,217 Gulf War II (2003-11), 263 Ireland, 22, 265 Iron Wolf, 39 Ise Majandav Eesti, 80-81 Iskander missiles, 299 Italy, 24, 26 Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia, 158 Ivangorod, Russia, 45 Ivashko, Volodymyr, 184, 248-9 human rights, 171 Hungary, 42, 44, 76, 100, 126, 166, 262 January Events (1991), 42, 57-8, 88, 97, 106, 131, 135, 147, 153, Hurd, Douglas, 56, 101, 197, 203, 206, 207,211 Japan, 276, 284, 286 Hurenko, Stanislav, 249 hydropower, 78, 81 hyperbolization, 226 Iceland, 169-76, 205, 268 Ignalina nuclear power plant, Lithuania, 78 immigration, see migration Institute for the Economics of the 164, 187-90, 198-203 Jewish people, 18, 21, 22-4, 27 anti-Semitism, 18, 23 Holocaust (1941-5), 23-4, 28 John III Sobieski, King of Poland, 160 Johnson, Alexander Boris, 271 Joint Expeditionary Force (2014-), 5, 10, 268, 270 Jurkāns, Jānis, 201 World Socialist System, 51-2 Institute of Public Relations, 21
Intermovement, 97, 250 Kaliningrad, 5, 44, 260, 263, 267, 273-88, 296, 297-8 347
INDEX Karelia, 39 Kruychkov, Vladimir, 129, 147, Kasko, Vitaly, 254 Kaunas, Lithuania, 18, 21, 162 148 Kuchma, Leonid, 252, 253, 254 Kazakhstan, 184, 225, 232 Kuril Islands, 276, 285, 288 Kennan, George, 167 Kuwait, 42, 52, 87-8, 195, 198, Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 146 200, 216, 217 Kvitashvili, Aleksandre, 254 Keston College, Oxford, 30 Kettler, Gotthard, 157 KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoy Kyiv, Ukraine, 155 Kyrgyzstan, 186 bezopasnosti), 18, 45, 53, 58, 89, 133, 138, 142, 147-8, 182, 187 Kharkiv, Ukraine, 248-9 Kiel, Germany, 266 Kievan Rus (882-1240), 155-6, 221 King’s Lynn, Norfolk, 6 Kipling, Rudyard, 118 Klaipeda, Lithuania, 22, 24, 25, 145 Klyamkin, Igor, 81 Laidoner, Johan, 8, 26 Lake, William Anthony, 262 Lambert, Andrew, 291 Lancaster, Mark, 270 Landsbergis, Vytautas, 57, 86, 88, 146, 206, 208 Latvia Declaration of Independence (1918), 19 diaspora, 8, 50, 246 flag, 82 Know How Fund, 204, 209 German community, 15, 17, 26-7, 38, 41 Kobyakov, Yuri, 53 government-in-exile, 243 Kohl, Helmut, 55 Jewish community, 22-3, 27, Kohtla-Järve, Estonia, 78 28-9 language, 17, 41, 157 Nazi occupation (1941-4), Koidula, Lydia, 17 kolbasa, 54 Kolchak, Alexander, 115 Königsberg, see Kaliningrad 28-9, 40, 118-19, 163 Kosovo War (1998-9), 263 Poland, relations with, 21 population demographics, 53 Kovno, Lithuania, 18 Protestantism in, 15, 39, 81 Kramer, Mark, 94 Republic, First (1918-40), 16, Kravchuk, Leonid, 90, 229, 234, 19,21-7, 38-40, 49-50, 95 Republic, Second (1991-), 249, 250, 251 Krugman, Paul, 110 348 42-4, 90
INDEX Russian Imperial period (1795-1917), 16, 17 Russian settlement in, 53, 79, 102 Soviet Socialist Republic, First (1940-41), 8, 16, 27-9, 40, 41, 50, 64, 125, 143,153, 163-4, 204, 212, 242 Soviet Socialist Republic, Second (1944-91), see Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Sweden, relations with, 67 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 112-15 War of Independence (191820), 19-20, 21, 162, 210, 270 Latvian Republic (1991-), 42-4, UN accession (1991), 206 Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944-91), 8, 29, 31,40-43, 50-59,78,81,95—107,123-51,179Baltic Way (1989), 41, 85, 144, 240, 242 Daugava hydropower project, 78, 81 Declaration of Independence (1990), 42, 189, 199 independence referendum (1991), 89, 227 January Events (1991), 88, 97, 131, 153, 164, 188, 198-203 perestroika (1985-91), see perestroika Popular Front (1988-93), 81-2, 83, 84, 101, 239-40 90 radar installations, 52-3 Brexit and, 269 Singing Revolution (1987-91), EU accession (2004), 9, 37, 43, 110, 112, 116, 120, 253,296 euro adoption (2014), 268 independence (1991), 149, 204-10 Joint Expeditionary Force (2014-), 5, 10, 268, 270 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, 245 NATO accession (2004), 37, 43, 110, 112, 116, 120, 253, 263-4, 296 Russian troop withdrawal (1994), 261 Soviet symbols ban (2013), 245 36 Latvijas Tautas Fronte, 81-2, 83, 84, 101 Law and Justice (Poland), 255 Law on Secession (1990), 238 Le Pen, Marine, 12 League of Freedom Fighters, 25-6 Leagues of Armed Neutrality, 7 Lenin, Vladimir, 20, 45, 49, 138, 162 Levada, Yuriy, 125 Liam Fox, 266 liberalism, 66, 69, 70, 87, 88, 97, 99, 126, 132, 144 349
INDEX Lietuvos Persitvarkymo Sąjūdis, 57, 82, 83, 84-5, 86, 101 literacy, 159 Lithuania Catholicism in, 15, 30, 39, 41 Declaration of Independence (1918), 19, 24-5 diaspora, 8, 246 EU accession (2004), 9, 37, 43, 110, 112, 116, 120 Gorbachev’s death (2022), 110 government-in-exile, 243 Grand Duchy (c. 1236-1795), 114, 115, 118, 157, 160 as historical nation, 114, 115 independence referendum (1991), 89 Jewish community, 21, 22-4, 25, 27 language, 16, 41 Memel annexation (1923), 22 Nazi occupation (1941-4), 28, 40, 118-19 Poland, relations with, 16, 17, 21,22,23,24, 38, 39,41,113, 262 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569- Republic, Second (1991-), see Lithuanian Republic Russian Imperial period (1795-1917), 16, 17-18 Russian settlement in, 53, 79, 102 Sąjūdis movement (1988-), 57, 82, 83, 84-5, 86, 101 Singing Revolution (1987-91), 36 Soviet Socialist Republic, First (1940-41), 8, 16, 27-9, 38-41, 50, 64, 125, 143, 153, 163-4, 204, 212, 242 Soviet Socialist Republic, Second (1944-91), see Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic Treaty of Versailles (1919), 22, 25,49, 112-15 War of Independence (191720), 20, 21, 23, 162 Lithuanian Republic (1991-), 42-4, 90 Brexit and, 269 Center for the Research of Genocide, 245 Democratic Labour Party, 241 EU accession (2004), 9, 37, 43, 1795), 8, 15,23,24-5, 115, 110, 112, 116, 120, 253,280, 114,117 296 Partition (1772), 8, 23 euro adoption (2015), 268 population demographics, 53, independence (1991), 164, 57 Republic, First (1918-40), 16, 19, 20, 21-7, 38, 49-50, 95 350 204-10 Joint Expeditionary Force (2014-), 5, 10, 268, 270
INDEX Kaliningrad and, 276, 278-9, 280-81, 283, 284, 288 Museum of Occupations and Livonia, 113 Freedom Fights, 245 NATO accession (2004), 37, 43, Livonian Wars (1558-83), 158 110,112, 116, 120, 253, 263-4, 296 Livonian Brothers of the Sword, 157 Lloyd George, David, 114 Logan, David, 197, 200 Low, Brian, 209 Russian troop withdrawal Lübeck, 8 (1993), 261 Soviet symbols ban (2008), 245 UN accession (1991), 206 Lübeck, Germany, 293 Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Lukashenko, Alexander, 244 Lukyanov, Anatoliy, 130, 141 Lutheranism, 7, 15, 18, 117, 157 Republic (1944-91), 8, 40-43, Lviv, Ukraine, 124, 162, 183,244 50-59, 78, 79, 82, 84-5, 95-107, 123-51, 179- Lyne, Roderic, 197, 199, 203 Baltic Way (1989), 41, 85, 144, 240, 242 Maardu, Estonia, 77 blockade (1990), 57, 86, 145-6 Declaration of Independence MacLeod, Sian, 197, 202 (1990), 42, 57, 86, 103, 144-5, 198-9 Declaration of Moral Independence (1988), 85 independence referendum (1991), 89, 227 January Events (1991), 42, 57-8, 88, 97, 106, 131, 147, 153, 164, 187-9, 198-203 perestroika (1985-91), see perestroika Mackinder, Halford, 291 Macron, Emmanuel, 271 Madrid Summit (2022), 300 Mahan, Alfred, 291 Major, John, 166, 196, 201-3, 204, 207, 217 Malta Summit (1989), 57, 144 Manning, David, 101, 197, 200, 202, 204-7 Masliukov, Yuri, 145 Matlock, Jack, 91, 132-3, 143 Matochkin, Yuri, 277 Sąjūdis movement, 57, 82, 83, 84-5, 86, 101, 239-40 Mattis, James, 270 Singing Revolution (1987-91), McMaster, Herbert Raymond, 270 36 Solidarity movement and, 30-31 McKibbin, Alexander, 50 Medvedev, Vadim, 127 Mein Kampf (Hiüer), 22 Memel, 22,
24, 25, 145 351
INDEX Memeler Dampįboot, 22 Meri, Lennart, 100-101, 102, Mutual Assistance Pacts (1939), 16, 27 1034 D3, 147 Merilo, Jaanika, 254 Nabokov, Konstantin, 115 Merkel, Angela, 268 Nagorno-Karabakh region, 185 MI6, 50 Middle Ages, 6 Napoleonic Wars (1803-15), 7, 8 migration, 8-9, 50, 55, 95, 102, National Archives (UK), 196 246 Military Balance, 298 Miller, Susan, 203 Ministry of Internal Affairs, 133 Mitterrand, François, 146 Moiseyev, Mikhail, 119 Moldova, 185, 238, 241, 247 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 50, 80, 86 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 27, 28, 36, 39,41,45, 50,51, 64, 80, 93, 124, 142, 149, 154, 238 Baltic Way commemoration (1989), 41, 85, 144,240, 242 history and, 222 secret protocols, 83-6, 98, 143, 181,203 Ukraine and, 124, 182, 238 Mongol Empire (1206-1368), 156 Moscow Olympics (1980), 30 Narva, Estonia, 45 nationalism anti-nationalism, 92-3 Baltic, 12, 16, 38-9, 78-9, 92-107, 116, 137-51 exceptionalism and, 109 Russian, 43, 97, 124-5, 129, 142, 144, 146, 147 NATO-Russia Council, 172, 173 Nazi Germany (1933-45), 22, 26, 27-9, 37, 39, 118-19,215,217 appeasement of, 163 Baltic Sea and, 294 Holocaust (1941-5), 23-4, 28 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), see Molotov- Ribbentrop Pact Russia invasion (1941-5), 46, 51 Sudeten Crisis (1938), 37, 163, 166 Moscow Treaty (1920), 21 near abroad, 222 Moscow, Russia, 17 Nekrich, Alexander, 51 Munich Agreement (1938), 166 Netherlands, 225, 268 Munich Security Conference, 264 Museum of Occupations and neutrality, 43, 61-71 Freedom Fights, Vilnius, 245 New York Times, 93 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, Riga, 245 352 Nevsky, Alexander,
158 news-front.info, 226 Nicaragua, 83
INDEX Nord Stream, 266, 268, 281 Georgia and, 116, 264 Nordic battlegroup, 265 Nordic Council, 170 Germany and, 94, 146, 165-6, Nordic States, 44, 61-71, 209 internationalism, 65, 68-9 neutrality, 43, 61-71 Icelandic accession (1949), 170 217, 261,265 Joint Expeditionary Force (2014-), 5, 10, 268, 270 right wing politics in, 12, 65, Kaliningrad and, 278, 283, 286 67, 68 Soviet Union, collapse of Madrid Summit (2022), 300 (1988-91), 52, 55, 58, 59, 62-3, 65, 69 welfare states, 62, 67 Nordic-Baltic Policy Statement (Scotland, 2017), 269 Nordic-Baltic Summit, 266 North Atlantic Council, 172 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 9, 37, 46-7, 58, 70, 101, 104, 149, 164-8, 171, 174-5,231,261-72 Article Five, 263, 270, 288 Atlanticists, 268 Baltic States’ accession (2004), 37, 43, 110, 112, 116, 120, 253, 263-4, 296 Brexit and, 9-10, 269 Bucharest Summit (2008), 173 Enhanced Forward Presence maritime geopolitics, 290, 294, 296,297-301 Prague Summit (2002), 263 Russia and, 11, 44, 68, 116, 164, 165-8, 172-3, 264-72, 296 Polish accession (1999), 263, 296 Putins views on, 164, 165, 168 Riga Summit (2006), 265 Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, 222 Strategic Concept (2010), 265 Sweden and, 5, 46-7, 171, 266, 272, 296, 299 Trump and, 269 UK and, 166, 260, 267-8, 269 Ukraine and, 116, 167, 174, 253, 264, 267 Wales Summit (2014), 267 Warsaw Summit (2016), 267 (2016֊), 5, 267, 271-2 EU and, 68 North Ossetia, 265 expansion, 44, 164-8, 261, 262-4 Northern Future Forum, 9, 266, Finland and, 5, 46-7, 171, 266, 272, 296, 299 Founding Act on Mutual Relations (1997), 172 North
Sea, 260 268 Northern Group, 266, 268 Norway, 62, 150, 268 Not One Inch (Sarotte), 165 353
INDEX Novgorod, 155, 158 perestroika (1985-91), 31, 36, 41, Novo-Ogaryovo, Moscow, 250 51, 53, 58, 80-82, 90, 105, 127, nuclear weapons, 44, 54, 56, 149, 182, 186,212 216, 299 Andropov and, 230 history and, 229, 230 Odessa, Ukraine, 254 oil shale, 78 Old Slavonic, 117 Oliinyk, Borys, 251 Olympic Games (1980), 30 OMON (Otryad Mobil’nyy Osobogo Naznacheniya), 58, 88 Operation Cabrit (2016-), 5 Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 233, 235, 243 Orthodox Church, 15, 18, 117, 155-6 Ottoman Empire (1299-1922), 160, 255 Palanga, Lithuania, 21 Palazchenko, Pavel, 186 Panda, Tl, 79 popular fronts and, 80-82, 98, 101-103, 137-9, 140, 142-3, 144 Perkonkrusts, 26, 39 Permanent Joint Council (PJC), 172 Peter I, Emperor of Russia, 45, 46, 154, 158 Petsamo, 39 phosphorite ore, 77-8 Piłsudski, Józef, 18, 162 Plokhy, Serhii, 94, 124, 246 Podemos, 12 Poland, 120, 237 Belarus border crisis (2021), 271 Brexit and, 269 Crisis (1980-81), 42 parade of sovereignties (1988-91), 11, 85, 99, 103,247 elections (1988), 85 Paris Peace Conference (1919-20), EU accession (2004), 296 22, 25,49, 110, 112 Park, Daphne, 51 Kaliningrad and, 280-81, 284, Party of Democratic Revival of Latvia, relations with, 21 Ukraine, 249 Päts, Konstantin, 18, 24, 25-6 Pavlov, Valentin, 129 Peart, Michael, 209 People s Movement of Ukraine, 182, 184, 240-43, 247,249, 251 354 emigration, 8 288 Lithuania, relations with, 16, 17,21,22, 23, 24, 38, 39, 41, 113,262 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 27, 39, 84 NATO membership, 166, 263
INDEX Partitions (1772-97), 8, 23, Powell, Charles, 215 158, 160-61 People’s Republic (1952-89), Prague Spring (1968), 31, 42, 85, 100, 126 167, 199,214 Prague Summit (2002), 263 populism in, 44, 110 Pravda, Alex, 94, 95 radio transmissions from, 111 Russian Army withdrawal presidential rule, 128, 133, 147, (1993), 261 Solidarity movement, 30-31 Protestantism, 7, 15, 18, 81, 117, Soviet Union, collapse of (1988-91), 76, 126 Prunskienė, Kazimira, 129 Soviet War (1918-21), 19,21, 111,162 Three Seas Initiative, 255 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 22, 113, 163 Ukraine crisis (2014), 267 Ukraine War (2022-), 271 Vilnius and, 21, 22, 24-5, 27, 162 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795), 15,24-5, 115, 117, 160, 237 as intermarium, 255 Partitions (1772-97), 8, 23, 158, 160-61 Polotsk, 158 199 157 Prussia, 8, 111, 157, 159, 160, 273, 275, 289 Pskov, 158 Pugo, Boris, 98, 129 Putin, Vladimir, 4, 5, 10-12, 30, 36,44, 116, 119, 127, 134, 154, 162,238 Munich Security Conference (2007), 264 NATO, views on, 164, 165, 168, 264 Soviet dissolution, views on, 45, 136, 223 Ukraine invasion (2022), see Russo-Ukrainian War Yegorov, relationship with, 278 Popov, Gavril, 251 popular fronts, 76, 80-86, 98, 100-105, 137-9, 140, 142-3, 144, 239-40 QUAD, 166 radar installations, 52-3 Intermovement and, 97, 250 populism, 12, 44, 110 Poska, Jaan, 20 Radio Technical Unit, 129th, 53 Potsdam Conference (1945), 274, Reagan, Ronald, 54, 75, 106, 275, 276, 285 Rakfeldt, Jaak, 98 Rakvere, Estonia, 77 128-9 355
INDEX Red Army, 29, 38, 40, 43, 45, 50, 51, 133, 138 Reuters, 186 ria.ru, 222, 226 Rus, 155 Russian Civil War (1917-23), 1923,26, 66, 112, 114, 162,210 Russian Empire (1721-1917), 7, von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 80 16-19, 111 Rice, Condoleezza, 147 Riga, Latvia, 131, 153, 208 Alexander II assassination British embassy, 209 Declaration of Independence (1990), 42, 189 German population, 17 Gorbachev’s visit (1987), 79 foundation (1201), 157 isolation, 31 January Events (1991), 42, 88, 131, 153, 164, 188-9 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, 245 NATO Summit (2006), 265 Nazi occupation (1941-4), 28 popular fronts conference (1988), 84 railway links, 17 Swedish office in, 67 War of Independence (191820), 19 Ritterschaften, 158-9 (1881), 18 Bloody Sunday (1905), 18, 161 Crimean War (1853-6), 7 exceptionalism, 112 Jewish population, 22-3 Partitions of Poland (1772-97), 8, 23, 158, 160-61 Revolution (1917), 7, 19, 23, 38 Russian Federation (1991-), 4, 5, 35-6, 44-7, 116 anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/ AD), 267, 287, 299 Baltic Fleet, 298 Belarus-Poland border crisis (2021), 271 Black Sea Fleet, 252 Bosnian War (1992-5), 263 Crimea annexation (2014-), 9-10, 11,36,44, 170, 176, 238, 250, 267 Romania, 112, 262 cyber warfare, 44, 265 Romanov dynasty, 156, 158, 237 Donbass annexations (2022), Rostock, Germany, 8, 290 11 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 237 Royal Air Force, 8 Donbass War (2014-), 36, 44, Royal Navy, 7, 8, 49, 162, 210, EU, relations with, 44, 68, 116, 260, 270 Rukh, 182, 184, 240-43, 247,249, 251 356 170, 238, 250, 267 265, 296 Georgian War (2008), 170, 174, 265, 286, 296
INDEX history, weaponisation of, 5, 10-13, 41, 44-7, 221-35 Iceland, relations with, 169-76 Kaliningrad, 5, 44, 260, 263, 267, 273-88 Kosovo War (1998-9), 263 Kuril Islands, 276, 285, 288 Litvinenko assassination (2006), 266 maritime geopolitics, 289-301 NATO and, 11, 44, 116, 165-8, 172-3, 264-72, 296 Declaration of Sovereignty (1990), 247 Russian Soviet Republic (191722), 19-21,45,49, 114-15, 162 Russian Tsardom (1547-1721) Great Northern War (1700-21), 46, 154, 158 Livonian Wars (1558-83), 158 Russo-Georgian War (2008), 170, 174, 265, 296 Russo-Ukrainian War (2022-), 4, 36, 37, 47, 120, 134, 146, 154, Nord Stream, 266, 268, 271 170, 171, 238, 260 nuclear weapons, 44, 299 allegiance, 188 partial mobilisation (2022), 11 Baltic Sea and, 295 Salisbury poisonings (2018), Denmark and, 298 270 global food crisis, 293 Syrian War (2011-), 44 Gorbachevs views on, 186 Ukraine invasion (2022), see history and, 10-11, 45-6, 127, Russo-Ukrainian War United States, relations with, 35-6, 46 Russian language, 16, 18, 30, 57, 102 250 Kaliningrad and, 287 NATO and, 164, 174 naval warfare, 299-300, 301 Russian media and, 226 ‘Russian mind’, 117, 120 sanctions, 170, 174-5 Russian minorities, 11, 30, 37, 43, UK and, 10, 271 53, 78-9, 102, 262 Russification, 40, 79,102, 117,161 media and, 222 Russo-Polish War (1918-21), 19, Russian nationalism, 43, 97, 21, 111 124-5, 129, 142, 144, 146, 150, Rust, Mattias, 52 151 Ruth, Arne, 69 Russian Revolution (1917), 7, 19, Rutskoy, Alexander, 251 23, 38, 112, 114, 120, 245 Rüütel, Arnold, 83, 147, 149 Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Ryurik dynasty, 155,
156, 221 Republic (1922-91), 86-7 Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 142, 145, 146 357
INDEX Saakashvili, Mikheil, 254 Saharov, Juhan, 99 Sąjūdis movement, 57, 82, 83, 84-5, 86, 101 Singing Revolution (1987-91), 36, 83 Skripal, Sergei, 270 Skrunda, Latvia, 52-3 Sakharov, Andrei, 181, 183 Slavs, 155 Sakvarelidze, Davit, 254 Smetona, Antanas, 24-5 Salisbury poisonings (2018), 270 Sniečkus, Antanas, 30 samizdat, 102 Sobchak, Anatoliy, 251 Samuel, Richard, 209 Social Democratic Party Sanders, Bernard, 12 (Sweden), 67, 69 Sarotte, Mary, 165 Solidarity movement, 30-31 Saumarez, James, 1st Baron, 7 Songaila, Ringaudas, 82, 84 Savisaar, Edgar, 104, 139, 150 Soviet Union (1922-91) Scandinavia, see Nordic States Schleswig-Holstein, 8 Scholz, Olaf, 271 School of Slavonic and East European Studies, 209 Scotland, 6, 269 Scottish National Party (SNP), 92, 269 Scowcroft, Brent, 55, 56-7, 150 Sebastopol, Crimea, 297 self-determination, 36, 43, 45, 53, 92-3 Shakhnazarov, Georgy, 141-2, 251 Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, 184 Shenin, Oleg, 130 army, 29, 38, 40, 43,45, 50,51, 133, 138 Baltic annexations (1940), 8, 16, 27-9, 38-41, 50, 64, 125, 143, 153, 163-4, 204, 212 Baltic annexations (1944), 88, 29-31, 40 Chernobyl disaster (1986), 239 Congress of People s Deputies, 84, 85-6, 89, 98-9, 116, 141, 143, 146, 181, 248 constitutional confederation, 138 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 146 dissolution (1988-91), see Sherr, James, 252 Dissolution of the Soviet Shevardnadze, Eduard, 87, 88, 187 Union Shoigu, Sergei, 146 Shushkevich, Stanislav, 90, 234 Siberia, 28, 40 Simpson, James Alexander, 21 358 environmental damage and, 77-8, 81, 82 German invasion (1941-5), 46, 51
INDEX glasnost (1985-91), 31, 41, 84, staple towns, 6 98, 102, 137, 142, 212 Great Terror (19 3 6-8), 24, 222 Star Wars program (1984-93), 75 Holodomor (1932-3), 24, 222 Stimson Doctrine (1932), 243 Hungarian Revolution (1956), Stockholm, Sweden, 50 42, 166 Law on Secession (1990), 238, Stolypin, Pyotr, 18 248 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), see MolotovRibbentrop Pact Mutual Assistance Pacts (1939), 16, 27 nuclear weapons, 44, 54, 56, 149, 216 Olympic Games (1980), 30 Polish Crisis (1980-81), 42 perestroika (1985-91), see perestroika Prague Spring (1968), 31, 42, 167, 199, 214 presidential election (1991), 89, 134 Rust flight (1987), 52 Winter War (1939-40), 39 World War II (1939-45), see World War II Spain, 24, 92 State Planning Committee, 145 Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, 222 Strategic Defence and Security Review (2010), 266 Suez Canal, 293 Supreme Soviet, 57, 84-5, 87, 89, 130, 191-2 Suwałki Gap, 287-8 Sweden, 15, 39, 61-71, 159 ankpolitik, 55 EU accession (1995), 9, 68, 263 Great Northern War (170021), 46, 154, 158 internationalism, 65, 68-9 Joint Expeditionary Force, 268 maritime geopolitics, 293,294 MI6 in, 50-51 migration to, 50, 55, 95 Napoleonic Wars (1803-15), 7 NATO accession (2022), 5,10, 46-7, 272, 297, 299 Sputnik news agency, 222 sputniknews.ru, 226 SS (Schutzstaffel), 119 neutrality, 65-71, 296 St Petersburg, Russia, 17, 159, Soviet Union, collapse of 260, 263, 299 St. George Ribbon, 222 Stalin, Joseph, 30, 46, 50, 51, 124, 138,139,163,204,212,222 right wing politics, 12, 65, 67, 68 (1988-91), 52, 55, 58, 59, 62-71 Thirty Years’ War
(1618-48), 6-7 359
INDEX Ukraine crisis (2014), 267 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 19 World War II (1939-45), 29 Treaty of Tartu (1920), 20 Swedish Democrats, 12 Syria, 44 Syriza, 12 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 22, 25, 49, 110, 112-15, 163 Trenin, Dmitry, 261 Trump, Donald, 12, 269-70 Tajikistan, 186 Truss, Elizabeth ‘Liz’, 271 Tallents, Stephen, 21 Tallinn, Estonia, 180 UKIP, 264 British embassy, 209 ukraina.ru, 222, 226 Edward Vils visit (1908), 18 Ukraine, 237-56 Finland, proximity to, 95 German population, 17 Belovezha Accords (1991), 90, 96,110,118,192-3,229, 234 Gorbachev’s visit (1987), 79 Chernobyl disaster (1986), 239 January Events (1991), 88, 188, Communist Party, 184, 241-2, 200 railway links, 17 Swedish office in, 67 Vabamu Museum of 248-9 coup attempt (1991), 148, 242, 247 Crimea invasion (2014), 9-10, Occupations and Freedom, 11, 36, 44, 170, 176, 238, 245 250, 267 Tartu, Estonia, 16, 18, 79, 159 Tautininkai, 39 Crimean Republic (1992-5), 252 Tea Party, 12 Day of Unity, 242-3 tehnowar.ru, 225 Declaration of Independence Teutonic Knights, 39, 157, 293 Thatcher, Margaret, 92, 128-9, 196, 202, 215 third way, 61-71 Thirty Years’ War (1618-48), 6-7 (1991), 106, 242, 248, 250 Declaration of Sovereignty (1990), 247 decommunisation laws (2015), 245 Toolse, Estonia, 77 Democratic Platform, 249 Transcarpathia, 251 diaspora, 242 Transcaucasia, 113 Donbass War (2014-), 36, 44, Transnistria, 185, 262 Transylvania, 262 360 170, 238, 250, 267 e-government, 254
INDEX EU and, 116, 253,264 presidential election (1991), 247 European identity, 252, 254-5, Rada, 244 256 ‘Group of 239’, 240, 241 Revolution of Dignity (2013- Holodomor (1932-3), 24 Russian invasion (2022), see human chain (1990), 240, 242 independence (1991), 106, 208, 238,242, 244, 248, 251 Institute of National Memory (INM), 245 as Intermarium, 238, 254-5 Interparty Assembly, 243-4 Law on Banks and Banking (1991), 247 Law on Economic Independence (1990), 247 Law on Presidency (1991), 247 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 124, 182, 238 NATO and, 116, 167, 174, 253, 264 Nazi occupation (1941-4), 163 nuclear weapons, 149 Orange Revolution (2004-5), 232, 233, 238, 244, 250, 253, 256, 264 Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 233, 235, 243 Party of Democratic Revival, 249 People’s Movement (Rukh), 182, 184, 240-43, 247, 249, 251 People’s Republic (1917-21), 242-3, 245-6 14), 233, 238, 244, 253, 256 Russo-Ukrainian War Russian media in, 222, 225,226 Soviet Union, collapse of (1988-91), 56, 94, 106, 110, 121,124, 125,129,149,182֊ 4, 232 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 112 Victory Day in, 119 War of Independence (1917- 21), 20 Ulmanis, Karlis, 24, 26 Union Treaty proposal (1991), 131,247 United Kingdom, 179-217, 259-72 Afghanistan War (2001-21), 263 Blair government (1997-2007), 259, 263 Bosnian War (1992-5), 263 Brexit (2016-20), 4, 6, 9-10, 12, 109, 269 British Army on the Rhine, 5, 263 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 179-93 British Council, 204, 209 Cameron government (2010-. 16), 266, 268 Crimean War (1853-6), 7 361
INDEX EEC accession (1973), 9 recognition of Baltic States Euro-scepticism in, 263, 264 (1991), 204-7 Russian Civil War intervention Front Line First (1994 defence review), 262 Germany, troops in, 5, 263, 266, 270 Global Britain in a Competitive Age (2021 report), 6 (1918-20), 19, 162, 210, 270 Salisbury poisonings (2018), 270 Schleswig War (1864), 8 Soviet Union, collapse of 87-8, 195, 198, 200, 216 (1988-91), 153-4, 179-93, 195-210, 211-17 Gulf War II (2003-11), 263 Soviet Union, recognition of immigration, 8-9 (1924), 20 Strategic Defence and Security Gulf War I (1990-91), 42, 52, Joint Expeditionary Force (2014-), 5, 10, 268,270 Kaliningrad and, 280 Kosovo War (1998-9), 263 Litvinenko assassination (2006), 266 Major government (1990-97), 56, 101, 166, 196-210, 216-17 Meri meeting (1990), 101 MI6, 50-51 Napoleonic Wars (1803-15), 7, 8 NATO membership, 166, 260, 267-8, 269 Nord Stream condemnation (2021), 271 Review (2010), 266 Thatcher government (197990), 92, 128-9, 196,202,215 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 113, 114 Ukraine War (2022-), 271 War on Terror (2001-), 263 World War II (1939-45), 163, 164 United Nations, 37, 43, 126, 170, 200-201, 270 United Provinces (1581-1795), 294 United Russia, 286 United States Afghanistan War (2001-21), Northern Future Forum, 9, 266 263 Bosnian War (1992-5), 263 Operation Cabrit (2016-), 5 Bush Sr. administration Options for Change (1990 defence review), 262 Partition of Poland (1772), 8 populism in, 12 362 (1989-1993), see Bush, George Herbert Walker Clinton administration (1993-2001), 246,262
INDEX Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), Vaino, Anton, 30 146 exceptionalism, ПО Fourteen Points (1918), 112 Vaino, Karl, 30, 82-3 Gulf War I (1990-91), 42, 52, Valk, Heinz, 83 87-8, 195, 198, 200, 216 Valka, Latvia, 21 Valga, Estonia, 21 Valjas, Vaino, 83, 103 Gulf War II (2003-11), 263 Valuyev, Vladimir, 278 Iceland, relations with, 173 Kaliningrad and, 279, 280 VAPS movement, 25-6 Kosovo War (1998-9), 263 NATO membership, 166, 167-8 populism in, 12 Russian Federation, relations with, 35-6, 46 Soviet Union, collapse of Varangians, 155 Vare, Raivo, 104 Varennikov, Valentin, 145, 147 Velliste, Trivimi, 103 Venclova, Tomas, 22 Versailles Treaty (1919), 22, 25, 49, 110, 112-15, 163 (1988-91), 54-7, 91-2, 106, vesti.ru, 222 132-3, 143, 144, 147-8, 150, Victory Day, 119, 222 231-2, 235 Vides Aizsardzības Klubs (VAK), Soviet Union, recognition of (1933), 20 Vienna, Austria, 160 Star Wars program (1984-93), 75 Vilnius, Lithuania, 21 Stimson Doctrine (1932), 243 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 113 Trump administration (201721), 269-70 War on Terror (2001-), 263 Welles Declaration (1940), 242, 246 World War II (1939-45), 164 University of Leeds, 209 Uzbekistan, 186 81 Vikings, 6, 155,293 British embassy, 209 Declaration of Independence (1918), 24-5 January Events (1991), 42, 57-8, 88, 97, 106, 131, 147, 153, 164, 187-9, 200 Jewish community, 21, 23, 25 MRP anniversary rally (1988), 84 Museum of Occupations and Vabamu Museum of Occupations and Freedom, Tallinn, 245 Freedom Fights, 245 Poland and, 21, 22,24-5, 162 363
INDEX Russian annexation (1797), 160 Baltic Sea and, 294 University of, 160 German invasion of Russia Vilnius University, 15 (1941-5), 46, 51, 163 Visegrad Group, 166 Holocaust (1941-5), 23-4, 28 Vistula river, 8 Kaliningrad and, 273, 274, 275 Vladimir, Grand Prince of Kiev, 155 maritime geopolitics and, 291 Voennaya mysl’, 51 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Voice of America, 100 (1939), see Molotov- Voldemaras, Augustinas, 114 Ribbentrop Pact Volyn, Ukraine, 249 Voshchanov, Pavel, 250 Potsdam Conference (1945), 274, 275, 276, 285 Yalta Conference (1945), 166 Wannsee Conference (1942), 28 Wright, Patrick, 203 War on Terror (2001-), 263 warm waters, 290-91, 295 Warsaw Pact, 54, 164, 166, 167, 175, 179, 199, 213, 264, 296 Warsaw, Poland, 8, 17, 160 NATO Summit (2016), 267 Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 101,131,141 - 2, 229 Yalta Conference (1945), 166 Yanaev, Gennadiy, 130 Yantar, Kaliningrad, 277 Watts, Arthur, 204 Yazov, Dmitrii, 58, 129, 146, 147 Weber, Maximilian, 81 Yegorov, Vladimir, 277, 278 Weimar Republic (1918-33), 27 Yeltsin, Boris, 93, 99, 123-6, 214, Welles Declaration (1940), 242 296 West Germany (1949-90), 22,42 Baltic independence declara Weston, John, 199, 208 White Sea Canal, 268 Wieslander, Anna, 270 Wilczyńska, Magdalena, 221 Wilson, Woodrow, 112 World War I (1914-18), 19-20, 38, 64, 66 World War II (1939-45), 8, 11, 22, 234,27-9,46, 51, 118-19, 163, 165, 184 364 tions (1991), 149, 151, 164, 205 Belovezha Accords (1991), 90, 117-18, 234 Bush, relationship with, 147-8, 150 coup attempt (1991), 90, 94, 149 Extraordinary Party Congress (1990), 87 Gorbachev, relationship with,
INDEX 75, 87, 89, 99, 125-6, 147-8, 192, 205, 214, 246 history and, 229-30, 234 January Events (1991), 88-9 NATO, views on, 167 popularity, 126 Supreme Soviet election (1990), 87, 191-2 US, relations with, 35-6 Yugoslavia (1918-92), 92, 213, 261,263 presidential election (1991), 89, 134, 149 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 125 referendum (1991), 89 Russian separatism, 43, 124-5, Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 119 147, 251 Zelensky, Volodymyr, 254 Zubok, Vladislav, 94, 127-8, 252 365 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS ix List ofAbbreviations Dr John Freeman Chronology: 1988-1991 xi PARTI INTRODUCTION Rt Hon Charles Clarke 1. The Importance of the Baltic 2. A History of the Baltic Region: 1860-1991 3 Neil Taylor 15 PART II THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 3. The Baltic States, Russia and Europe’s Order: 1917֊ 1991-2022 Professor Kristina Spohr 35 4. Attaining Baltic Independence: In Search of a Helping Hand Professor Jonathan Haslam 49 5. Baltic Liberation, the Baltic Sea Regional Context and Sweden during the End of the Cold War Dr Mart Kuldkepp 61 PART III THE BALTIC INDEPENDENCE DIMENSION Professor Stefan 5999640969233 75 6. The Mice that Roared v
7. Contributions of the Baltic Independence Campaigns to Soviet Collapse Professor Kaarel Piirimäe 91 8. Baltic Exceptionalism from Versailles to Belovezhskaya Puscha Dr Donatas Kupčiūnas 109 PART IV THE RESPONSES FROM MOSCOW 9. Context, Cross-Pressures and Compromise: The Roles of Gorbachev and Yeltsin Professor Archie Brown 123 Professor Vladislav Zubok 137 11. Russia and the Baltic: The Long View Sir Rodric Braithwaite 153 12. Too ‘Great’ to Thrive? 169 10. The House Divided Starla Sigurjónsson PARTV THE BRITISH ANGLE 13. Moscow and the Baltics: A Western Correspondents View Bridget Kendall 179 14. British Policy towards the Baltic States in 1991 Patrick Salmon 195 15. The Contemporary Political Dimension Rt Hon Sir David Lidington 211 PART VI THE CONTEMPORARY USE OF HISTORY 16. Historical Propaganda in Pro-Kremlin Media: The Case of the Collapse of the Soviet Union Dr Inga Zakšauskienė 17. The Ukrainian Dimension vi Professor Andrew Wilson 221 237
PART VII FUTURE NEW CHALLENGES 18. The Baltic Geopolitics Challenges for Today Professor Brendan Simms and James Rogers 259 19. The Geopolitical Significance of Kaliningrad and the Suwałki Gap Professor Raimundas Lopata 273 20. The Maritime Geopolitics of the Baltic Sea Professor Basil Germond 289 Notes The Authors Index 303 333 ЪЪ! vii
INDEX Aberdeen, Scotland, 6 anti-nationalism, 92-3 Abkhazia, 185, 265 anti-Semitism, 18, 23 Abromavičius, Aivaras, 254 Arctic Council, 170 Academy of Finland, 91n Arctic region, 289, 291 Achalov, Vladislav, 58 Armenia; Armenians, 131, 184, 185, 190, 241, 247 adjacent internationalism, 65, 69 Armistice at Compiegne (1918), Afanasiev, Yuriy, 252 Afghanistan, 263 19 Ahlander, Dag Sebastian, 55 Aslund, Anders, 253 Akhromeyev, Sergey, 132 Atlantic Charter (1941), 93 Albert of Riga, 157 Atlantic Council, 270 Aleksii II, Patriarch of Moscow, Atlanticists, 268 Austria 89 Archduchy (1453-1804), 8, 160 Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, Habsburg Empire (1804-1918), 18 242 Alexander, Michael, 153 Republic, Second (1955-), 44 All-Soviet Inter-Regional Group, Auswärtiges Amt, 84 249 authoritarianism, 16, 26, 38 All-Union Public Opinion Azerbaijan, 131, 184, 185, 190 Research Centre (VTsIOM), 125 Andersson, Sten, 66, 69 Bahrov, Mykola, 251 Andropov, Yuri, 51, 229, 230 Baker, James, 54, 55, 57, 165 anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/ Baklanov, Oleg, 129 Baku, Azerbaijan, 131, 190 AD), 267, 287, 299 337
INDEX Baltic Crusades (1198-1290), 157 Wall, fall of (1989), 51, 53, 55, Baltic Fleet, 298-9 Baltic Germans, 15, 17, 26-7, 158-9 126, 144, 213 Berner, Orjan, 66 Bessmertnykh, Alexander, 201 Baltic Protector exercises, 270 Bildt, Carl, 63, 67, 70 Baltic Sea, 39, 44, 50, 260, 268, von Biron, Ernst, 158 289-301 Baltic Way (1989), 41, 85, 144, 240 Bismarck, Otto von, 8 Black Sea, 25, 39, 116, 185,255, 291, 292, 299, 301 baltnews.ru, 222 Black Sea Fleet, 252 Bandera, Stepan, 233, 235 Blair, Anthony ‘Tony’, 259, 263 Barrow, Tim, 197, 202 Blech, Klaus, 56 Battle of Grunwald (1410), 157 blockade of Lithuania (1990), 57, Beissinger, Mark, 96 Belarus, 112, 119, 140 Belovezha Accords (1991), 90, 96, 110, 117, 192-3 government-in-exile, 244 86, 145-6 Bloody Sunday (1905), 18, 161 Bogomolov, Oleg, 51 Bolsheviks, 7, 19-21, 23, 38, 45, 49 independence (1991), 244 Bonn, Germany, 22 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Bonner, Elena, 252 (1939), 237 Boos, Georgi, 277, 278, 282 Peoples Front, 184, 239 Bosnian War (1992-5), 263 Polish border crisis (2021), 271 Boston, Lincolnshire, 6 ‘soft Belarusianisation’ (2014- Bradford University, 209 20), 244 Suwałki Gap, 287-8 Braithwaite, Rodric, 132, 197, 199-203, 205-6 Belgium, 165 Brandt, Willy, 130 Belovezha Accords (1991), 90, 96, Brazauskas, Algirdas, 84, 85, 139 110, 117,192-3 history and, 225, 228, 229, 230, 234 Bergman, Annika, 69 Brexit (2016-20), 4, 6, 9-10, 12, 109, 269 Brezhnev, Leonid, 111, 139, 229, 230, 239 Berlin, Germany, 22 British Army on the Rhine, 5,263 Crisis (1961), 42 British Broadcasting Corporation Kaliningrad, flights to, 281-2 338
(BBC), 179-93
INDEX British Council, 204, 209 Brown, Archibald, 92, 182 Bucharest Summit (2008), 173 Bund, The, 23 Burbulis, Genady, 117-18 Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR), 51 Bush, George Herbert Walker, 54-5, 106, 128-9, 132, 144-8, 150, 216, 246 ‘Chicken Kiev’ speech (1991), 106, 246 Malta Summit (1989), 57, 144 new era declaration (1992), 35 Reagan, relationship with, 54 Rüütel and Meri meeting (1991), 147 Byzantine Empire (330-1453), 155 Cambridge University, 3 Cameron, David, 266, 268 Carlsson, Ingvar, 67, 68 Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 7, 23, 160 Catholic League, 7 Catholicism, 15, 30, 39, 41, 156 Central Asia, 185-6, 208, 241, 251 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 51, 55, 231 Centre for Baltic Studies, 209 Centre for Geopolitics, 212 Cēsis, Latvia, 19-20 Chamberlain, Arthur Neville, 37 Chatham House, 287 Chechnya, 186, 261 Chernenko, Konstantin, 123 Chernovetskiy, Leonid, 253 Chernyaev, Anatoly, 51, 105, 202 China, 44, 276,286, 291,293 Christianity Catholicism, 15, 30, 39, 41, 156 Orthodoxy, 15, 18, 117, 155-6 Protestantism, 7, 15, 18, 81, 117 Churchill, Winston, 100 Clemenceau, Georges, 114 Clinton, William ‘Bill’, 246, 262 CNN, 149 Cold War (1947-91), 5, 35, 36,41, 43, 91-2, 95,106, 128,150,272 maritime geopolitics and, 291 neutrality, 61-2, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 296 colonialism, 53, 93 ‘Colour Revolutions’, 232 COMECON (1949-91), 92 Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 43, 63 Common European Home, 76, 149 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 90, 118, 193 Communist International, 49 Communist Party of Estonia, 82, 103 Communist
Party of Lithuania, 86, 241 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 40, 81, 82,85, 88, 89-90, 249 339
INDEX Communist Party of Ukraine, 184, 241-2, 248-9 Congress of Peoples Deputies, 84, Soviet coup attempt (1991), 90, 133, 148 Tatars, 255 85-6, 89, 98-9, 116, 141, 143, Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 146 146, 181,248 Cultural Associations, 102 Considerations on the Government of Poland (Rousseau), 237 constitutional confederation, 138 Cultural Autonomy Law (Estonia, 1925), 23 cyber warfare, 44, 265 cont.ws, 225, 234 Cyrillic alphabet, 16, 18 Continental System (1806-14), 7 Czechoslovakia (1918-92), 37, 76, Cooper, Robert, 259 92,100, 112,120, 126,163,166, Corbyn, Jeremy, 12 214 Council of the Baltic States dissolution (1992), 262 (CBS), 295 coup attempt (1991), 31, 36, 42, Prague Spring (1968), 31, 42, 167, 199, 214 58, 70, 94, 105, 129-36, 148-9, 187, 195, 204, 210 Danzig, 8, 22 Dzerzhinsky monument and, Daryal UM Radar, 53 58 history and, 225, 228, 234 January Events and, 97 Dashichev, Vyacheslav, 51-2 Daugava river, 189 hydropower project, 78, 81 Lukyanov and, 141 Daugavpils, Latvia, 17 Pugo and, 98 DebunkEU.org, 221, 223, 224, Ukraine and, 148, 242 Yakovlev and, 131 Yeltsin and, 90, 94,149, 191 234 democracy, 56, 89, 97, 99, 113, 114, 117, 126, 127, 130, 149, Courland, 113, 157 167 Covid-19 pandemic, 109, 293 Nordic States and, 63, 64, 68, Crimea Crimean War (1853-6), 7 69, 70, 170, 171 radical democrats, 128, 129, 133 Republic (1992-5), 252 democratic centralism, 130, 134 Russian annexation (2014-), Democratic Labour Party 9-10, 11, 36,44, 170, 176, 238, 250, 267 Sebastopol, 297 340 (Lithuania), 241 Democratic Platform (Ukraine), 249
INDEX Democratic Russia, 133, 249 Denikin, Anton, 115 Denmark, 63, 113, 158, 159, 260 EEC accession (1973), 9 maritime geopolitics, 293, 294 Middle Ages, 6 Napoleonic Wars (1803-15), 7, 8 Nordic battlegroup and, 265 recognition of Baltic States (1991), 205 Schleswig War (1864), 8 Ukraine War (2022), 298 Dissolution of the Soviet Union (1988-91), 4,12,31,35,36,413, 51-9, 75, 77-107, 123-51, 179-217 Baltic independence declara tions (1991), 149, 151, 164 Belovezha Accords (1991), 90, 96, 110, 117, 192-3 blockade of Lithuania (1990), 57, 86, 145-6 Congress of People’s Deputies, 84, 85-6, 89, 98-9, 116, 141, 143, 146, 181 coup attempt (1991), see coup attempt exceptionalism and, 115-20 Extraordinary Party Congress (1990), 87 history and, 221-34 January Events (1991), 42, 57-8, 88, 97, 106, 131, 135, 147, 153, 164, 187-90, 198203 MRP crisis (1988-9), 83-4, 85-6, 98, 143 Nordic States and, 52, 55, 58, 59, 61-71 popular fronts, 76, 81-6, 98, 100-105, 137-9, 140, 142-3, 144, 239-40 presidential election (1991), 89, 134, 149 Putin’s views on, 45, 136, 223 radar installations and, 52-3 referendum (1991), 89, 97, 124, 148, 234, 241 Union Treaty proposal (1991), 131,247 Donbass region, 11, 36, 44, 170, 238, 250, 251 Dubček, Alexander, 214 Dublin, Ireland, 22 Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1561-1795), 157-8 Dudayev, Dzhokhar, 186 Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 18, 58 early warning systems, 52 East Berlin, 179 East Germany (1949-90), 9, 22, 42, 51-2, 53, 76, 179, 216 East Prussia, 111, 160, 273, 275 Eden, Robert Anthony, 196 Edinburgh, Scotland, 6 Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom, 18
Eesti fosforiit, 77 Eesti Postimees, 16 341
INDEX Eestimaa Rahvarinne, 81 (1940-41), 8, 16, 27-9, 40, Eidimtaité, Agnė, 221 41, 50, 64, 125, 143, 153, Eisenstein, Sergei, 158 163, 204,212, 242 Ellemann-Jensen, Uffe, 63 Soviet Socialist Republic, emigration, see migration Second (1944-91), see Enhanced Forward Presence Estonian Soviet Socialist (2016-), 5, 267 Estonia Declaration of Independence Republic Sweden, relations with, 67, 95 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 112- (1918), 19 diaspora, 9, 50, 93, 95, 246 15 War of Independence (1918-20), flag, 83 German population, 15, 17, 26-7, 38, 159 19-20, 26, 162, 210, 270 Estonian Republic (1991-), 42-4, 90 government-in-exile, 243 Brexit and, 269 Jewish population, 23, 27 cyber-attacks (2007), 301 language, 16-17, 41, 83, 103, e-government, 254 157 Nazi occupation (1941-4), 28, 29, 40, 118-19, 163 Olympic Games (1980), 30 Enhanced Forward Presence (2016-), 5, 267, 271-2 EU accession (2004), 9, 37, 43, 110, 112, 120, 253, 296 population demographics, 53 euro adoption (2011), 268 Protestantism in, 15, 39, 81 independence (1991), 149, 164, Republic, First (1918-40), 8, 16, 19-20, 21, 23, 25-7, 38-40, 49-50, 95 Republic, Second (1944), 29 Republic, Third (1991-), 42-4, 90 Russian Imperial period (1710-1917), 16, 18 Russian settlement in, 53, 78-9, 102 204-10 Institute of Historical Memory, 245 International Centre for Defence and Security, 269 International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, 245 Joint Expeditionary Force, 268 NATO accession (2004), 37, 43, Song Festivals, 16, 83 110, 112, 120, 253,263-4, Soviet Socialist Republic, First 296 342
INDEX Russian troop withdrawal (1994), 261 . Ukraine War (2022-), 271 UN accession (1991), 206 Vabamu Museum of Occupations and Freedom, 245 Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944-91), 8,29-30, 40-43, 50-59, 77-90, 95-107, 123-51, 180 Baltic Way (1989), 41, 85, 144, 240, 242 Citizens’ Congress (1989-91), 238, 243, 244 Declaration of Independence (1990), 42, 104, 199 Declaration of Sovereignty (1988), 85, 99, 103 environmental damage in, 77-8 Finland, relations with, 30, 41, 95, 96 independence referendum (1991), 89, 227 January Events (1991), 88, 188, 198-203 perestroika (1985-91), see European Community (EC), 9, 198,206,217 European Parliament, 93 European Union (EU), 6, 9, 46, 70, 101, 104, 116, 149,232,261, 263 Baltic States’ accession (2004), 9, 37, 43, 110, 112, 116, 120, 253, 280, 296 Brexit (2016-20), 4, 6, 9, 12, 109, 269 Common Security and Defence Policy, 265, 269 Finnish accession (1995), 9, 263 Kaliningrad and, 279, 280-82, 284, 285,298 maritime geopolitics, 290, 294-5, 296 Nordic battlegroup, 265 Polish accession (2004), 296 Russia, relations with, 44, 68, 116,265,296 Russo-Ukrainian War (2022-), 175 Swedish accession (1995), 9, 68, 263 Ukraine and, 116, 253, 264 exceptionalism, 109 perestroika Popular Front, 76, 81-6, 98, 100, 104-5, 239-40 Singing Revolution (1987-91), 36, 83 F-111/F111A fighter bombers, 52 F-15E fighter bombers, 52 fake news, 12 Falin, Valentin, 52 Estonian Heritage Society, 79 Fallon, Michael, 267-8 Estonian Science Foundation, 9Խ fascism, 11, 24, 26, 38-9, 118-19, Euro-scepticism, 263, 264 150, 233 343
INDEX Fascist Italy (1922-43), 24, 26 EEC/EU membership, 9, 269 Fergana Valley, 185-6 Kaliningrad and, 279 fertilizer, 77-8 Napoleonic period (1804-15), 7-8 Finland, 38, 62, 208 Brexit and, 269 NATO membership, 166 Crimean War (1853-6), 7 recognition of Baltic States (1991), 150, 206 Estonia, relations with, 30, 41, 95, 96 EU accession (1995), 9, 263 Great Northern War (1700-21), 158 independence (1917-18), 162 Joint Expeditionary Force, 268 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 39, 50 NATO accession (2022), 5, 10, 46-7, 272, 296, 299 neutrality, 43, 296 radio transmissions from, 111 recognition of Baltic States (1991), 150 Sweden, relations with, 68 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 113 Ukraine crisis (2014), 267 Winter War (1939-40), 39 flags, 79, 82, 83 food crisis (2022), 293 Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK), 196, 203,211-17 Revolutionary Wars (17921802), 161 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 114. Ukraine War (2022-), 271 World War II (1939-45), 163, 164 Franco, Francisco, 92 Frankfurt, Germany, 282 Fukuyama, Francis, 259 Galicia, 156, 160, 162, 238 Gates, Robert, 55 Gdansk, Poland, 8, 22 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 55-6, 165 Georgia, 110, 125, 148, 185, 241, 254 April 9 tragedy (1989), 184 coup attempt (1991), 148 Democratic Republic (1918-21), 20 NATO and, 116, 264 Paris Peace Conference (1919-20), 112 Forest Brothers, 29, 233, 235 Popular Front, 140 Founding Act on Mutual Rose Revolution (2003), 232 Relations (NATO/Russia, 1997), 172 Fourteen Points (1918), 112 France, 5 344 Russo-Georgian War (2008), 170, 174, 265, 286 Union Treaty proposal (1991), 247
INDEX Victory Day in, 119 German language, 22, 23 German Romanticism, 160 Germany, 5, 7, 46, 215 Berlin Crisis (1961), 42 Berlin Wall, fall of (1989), 51, 53, 55, 126, 144-5,213 West Germany (1949-90), 22, 42 glasnost (1985-91), 31, 41, 84, 98, 102, 137, 142 Global Britain in a Competitive Age (2021 report), 6 global food crisis (2022), 293 British troops in, 5, 263, 266, 270 Global War on Terror (2001-), Confederation (1815-66), 290 East Germany (1949-90), 9,22, globalisation, 12, 92, 259 42, 51-2, 53, 76, 179,216 EEC/EU membership, 9, 269 Kaliningrad and, 279, 281-2 Latvian War of Independence (1918-20), 19-20 maritime geopolitics, 291 NATO membership, 94, 146, 165-6, 265 Nazi period (1933-45), see Nazi Germany Nord Stream, 266, 268, 271 recognition of Baltic republics (1991), 150 reunification (1989-90), 42, 51-6, 94, 126, 144-6, 165-6, 213,216, 260-61 Russian troop withdrawal (1994), 261 Soviet Union, collapse of (1988-91), 55-6 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 22, 25, 113, 114 Ukraine War (2022-), 271 Weimar Republic (1918-33), 21 263 Glücksburg, Germany, 290 Goble, Paul, 51 Godmanis, Ivars, 201 Golovanov, Mikhail, 58 Golovatov, Mikhail, 147 von der Goltz, Rüdiger, 19 Gonzalez, Felipe, 130 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 42-3, 53-9, 66, 67, 75, 80, 88, 93, 94-5, 116, 123-36, 137-51,185, 195 Baltic visit (1987), 79 Baltic Way (1989), 144 blockade of Lithuania (1990), 57, 86, 145-6 Bush, relationship with, 54-5, 57, 128-9, 132, 144-5, 150 Common European Home, 76, 149 Congress of People’s Deputies, 84, 85-6, 89, 98-9, 116, 141, 143, 146, 181 coup attempt (1991), see coup attempt death
(2022), 110, 186 democracy, views on, 130-31 345
INDEX East Berlin visit (1989), 179 Valjas, relationship with, 103 economic reform, 139 Yeltsin, relationship with, 75, Extraordinary Party Congress (1990), 87 force, aversion to, 127, 131, 135-6, 137, 145-6 87, 89, 99, 125-6, 147-8, 192, 205,214, 246 Gorbenko, Leonid, 277 Gorbunovs, Anatolijs, 139 glasnost (1985-91), 31, 41, 84, 98, 102, 137, 142, 212 Gordon, John, 100 history and, 228, 229, 230, 234 January Events (1991), 42, Gosplan, 145 57-8, 88, 97, 106, 131, 135, 187, 198-203 Major, relationship with, 202 Malta Summit (1989), 57, 144- 5 Milan visit (1989), 54 MRP crisis (1988-9), 83-4, 85-6, 98 NATO and, 165 perestroika (1985-91), see perestroika Gorshkov, Sergey, 292 Grand Duchy of Lithuania (c. 1236-1795), 114, 115, 118, 157 Gray, Colin, 291 Great Northern War (1700-21), 46, 154, 158 Great Patriotic War (1941-5), see World War II great power politics, 46, 171-3 Griniov, Vladimir, 249 gulags, 28, 40 GulfWar I (1990-91), 42, 52, 87-8, 195, 198, 200, 216,217 popular fronts, relations with, 80-82, 84-6 GulfWar II (2003-11), 263 popularity, 125-6 Gustavus II Adolphus, King of presidential election (1991), 89 Sweden, 6-7 Putin’s views on, 45, 136 Reagan, relationship with, 129 Hague, William, 263 referendum (1991), 89, 97, 124, 148 Hamburg, Germany, 282 resignation (1991), 90 Thatcher, relationship with, 128-9, 202, 215 Hanseatic League, 6, 39, 155,290, 293-4 Harpoon missiles, 298 Havel, Václav, 166 Ukraine invasion (2022), 186 Helsinki Commission, 295, 296 Ukraine plan (1991), 251 Helsinki Final Act (1975), 38 Union Treaty proposal (1991), Helsinki-86 monitoring group,
81 131,247 346 Helsinki, Finland, 30
INDEX Hiden, John, 196, 210 history, 5, 6, 10-13, 41, 44-7, 98, 110, 221-34 association, 227, 234 hyperbolization, 226, 234 information selection techni ques, 226-7, 234 Soviet collapse and, 221-34 Hitler-Stalin Pact (1939), see Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Hitler, Adolf, 22, 163 Hogg, Douglas, 197, 199, 204, 206-7 Holocaust (1941-5), 23-4, 28 Holodomor (1932-3), 24, 222 Holy Roman Empire (800-1806), 7, 157 Human Chain (1989), 41, 85, 144, 240 International Centre for Defence and Security, 269 International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity, 245 internationalism, 65, 68-9, 79 Interregional Deputies Group, 99 Iraq Gulf War I (1990-91), 42, 52, 87-8, 195, 198,200,216,217 Gulf War II (2003-11), 263 Ireland, 22, 265 Iron Wolf, 39 Ise Majandav Eesti, 80-81 Iskander missiles, 299 Italy, 24, 26 Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia, 158 Ivangorod, Russia, 45 Ivashko, Volodymyr, 184, 248-9 human rights, 171 Hungary, 42, 44, 76, 100, 126, 166, 262 January Events (1991), 42, 57-8, 88, 97, 106, 131, 135, 147, 153, Hurd, Douglas, 56, 101, 197, 203, 206, 207,211 Japan, 276, 284, 286 Hurenko, Stanislav, 249 hydropower, 78, 81 hyperbolization, 226 Iceland, 169-76, 205, 268 Ignalina nuclear power plant, Lithuania, 78 immigration, see migration Institute for the Economics of the 164, 187-90, 198-203 Jewish people, 18, 21, 22-4, 27 anti-Semitism, 18, 23 Holocaust (1941-5), 23-4, 28 John III Sobieski, King of Poland, 160 Johnson, Alexander Boris, 271 Joint Expeditionary Force (2014-), 5, 10, 268, 270 Jurkāns, Jānis, 201 World Socialist System, 51-2 Institute of Public Relations, 21
Intermovement, 97, 250 Kaliningrad, 5, 44, 260, 263, 267, 273-88, 296, 297-8 347
INDEX Karelia, 39 Kruychkov, Vladimir, 129, 147, Kasko, Vitaly, 254 Kaunas, Lithuania, 18, 21, 162 148 Kuchma, Leonid, 252, 253, 254 Kazakhstan, 184, 225, 232 Kuril Islands, 276, 285, 288 Kennan, George, 167 Kuwait, 42, 52, 87-8, 195, 198, Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 146 200, 216, 217 Kvitashvili, Aleksandre, 254 Keston College, Oxford, 30 Kettler, Gotthard, 157 KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoy Kyiv, Ukraine, 155 Kyrgyzstan, 186 bezopasnosti), 18, 45, 53, 58, 89, 133, 138, 142, 147-8, 182, 187 Kharkiv, Ukraine, 248-9 Kiel, Germany, 266 Kievan Rus (882-1240), 155-6, 221 King’s Lynn, Norfolk, 6 Kipling, Rudyard, 118 Klaipeda, Lithuania, 22, 24, 25, 145 Klyamkin, Igor, 81 Laidoner, Johan, 8, 26 Lake, William Anthony, 262 Lambert, Andrew, 291 Lancaster, Mark, 270 Landsbergis, Vytautas, 57, 86, 88, 146, 206, 208 Latvia Declaration of Independence (1918), 19 diaspora, 8, 50, 246 flag, 82 Know How Fund, 204, 209 German community, 15, 17, 26-7, 38, 41 Kobyakov, Yuri, 53 government-in-exile, 243 Kohl, Helmut, 55 Jewish community, 22-3, 27, Kohtla-Järve, Estonia, 78 28-9 language, 17, 41, 157 Nazi occupation (1941-4), Koidula, Lydia, 17 kolbasa, 54 Kolchak, Alexander, 115 Königsberg, see Kaliningrad 28-9, 40, 118-19, 163 Kosovo War (1998-9), 263 Poland, relations with, 21 population demographics, 53 Kovno, Lithuania, 18 Protestantism in, 15, 39, 81 Kramer, Mark, 94 Republic, First (1918-40), 16, Kravchuk, Leonid, 90, 229, 234, 19,21-7, 38-40, 49-50, 95 Republic, Second (1991-), 249, 250, 251 Krugman, Paul, 110 348 42-4, 90
INDEX Russian Imperial period (1795-1917), 16, 17 Russian settlement in, 53, 79, 102 Soviet Socialist Republic, First (1940-41), 8, 16, 27-9, 40, 41, 50, 64, 125, 143,153, 163-4, 204, 212, 242 Soviet Socialist Republic, Second (1944-91), see Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Sweden, relations with, 67 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 112-15 War of Independence (191820), 19-20, 21, 162, 210, 270 Latvian Republic (1991-), 42-4, UN accession (1991), 206 Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (1944-91), 8, 29, 31,40-43, 50-59,78,81,95—107,123-51,179Baltic Way (1989), 41, 85, 144, 240, 242 Daugava hydropower project, 78, 81 Declaration of Independence (1990), 42, 189, 199 independence referendum (1991), 89, 227 January Events (1991), 88, 97, 131, 153, 164, 188, 198-203 perestroika (1985-91), see perestroika Popular Front (1988-93), 81-2, 83, 84, 101, 239-40 90 radar installations, 52-3 Brexit and, 269 Singing Revolution (1987-91), EU accession (2004), 9, 37, 43, 110, 112, 116, 120, 253,296 euro adoption (2014), 268 independence (1991), 149, 204-10 Joint Expeditionary Force (2014-), 5, 10, 268, 270 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, 245 NATO accession (2004), 37, 43, 110, 112, 116, 120, 253, 263-4, 296 Russian troop withdrawal (1994), 261 Soviet symbols ban (2013), 245 36 Latvijas Tautas Fronte, 81-2, 83, 84, 101 Law and Justice (Poland), 255 Law on Secession (1990), 238 Le Pen, Marine, 12 League of Freedom Fighters, 25-6 Leagues of Armed Neutrality, 7 Lenin, Vladimir, 20, 45, 49, 138, 162 Levada, Yuriy, 125 Liam Fox, 266 liberalism, 66, 69, 70, 87, 88, 97, 99, 126, 132, 144 349
INDEX Lietuvos Persitvarkymo Sąjūdis, 57, 82, 83, 84-5, 86, 101 literacy, 159 Lithuania Catholicism in, 15, 30, 39, 41 Declaration of Independence (1918), 19, 24-5 diaspora, 8, 246 EU accession (2004), 9, 37, 43, 110, 112, 116, 120 Gorbachev’s death (2022), 110 government-in-exile, 243 Grand Duchy (c. 1236-1795), 114, 115, 118, 157, 160 as historical nation, 114, 115 independence referendum (1991), 89 Jewish community, 21, 22-4, 25, 27 language, 16, 41 Memel annexation (1923), 22 Nazi occupation (1941-4), 28, 40, 118-19 Poland, relations with, 16, 17, 21,22,23,24, 38, 39,41,113, 262 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569- Republic, Second (1991-), see Lithuanian Republic Russian Imperial period (1795-1917), 16, 17-18 Russian settlement in, 53, 79, 102 Sąjūdis movement (1988-), 57, 82, 83, 84-5, 86, 101 Singing Revolution (1987-91), 36 Soviet Socialist Republic, First (1940-41), 8, 16, 27-9, 38-41, 50, 64, 125, 143, 153, 163-4, 204, 212, 242 Soviet Socialist Republic, Second (1944-91), see Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic Treaty of Versailles (1919), 22, 25,49, 112-15 War of Independence (191720), 20, 21, 23, 162 Lithuanian Republic (1991-), 42-4, 90 Brexit and, 269 Center for the Research of Genocide, 245 Democratic Labour Party, 241 EU accession (2004), 9, 37, 43, 1795), 8, 15,23,24-5, 115, 110, 112, 116, 120, 253,280, 114,117 296 Partition (1772), 8, 23 euro adoption (2015), 268 population demographics, 53, independence (1991), 164, 57 Republic, First (1918-40), 16, 19, 20, 21-7, 38, 49-50, 95 350 204-10 Joint Expeditionary Force (2014-), 5, 10, 268, 270
INDEX Kaliningrad and, 276, 278-9, 280-81, 283, 284, 288 Museum of Occupations and Livonia, 113 Freedom Fights, 245 NATO accession (2004), 37, 43, Livonian Wars (1558-83), 158 110,112, 116, 120, 253, 263-4, 296 Livonian Brothers of the Sword, 157 Lloyd George, David, 114 Logan, David, 197, 200 Low, Brian, 209 Russian troop withdrawal Lübeck, 8 (1993), 261 Soviet symbols ban (2008), 245 UN accession (1991), 206 Lübeck, Germany, 293 Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Lukashenko, Alexander, 244 Lukyanov, Anatoliy, 130, 141 Lutheranism, 7, 15, 18, 117, 157 Republic (1944-91), 8, 40-43, Lviv, Ukraine, 124, 162, 183,244 50-59, 78, 79, 82, 84-5, 95-107, 123-51, 179- Lyne, Roderic, 197, 199, 203 Baltic Way (1989), 41, 85, 144, 240, 242 Maardu, Estonia, 77 blockade (1990), 57, 86, 145-6 Declaration of Independence MacLeod, Sian, 197, 202 (1990), 42, 57, 86, 103, 144-5, 198-9 Declaration of Moral Independence (1988), 85 independence referendum (1991), 89, 227 January Events (1991), 42, 57-8, 88, 97, 106, 131, 147, 153, 164, 187-9, 198-203 perestroika (1985-91), see perestroika Mackinder, Halford, 291 Macron, Emmanuel, 271 Madrid Summit (2022), 300 Mahan, Alfred, 291 Major, John, 166, 196, 201-3, 204, 207, 217 Malta Summit (1989), 57, 144 Manning, David, 101, 197, 200, 202, 204-7 Masliukov, Yuri, 145 Matlock, Jack, 91, 132-3, 143 Matochkin, Yuri, 277 Sąjūdis movement, 57, 82, 83, 84-5, 86, 101, 239-40 Mattis, James, 270 Singing Revolution (1987-91), McMaster, Herbert Raymond, 270 36 Solidarity movement and, 30-31 McKibbin, Alexander, 50 Medvedev, Vadim, 127 Mein Kampf (Hiüer), 22 Memel, 22,
24, 25, 145 351
INDEX Memeler Dampįboot, 22 Meri, Lennart, 100-101, 102, Mutual Assistance Pacts (1939), 16, 27 1034 D3, 147 Merilo, Jaanika, 254 Nabokov, Konstantin, 115 Merkel, Angela, 268 Nagorno-Karabakh region, 185 MI6, 50 Middle Ages, 6 Napoleonic Wars (1803-15), 7, 8 migration, 8-9, 50, 55, 95, 102, National Archives (UK), 196 246 Military Balance, 298 Miller, Susan, 203 Ministry of Internal Affairs, 133 Mitterrand, François, 146 Moiseyev, Mikhail, 119 Moldova, 185, 238, 241, 247 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 50, 80, 86 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 27, 28, 36, 39,41,45, 50,51, 64, 80, 93, 124, 142, 149, 154, 238 Baltic Way commemoration (1989), 41, 85, 144,240, 242 history and, 222 secret protocols, 83-6, 98, 143, 181,203 Ukraine and, 124, 182, 238 Mongol Empire (1206-1368), 156 Moscow Olympics (1980), 30 Narva, Estonia, 45 nationalism anti-nationalism, 92-3 Baltic, 12, 16, 38-9, 78-9, 92-107, 116, 137-51 exceptionalism and, 109 Russian, 43, 97, 124-5, 129, 142, 144, 146, 147 NATO-Russia Council, 172, 173 Nazi Germany (1933-45), 22, 26, 27-9, 37, 39, 118-19,215,217 appeasement of, 163 Baltic Sea and, 294 Holocaust (1941-5), 23-4, 28 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), see Molotov- Ribbentrop Pact Russia invasion (1941-5), 46, 51 Sudeten Crisis (1938), 37, 163, 166 Moscow Treaty (1920), 21 near abroad, 222 Moscow, Russia, 17 Nekrich, Alexander, 51 Munich Agreement (1938), 166 Netherlands, 225, 268 Munich Security Conference, 264 Museum of Occupations and neutrality, 43, 61-71 Freedom Fights, Vilnius, 245 New York Times, 93 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, Riga, 245 352 Nevsky, Alexander,
158 news-front.info, 226 Nicaragua, 83
INDEX Nord Stream, 266, 268, 281 Georgia and, 116, 264 Nordic battlegroup, 265 Nordic Council, 170 Germany and, 94, 146, 165-6, Nordic States, 44, 61-71, 209 internationalism, 65, 68-9 neutrality, 43, 61-71 Icelandic accession (1949), 170 217, 261,265 Joint Expeditionary Force (2014-), 5, 10, 268, 270 right wing politics in, 12, 65, Kaliningrad and, 278, 283, 286 67, 68 Soviet Union, collapse of Madrid Summit (2022), 300 (1988-91), 52, 55, 58, 59, 62-3, 65, 69 welfare states, 62, 67 Nordic-Baltic Policy Statement (Scotland, 2017), 269 Nordic-Baltic Summit, 266 North Atlantic Council, 172 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 9, 37, 46-7, 58, 70, 101, 104, 149, 164-8, 171, 174-5,231,261-72 Article Five, 263, 270, 288 Atlanticists, 268 Baltic States’ accession (2004), 37, 43, 110, 112, 116, 120, 253, 263-4, 296 Brexit and, 9-10, 269 Bucharest Summit (2008), 173 Enhanced Forward Presence maritime geopolitics, 290, 294, 296,297-301 Prague Summit (2002), 263 Russia and, 11, 44, 68, 116, 164, 165-8, 172-3, 264-72, 296 Polish accession (1999), 263, 296 Putins views on, 164, 165, 168 Riga Summit (2006), 265 Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, 222 Strategic Concept (2010), 265 Sweden and, 5, 46-7, 171, 266, 272, 296, 299 Trump and, 269 UK and, 166, 260, 267-8, 269 Ukraine and, 116, 167, 174, 253, 264, 267 Wales Summit (2014), 267 Warsaw Summit (2016), 267 (2016֊), 5, 267, 271-2 EU and, 68 North Ossetia, 265 expansion, 44, 164-8, 261, 262-4 Northern Future Forum, 9, 266, Finland and, 5, 46-7, 171, 266, 272, 296, 299 Founding Act on Mutual Relations (1997), 172 North
Sea, 260 268 Northern Group, 266, 268 Norway, 62, 150, 268 Not One Inch (Sarotte), 165 353
INDEX Novgorod, 155, 158 perestroika (1985-91), 31, 36, 41, Novo-Ogaryovo, Moscow, 250 51, 53, 58, 80-82, 90, 105, 127, nuclear weapons, 44, 54, 56, 149, 182, 186,212 216, 299 Andropov and, 230 history and, 229, 230 Odessa, Ukraine, 254 oil shale, 78 Old Slavonic, 117 Oliinyk, Borys, 251 Olympic Games (1980), 30 OMON (Otryad Mobil’nyy Osobogo Naznacheniya), 58, 88 Operation Cabrit (2016-), 5 Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 233, 235, 243 Orthodox Church, 15, 18, 117, 155-6 Ottoman Empire (1299-1922), 160, 255 Palanga, Lithuania, 21 Palazchenko, Pavel, 186 Panda, Tl, 79 popular fronts and, 80-82, 98, 101-103, 137-9, 140, 142-3, 144 Perkonkrusts, 26, 39 Permanent Joint Council (PJC), 172 Peter I, Emperor of Russia, 45, 46, 154, 158 Petsamo, 39 phosphorite ore, 77-8 Piłsudski, Józef, 18, 162 Plokhy, Serhii, 94, 124, 246 Podemos, 12 Poland, 120, 237 Belarus border crisis (2021), 271 Brexit and, 269 Crisis (1980-81), 42 parade of sovereignties (1988-91), 11, 85, 99, 103,247 elections (1988), 85 Paris Peace Conference (1919-20), EU accession (2004), 296 22, 25,49, 110, 112 Park, Daphne, 51 Kaliningrad and, 280-81, 284, Party of Democratic Revival of Latvia, relations with, 21 Ukraine, 249 Päts, Konstantin, 18, 24, 25-6 Pavlov, Valentin, 129 Peart, Michael, 209 People s Movement of Ukraine, 182, 184, 240-43, 247,249, 251 354 emigration, 8 288 Lithuania, relations with, 16, 17,21,22, 23, 24, 38, 39, 41, 113,262 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 27, 39, 84 NATO membership, 166, 263
INDEX Partitions (1772-97), 8, 23, Powell, Charles, 215 158, 160-61 People’s Republic (1952-89), Prague Spring (1968), 31, 42, 85, 100, 126 167, 199,214 Prague Summit (2002), 263 populism in, 44, 110 Pravda, Alex, 94, 95 radio transmissions from, 111 Russian Army withdrawal presidential rule, 128, 133, 147, (1993), 261 Solidarity movement, 30-31 Protestantism, 7, 15, 18, 81, 117, Soviet Union, collapse of (1988-91), 76, 126 Prunskienė, Kazimira, 129 Soviet War (1918-21), 19,21, 111,162 Three Seas Initiative, 255 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 22, 113, 163 Ukraine crisis (2014), 267 Ukraine War (2022-), 271 Vilnius and, 21, 22, 24-5, 27, 162 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795), 15,24-5, 115, 117, 160, 237 as intermarium, 255 Partitions (1772-97), 8, 23, 158, 160-61 Polotsk, 158 199 157 Prussia, 8, 111, 157, 159, 160, 273, 275, 289 Pskov, 158 Pugo, Boris, 98, 129 Putin, Vladimir, 4, 5, 10-12, 30, 36,44, 116, 119, 127, 134, 154, 162,238 Munich Security Conference (2007), 264 NATO, views on, 164, 165, 168, 264 Soviet dissolution, views on, 45, 136, 223 Ukraine invasion (2022), see Russo-Ukrainian War Yegorov, relationship with, 278 Popov, Gavril, 251 popular fronts, 76, 80-86, 98, 100-105, 137-9, 140, 142-3, 144, 239-40 QUAD, 166 radar installations, 52-3 Intermovement and, 97, 250 populism, 12, 44, 110 Poska, Jaan, 20 Radio Technical Unit, 129th, 53 Potsdam Conference (1945), 274, Reagan, Ronald, 54, 75, 106, 275, 276, 285 Rakfeldt, Jaak, 98 Rakvere, Estonia, 77 128-9 355
INDEX Red Army, 29, 38, 40, 43, 45, 50, 51, 133, 138 Reuters, 186 ria.ru, 222, 226 Rus, 155 Russian Civil War (1917-23), 1923,26, 66, 112, 114, 162,210 Russian Empire (1721-1917), 7, von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 80 16-19, 111 Rice, Condoleezza, 147 Riga, Latvia, 131, 153, 208 Alexander II assassination British embassy, 209 Declaration of Independence (1990), 42, 189 German population, 17 Gorbachev’s visit (1987), 79 foundation (1201), 157 isolation, 31 January Events (1991), 42, 88, 131, 153, 164, 188-9 Museum of the Occupation of Latvia, 245 NATO Summit (2006), 265 Nazi occupation (1941-4), 28 popular fronts conference (1988), 84 railway links, 17 Swedish office in, 67 War of Independence (191820), 19 Ritterschaften, 158-9 (1881), 18 Bloody Sunday (1905), 18, 161 Crimean War (1853-6), 7 exceptionalism, 112 Jewish population, 22-3 Partitions of Poland (1772-97), 8, 23, 158, 160-61 Revolution (1917), 7, 19, 23, 38 Russian Federation (1991-), 4, 5, 35-6, 44-7, 116 anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/ AD), 267, 287, 299 Baltic Fleet, 298 Belarus-Poland border crisis (2021), 271 Black Sea Fleet, 252 Bosnian War (1992-5), 263 Crimea annexation (2014-), 9-10, 11,36,44, 170, 176, 238, 250, 267 Romania, 112, 262 cyber warfare, 44, 265 Romanov dynasty, 156, 158, 237 Donbass annexations (2022), Rostock, Germany, 8, 290 11 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 237 Royal Air Force, 8 Donbass War (2014-), 36, 44, Royal Navy, 7, 8, 49, 162, 210, EU, relations with, 44, 68, 116, 260, 270 Rukh, 182, 184, 240-43, 247,249, 251 356 170, 238, 250, 267 265, 296 Georgian War (2008), 170, 174, 265, 286, 296
INDEX history, weaponisation of, 5, 10-13, 41, 44-7, 221-35 Iceland, relations with, 169-76 Kaliningrad, 5, 44, 260, 263, 267, 273-88 Kosovo War (1998-9), 263 Kuril Islands, 276, 285, 288 Litvinenko assassination (2006), 266 maritime geopolitics, 289-301 NATO and, 11, 44, 116, 165-8, 172-3, 264-72, 296 Declaration of Sovereignty (1990), 247 Russian Soviet Republic (191722), 19-21,45,49, 114-15, 162 Russian Tsardom (1547-1721) Great Northern War (1700-21), 46, 154, 158 Livonian Wars (1558-83), 158 Russo-Georgian War (2008), 170, 174, 265, 296 Russo-Ukrainian War (2022-), 4, 36, 37, 47, 120, 134, 146, 154, Nord Stream, 266, 268, 271 170, 171, 238, 260 nuclear weapons, 44, 299 allegiance, 188 partial mobilisation (2022), 11 Baltic Sea and, 295 Salisbury poisonings (2018), Denmark and, 298 270 global food crisis, 293 Syrian War (2011-), 44 Gorbachevs views on, 186 Ukraine invasion (2022), see history and, 10-11, 45-6, 127, Russo-Ukrainian War United States, relations with, 35-6, 46 Russian language, 16, 18, 30, 57, 102 250 Kaliningrad and, 287 NATO and, 164, 174 naval warfare, 299-300, 301 Russian media and, 226 ‘Russian mind’, 117, 120 sanctions, 170, 174-5 Russian minorities, 11, 30, 37, 43, UK and, 10, 271 53, 78-9, 102, 262 Russification, 40, 79,102, 117,161 media and, 222 Russo-Polish War (1918-21), 19, Russian nationalism, 43, 97, 21, 111 124-5, 129, 142, 144, 146, 150, Rust, Mattias, 52 151 Ruth, Arne, 69 Russian Revolution (1917), 7, 19, Rutskoy, Alexander, 251 23, 38, 112, 114, 120, 245 Rüütel, Arnold, 83, 147, 149 Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Ryurik dynasty, 155,
156, 221 Republic (1922-91), 86-7 Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 142, 145, 146 357
INDEX Saakashvili, Mikheil, 254 Saharov, Juhan, 99 Sąjūdis movement, 57, 82, 83, 84-5, 86, 101 Singing Revolution (1987-91), 36, 83 Skripal, Sergei, 270 Skrunda, Latvia, 52-3 Sakharov, Andrei, 181, 183 Slavs, 155 Sakvarelidze, Davit, 254 Smetona, Antanas, 24-5 Salisbury poisonings (2018), 270 Sniečkus, Antanas, 30 samizdat, 102 Sobchak, Anatoliy, 251 Samuel, Richard, 209 Social Democratic Party Sanders, Bernard, 12 (Sweden), 67, 69 Sarotte, Mary, 165 Solidarity movement, 30-31 Saumarez, James, 1st Baron, 7 Songaila, Ringaudas, 82, 84 Savisaar, Edgar, 104, 139, 150 Soviet Union (1922-91) Scandinavia, see Nordic States Schleswig-Holstein, 8 Scholz, Olaf, 271 School of Slavonic and East European Studies, 209 Scotland, 6, 269 Scottish National Party (SNP), 92, 269 Scowcroft, Brent, 55, 56-7, 150 Sebastopol, Crimea, 297 self-determination, 36, 43, 45, 53, 92-3 Shakhnazarov, Georgy, 141-2, 251 Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, 184 Shenin, Oleg, 130 army, 29, 38, 40, 43,45, 50,51, 133, 138 Baltic annexations (1940), 8, 16, 27-9, 38-41, 50, 64, 125, 143, 153, 163-4, 204, 212 Baltic annexations (1944), 88, 29-31, 40 Chernobyl disaster (1986), 239 Congress of People s Deputies, 84, 85-6, 89, 98-9, 116, 141, 143, 146, 181, 248 constitutional confederation, 138 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 146 dissolution (1988-91), see Sherr, James, 252 Dissolution of the Soviet Shevardnadze, Eduard, 87, 88, 187 Union Shoigu, Sergei, 146 Shushkevich, Stanislav, 90, 234 Siberia, 28, 40 Simpson, James Alexander, 21 358 environmental damage and, 77-8, 81, 82 German invasion (1941-5), 46, 51
INDEX glasnost (1985-91), 31, 41, 84, staple towns, 6 98, 102, 137, 142, 212 Great Terror (19 3 6-8), 24, 222 Star Wars program (1984-93), 75 Holodomor (1932-3), 24, 222 Stimson Doctrine (1932), 243 Hungarian Revolution (1956), Stockholm, Sweden, 50 42, 166 Law on Secession (1990), 238, Stolypin, Pyotr, 18 248 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), see MolotovRibbentrop Pact Mutual Assistance Pacts (1939), 16, 27 nuclear weapons, 44, 54, 56, 149, 216 Olympic Games (1980), 30 Polish Crisis (1980-81), 42 perestroika (1985-91), see perestroika Prague Spring (1968), 31, 42, 167, 199, 214 presidential election (1991), 89, 134 Rust flight (1987), 52 Winter War (1939-40), 39 World War II (1939-45), see World War II Spain, 24, 92 State Planning Committee, 145 Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, 222 Strategic Defence and Security Review (2010), 266 Suez Canal, 293 Supreme Soviet, 57, 84-5, 87, 89, 130, 191-2 Suwałki Gap, 287-8 Sweden, 15, 39, 61-71, 159 ankpolitik, 55 EU accession (1995), 9, 68, 263 Great Northern War (170021), 46, 154, 158 internationalism, 65, 68-9 Joint Expeditionary Force, 268 maritime geopolitics, 293,294 MI6 in, 50-51 migration to, 50, 55, 95 Napoleonic Wars (1803-15), 7 NATO accession (2022), 5,10, 46-7, 272, 297, 299 Sputnik news agency, 222 sputniknews.ru, 226 SS (Schutzstaffel), 119 neutrality, 65-71, 296 St Petersburg, Russia, 17, 159, Soviet Union, collapse of 260, 263, 299 St. George Ribbon, 222 Stalin, Joseph, 30, 46, 50, 51, 124, 138,139,163,204,212,222 right wing politics, 12, 65, 67, 68 (1988-91), 52, 55, 58, 59, 62-71 Thirty Years’ War
(1618-48), 6-7 359
INDEX Ukraine crisis (2014), 267 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 19 World War II (1939-45), 29 Treaty of Tartu (1920), 20 Swedish Democrats, 12 Syria, 44 Syriza, 12 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 22, 25, 49, 110, 112-15, 163 Trenin, Dmitry, 261 Trump, Donald, 12, 269-70 Tajikistan, 186 Truss, Elizabeth ‘Liz’, 271 Tallents, Stephen, 21 Tallinn, Estonia, 180 UKIP, 264 British embassy, 209 ukraina.ru, 222, 226 Edward Vils visit (1908), 18 Ukraine, 237-56 Finland, proximity to, 95 German population, 17 Belovezha Accords (1991), 90, 96,110,118,192-3,229, 234 Gorbachev’s visit (1987), 79 Chernobyl disaster (1986), 239 January Events (1991), 88, 188, Communist Party, 184, 241-2, 200 railway links, 17 Swedish office in, 67 Vabamu Museum of 248-9 coup attempt (1991), 148, 242, 247 Crimea invasion (2014), 9-10, Occupations and Freedom, 11, 36, 44, 170, 176, 238, 245 250, 267 Tartu, Estonia, 16, 18, 79, 159 Tautininkai, 39 Crimean Republic (1992-5), 252 Tea Party, 12 Day of Unity, 242-3 tehnowar.ru, 225 Declaration of Independence Teutonic Knights, 39, 157, 293 Thatcher, Margaret, 92, 128-9, 196, 202, 215 third way, 61-71 Thirty Years’ War (1618-48), 6-7 (1991), 106, 242, 248, 250 Declaration of Sovereignty (1990), 247 decommunisation laws (2015), 245 Toolse, Estonia, 77 Democratic Platform, 249 Transcarpathia, 251 diaspora, 242 Transcaucasia, 113 Donbass War (2014-), 36, 44, Transnistria, 185, 262 Transylvania, 262 360 170, 238, 250, 267 e-government, 254
INDEX EU and, 116, 253,264 presidential election (1991), 247 European identity, 252, 254-5, Rada, 244 256 ‘Group of 239’, 240, 241 Revolution of Dignity (2013- Holodomor (1932-3), 24 Russian invasion (2022), see human chain (1990), 240, 242 independence (1991), 106, 208, 238,242, 244, 248, 251 Institute of National Memory (INM), 245 as Intermarium, 238, 254-5 Interparty Assembly, 243-4 Law on Banks and Banking (1991), 247 Law on Economic Independence (1990), 247 Law on Presidency (1991), 247 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 124, 182, 238 NATO and, 116, 167, 174, 253, 264 Nazi occupation (1941-4), 163 nuclear weapons, 149 Orange Revolution (2004-5), 232, 233, 238, 244, 250, 253, 256, 264 Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 233, 235, 243 Party of Democratic Revival, 249 People’s Movement (Rukh), 182, 184, 240-43, 247, 249, 251 People’s Republic (1917-21), 242-3, 245-6 14), 233, 238, 244, 253, 256 Russo-Ukrainian War Russian media in, 222, 225,226 Soviet Union, collapse of (1988-91), 56, 94, 106, 110, 121,124, 125,129,149,182֊ 4, 232 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 112 Victory Day in, 119 War of Independence (1917- 21), 20 Ulmanis, Karlis, 24, 26 Union Treaty proposal (1991), 131,247 United Kingdom, 179-217, 259-72 Afghanistan War (2001-21), 263 Blair government (1997-2007), 259, 263 Bosnian War (1992-5), 263 Brexit (2016-20), 4, 6, 9-10, 12, 109, 269 British Army on the Rhine, 5, 263 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 179-93 British Council, 204, 209 Cameron government (2010-. 16), 266, 268 Crimean War (1853-6), 7 361
INDEX EEC accession (1973), 9 recognition of Baltic States Euro-scepticism in, 263, 264 (1991), 204-7 Russian Civil War intervention Front Line First (1994 defence review), 262 Germany, troops in, 5, 263, 266, 270 Global Britain in a Competitive Age (2021 report), 6 (1918-20), 19, 162, 210, 270 Salisbury poisonings (2018), 270 Schleswig War (1864), 8 Soviet Union, collapse of 87-8, 195, 198, 200, 216 (1988-91), 153-4, 179-93, 195-210, 211-17 Gulf War II (2003-11), 263 Soviet Union, recognition of immigration, 8-9 (1924), 20 Strategic Defence and Security Gulf War I (1990-91), 42, 52, Joint Expeditionary Force (2014-), 5, 10, 268,270 Kaliningrad and, 280 Kosovo War (1998-9), 263 Litvinenko assassination (2006), 266 Major government (1990-97), 56, 101, 166, 196-210, 216-17 Meri meeting (1990), 101 MI6, 50-51 Napoleonic Wars (1803-15), 7, 8 NATO membership, 166, 260, 267-8, 269 Nord Stream condemnation (2021), 271 Review (2010), 266 Thatcher government (197990), 92, 128-9, 196,202,215 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 113, 114 Ukraine War (2022-), 271 War on Terror (2001-), 263 World War II (1939-45), 163, 164 United Nations, 37, 43, 126, 170, 200-201, 270 United Provinces (1581-1795), 294 United Russia, 286 United States Afghanistan War (2001-21), Northern Future Forum, 9, 266 263 Bosnian War (1992-5), 263 Operation Cabrit (2016-), 5 Bush Sr. administration Options for Change (1990 defence review), 262 Partition of Poland (1772), 8 populism in, 12 362 (1989-1993), see Bush, George Herbert Walker Clinton administration (1993-2001), 246,262
INDEX Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), Vaino, Anton, 30 146 exceptionalism, ПО Fourteen Points (1918), 112 Vaino, Karl, 30, 82-3 Gulf War I (1990-91), 42, 52, Valk, Heinz, 83 87-8, 195, 198, 200, 216 Valka, Latvia, 21 Valga, Estonia, 21 Valjas, Vaino, 83, 103 Gulf War II (2003-11), 263 Valuyev, Vladimir, 278 Iceland, relations with, 173 Kaliningrad and, 279, 280 VAPS movement, 25-6 Kosovo War (1998-9), 263 NATO membership, 166, 167-8 populism in, 12 Russian Federation, relations with, 35-6, 46 Soviet Union, collapse of Varangians, 155 Vare, Raivo, 104 Varennikov, Valentin, 145, 147 Velliste, Trivimi, 103 Venclova, Tomas, 22 Versailles Treaty (1919), 22, 25, 49, 110, 112-15, 163 (1988-91), 54-7, 91-2, 106, vesti.ru, 222 132-3, 143, 144, 147-8, 150, Victory Day, 119, 222 231-2, 235 Vides Aizsardzības Klubs (VAK), Soviet Union, recognition of (1933), 20 Vienna, Austria, 160 Star Wars program (1984-93), 75 Vilnius, Lithuania, 21 Stimson Doctrine (1932), 243 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 113 Trump administration (201721), 269-70 War on Terror (2001-), 263 Welles Declaration (1940), 242, 246 World War II (1939-45), 164 University of Leeds, 209 Uzbekistan, 186 81 Vikings, 6, 155,293 British embassy, 209 Declaration of Independence (1918), 24-5 January Events (1991), 42, 57-8, 88, 97, 106, 131, 147, 153, 164, 187-9, 200 Jewish community, 21, 23, 25 MRP anniversary rally (1988), 84 Museum of Occupations and Vabamu Museum of Occupations and Freedom, Tallinn, 245 Freedom Fights, 245 Poland and, 21, 22,24-5, 162 363
INDEX Russian annexation (1797), 160 Baltic Sea and, 294 University of, 160 German invasion of Russia Vilnius University, 15 (1941-5), 46, 51, 163 Visegrad Group, 166 Holocaust (1941-5), 23-4, 28 Vistula river, 8 Kaliningrad and, 273, 274, 275 Vladimir, Grand Prince of Kiev, 155 maritime geopolitics and, 291 Voennaya mysl’, 51 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Voice of America, 100 (1939), see Molotov- Voldemaras, Augustinas, 114 Ribbentrop Pact Volyn, Ukraine, 249 Voshchanov, Pavel, 250 Potsdam Conference (1945), 274, 275, 276, 285 Yalta Conference (1945), 166 Wannsee Conference (1942), 28 Wright, Patrick, 203 War on Terror (2001-), 263 warm waters, 290-91, 295 Warsaw Pact, 54, 164, 166, 167, 175, 179, 199, 213, 264, 296 Warsaw, Poland, 8, 17, 160 NATO Summit (2016), 267 Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 101,131,141 - 2, 229 Yalta Conference (1945), 166 Yanaev, Gennadiy, 130 Yantar, Kaliningrad, 277 Watts, Arthur, 204 Yazov, Dmitrii, 58, 129, 146, 147 Weber, Maximilian, 81 Yegorov, Vladimir, 277, 278 Weimar Republic (1918-33), 27 Yeltsin, Boris, 93, 99, 123-6, 214, Welles Declaration (1940), 242 296 West Germany (1949-90), 22,42 Baltic independence declara Weston, John, 199, 208 White Sea Canal, 268 Wieslander, Anna, 270 Wilczyńska, Magdalena, 221 Wilson, Woodrow, 112 World War I (1914-18), 19-20, 38, 64, 66 World War II (1939-45), 8, 11, 22, 234,27-9,46, 51, 118-19, 163, 165, 184 364 tions (1991), 149, 151, 164, 205 Belovezha Accords (1991), 90, 117-18, 234 Bush, relationship with, 147-8, 150 coup attempt (1991), 90, 94, 149 Extraordinary Party Congress (1990), 87 Gorbachev, relationship with,
INDEX 75, 87, 89, 99, 125-6, 147-8, 192, 205, 214, 246 history and, 229-30, 234 January Events (1991), 88-9 NATO, views on, 167 popularity, 126 Supreme Soviet election (1990), 87, 191-2 US, relations with, 35-6 Yugoslavia (1918-92), 92, 213, 261,263 presidential election (1991), 89, 134, 149 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 125 referendum (1991), 89 Russian separatism, 43, 124-5, Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 119 147, 251 Zelensky, Volodymyr, 254 Zubok, Vladislav, 94, 127-8, 252 365 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Clarke, Charles 1950- |
| author2_role | edt |
| author2_variant | c c cc |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1078695571 |
| author_facet | Clarke, Charles 1950- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048509923 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8281 MG 59030 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1376412599 (DE-599)BVBBV048509923 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1991-2022 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1991-2022 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 gnd Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 gnd Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Baltikum Litauen Estland Lettland Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV048509923 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:47:21Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-07T13:08:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)7877-3 |
| isbn | 9781787389410 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033886996 |
| oclc_num | 1376412599 |
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| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-739 DE-12 DE-521 |
| physical | xviii, 365 Seiten 21,5 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230314 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
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| publisher | Hurst & Company |
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| spelling | Understanding the Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991 Charles Clarke (editor) London Hurst & Company 2023 xviii, 365 Seiten 21,5 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1991-2022 gnd rswk-swf Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd rswk-swf Unabhängigkeit (DE-588)4186820-1 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Auflösung (DE-588)4193468-4 gnd rswk-swf Gründung (DE-588)4020642-7 gnd rswk-swf Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd rswk-swf Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 gnd rswk-swf Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 23.03.2022 gnd-content Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 g Geschichte 1991-2022 z DE-604 Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 g Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 g Unabhängigkeit (DE-588)4186820-1 s Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 s Gründung (DE-588)4020642-7 s Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 s Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Auflösung (DE-588)4193468-4 s Clarke, Charles 1950- (DE-588)1078695571 edt University of Cambridge (DE-588)7877-3 oth Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033886996&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033886996&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Understanding the Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991 Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Unabhängigkeit (DE-588)4186820-1 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Auflösung (DE-588)4193468-4 gnd Gründung (DE-588)4020642-7 gnd Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4156741-9 (DE-588)4186820-1 (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4193468-4 (DE-588)4020642-7 (DE-588)4056618-3 (DE-588)4004379-4 (DE-588)4074266-0 (DE-588)4015587-0 (DE-588)4074187-4 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Understanding the Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991 |
| title_auth | Understanding the Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991 |
| title_exact_search | Understanding the Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Understanding the Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991 |
| title_full | Understanding the Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991 Charles Clarke (editor) |
| title_fullStr | Understanding the Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991 Charles Clarke (editor) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding the Baltic states Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991 Charles Clarke (editor) |
| title_short | Understanding the Baltic states |
| title_sort | understanding the baltic states estonia latvia and lithuania since 1991 |
| title_sub | Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991 |
| topic | Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Unabhängigkeit (DE-588)4186820-1 gnd Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd Auflösung (DE-588)4193468-4 gnd Gründung (DE-588)4020642-7 gnd Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geopolitik Unabhängigkeit Außenpolitik Auflösung Gründung Staat Baltikum Litauen Estland Lettland Sowjetunion Konferenzschrift 23.03.2022 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033886996&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033886996&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT clarkecharles understandingthebalticstatesestonialatviaandlithuaniasince1991 AT universityofcambridge understandingthebalticstatesestonialatviaandlithuaniasince1991 |