Higher education in Russia:
Higher Education in Russia is a must-read for scholars of higher education and Russian history alike.
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Baltimore
Johns Hopkins University Press
[2022]
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | Higher Education in Russia is a must-read for scholars of higher education and Russian history alike. |
| Beschreibung: | xxxvi, 389 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781421444147 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Foreword, by Philip G. Altbach ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xxvii Data Sources xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxv 1 Historical Background 2 The Soviet Era and the First Post-Soviet Decade 3 The Contemporary Landscape 4 Governance and Resources 5 Through School to University 6 The Academic Profession 7 Research at Russian Universities: The Story oí Separation and Reunion 223 8 Organizational Logic: From Processes to Projects 9 Internationalization Notes 317 References 347 Index 379 i 288 41 69 104 144 189 260
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Index Page numbers in bold refer to tables; page numbers in italics refer to figures. Abrikosov, Aleksey, 322Ո2 academic community, 219-20, 277, 291, 338Ո28 academic contracts: bonuses, 208; concept of “effective,” 208, 209; duration of, 189-90, 202, 203, 204, 205,302; faculty salaries and, 337Ո19; formal requirements of, 204, 209; historical vs. current system of, 206, 207; individual achievements and, 209; of international faculty, 300-301,302; reform of, 203,204-7; research compo nent of, 206; standard of, 203; structure of, 201-2, 222 Academic Excellence program, 286 academic inbreeding, 112,195,196,197, 337Ո13 academic mobility, 189,194-95, 220,313, 336Ո7 Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai ARWU) ranking, 279, 282 “Academic Trial” (1929-1931), 33 academies, 79, 296, 297,326Ո16 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 238 Academy of Medical Sciences, 238 Academy of Sciences. See Russian Academy of Sciences admission to higher education institutions: in comparative perspective, 160; corruption, 160, 333Ո22; entrance exams, 155-56,165; gender balance, xviii; in industry-specific institutes, 93-94; of international students, 308,310,315; for master’s level studies, 92; in medical institutes, 92-93; meritocratic trends in, xviii-xix; in military and naval schools, 93; Olympiad experience and, 161-62; in postwar years, 44-45,45, 46; preparation for, 156-57,160; program tracks and, 92-94; quotas, xviii, 11, 25, 29, 66,104, 114,122,132-35, ՅՅՕՈ38; reform of, 158, 159-60; requirements, xvi, xviii-xix; secondary education and, 44, 45,145,146, 153-56; social inequality
and, xix, 155,157; in the Soviet Union, 29-30, 44-48, 45, 58; to state-funded positions, 164; statistics, 44-45,45, 46; timelines, 156; in tsarist Russia, 2,11,19-20, 25,319Ո26; Unified State Exam score and, xviii-xix, 78,100, 101,155,159-60,163,333Ո19, 334Ո33; work record and, 47-48 agriculture and forestry institutes, 20, 21, 23, 54-55. 80 Aleksandrov, Daniil, 293 Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 8, 9, 318ՈՈ14-15 Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 11,303, 318Ո24 Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 11 All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI), 345Ո5 Almetyevsk State Petroleum Institute, 328Ո3 Alston, Patrick, 42 alumni, 185-86,187 Ammosov North-Eastern Federal Univer sity, 326Ո26 Ampere, André-Marie, 5 anchor universities, 80, 84 arts and cinematography institutes, 55 Azerbaijan Institute of Oil and Chemistry, 57 bachelor’s program: completion of, 94-95, 95; duration of, 85; employment share, 85-86; enrollment in, 85, 86, 86-87, 89; narrow specialization, 334Ո36 Baltic Federal University, 81 Balzer, Harley, 59 Basov, Nikolay G., 322Ո3 Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 241 Berdyayev, Nikolay, 31 Bernoulli, Daniel, 5 Bernoulli, Nicolaus, 5
380 Index Bologna process, 310 brain drain phenomenon, 223, 235, 236, 237-38,340Ո17 Brezhnev, Leonid, 36,42,54 brigade/laboratory method, 31,321Ո68 Brodsky, Joseph, 324Ո26 Bulganin, Nikolay, 298 Butlerov, Aleksandr, 13 Carnegie Foundation, 293 Central Executive Committee (CEC), 32 chairs (organizational units): academic disciplines and, 260, 265; administrative tasks, 267; as community of peers, 268-69; education process and, 264-67, 268; as expert body, 265-66; German model for, 265; as institutional trap, 267-68; management of, 265; networks, 268; power of head of, 269; training of personnel, 266; transformation of role of, 268, 269 cheating, 173-75, ՅՅ5Ո49 Chemical-Technical Institute, 34 Chinese Academy of Sciences, 297 classical universities, 80, 81 colleges, 72,146,154,332Ո4 commensuration effect, 281-82 commercial institutes, аз, 23-24 Communist University of the Toilers of the East, 304 Condorcet, Nicolas de, 5 conservatories, 326Ո17 contracts. See academic contracts correspondence programs: career path after, 90; characteristics of, 70, 87; completion rates, 90; contact hours, 87; curricula, 46-47; dropout rate, 47; duration of, 88; enrollment in, 45-46,46,47, 54-55,56, 89; evaluation of, 47; funding of, 73, 87-88; growth of, 44,45-46, 53; modern approach to, 327Ո32; in private sector, 78, 87, 88; quality of education, 46,47, 87; students share, 88; targeted clientele, 88; teaching methods, 46-47; tuition fee, 52, 78,327Ո35 corruption, 160, 215-17, ՅՅՅՈ22,338Ո27 Council of People’s Commissars, 51 COVID-19 pandemic: impact on higher education, 88,102 Crimean War, 12
Cultural Initiative Foundation, 236 curriculum: adjustments of, 168; classroom hours, 50; compulsory courses, xx, 41,51, 167,169-70, 266-67; correspondence programs, 46-47; elective courses, 51,169, 267; evening (part-time) programs, 46; foreign languages, 51-52,323Ո23; grading system, 170; during Great Patriotic War, 39; ideological courses, 51; instruction based paradigm, 168; international standards, 289; labor market and, 168; lectures, 167; selection of specialization, 170; subject-centered focus of, 169 Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts, 296 Dalton Plan, 321Ո68 deans, 269 degree awarding, 251,256-57 Diderot, Denis, 5 diplomas, 170 dissertations, 254, 255-56,343Ո50 divinity schools, 20 dorms, 335Ո52 Dorpat University (a.k.a. Derpt University, University of Tartu), 7,19, 318Ո14,319035, 321Ո59 dropouts, 171-72 East European countries: Sovietization of higher education, 296,345Ո6 economic institutes, 23,55, 94, 94-95,95 education programs, xv-xvi, xvi Ehrlich, Paul, 14 engineering and industrial schools, 20,21, 23-24,42, 94, 94-95, 95 entrance exams, 155-56,165, 333Ո20,333Ո23 Espeland, Wendy N., 281 Euler, Leonhard, 5 Euler-Chelpin, Hans von, 292 European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS), 310 European University at St. Petersburg, 336Ո6 evening (part-time) programs: curricula, 46; dropout rate, 51; enrollment, 45, 46,46, 47, 54-55,56; growth of, 45-46, S3; modern approach, 327Ո32; state-funding, 87-88; students share, 87; tuition, 73, 87 faculties (as a subdivision), 263, 264 faculty: academic ranks, 15-16,193,194, 319Ո35; administrative pressure on,
Index 276-77; administrative responsibilities, 211, 214; age structure of, 192,192-93; career path, 16,17,193-97,319Ո35; comparison to other countries, 191; competitiveness outside academia, 190; demand for new type of, 222; double affiliation, 249; employment models of, 213, 214; evaluation of performance of, 206; female, 191-92,322Ո77; foreign language proficiency, 291, 312-13; foreign travels, 294-95; Great Patriotic War and, 322Ո77; hiring system, 17, 49, 195,197, 203-4, 205, 249, 267; influence on academic decisions, 270-71; internationalization of, 289, 301; job satisfaction level, 218-19, 220; key facts about, 189-90; mobility of, 17, 43-44, 189,194-95, ՅՅ6Ո7; multiple employ ment pattern, 215; networking, 266; notion of university affiliation, 220-21; occupational typology, 67; part-time positions, 49-50, 213; paternalism and favoritism, 196; political function of, 227; of private universities, 194; “professors of practice” position, 210; project approach and, 277; publication practices, 190,196, 205, 212-13, 240-41, 277; research activities, 196-97, 201, 202, 205-6, 211, 212-13, 227, 285; secondary employment, 213-15, 220; social status of, 16, 48,190,192, 218,320Ո38; at Soviet institutions, 43-44, 48, 49-50, 59, 227; statistics, 66,190-91,193-94; teaching activities, 66,189,196, 201, 202, 202, 210, 211, 266-67, 274; tolerance to cheating, 174-75; in tsarist Russia, 15-18, 23, 291, 319Ո35, 320Ո38; work conditions, 48, 266, 323Ո14. See also international faculty faculty's income: academic achievements and, 207; external sources of, 190,204, 212; honorarium system,
16; in postSoviet period, 42, 66-67,221; in private universities, 77,337Ո24; regional variants, 198-99; salaries, 15,17,36,48, 49,59,152, 197-99, 199, ՅՅ7Ո19, Յ38Ո28; structure of, 198-200,208,215; from teaching services, 204,338Ո27 Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations (FANO), 238 Federal Law on Education, 79 federal universities, 79, 80, 81-82 Filippov, Aleksey, 24,321Ո57 5-100 Program: criticism of, 245; effect of, 245, 275, 286-87; funding of, 83, 244, 276, 277-78; implementation of, 245,286; launch of, 275; limitations of, 278; participating universities, 83, 224, 261, 275,326Ո25; performance indicators, 275-77, 276,277, 278, 279; support of research, 233,245; terms for, 83, 276 Fok, Vladimir, 293 France: higher education in, 8,318Ո16 Frenkel, Yakov, 293 Fulbright Program, 236,301 fundamental science, 13-14 Fursenko, Andrey, 82 Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 5 Geim, Andrey, 322Ո2 genetics, 231-32 Georgian Institute of Subtropical Agricul ture, 57 German Academic Exchange Service, 301 Germany: higher education in, 8-9,18,45 Ginzburg, Vitaliy, 322Ո2 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 5 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 306 Gouldner, Alvin W., 269 governance system, xxii-xxiii; administra tive control, 269-70; decision-making process, 270-71; executives without academic experience, 285; modifications of, 269, 273, 275, 286; project-approach to, 276-77; rector and rector’s office, 261-63; strategic development projects and, 273; structure of, 260-61,263-64,264 graduates: career choices, xvii-xviii, 17; compulsory placement of, 186; employ ment opportunities, xxiii, 1, 2, 4,319Ո35,
327Ո31,336Ո68; fields of study, 94-95; mismatch of jobs and education, 166; quality of, xix-xx, 48; skill sets of, xv, xvi, 184,185, 285; structure of bachelor’s level, 94, 94-95 graduate studies, 195-96 Graham, Loren R., 227 Granovetter, Mark S., 336Ո63 grants, 235-36, 237, 243-44, 246-47. See also mega-grant program Great Patriotic War, 39 Gribovskiy, Mikhail, 18 381
382 Index Harvard University, 331Ո53 Herald of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 295 Higher Attestation Commission (НАС), 252 higher education: access to, xiv, xvii; archival sources, xxiv; central planning of, 68; challenges of, xxiii; comparative perspective, xx-xxi, xxiv-xxv; con temporary model of, 73; contribution to adults’ skill sets, 185; digital technologies, 102; formats of, 86-88, 90,101; funding of, 67,73; historical foundation of, xi, xxii, 1-2; institutional expansion, 64, 65; internationalization of, xxiv, 288-90; key facts, 69-70; labour market and, 62, 217-18,328Ո7; legislation on, 62,79; levels of, 85-86; management of, xxiv; mass-scale, xxii; military service and, 71-72; nonhomogeneous nature of, xix-xx; performance of, xi; post-Soviet years, 61-68, 73,324Ո35; programs and specializations, 65; prospects of, 102, 315-16; public perception of, xviii, 62-63, 70-71,325Ո3; quality control, 78; Russian vs. Western tradition, xi, xxi-xxii; scale and structure of, xxiv-xxv, 69, 70, 72, 73-74; social mobility and, xiv-xv, xvii-xviii; Sovietization of, 296-97; standards and regulations of, xv, xv-xvi, 85,103,329Ո18. See also Soviet higher education higher education institutions (HEIs): accreditation and licensing, 62; branches of, 64-65, 90-92, 91; classification of, 74, 78-81; enlargement and mergers of units of, 344Ո15; enrollment statistics, 44-46, 45, 46, 47, 89; functions of, xiii, xiv, xxiii; geographic distribution, 70, 98-100,101; global ranking of, xvi, 280; Great Patriotic War and, 39-40; industry-specific, 38; public and private, xv, 74-76, 75,101; quality
of, 100-101,102; regional specific, 38; reorganization of, 43-44; specialized, 74, 80,326Ո17; statistics of, 34, 44,46, 69, 75, 280; stratification of, 102; transition to market economy, 73-74,324Ո37; tuition fees, 42, 44; types of, 23,37-38,326Ո16 higher education in tsarist Russia: academic freedom, 24-25; access to, 1-2; admission rules, 25; church and, xii-xiii, 4; development of, xi-xii, xxii, 2-8; educational programs, 21, 22; faculty in, 15-18, 23,23,291,319Ո35,320Ո38; foreign influence of, 290-91; funding of, 13,24; geographic distribution of, 21,23; higher schools, 20-21; non-university, 20-21; organizational development, 291; in Oriental studies, 20; private, 22-23; public and private institutions, 13-14, 21,23, 321Ո55; state control of, 24; students, 21-22, 23,24, 25,37; women in, 20 higher schools, 20-21,326Ո17 Higher Women’s Courses, 18,23 honors certificate, 170 HSE University (National Research University Higher School of Economics), 247,337Ո17,341П20,344Ո9,344Ո15 humanities community, 313 Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Յ44Ո15 industry-specific institutions, 80, 93-94 Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO) University, 162,344Ո15 Innopolis University, 336Ո6 Innovation Promotion Foundation, 242 Institute of Agriculture and Forestry in Nowa Aleksandria, 21 Institute of Cotton Breeding, 57 Institute of Red Professorship, 30,31 Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences (INION), 298 institutional trap, 267,344Ո8 instruction time, 146,147,148 international conferences, 292, 295, 298,313 International Congress of Mathematicians,
295 international cooperation, 297,313-14 international faculty: contracts of, 300-301, 302; recruitment of, 278,290-91,301-2, 315,341Ո20; Russian citizens holding PhD degrees as, 302-3; subject areas, 300-301 international foundations, 235-36, 341ՈՈ18-19 internationalization: in contemporary Russia, 299-300,313; of educational process, 278; faculty survey about, 313, 314; forms of, 313; key facts, 288-89; obstacles to, 292,312-13,315; overview, 290-92; personal contacts, 299; prestige of, 292,313; in Russian Empire, 290-92; in the Soviet period, 292-93, 294-95, 297-99; tools of, 314-15
Index international laboratories, 239-40, 245-47 international students: admission process, 304-5,308,310,3151 attitudes toward, 306,308; career paths after graduation, 306-7; challenges for, 312; changing notion of, 309; choice of subjects and specialities, 289,305,309,309; countries of origin, 304,305,306,310; curriculum for, 306; distinct status of, 311; govern ment scholarships (quotas), 310-11; ideology and, 304; integration in university life, 306,311; language of instruction for, 306,311; as performance indicator, 277; in post-Soviet period, 308; quality of, 311; recruitment of, 289,307-9, 310; in the Soviet era, 289, 304-7; statistics of, 278,289,303,305,305, 307, 308,310; subsidies to, 304; target-based training programs for, 308; in tsarist Russia, 303; tuition fees, 289 Irkutsk University, 34 Ivanov, Anatoliy, 25 Jewish students, xviii, 20 job placement: avoidance of, 60; family status and, 54; industry-specific, 56; mismatch between training and, 54,59; procedure of, 53-54, 56; territorial distribution of, 53, 56 joint laboratories, 240 Journal of the Physics USSR, 295 journals, academic: foreign, 294, 295, 298; indexed by Web of Science, 248·, list of approved, 252,253; peer-reviewed, 212-13; promotion of specialized, 291-92; published in Russian, 294,299; of USSR Academy of Sciences, 295 Kaiser Wilhelm Society institutes, 229 Kapitsa, Petr, 43,322Ո2 Karlsruhe Congress, 292 Kazan University, 8,19 Keynes, John Maynard, 292 Khanty-Mansi State Medical Academy, 328Ո3 Kharkov University, 8,19 Khrushchev, Nikita, 36, 42, 44, 45,54 Kiev University, 19 kindergartens,
147 Komintern International Lenin School, 304 Komsomol (Young Communist League), 29, 177 Krasnoyarsk State University, 43 Kunstkammer, 5 Kurgan State University, 344Ш5 Kuzminov, Yaroslav, 341Ո20 Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 5 Landau, Lev, 43, 293,322Ո2 Large Hadron Collider, 249,300 law and land survey institutes, 23 Law on Education (1992), xv leading universities: decision-making process in, 271; definition of, 84; international cooperation of, 289,301; location of, 100; vs. mass-scale, 239; online courses of, 289; ranking of, 280-81, 285-86; research activities, 243, 244, 245; share of international students, 310; state-funded students, 327Ո27; subsidies to, 301 lecturer position, 15,36,193,194, 320Ո35, 336Ո5 Leningrad State University. See St Peters burg State University Linnichenko, Ivan, 18 Lomonosov, Mikhail, 6 Lomonosov Moscow State University. See Moscow State University Losskiy, Nikolay, 31 Luzin, Nikolay, 295 lyceums, 152,153 Lysenko, Trofim, 231, 295 MacArthur Foundation, 236 Magnus, Jan R., 175 Mao, Zedong, 297 Markovnikov, Vladimir, 13 master’s program: admissions in, 85, 92; employment opportunities of graduates, 85-86,327Ո31; share of graduates, 85; state-funded positions, 85; students’ interest in, 166-67,334Ո37 mathematics, 339Ո6 Matthew effect, 334Ո32 medical centers, 331Ո54 medical institutes, 21, 80; admission, 92-93; graduation rate, 94, 94-95, 95; student body, 23,54,184 mega-grant program, 246-47, 249 Mendeleyev, Dmitriy, 13,292 383
384 Index Merton, Robert K., 334Ո32 Metchnikoff, Elie, 13,14 military and naval schools, 20-21, 93 military service exemption, 251 Ministry of Trade and Industry, 23 Mlynář, Zdeněk, 306 Monitoring of Education Markets and Organizations (MEMO), 85 Moscow City Teacher Training University, 328Ո3 Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (МЕРЫ), 43, 82, 241 Moscow Institute of Physical Engineers, 43 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), 43, 241,322Ո2,340П11 Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, 82 Moscow Mechanical Institute, 43 Moscow School for the Social and Economic Sciences, ззбпб Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation, 4, 6 Moscow State University: development program, 261; faculty, 6-7; foundation of, 6,19; during Great Patriotic War, 39; publications, 247; restructuring of, 34; status of, xvii-xviii, 79, 84,153; students of, 6,7 Moscow State University of Foreign Affairs, xvii-xviii Most Holy Synod, 4 music and art institutes, 23, 80 national research universities (NRU), 80, 82-83, 233 natural science programs: graduation rate, 94, 94-95, 95 New Economic School, ззбпб Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 10, 42 Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, 42 Nizhny Novgorod University, 34 North-Caucasus Federal University, 326Ո26 Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 326Ո26 Novoselov, Konstantin, 322Ո2 Novosibirsk State University, 43-44,162, 241,340mi Odessa University, 19 OECD countries: education level of adult population, 71; expenditures on higher education, xiii, 74, 75 И Oldenburg, Sergey, 225, 292,339Ո3 Olympiads, xix, 153,161-62 Open Society Foundation,
236,237-38,341Ո18 oral exams, 216 organizational structure of higher education institutions, 260-61,267,268. See also governance system Oriental studies, 20, 21,23 Oxford University, 331ՈՈ53-54 parasitism law, 53,324Ո26 Parkhurst, Helen, 321Ո68 part-time education programs. See evening (part-time) programs Pavlov, Ivan, 13 pedagogical institutes, 23,33, 54 peer effects, 329Ո8 People’s Friendship University (RUDN), 306 people’s universities, 23 Perm University, 19,34 Perraton, Hilary, 305 Peter I, Emperor of Russia, 2,3,4,317Ш, 318Ո17 “Philosophers’ ship,” 31 PIRLS international test, 149 Pirogov, Nikolay, 224,339Ո1 PISA tests, 149 plagiarism, 335Ո49 Planck, Max, 292 Polish Academy of Learning, 296 Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, 331П53 postgraduate studies: academic inbreeding and, 254, 256; academic supervision, 252, 255; anti-corruption measures, 253; competitiveness of, 256; correspondence program, 253-54; degree awarding, 256; efficiency of, 251-52, 255; enrollment, 251; full-time program, 253-54; German model, 252; journal publications during, 252, 253; number of students, 254; quality of dissertations, 254, 255-56,343Ո50; renewal of academic staff and, 251; scale of, 190; systemic issues of, 254, 255-57; thesis defense procedure, 252-53; tuitions, 254; types of, 251 Poultry Institute, 34-35 primary education, 146,147 private higher education: classification of institutions of, 326Ո16; emergence and growth of, xv, 62, 63, 64, 77,191;
Index enrollment, 64-65; facilities, 77; legal status of, 325Ո10; programs, 65; vs. public education, 77,325Ո10; public perception of, 62-63; quality of, 63, 64,70,77-78, 325Ո14, ззбпб; regulations of, 77; salaries at, 77,337Ո24; statistics of, 74-75, 75; students body, 64,78,325Ո11; in tsarist Russia, xv, 13-14, 22-23; tuition fees, 66, 76-77. 97. 96, 325Ո12 professional control, 269 professional education, xiv-xvii Prokhorov, Aleksandr, 322Ո2 pseudo-education phenomenon, 217 publications: of abstract collections, 298, 345Ո5; analytics, 342Ո36; censorship of, 295; change of patterns of, 293-94; coauthored, 213, 248-49, 250, 342Ո37, 343Ո41; for a fee, 338Ո25; in foreign journals, 294, 295; funding of, 299; impact factor, 248; indexed in Web of Science and Scopus, 213,248; international compari son, 249-51, 250; joint, 299,300; in peer-reviewed journals, 212-13; quality of, 247-48; in specialized Russian journals, 294,299; statistics of, 212, 247-48, 248; translated into foreign languages, 299 public universities, 209-10 QS (Quacquarelli Symonds) ranking, 279,282 rabfaks. See workers’ faculties ranking: commensuration effect, 281-82; effects of, 286, 287; innovations and, 282; institutional response to, 280-86, 283-84,285; international systems, 279-80,345Ո24; self-fulfilling prophecy effect, 281; state driven focus on, 284 Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, 344Ո15 rectorate, 263 rectors: academic background, 262; age of, 262; connections with authorities, 263; decision-making power, 271; election of, 262; female, 262-63; responsibilities of,
261,262, 271; term of service, 262 recurring engineering, 296 religious institutes, 21,23 research: bonuses for, 207; challenges of, xxiii, 244; cooperation between institu tions, 224, 229, 245; cooperation with industries, 245, 258; development of, 224-26; in different disciplines, 258; economic role of, 244; education domain and, xxiii, 223, 227, 229-30, 231, 241, 259, 340ПН; emigration, 341Ո17; equipment and supplies, 235; expansion of, 209; extrabudgetary income and, 331Ո51; foreign aid, 236-38; funding of, 211, 212, 223-24, 226, 233, 235, 239,241-42, 244-45, 331Ո51,341П18,342Ո30; government control of, 205, 231, 232-33, 239, 242-43; grants for, 243-44; increasing role of, 205; international cooperation, 224, 237, 239-40, 245-47, 249, 288-89, 293, 299-300.342Ո30; key factors, 223-24; organization of, xxiii, 239-41, 258; performance of, 224, 240-41, 247, 278; planning of, 202, 231; politics and, 226, 231-32; postgraduate studies and, 251; during post-Soviet era, 235; publications and reports, 203, 337Ո13; quality of, 203, 257; resource centers, 240; in Russian Empire, 224-25; in the Soviet period, 202-4, 225-27; subsidies for, 242, 243; training laboratories, 240-41; tripartite structure of, 233, 234, 235; university based vs. institute-based, 231, 232,233, 241-42, 257; university income from, 239, 242 research institutes, 75, 225-26,227,228, 229, 241,339Ո4,340Ո8 research/project training laboratories, 240-41 Rockefeller Foundation, 293 Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences, 296 Royal Society of the UK, 293 Russian Academy of Sciences (former Academy of Sciences, USSR
Academy of Sciences): bicentennial celebration of, 292; establishment of, 1,2-3,4; financing of, 3; government decrees on, 232; gymnasium of. 3.317Ո3; higher education institutions and, 13,26, 238; human resources, 5; institutes of, 238; international coopera tion, 298; members of, 230; outreach activities, 5; publications of, 247, 295; reform of, 238; research activities, 3-4, 225, 231,232; Siberian branch, 43; St. Petersburg Academic University of, 3, 317Ո3,317П10; structure of, 3, 223, 230-31; tasks of, 3, 5; teaching activities, 5-6, 340Ո11; transfer to Moscow, 230 385
386 Index Russian Empire: church-affiliated acad emies, 4; class ranks in, 9,318Ո17; educational system, xi-xii, 2, 6,25, 318Ո15,318Ո18; emancipation reform, 12; industrialization of, 12-13; liberal reforms, 11,318Ո24; literacy level, 19; scientific research in, 224-25 Russian Federation: education legislation, 79; education level of adult population, 70-71, 71, 74,333Ո28; export of education, 310; internal migration in, 337Ո11; “recipient” and “donor” regions, 100; transition to market economy, 67-68; unemployment, 336Ո68 Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), 242 Russian Humanitarian Scientific Founda tion, 242 Russian Orthodox Church, xii-xiii, 4 Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, 91 Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), 240 Russian Science Foundation (RSF), 242 Russian State University of Oil and Gas, 324Ո37 Russian University Excellence Initiative. See 5-100 Program Russian University of Cooperation, 91 Sakharov, Andrey, 322Ո2 Saratov University, 19 Sauder, Michael, 281 scholarships, 42,179-80,335ՈՈ56-58 scientific cooperation, 341Ո19,346Ո8 Scopus, 240 secondary school education: academic achievements, 149,151; access to, 145-46; admission to universities after, 44,45, 145,146,153-56; compulsory nature of, xiv, 146,148; constitutional provision on, 324Ո32; curricula, 72,148-49; duration of, 72,144; education levels, 146; education materials, 149; extended activities, 150; family role in, 145,149-50; funding of, 148; graduation exams, 145; households’ expenses on, 150; inequality across, 151-52; lower, 146,147; natural
science subjects, 148; profile education programs, 153; regional differences, 152; salaries, 152; structure of, xxiii, 144; training of teachers, 152; types of instruction, 148; university-affiliated, 152,153; utility expenses, 150 sectoral universities, 62 self-fulfilling prophecy effect, 281 Semenov, Nikolay, 322Ո2 seminaries, 326Ո17 seminars, xxi “Shakhty Trial” (1927-1928), 33 Siberian Federal University, 81 social studies and humanities: graduation rate, 94, 94֊95.95 Sorokin, Pitirim, 31 Southern Federal University, 81,326Ո26 Soviet higher education: abolition of law institutes, 28; access to, 38, 41, 57-58; admission system, 29-30, 44-48, 45, 58; bureaucracy, 60; Communists’ enroll ment, 36-37, 44; completion rates, 57,58; curricula, 39, 41, 50-52,51, 323Ո23; dropout rates, 51; enrollment statistics, 46, 47; expansion of, 41, 43-44; faculty, 27, 30-31.35-36. 40, 42, 43-44. 48-50; financing of, 42,52; formation of, xxii, 41; fundamental disciplines, 37-38, 42; funding of, 42, 59, 60; goals of, xiii, 230; governance system, 35-36; Great Patriotic War and, 39-40,322Ո77; humanities programs, 30; ideology and, 26-27,50; industry needs and, 32-33. 4i 43. 59; industry-specific institutions, 34; international connec tions, 292-93; military sector and, 43; narrow specialization, 35, 50, 54-55; new educational institutes, 27,35; political repressions and, 33; proletarianization of student body, 28-29; quality of, 41, 48, 60; reform of, 47, 60-61; regional availability, 57; relocation of institu tions, 39; reorganization of, 34-35, 41, 42, 225-27,321Ո61; reputation of, 59,
60; scholarships, 52-53; separation between research and, 223, 224-26; stagnation period, 54-61; state control of, 2, 30, 295; structure of study programs, 45,55; student body, 35,37, 39-40, 44-45; teaching methods, 31-32; technical education, 35; territorial distribution of institutions of, 57; tuition fees, 29-30, 44, 52; types of institutions, 37-38;
Index wages, 36; women in, 56. See also workers’ faculties (rabfaks) Soviet intelligentsia, xiv Soviet scientists: international contacts, 293; restriction of foreign travel of, 294-95 Soviet Union: “cultural revolution” period, 33,35; education culture in, xiv-xv; Five-Year Plans, 32,36,294; “Great Break” period, 32; high school graduates, 45; industrial development in, 32-33,43; international integration of, 296-99; isolationist policy, 294-96; literacy rate, 2, 32-33; military sector, 43; parasitism law, 53; political repressions, 33; social mobility in, xiv; stagnation period, 54-61; status of science in, 294 Soviet universities: admission timelines, 156; charters of, 32; Communist ideology in, 177; governance of, 32; programs and specializations of, 28; regional, 27; restructuring of, 27-28,33-34; student body, 54 specialist programs, 85, 89 Spence, Michael, 328Ո7 Stalin, Joseph, 42 STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) specializations, xvi-xvii St. Petersburg Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 327Ո27 St. Petersburg Mining University, 327Ո27 St Petersburg State University: admission to, 162; development program, 261; Great Patriotic War and, 322Ո77; location of, 19; publications, 247; status of, 79, 84; teaching staff, 17 strategic development projects: academic community and, 274; funding of, 273-74; governance system and, 273; implementa tion of, 271-72, 273; perception of, 274 students: academic performance, 166, 170-71,172,173-75; age distribution of, 89; breaches of academic integrity, 172, 173,174; career path, 184-85,187,336Ո67;
cheating, 173-75; class schedule, 183; communication with peers, 169,171; cost of living, 163; cross-country comparison, 173, ѴЗ-уб; distribution across regions, 100; distribution by program, 54-55,56, 56; dropout rates, xxi-xxii, 171-7З; educational mobility, 102-3; education expenses, 178,178,178-79; education level of parents of, 162; employment during university studies, 52,53,181-83,182,185; entertainment events, 175-76; evaluation of professors, 177-78; exam retakes, 172; expulsion of, 172; extracurricular activities, xxiii, 175,176; female, 74, 162-63,333Ո29; financial support for, 181; full-time equivalent, 79, 84,326Ո18; fully subsidized, xix; geographic mobility, 19; holiday retreats and summer camps, 177; housing, 59,335Ո52; job-hunting, 166,182; learning overload, 168, 323Ո19; lowincome, 163; obligatory job placement, 53-54, 60; political activism of, 14, 32; process of selection of, xvii, 187; scholarships, 179-80; self-funded, xix; skills development, 168,184,185,188; social activities, 177; social background of, 21-22, 55-56,162,163,324Ո40,333Ո28; sources of income, 179,179; specialization, 165-67; state-funded, 66, 73,76, 84, 85, 95-96,163, 327Ո27; statistics, 45,56, 74, 76, 79,89, 92,336Ո62; tuition-paying, 70, 73,76-77, 95-96; “voluntary-compulsory” free-time practices, 177; volunteering, 176; war veterans, 44,322Ո7. See also international students Table of Ranks, 318Ո17 Tamm, Igor, 293,322Ո2 teaching activity, 202, 210,211 technical institutes, 23, 24 tertiary education, 71, 73,74, 75 textbooks, xxi THE (Times Higher Education) ranking, 279 TIMSS
international test, 149,332Ո6 Tinto, Vince, 172 Tomsk State University, 162,344Ո15 Tomsk University, 17,19 transport and communications institutes, 55 Trotsky, Leon, 31 tuition fee: vs. average salary, 96; in correspondence programs, 52, 78,327Ո35; as criteria for choosing higher education institution, 96,97, 97-98; in evening (part-time) programs, 73,87; for interna tional students, 289; for postgraduate 387
388 Index tuition fee (continued) studies, 254; in post-Soviet period, 42, 66, 69-70,73; in private higher education, 66, 76-77, 97, 98, 325Ո12; public perception of, 63; quality of education and, 96,102; in regional branches, 98; in the Soviet era, 29-30,42, 44, 52, 95; state-funded, 76; structure of, 97 tuition-paying education services, xv, 42 tutorship market, 339Ո42 undergraduate education, 153-56 Unified State Exam (USE): admission process and, xviii-xix, 78,333Ո19, 334Ո33; average score, 101,101; benefits of, 163; as indicator of academic performance, 170-71; introduction of, xviii, 158,163, 217; vs. old exam system, 159,159-60; points for individual achievements, 333Ո23; preparations for, 160-61 United States: higher education, 50,323Ո18; ratio between students and general population, 45 universities: academic reputation, 280; applicants’ choice of, 164-65; autonomy of, 207; branches of, 99; campus infrastructure, 178; categories of, 80; as centers of science, 258-59; challenges of, 188; classical, 80, 81; competition between, 201,260, 272-73, 274; control systems, 270; decision-making process, 270-71; degree programs, xx; develop ment of, xi; disciplinary profile, 285; duration of education, 327Ո28; economic efficiency of, xiii, 201; emergence of, xii; entrance examinations, 155-56; European traditions, xii, 8,318Ո16; evaluation of performance of, 206; excellence programs, xxiv; expenses for research and develop ment, 241; federal, 80, 81-82; formation of, xii-xiii; funding of, xiii, 81,271-72, 277-78; general education in, xvii; industrial sector and, 342Ո30;
instruction-oriented paradigm, xvi, xx, 188; international integration, 249, 280, 314; licensing of, 62,329ՈՈ23-24; missions of, 201; notion of a world-class, 275; online courses, xvi; organizational structure of, 268-69;vs. other types of higher education institutions, 80; performance monitoring, 261, 274, 330Ո30; physical condition, 285; privatization of, xvii, xviii; project approach, 260-61; protection of reputation, 257; ranking of, xvi, 83,261, 278,279-83; regional distribution of, 98-100,102-3; regional market, 285; renewal of academic staff, 251; research activities, xvi-xvii, 80, 82-83, 225-26, 227, 233, 239, 245,257,272; right to award degrees, 256-57; school education and, 152-56; sources of income, 239, 242, 331П53. ՅՅ1Ո54. ՅՅ1ՈՈ53-54,341Ո24; specialization of, xiv; standards and values, xiii-xiv; state regulations, 79,172, 272; status of, 78-79; strategic develop ment of, 271-78; terms of study, xx; types of, xxii; use of federal assets, 331ՈՈ51-52. See also anchor universities; leading universities; Soviet universities universities in tsarist Russia: academic freedom in, 10,24-25; career path of graduates, 9; charters of, 8,10,319035; enrollment, 10,12; European model for, 8-10; expansion of, 8,12-13; faculty, 5, 10-11,15-18,25-26; geographic distribu tion of, 2,19, 22; instruction system, 9-10; intellectual influence of, 26; internal corporate autonomy, 10; laboratory classes, 16; military-style discipline in, 11; Nobel Prizes winners in, 13; number of, 18; prestige of, 12,13-14; qualification examinations, 25; quotas for Jewish students, 11; sociopolitical
events and, 14, 18,19-20,320Ո47; specializations, 14; student body, 9,11,13,17-18, 20,37 university affiliation, 220-22, 221 University of California, Berkeley, 331Ո54 upper secondary education, 146,147 US National Science Foundation, 299 USSR Academy of Sciences. See Russian Academy of Sciences Uvarov, Sergey, 11 Vernadskiy, Vladimir, 26,321Ո60 veterinary institutes, 23 vice-rectors, 263, 273,344Ո14 Virgin Lands campaign, 52,323Ո24 V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 326Ո26 vocational education and training (VET), 72.73
Index vocational schools (colleges), 72, 87-88, 147 Voronezh Agricultural Institute, 34 VTUZs (higher technical education institutions), 35,38 Vyshinskiy, Andrey, 35 Warsaw Scientific Society, 296 Warsaw University, 19 Web of Science, 240,241, 247 Wilno University, 8 women: access to higher education, 20, 20, 162-63,333Ո29 workers’ faculties (rabfaks): closure of, 37; establishment of, 2, 29; faculty of, 29; legacy of, 48; students of, 29 Zagoskin, Nikolay, 7,317mi Zankevich, Elisey, 230 Zelinskiy, Nikolay, 13 zemstvos, 12,318Ո24 Zhidkova, Anna, 293 Bayerisch® StaateblbHothek München 389 |
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Contents Foreword, by Philip G. Altbach ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xxvii Data Sources xxxi List of Abbreviations xxxv 1 Historical Background 2 The Soviet Era and the First Post-Soviet Decade 3 The Contemporary Landscape 4 Governance and Resources 5 Through School to University 6 The Academic Profession 7 Research at Russian Universities: The Story oí Separation and Reunion 223 8 Organizational Logic: From Processes to Projects 9 Internationalization Notes 317 References 347 Index 379 i 288 41 69 104 144 189 260
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Index Page numbers in bold refer to tables; page numbers in italics refer to figures. Abrikosov, Aleksey, 322Ո2 academic community, 219-20, 277, 291, 338Ո28 academic contracts: bonuses, 208; concept of “effective,” 208, 209; duration of, 189-90, 202, 203, 204, 205,302; faculty salaries and, 337Ո19; formal requirements of, 204, 209; historical vs. current system of, 206, 207; individual achievements and, 209; of international faculty, 300-301,302; reform of, 203,204-7; research compo nent of, 206; standard of, 203; structure of, 201-2, 222 Academic Excellence program, 286 academic inbreeding, 112,195,196,197, 337Ո13 academic mobility, 189,194-95, 220,313, 336Ո7 Academic Ranking of World Universities (Shanghai ARWU) ranking, 279, 282 “Academic Trial” (1929-1931), 33 academies, 79, 296, 297,326Ո16 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 238 Academy of Medical Sciences, 238 Academy of Sciences. See Russian Academy of Sciences admission to higher education institutions: in comparative perspective, 160; corruption, 160, 333Ո22; entrance exams, 155-56,165; gender balance, xviii; in industry-specific institutes, 93-94; of international students, 308,310,315; for master’s level studies, 92; in medical institutes, 92-93; meritocratic trends in, xviii-xix; in military and naval schools, 93; Olympiad experience and, 161-62; in postwar years, 44-45,45, 46; preparation for, 156-57,160; program tracks and, 92-94; quotas, xviii, 11, 25, 29, 66,104, 114,122,132-35, ՅՅՕՈ38; reform of, 158, 159-60; requirements, xvi, xviii-xix; secondary education and, 44, 45,145,146, 153-56; social inequality
and, xix, 155,157; in the Soviet Union, 29-30, 44-48, 45, 58; to state-funded positions, 164; statistics, 44-45,45, 46; timelines, 156; in tsarist Russia, 2,11,19-20, 25,319Ո26; Unified State Exam score and, xviii-xix, 78,100, 101,155,159-60,163,333Ո19, 334Ո33; work record and, 47-48 agriculture and forestry institutes, 20, 21, 23, 54-55. 80 Aleksandrov, Daniil, 293 Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 8, 9, 318ՈՈ14-15 Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 11,303, 318Ո24 Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 11 All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI), 345Ո5 Almetyevsk State Petroleum Institute, 328Ո3 Alston, Patrick, 42 alumni, 185-86,187 Ammosov North-Eastern Federal Univer sity, 326Ո26 Ampere, André-Marie, 5 anchor universities, 80, 84 arts and cinematography institutes, 55 Azerbaijan Institute of Oil and Chemistry, 57 bachelor’s program: completion of, 94-95, 95; duration of, 85; employment share, 85-86; enrollment in, 85, 86, 86-87, 89; narrow specialization, 334Ո36 Baltic Federal University, 81 Balzer, Harley, 59 Basov, Nikolay G., 322Ո3 Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 241 Berdyayev, Nikolay, 31 Bernoulli, Daniel, 5 Bernoulli, Nicolaus, 5
380 Index Bologna process, 310 brain drain phenomenon, 223, 235, 236, 237-38,340Ո17 Brezhnev, Leonid, 36,42,54 brigade/laboratory method, 31,321Ո68 Brodsky, Joseph, 324Ո26 Bulganin, Nikolay, 298 Butlerov, Aleksandr, 13 Carnegie Foundation, 293 Central Executive Committee (CEC), 32 chairs (organizational units): academic disciplines and, 260, 265; administrative tasks, 267; as community of peers, 268-69; education process and, 264-67, 268; as expert body, 265-66; German model for, 265; as institutional trap, 267-68; management of, 265; networks, 268; power of head of, 269; training of personnel, 266; transformation of role of, 268, 269 cheating, 173-75, ՅՅ5Ո49 Chemical-Technical Institute, 34 Chinese Academy of Sciences, 297 classical universities, 80, 81 colleges, 72,146,154,332Ո4 commensuration effect, 281-82 commercial institutes, аз, 23-24 Communist University of the Toilers of the East, 304 Condorcet, Nicolas de, 5 conservatories, 326Ո17 contracts. See academic contracts correspondence programs: career path after, 90; characteristics of, 70, 87; completion rates, 90; contact hours, 87; curricula, 46-47; dropout rate, 47; duration of, 88; enrollment in, 45-46,46,47, 54-55,56, 89; evaluation of, 47; funding of, 73, 87-88; growth of, 44,45-46, 53; modern approach to, 327Ո32; in private sector, 78, 87, 88; quality of education, 46,47, 87; students share, 88; targeted clientele, 88; teaching methods, 46-47; tuition fee, 52, 78,327Ո35 corruption, 160, 215-17, ՅՅՅՈ22,338Ո27 Council of People’s Commissars, 51 COVID-19 pandemic: impact on higher education, 88,102 Crimean War, 12
Cultural Initiative Foundation, 236 curriculum: adjustments of, 168; classroom hours, 50; compulsory courses, xx, 41,51, 167,169-70, 266-67; correspondence programs, 46-47; elective courses, 51,169, 267; evening (part-time) programs, 46; foreign languages, 51-52,323Ո23; grading system, 170; during Great Patriotic War, 39; ideological courses, 51; instruction based paradigm, 168; international standards, 289; labor market and, 168; lectures, 167; selection of specialization, 170; subject-centered focus of, 169 Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts, 296 Dalton Plan, 321Ո68 deans, 269 degree awarding, 251,256-57 Diderot, Denis, 5 diplomas, 170 dissertations, 254, 255-56,343Ո50 divinity schools, 20 dorms, 335Ո52 Dorpat University (a.k.a. Derpt University, University of Tartu), 7,19, 318Ո14,319035, 321Ո59 dropouts, 171-72 East European countries: Sovietization of higher education, 296,345Ո6 economic institutes, 23,55, 94, 94-95,95 education programs, xv-xvi, xvi Ehrlich, Paul, 14 engineering and industrial schools, 20,21, 23-24,42, 94, 94-95, 95 entrance exams, 155-56,165, 333Ո20,333Ո23 Espeland, Wendy N., 281 Euler, Leonhard, 5 Euler-Chelpin, Hans von, 292 European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS), 310 European University at St. Petersburg, 336Ո6 evening (part-time) programs: curricula, 46; dropout rate, 51; enrollment, 45, 46,46, 47, 54-55,56; growth of, 45-46, S3; modern approach, 327Ո32; state-funding, 87-88; students share, 87; tuition, 73, 87 faculties (as a subdivision), 263, 264 faculty: academic ranks, 15-16,193,194, 319Ո35; administrative pressure on,
Index 276-77; administrative responsibilities, 211, 214; age structure of, 192,192-93; career path, 16,17,193-97,319Ո35; comparison to other countries, 191; competitiveness outside academia, 190; demand for new type of, 222; double affiliation, 249; employment models of, 213, 214; evaluation of performance of, 206; female, 191-92,322Ո77; foreign language proficiency, 291, 312-13; foreign travels, 294-95; Great Patriotic War and, 322Ո77; hiring system, 17, 49, 195,197, 203-4, 205, 249, 267; influence on academic decisions, 270-71; internationalization of, 289, 301; job satisfaction level, 218-19, 220; key facts about, 189-90; mobility of, 17, 43-44, 189,194-95, ՅՅ6Ո7; multiple employ ment pattern, 215; networking, 266; notion of university affiliation, 220-21; occupational typology, 67; part-time positions, 49-50, 213; paternalism and favoritism, 196; political function of, 227; of private universities, 194; “professors of practice” position, 210; project approach and, 277; publication practices, 190,196, 205, 212-13, 240-41, 277; research activities, 196-97, 201, 202, 205-6, 211, 212-13, 227, 285; secondary employment, 213-15, 220; social status of, 16, 48,190,192, 218,320Ո38; at Soviet institutions, 43-44, 48, 49-50, 59, 227; statistics, 66,190-91,193-94; teaching activities, 66,189,196, 201, 202, 202, 210, 211, 266-67, 274; tolerance to cheating, 174-75; in tsarist Russia, 15-18, 23, 291, 319Ո35, 320Ո38; work conditions, 48, 266, 323Ո14. See also international faculty faculty's income: academic achievements and, 207; external sources of, 190,204, 212; honorarium system,
16; in postSoviet period, 42, 66-67,221; in private universities, 77,337Ո24; regional variants, 198-99; salaries, 15,17,36,48, 49,59,152, 197-99, 199, ՅՅ7Ո19, Յ38Ո28; structure of, 198-200,208,215; from teaching services, 204,338Ո27 Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations (FANO), 238 Federal Law on Education, 79 federal universities, 79, 80, 81-82 Filippov, Aleksey, 24,321Ո57 5-100 Program: criticism of, 245; effect of, 245, 275, 286-87; funding of, 83, 244, 276, 277-78; implementation of, 245,286; launch of, 275; limitations of, 278; participating universities, 83, 224, 261, 275,326Ո25; performance indicators, 275-77, 276,277, 278, 279; support of research, 233,245; terms for, 83, 276 Fok, Vladimir, 293 France: higher education in, 8,318Ո16 Frenkel, Yakov, 293 Fulbright Program, 236,301 fundamental science, 13-14 Fursenko, Andrey, 82 Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, 5 Geim, Andrey, 322Ո2 genetics, 231-32 Georgian Institute of Subtropical Agricul ture, 57 German Academic Exchange Service, 301 Germany: higher education in, 8-9,18,45 Ginzburg, Vitaliy, 322Ո2 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 5 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 306 Gouldner, Alvin W., 269 governance system, xxii-xxiii; administra tive control, 269-70; decision-making process, 270-71; executives without academic experience, 285; modifications of, 269, 273, 275, 286; project-approach to, 276-77; rector and rector’s office, 261-63; strategic development projects and, 273; structure of, 260-61,263-64,264 graduates: career choices, xvii-xviii, 17; compulsory placement of, 186; employ ment opportunities, xxiii, 1, 2, 4,319Ո35,
327Ո31,336Ո68; fields of study, 94-95; mismatch of jobs and education, 166; quality of, xix-xx, 48; skill sets of, xv, xvi, 184,185, 285; structure of bachelor’s level, 94, 94-95 graduate studies, 195-96 Graham, Loren R., 227 Granovetter, Mark S., 336Ո63 grants, 235-36, 237, 243-44, 246-47. See also mega-grant program Great Patriotic War, 39 Gribovskiy, Mikhail, 18 381
382 Index Harvard University, 331Ո53 Herald of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 295 Higher Attestation Commission (НАС), 252 higher education: access to, xiv, xvii; archival sources, xxiv; central planning of, 68; challenges of, xxiii; comparative perspective, xx-xxi, xxiv-xxv; con temporary model of, 73; contribution to adults’ skill sets, 185; digital technologies, 102; formats of, 86-88, 90,101; funding of, 67,73; historical foundation of, xi, xxii, 1-2; institutional expansion, 64, 65; internationalization of, xxiv, 288-90; key facts, 69-70; labour market and, 62, 217-18,328Ո7; legislation on, 62,79; levels of, 85-86; management of, xxiv; mass-scale, xxii; military service and, 71-72; nonhomogeneous nature of, xix-xx; performance of, xi; post-Soviet years, 61-68, 73,324Ո35; programs and specializations, 65; prospects of, 102, 315-16; public perception of, xviii, 62-63, 70-71,325Ո3; quality control, 78; Russian vs. Western tradition, xi, xxi-xxii; scale and structure of, xxiv-xxv, 69, 70, 72, 73-74; social mobility and, xiv-xv, xvii-xviii; Sovietization of, 296-97; standards and regulations of, xv, xv-xvi, 85,103,329Ո18. See also Soviet higher education higher education institutions (HEIs): accreditation and licensing, 62; branches of, 64-65, 90-92, 91; classification of, 74, 78-81; enlargement and mergers of units of, 344Ո15; enrollment statistics, 44-46, 45, 46, 47, 89; functions of, xiii, xiv, xxiii; geographic distribution, 70, 98-100,101; global ranking of, xvi, 280; Great Patriotic War and, 39-40; industry-specific, 38; public and private, xv, 74-76, 75,101; quality
of, 100-101,102; regional specific, 38; reorganization of, 43-44; specialized, 74, 80,326Ո17; statistics of, 34, 44,46, 69, 75, 280; stratification of, 102; transition to market economy, 73-74,324Ո37; tuition fees, 42, 44; types of, 23,37-38,326Ո16 higher education in tsarist Russia: academic freedom, 24-25; access to, 1-2; admission rules, 25; church and, xii-xiii, 4; development of, xi-xii, xxii, 2-8; educational programs, 21, 22; faculty in, 15-18, 23,23,291,319Ո35,320Ո38; foreign influence of, 290-91; funding of, 13,24; geographic distribution of, 21,23; higher schools, 20-21; non-university, 20-21; organizational development, 291; in Oriental studies, 20; private, 22-23; public and private institutions, 13-14, 21,23, 321Ո55; state control of, 24; students, 21-22, 23,24, 25,37; women in, 20 higher schools, 20-21,326Ո17 Higher Women’s Courses, 18,23 honors certificate, 170 HSE University (National Research University Higher School of Economics), 247,337Ո17,341П20,344Ո9,344Ո15 humanities community, 313 Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Յ44Ո15 industry-specific institutions, 80, 93-94 Information Technology, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO) University, 162,344Ո15 Innopolis University, 336Ո6 Innovation Promotion Foundation, 242 Institute of Agriculture and Forestry in Nowa Aleksandria, 21 Institute of Cotton Breeding, 57 Institute of Red Professorship, 30,31 Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences (INION), 298 institutional trap, 267,344Ո8 instruction time, 146,147,148 international conferences, 292, 295, 298,313 International Congress of Mathematicians,
295 international cooperation, 297,313-14 international faculty: contracts of, 300-301, 302; recruitment of, 278,290-91,301-2, 315,341Ո20; Russian citizens holding PhD degrees as, 302-3; subject areas, 300-301 international foundations, 235-36, 341ՈՈ18-19 internationalization: in contemporary Russia, 299-300,313; of educational process, 278; faculty survey about, 313, 314; forms of, 313; key facts, 288-89; obstacles to, 292,312-13,315; overview, 290-92; personal contacts, 299; prestige of, 292,313; in Russian Empire, 290-92; in the Soviet period, 292-93, 294-95, 297-99; tools of, 314-15
Index international laboratories, 239-40, 245-47 international students: admission process, 304-5,308,310,3151 attitudes toward, 306,308; career paths after graduation, 306-7; challenges for, 312; changing notion of, 309; choice of subjects and specialities, 289,305,309,309; countries of origin, 304,305,306,310; curriculum for, 306; distinct status of, 311; govern ment scholarships (quotas), 310-11; ideology and, 304; integration in university life, 306,311; language of instruction for, 306,311; as performance indicator, 277; in post-Soviet period, 308; quality of, 311; recruitment of, 289,307-9, 310; in the Soviet era, 289, 304-7; statistics of, 278,289,303,305,305, 307, 308,310; subsidies to, 304; target-based training programs for, 308; in tsarist Russia, 303; tuition fees, 289 Irkutsk University, 34 Ivanov, Anatoliy, 25 Jewish students, xviii, 20 job placement: avoidance of, 60; family status and, 54; industry-specific, 56; mismatch between training and, 54,59; procedure of, 53-54, 56; territorial distribution of, 53, 56 joint laboratories, 240 Journal of the Physics USSR, 295 journals, academic: foreign, 294, 295, 298; indexed by Web of Science, 248·, list of approved, 252,253; peer-reviewed, 212-13; promotion of specialized, 291-92; published in Russian, 294,299; of USSR Academy of Sciences, 295 Kaiser Wilhelm Society institutes, 229 Kapitsa, Petr, 43,322Ո2 Karlsruhe Congress, 292 Kazan University, 8,19 Keynes, John Maynard, 292 Khanty-Mansi State Medical Academy, 328Ո3 Kharkov University, 8,19 Khrushchev, Nikita, 36, 42, 44, 45,54 Kiev University, 19 kindergartens,
147 Komintern International Lenin School, 304 Komsomol (Young Communist League), 29, 177 Krasnoyarsk State University, 43 Kunstkammer, 5 Kurgan State University, 344Ш5 Kuzminov, Yaroslav, 341Ո20 Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 5 Landau, Lev, 43, 293,322Ո2 Large Hadron Collider, 249,300 law and land survey institutes, 23 Law on Education (1992), xv leading universities: decision-making process in, 271; definition of, 84; international cooperation of, 289,301; location of, 100; vs. mass-scale, 239; online courses of, 289; ranking of, 280-81, 285-86; research activities, 243, 244, 245; share of international students, 310; state-funded students, 327Ո27; subsidies to, 301 lecturer position, 15,36,193,194, 320Ո35, 336Ո5 Leningrad State University. See St Peters burg State University Linnichenko, Ivan, 18 Lomonosov, Mikhail, 6 Lomonosov Moscow State University. See Moscow State University Losskiy, Nikolay, 31 Luzin, Nikolay, 295 lyceums, 152,153 Lysenko, Trofim, 231, 295 MacArthur Foundation, 236 Magnus, Jan R., 175 Mao, Zedong, 297 Markovnikov, Vladimir, 13 master’s program: admissions in, 85, 92; employment opportunities of graduates, 85-86,327Ո31; share of graduates, 85; state-funded positions, 85; students’ interest in, 166-67,334Ո37 mathematics, 339Ո6 Matthew effect, 334Ո32 medical centers, 331Ո54 medical institutes, 21, 80; admission, 92-93; graduation rate, 94, 94-95, 95; student body, 23,54,184 mega-grant program, 246-47, 249 Mendeleyev, Dmitriy, 13,292 383
384 Index Merton, Robert K., 334Ո32 Metchnikoff, Elie, 13,14 military and naval schools, 20-21, 93 military service exemption, 251 Ministry of Trade and Industry, 23 Mlynář, Zdeněk, 306 Monitoring of Education Markets and Organizations (MEMO), 85 Moscow City Teacher Training University, 328Ո3 Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (МЕРЫ), 43, 82, 241 Moscow Institute of Physical Engineers, 43 Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), 43, 241,322Ո2,340П11 Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, 82 Moscow Mechanical Institute, 43 Moscow School for the Social and Economic Sciences, ззбпб Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation, 4, 6 Moscow State University: development program, 261; faculty, 6-7; foundation of, 6,19; during Great Patriotic War, 39; publications, 247; restructuring of, 34; status of, xvii-xviii, 79, 84,153; students of, 6,7 Moscow State University of Foreign Affairs, xvii-xviii Most Holy Synod, 4 music and art institutes, 23, 80 national research universities (NRU), 80, 82-83, 233 natural science programs: graduation rate, 94, 94-95, 95 New Economic School, ззбпб Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 10, 42 Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, 42 Nizhny Novgorod University, 34 North-Caucasus Federal University, 326Ո26 Northern (Arctic) Federal University, 326Ո26 Novoselov, Konstantin, 322Ո2 Novosibirsk State University, 43-44,162, 241,340mi Odessa University, 19 OECD countries: education level of adult population, 71; expenditures on higher education, xiii, 74, 75 И Oldenburg, Sergey, 225, 292,339Ո3 Olympiads, xix, 153,161-62 Open Society Foundation,
236,237-38,341Ո18 oral exams, 216 organizational structure of higher education institutions, 260-61,267,268. See also governance system Oriental studies, 20, 21,23 Oxford University, 331ՈՈ53-54 parasitism law, 53,324Ո26 Parkhurst, Helen, 321Ո68 part-time education programs. See evening (part-time) programs Pavlov, Ivan, 13 pedagogical institutes, 23,33, 54 peer effects, 329Ո8 People’s Friendship University (RUDN), 306 people’s universities, 23 Perm University, 19,34 Perraton, Hilary, 305 Peter I, Emperor of Russia, 2,3,4,317Ш, 318Ո17 “Philosophers’ ship,” 31 PIRLS international test, 149 Pirogov, Nikolay, 224,339Ո1 PISA tests, 149 plagiarism, 335Ո49 Planck, Max, 292 Polish Academy of Learning, 296 Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, 331П53 postgraduate studies: academic inbreeding and, 254, 256; academic supervision, 252, 255; anti-corruption measures, 253; competitiveness of, 256; correspondence program, 253-54; degree awarding, 256; efficiency of, 251-52, 255; enrollment, 251; full-time program, 253-54; German model, 252; journal publications during, 252, 253; number of students, 254; quality of dissertations, 254, 255-56,343Ո50; renewal of academic staff and, 251; scale of, 190; systemic issues of, 254, 255-57; thesis defense procedure, 252-53; tuitions, 254; types of, 251 Poultry Institute, 34-35 primary education, 146,147 private higher education: classification of institutions of, 326Ո16; emergence and growth of, xv, 62, 63, 64, 77,191;
Index enrollment, 64-65; facilities, 77; legal status of, 325Ո10; programs, 65; vs. public education, 77,325Ո10; public perception of, 62-63; quality of, 63, 64,70,77-78, 325Ո14, ззбпб; regulations of, 77; salaries at, 77,337Ո24; statistics of, 74-75, 75; students body, 64,78,325Ո11; in tsarist Russia, xv, 13-14, 22-23; tuition fees, 66, 76-77. 97. 96, 325Ո12 professional control, 269 professional education, xiv-xvii Prokhorov, Aleksandr, 322Ո2 pseudo-education phenomenon, 217 publications: of abstract collections, 298, 345Ո5; analytics, 342Ո36; censorship of, 295; change of patterns of, 293-94; coauthored, 213, 248-49, 250, 342Ո37, 343Ո41; for a fee, 338Ո25; in foreign journals, 294, 295; funding of, 299; impact factor, 248; indexed in Web of Science and Scopus, 213,248; international compari son, 249-51, 250; joint, 299,300; in peer-reviewed journals, 212-13; quality of, 247-48; in specialized Russian journals, 294,299; statistics of, 212, 247-48, 248; translated into foreign languages, 299 public universities, 209-10 QS (Quacquarelli Symonds) ranking, 279,282 rabfaks. See workers’ faculties ranking: commensuration effect, 281-82; effects of, 286, 287; innovations and, 282; institutional response to, 280-86, 283-84,285; international systems, 279-80,345Ո24; self-fulfilling prophecy effect, 281; state driven focus on, 284 Razumovsky Moscow State University of Technologies and Management, 344Ո15 rectorate, 263 rectors: academic background, 262; age of, 262; connections with authorities, 263; decision-making power, 271; election of, 262; female, 262-63; responsibilities of,
261,262, 271; term of service, 262 recurring engineering, 296 religious institutes, 21,23 research: bonuses for, 207; challenges of, xxiii, 244; cooperation between institu tions, 224, 229, 245; cooperation with industries, 245, 258; development of, 224-26; in different disciplines, 258; economic role of, 244; education domain and, xxiii, 223, 227, 229-30, 231, 241, 259, 340ПН; emigration, 341Ո17; equipment and supplies, 235; expansion of, 209; extrabudgetary income and, 331Ո51; foreign aid, 236-38; funding of, 211, 212, 223-24, 226, 233, 235, 239,241-42, 244-45, 331Ո51,341П18,342Ո30; government control of, 205, 231, 232-33, 239, 242-43; grants for, 243-44; increasing role of, 205; international cooperation, 224, 237, 239-40, 245-47, 249, 288-89, 293, 299-300.342Ո30; key factors, 223-24; organization of, xxiii, 239-41, 258; performance of, 224, 240-41, 247, 278; planning of, 202, 231; politics and, 226, 231-32; postgraduate studies and, 251; during post-Soviet era, 235; publications and reports, 203, 337Ո13; quality of, 203, 257; resource centers, 240; in Russian Empire, 224-25; in the Soviet period, 202-4, 225-27; subsidies for, 242, 243; training laboratories, 240-41; tripartite structure of, 233, 234, 235; university based vs. institute-based, 231, 232,233, 241-42, 257; university income from, 239, 242 research institutes, 75, 225-26,227,228, 229, 241,339Ո4,340Ո8 research/project training laboratories, 240-41 Rockefeller Foundation, 293 Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences, 296 Royal Society of the UK, 293 Russian Academy of Sciences (former Academy of Sciences, USSR
Academy of Sciences): bicentennial celebration of, 292; establishment of, 1,2-3,4; financing of, 3; government decrees on, 232; gymnasium of. 3.317Ո3; higher education institutions and, 13,26, 238; human resources, 5; institutes of, 238; international coopera tion, 298; members of, 230; outreach activities, 5; publications of, 247, 295; reform of, 238; research activities, 3-4, 225, 231,232; Siberian branch, 43; St. Petersburg Academic University of, 3, 317Ո3,317П10; structure of, 3, 223, 230-31; tasks of, 3, 5; teaching activities, 5-6, 340Ո11; transfer to Moscow, 230 385
386 Index Russian Empire: church-affiliated acad emies, 4; class ranks in, 9,318Ո17; educational system, xi-xii, 2, 6,25, 318Ո15,318Ո18; emancipation reform, 12; industrialization of, 12-13; liberal reforms, 11,318Ո24; literacy level, 19; scientific research in, 224-25 Russian Federation: education legislation, 79; education level of adult population, 70-71, 71, 74,333Ո28; export of education, 310; internal migration in, 337Ո11; “recipient” and “donor” regions, 100; transition to market economy, 67-68; unemployment, 336Ո68 Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), 242 Russian Humanitarian Scientific Founda tion, 242 Russian Orthodox Church, xii-xiii, 4 Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, 91 Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), 240 Russian Science Foundation (RSF), 242 Russian State University of Oil and Gas, 324Ո37 Russian University Excellence Initiative. See 5-100 Program Russian University of Cooperation, 91 Sakharov, Andrey, 322Ո2 Saratov University, 19 Sauder, Michael, 281 scholarships, 42,179-80,335ՈՈ56-58 scientific cooperation, 341Ո19,346Ո8 Scopus, 240 secondary school education: academic achievements, 149,151; access to, 145-46; admission to universities after, 44,45, 145,146,153-56; compulsory nature of, xiv, 146,148; constitutional provision on, 324Ո32; curricula, 72,148-49; duration of, 72,144; education levels, 146; education materials, 149; extended activities, 150; family role in, 145,149-50; funding of, 148; graduation exams, 145; households’ expenses on, 150; inequality across, 151-52; lower, 146,147; natural
science subjects, 148; profile education programs, 153; regional differences, 152; salaries, 152; structure of, xxiii, 144; training of teachers, 152; types of instruction, 148; university-affiliated, 152,153; utility expenses, 150 sectoral universities, 62 self-fulfilling prophecy effect, 281 Semenov, Nikolay, 322Ո2 seminaries, 326Ո17 seminars, xxi “Shakhty Trial” (1927-1928), 33 Siberian Federal University, 81 social studies and humanities: graduation rate, 94, 94֊95.95 Sorokin, Pitirim, 31 Southern Federal University, 81,326Ո26 Soviet higher education: abolition of law institutes, 28; access to, 38, 41, 57-58; admission system, 29-30, 44-48, 45, 58; bureaucracy, 60; Communists’ enroll ment, 36-37, 44; completion rates, 57,58; curricula, 39, 41, 50-52,51, 323Ո23; dropout rates, 51; enrollment statistics, 46, 47; expansion of, 41, 43-44; faculty, 27, 30-31.35-36. 40, 42, 43-44. 48-50; financing of, 42,52; formation of, xxii, 41; fundamental disciplines, 37-38, 42; funding of, 42, 59, 60; goals of, xiii, 230; governance system, 35-36; Great Patriotic War and, 39-40,322Ո77; humanities programs, 30; ideology and, 26-27,50; industry needs and, 32-33. 4i 43. 59; industry-specific institutions, 34; international connec tions, 292-93; military sector and, 43; narrow specialization, 35, 50, 54-55; new educational institutes, 27,35; political repressions and, 33; proletarianization of student body, 28-29; quality of, 41, 48, 60; reform of, 47, 60-61; regional availability, 57; relocation of institu tions, 39; reorganization of, 34-35, 41, 42, 225-27,321Ո61; reputation of, 59,
60; scholarships, 52-53; separation between research and, 223, 224-26; stagnation period, 54-61; state control of, 2, 30, 295; structure of study programs, 45,55; student body, 35,37, 39-40, 44-45; teaching methods, 31-32; technical education, 35; territorial distribution of institutions of, 57; tuition fees, 29-30, 44, 52; types of institutions, 37-38;
Index wages, 36; women in, 56. See also workers’ faculties (rabfaks) Soviet intelligentsia, xiv Soviet scientists: international contacts, 293; restriction of foreign travel of, 294-95 Soviet Union: “cultural revolution” period, 33,35; education culture in, xiv-xv; Five-Year Plans, 32,36,294; “Great Break” period, 32; high school graduates, 45; industrial development in, 32-33,43; international integration of, 296-99; isolationist policy, 294-96; literacy rate, 2, 32-33; military sector, 43; parasitism law, 53; political repressions, 33; social mobility in, xiv; stagnation period, 54-61; status of science in, 294 Soviet universities: admission timelines, 156; charters of, 32; Communist ideology in, 177; governance of, 32; programs and specializations of, 28; regional, 27; restructuring of, 27-28,33-34; student body, 54 specialist programs, 85, 89 Spence, Michael, 328Ո7 Stalin, Joseph, 42 STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) specializations, xvi-xvii St. Petersburg Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 327Ո27 St. Petersburg Mining University, 327Ո27 St Petersburg State University: admission to, 162; development program, 261; Great Patriotic War and, 322Ո77; location of, 19; publications, 247; status of, 79, 84; teaching staff, 17 strategic development projects: academic community and, 274; funding of, 273-74; governance system and, 273; implementa tion of, 271-72, 273; perception of, 274 students: academic performance, 166, 170-71,172,173-75; age distribution of, 89; breaches of academic integrity, 172, 173,174; career path, 184-85,187,336Ո67;
cheating, 173-75; class schedule, 183; communication with peers, 169,171; cost of living, 163; cross-country comparison, 173, ѴЗ-уб; distribution across regions, 100; distribution by program, 54-55,56, 56; dropout rates, xxi-xxii, 171-7З; educational mobility, 102-3; education expenses, 178,178,178-79; education level of parents of, 162; employment during university studies, 52,53,181-83,182,185; entertainment events, 175-76; evaluation of professors, 177-78; exam retakes, 172; expulsion of, 172; extracurricular activities, xxiii, 175,176; female, 74, 162-63,333Ո29; financial support for, 181; full-time equivalent, 79, 84,326Ո18; fully subsidized, xix; geographic mobility, 19; holiday retreats and summer camps, 177; housing, 59,335Ո52; job-hunting, 166,182; learning overload, 168, 323Ո19; lowincome, 163; obligatory job placement, 53-54, 60; political activism of, 14, 32; process of selection of, xvii, 187; scholarships, 179-80; self-funded, xix; skills development, 168,184,185,188; social activities, 177; social background of, 21-22, 55-56,162,163,324Ո40,333Ո28; sources of income, 179,179; specialization, 165-67; state-funded, 66, 73,76, 84, 85, 95-96,163, 327Ո27; statistics, 45,56, 74, 76, 79,89, 92,336Ո62; tuition-paying, 70, 73,76-77, 95-96; “voluntary-compulsory” free-time practices, 177; volunteering, 176; war veterans, 44,322Ո7. See also international students Table of Ranks, 318Ո17 Tamm, Igor, 293,322Ո2 teaching activity, 202, 210,211 technical institutes, 23, 24 tertiary education, 71, 73,74, 75 textbooks, xxi THE (Times Higher Education) ranking, 279 TIMSS
international test, 149,332Ո6 Tinto, Vince, 172 Tomsk State University, 162,344Ո15 Tomsk University, 17,19 transport and communications institutes, 55 Trotsky, Leon, 31 tuition fee: vs. average salary, 96; in correspondence programs, 52, 78,327Ո35; as criteria for choosing higher education institution, 96,97, 97-98; in evening (part-time) programs, 73,87; for interna tional students, 289; for postgraduate 387
388 Index tuition fee (continued) studies, 254; in post-Soviet period, 42, 66, 69-70,73; in private higher education, 66, 76-77, 97, 98, 325Ո12; public perception of, 63; quality of education and, 96,102; in regional branches, 98; in the Soviet era, 29-30,42, 44, 52, 95; state-funded, 76; structure of, 97 tuition-paying education services, xv, 42 tutorship market, 339Ո42 undergraduate education, 153-56 Unified State Exam (USE): admission process and, xviii-xix, 78,333Ո19, 334Ո33; average score, 101,101; benefits of, 163; as indicator of academic performance, 170-71; introduction of, xviii, 158,163, 217; vs. old exam system, 159,159-60; points for individual achievements, 333Ո23; preparations for, 160-61 United States: higher education, 50,323Ո18; ratio between students and general population, 45 universities: academic reputation, 280; applicants’ choice of, 164-65; autonomy of, 207; branches of, 99; campus infrastructure, 178; categories of, 80; as centers of science, 258-59; challenges of, 188; classical, 80, 81; competition between, 201,260, 272-73, 274; control systems, 270; decision-making process, 270-71; degree programs, xx; develop ment of, xi; disciplinary profile, 285; duration of education, 327Ո28; economic efficiency of, xiii, 201; emergence of, xii; entrance examinations, 155-56; European traditions, xii, 8,318Ո16; evaluation of performance of, 206; excellence programs, xxiv; expenses for research and develop ment, 241; federal, 80, 81-82; formation of, xii-xiii; funding of, xiii, 81,271-72, 277-78; general education in, xvii; industrial sector and, 342Ո30;
instruction-oriented paradigm, xvi, xx, 188; international integration, 249, 280, 314; licensing of, 62,329ՈՈ23-24; missions of, 201; notion of a world-class, 275; online courses, xvi; organizational structure of, 268-69;vs. other types of higher education institutions, 80; performance monitoring, 261, 274, 330Ո30; physical condition, 285; privatization of, xvii, xviii; project approach, 260-61; protection of reputation, 257; ranking of, xvi, 83,261, 278,279-83; regional distribution of, 98-100,102-3; regional market, 285; renewal of academic staff, 251; research activities, xvi-xvii, 80, 82-83, 225-26, 227, 233, 239, 245,257,272; right to award degrees, 256-57; school education and, 152-56; sources of income, 239, 242, 331П53. ՅՅ1Ո54. ՅՅ1ՈՈ53-54,341Ո24; specialization of, xiv; standards and values, xiii-xiv; state regulations, 79,172, 272; status of, 78-79; strategic develop ment of, 271-78; terms of study, xx; types of, xxii; use of federal assets, 331ՈՈ51-52. See also anchor universities; leading universities; Soviet universities universities in tsarist Russia: academic freedom in, 10,24-25; career path of graduates, 9; charters of, 8,10,319035; enrollment, 10,12; European model for, 8-10; expansion of, 8,12-13; faculty, 5, 10-11,15-18,25-26; geographic distribu tion of, 2,19, 22; instruction system, 9-10; intellectual influence of, 26; internal corporate autonomy, 10; laboratory classes, 16; military-style discipline in, 11; Nobel Prizes winners in, 13; number of, 18; prestige of, 12,13-14; qualification examinations, 25; quotas for Jewish students, 11; sociopolitical
events and, 14, 18,19-20,320Ո47; specializations, 14; student body, 9,11,13,17-18, 20,37 university affiliation, 220-22, 221 University of California, Berkeley, 331Ո54 upper secondary education, 146,147 US National Science Foundation, 299 USSR Academy of Sciences. See Russian Academy of Sciences Uvarov, Sergey, 11 Vernadskiy, Vladimir, 26,321Ո60 veterinary institutes, 23 vice-rectors, 263, 273,344Ո14 Virgin Lands campaign, 52,323Ո24 V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 326Ո26 vocational education and training (VET), 72.73
Index vocational schools (colleges), 72, 87-88, 147 Voronezh Agricultural Institute, 34 VTUZs (higher technical education institutions), 35,38 Vyshinskiy, Andrey, 35 Warsaw Scientific Society, 296 Warsaw University, 19 Web of Science, 240,241, 247 Wilno University, 8 women: access to higher education, 20, 20, 162-63,333Ո29 workers’ faculties (rabfaks): closure of, 37; establishment of, 2, 29; faculty of, 29; legacy of, 48; students of, 29 Zagoskin, Nikolay, 7,317mi Zankevich, Elisey, 230 Zelinskiy, Nikolay, 13 zemstvos, 12,318Ո24 Zhidkova, Anna, 293 Bayerisch® StaateblbHothek München 389 |
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| author | Kuzʹminov, Jaroslav Ivanovič 1957- Judkevič, Marija Markovna 1974- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)170923061 (DE-588)1078285128 (DE-588)1032217863 |
| author_facet | Kuzʹminov, Jaroslav Ivanovič 1957- Judkevič, Marija Markovna 1974- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Kuzʹminov, Jaroslav Ivanovič 1957- |
| author_variant | j i k ji jik m m j mm mmj |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048509729 |
| classification_rvk | AL 78500 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1350772215 (DE-599)BVBBV048509729 |
| dewey-full | 378.47086 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 378 - Higher education (Tertiary education) |
| dewey-raw | 378.47086 |
| dewey-search | 378.47086 |
| dewey-sort | 3378.47086 |
| dewey-tens | 370 - Education |
| discipline | Allgemeines Pädagogik |
| discipline_str_mv | Allgemeines Pädagogik |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV048509729 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:47:18Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-23T10:04:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781421444147 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033886804 |
| oclc_num | 1350772215 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-11 |
| physical | xxxvi, 389 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221123 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Johns Hopkins University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kuzʹminov, Jaroslav Ivanovič 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)170923061 aut Higher education in Russia Yaroslav Kuzminov and Maria Yudkevich ; foreword by Philip G. Altbach Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press [2022] © 2022 xxxvi, 389 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Higher Education in Russia is a must-read for scholars of higher education and Russian history alike. Tertiärbereich (DE-588)4184808-1 gnd rswk-swf Hochschulbildung (DE-588)4160198-1 gnd rswk-swf Hochschule (DE-588)4072560-1 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Education, Higher / Russia (Federation) College teaching / Russia (Federation) Research / Russia (Federation) Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Tertiärbereich (DE-588)4184808-1 s DE-604 Hochschule (DE-588)4072560-1 s Hochschulbildung (DE-588)4160198-1 s Judkevič, Marija Markovna 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)1078285128 aut Altbach, Philip G. 1941- (DE-588)1032217863 wpr Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4214-4415-4 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033886804&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033886804&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033886804&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kuzʹminov, Jaroslav Ivanovič 1957- Judkevič, Marija Markovna 1974- Higher education in Russia Tertiärbereich (DE-588)4184808-1 gnd Hochschulbildung (DE-588)4160198-1 gnd Hochschule (DE-588)4072560-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4184808-1 (DE-588)4160198-1 (DE-588)4072560-1 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Higher education in Russia |
| title_auth | Higher education in Russia |
| title_exact_search | Higher education in Russia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Higher education in Russia |
| title_full | Higher education in Russia Yaroslav Kuzminov and Maria Yudkevich ; foreword by Philip G. Altbach |
| title_fullStr | Higher education in Russia Yaroslav Kuzminov and Maria Yudkevich ; foreword by Philip G. Altbach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Higher education in Russia Yaroslav Kuzminov and Maria Yudkevich ; foreword by Philip G. Altbach |
| title_short | Higher education in Russia |
| title_sort | higher education in russia |
| topic | Tertiärbereich (DE-588)4184808-1 gnd Hochschulbildung (DE-588)4160198-1 gnd Hochschule (DE-588)4072560-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tertiärbereich Hochschulbildung Hochschule Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033886804&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033886804&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033886804&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kuzʹminovjaroslavivanovic highereducationinrussia AT judkevicmarijamarkovna highereducationinrussia AT altbachphilipg highereducationinrussia |