Decline and prosper!: changing global birth rates and the advantages of fewer children
Globally, women are having half as many children as they had just fifty years ago. Why have birth rates fallen, and how will low fertility affect our shared future?In Decline and Prosper!, demographic expert Vegard Skirbekk offers readers an accessible, comprehensive and evidence-based overview of h...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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[2022]
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| Zusammenfassung: | Globally, women are having half as many children as they had just fifty years ago. Why have birth rates fallen, and how will low fertility affect our shared future?In Decline and Prosper!, demographic expert Vegard Skirbekk offers readers an accessible, comprehensive and evidence-based overview of human reproduction. Readers learn about the evolution of childbearing across different populations and how fertility is related to (changes in) our reproductive capacity, contraception, education, religion, partnering, policies, economics, assisted reproduction, and catastrophes. Readers will explore the future of family size and its impact on human welfare, women’s empowerment and the environment. Skirbekk argues that low fertility is on the whole a good thing, while recognizing the challenges of population aging and "coincidental" childlessness. A balanced, integrative examination of one of the most important issues of our time, Decline and Prosper! drives home the fact that we must ultimately adapt to a world with fewer children.The book will be invaluable to anyone who is interested in the far-reaching effects of global fertility, including researchers and students of demography, social statistics, medical sociologists, family and childhood studies, human geographers, sociology of culture, social and public policy |
| Beschreibung: | xxxiii, 396 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 562 grams |
| ISBN: | 9783030916107 |
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| 520 | |a Globally, women are having half as many children as they had just fifty years ago. Why have birth rates fallen, and how will low fertility affect our shared future?In Decline and Prosper!, demographic expert Vegard Skirbekk offers readers an accessible, comprehensive and evidence-based overview of human reproduction. Readers learn about the evolution of childbearing across different populations and how fertility is related to (changes in) our reproductive capacity, contraception, education, religion, partnering, policies, economics, assisted reproduction, and catastrophes. Readers will explore the future of family size and its impact on human welfare, women’s empowerment and the environment. Skirbekk argues that low fertility is on the whole a good thing, while recognizing the challenges of population aging and "coincidental" childlessness. A balanced, integrative examination of one of the most important issues of our time, Decline and Prosper! drives home the fact that we must ultimately adapt to a world with fewer children.The book will be invaluable to anyone who is interested in the far-reaching effects of global fertility, including researchers and students of demography, social statistics, medical sociologists, family and childhood studies, human geographers, sociology of culture, social and public policy | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents 1 Introduction References 1 10 2 Measuring Fertility Reliable Fertility Data Is Widely Available Common Measures of Fertility Cohort and Period Fertility in Sweden What About the Dads? Interpreting Fertility Data Wisely References 13 14 17 20 22 24 25 3 How Many Children Can Humans Have Biologically? Female, Male, and Couple Fecundity Natural Fertility: Seven to Ten Children Per Woman For the Most Part, Fecundity Has Likely Improved Save the Sperm? Interpreting Contemporary Fertility Against the Backdrop of Fecundity and Natural Fertility References 27 27 28 29 30 33 33 xxi
xxii Contents Fertility from the Dawn of Humanity Through the Nineteenth Century The Other Determinant of the Number of Surviving Offspring: Mortality Prehistoric Mortality and Fertility Traditional Mechanisms and Methods of Limiting Family Size Low Fertility in Pre-industrial Europe Higher Status, Higher Fertility Slow Population Growth and Modest Changes in Mortality and Fertility Until the 1800s References 4 The Demographic Transition: Fewer Deaths and Eventually Fewer Births Mortality Declines in Western Europe France: The Birth Place of Lower Birth Rates Why Did the Demographic Transition Take Place in Europe First? Education as the Driving Force of Fertility Decline The Timing and Pace of the Demographic Transition in Asia, Africa, and South America The Demographic Transition Causes Rapid Population Growth Reversal in the Status—Fertility Relationship Lessons Learned from the Demographic Transition References 5 6 Contemporary Global Fertility Replacement Level: How Many Births Does It Take to Sustain a Population? Global Fertility Has Declined Radically, but Remains Above the Replacement Level Fertility Still Varies Widely Across World Regions Differences Within Countries Can Be as Dramatic as Differences Between Countries 39 39 40 43 47 49 52 53 67 67 69 70 71 74 76 82 83 84 91 91 93 95 98
Contents Contemporary Fertility: A Polarized World References xxiii 99 100 7 The New Have-Nots: Childlessness in the Twenty-First Century 105 Childlessness Is Increasing Globally 106 Childlessness Has Become a MalePhenomenon 107 From a Lack of Surviving Men to a Lack of “Suitable” Men 109 Social Inequalities in Childlessness: Highest Among Highly Educated, Professional Women and Low-Educated Men 111 Modern Childlessness: Biological, Intentional, or Coincidental? 113 Many People Are Childless Because They Do Not Find the “Right” Partner 116 The Incompatibility of Work and Family: The Example of University Research Careers 119 Childlessness Due to (Age-Related) Infertility 120 Only a Minority Prefer to Remain “Childfree” 122 The Consequences of Childlessness for Individuals 125 Is Modern Childlessness a Problem? 127 References 129 8 More Education, Fewer Children The Global Rise in Education Higher Education Tends to Go Along with Lower Fertility, but the Relationship is Weaker in Low Fertility Contexts The Effect of Education on Fertility Is Causal, Not Just Coincidental Education Affects Fertility Through Different Mechanisms Education Increases Women’s Childbearing Autonomy Children Are Getting More Expensive More Education Is a Good Thing References 141 141 142 144 145 147 149 150 151
xxiv Contents An Era of Choice: Childbearing Has Become More Planned 9 Contraception Key to Fertility Decline Two-Thirds of People Now Use Contraception Globally Abortion Decreases Unintended Fertility Family Planning Reduces Unplanned Pregnancies Three Out of Four Births Are Planned Planned Childbearing: Still Room for Improvement References 10 Fertility Preferences: How Many Children Do People Want? Measuring Fertility Ideals and Intentions Ideal Family Size Has Shrunk Social Differences in Ideal and Intended Family Size Low Fertility Role Models Gaps Between Fertility Ideals and Actual Fertility Most People Want Smaller (but Not Too Small) Families References 11 Delaying Parenthood, for Better and for Worse People Are Postponing Parenthood All Over the World Education Decisive for Fertility Postponement Delay Due to the Labor Market Why Age Matters—For Men and for Women Most People Prefer to Delay Childbearing.. .Somewhat The Risks and Rewards of Postponed Fertility References 12 159 159 161 164 166 168 169 170 177 177 179 180 182 185 186 187 195 196 198 200 202 204 206 206 Finding a Mate: Contemporary Partnership and Conception 217 Let’s Talk About Sex........ and Assisted Reproductive Technology Marriage Still Predicts Fertility The Decrease and Delay in Marriage The Spread of Cohabitation What Makes a Good Mate? 217 219 221 222 224
Contents xxv Problems Establishing a Partnership Same-Sex Couples Same Now as It Was Then: Late and Low Marriage Lowers Fertility References 226 229 13 Money Matters: The Economics of Fertility Economic Approaches to Fertility How Much Do Children Cost? High Costs of Children Can Drive Down Fertility Do Richer People Have More Children? It’s Still the Economy, Stupid Making Childbearing More Affordable References 247 247 249 252 254 255 256 257 14 Fertility in the Aftermath of Disaster Catastrophic Events and Fertility Disaster-Related Pro-Natalism Disasters Can Affect “Opportunities” for Conception—Wanted or Not Disasters Can Cause Economic Malaise and Uncertainty About the Future Fertility of Displaced Persons Looming Threats: Pandemics and Global Warming Disasters Are Becoming More Relevant for Understanding Fertility References 265 265 268 15 New Times, Old Beliefs: Religion and Contemporary Fertility The Relationship Between Religion and Fertility—Then and Now Why Does Religion Affect Fertility? Buddhism—The Low Fertility Religion The Future of (No) Religion Religion and the Future of Fertility References 230 231 270 271 272 273 275 275 285 285 287 290 291 293 293
xxvi 16 17 18 19 Contents Contemporary Fertility from an Evolutionary Perspective: Are the Fittest Still Surviving? Evolutionary Approaches to Childbearing How Do Evolutionary Perspectives Explain Low Fertility? Fertility is Genetically Heritable Climbing the Social Ladder, Then and Now Trade-off Between Social and Evolutionary “Success” References How Low Will It Go? Projecting Future Fertility How Do Demographers Make Projections? How Certain Are Fertility Projections? Is Two the Magic Number? What Will the Future of Fertility Look like? The End of Reproduction is Unlikely, but so is a Return to Replacement Fertility in Richer Countries References Fertility, Population Growth, and Population Composition Population Growth Across Human Existence Fertility Now Matters More for Population Growth Population Growth and Human Welfare: The Pessimists and Optimists Fertility, the Natural Environment, and Climate Change Shifting Characteristics of the Global Population Fertility and Population Aging Fertility Shapes Our Shared Future References Fertility Policies: Past, Present, and Future Directions What Constitutes a Fertility Policy? Fertility Policies of the Past Contemporary Fertility Policies Do Fertility Policies Make a Difference? Challenges to Government Intervention 301 301 303 305 307 309 310 315 315 317 319 321 323 324 329 329 332 333 335 338 339 342 344 357 358 359 363 368 371
Contents 20 xxvii What Countries Should Be Doing References Ъ12 374 Low—But Not Too Low—Fertility Is a Good Thing References 387 390 Glossary 393
|
| adam_txt |
Contents 1 Introduction References 1 10 2 Measuring Fertility Reliable Fertility Data Is Widely Available Common Measures of Fertility Cohort and Period Fertility in Sweden What About the Dads? Interpreting Fertility Data Wisely References 13 14 17 20 22 24 25 3 How Many Children Can Humans Have Biologically? Female, Male, and Couple Fecundity Natural Fertility: Seven to Ten Children Per Woman For the Most Part, Fecundity Has Likely Improved Save the Sperm? Interpreting Contemporary Fertility Against the Backdrop of Fecundity and Natural Fertility References 27 27 28 29 30 33 33 xxi
xxii Contents Fertility from the Dawn of Humanity Through the Nineteenth Century The Other Determinant of the Number of Surviving Offspring: Mortality Prehistoric Mortality and Fertility Traditional Mechanisms and Methods of Limiting Family Size Low Fertility in Pre-industrial Europe Higher Status, Higher Fertility Slow Population Growth and Modest Changes in Mortality and Fertility Until the 1800s References 4 The Demographic Transition: Fewer Deaths and Eventually Fewer Births Mortality Declines in Western Europe France: The Birth Place of Lower Birth Rates Why Did the Demographic Transition Take Place in Europe First? Education as the Driving Force of Fertility Decline The Timing and Pace of the Demographic Transition in Asia, Africa, and South America The Demographic Transition Causes Rapid Population Growth Reversal in the Status—Fertility Relationship Lessons Learned from the Demographic Transition References 5 6 Contemporary Global Fertility Replacement Level: How Many Births Does It Take to Sustain a Population? Global Fertility Has Declined Radically, but Remains Above the Replacement Level Fertility Still Varies Widely Across World Regions Differences Within Countries Can Be as Dramatic as Differences Between Countries 39 39 40 43 47 49 52 53 67 67 69 70 71 74 76 82 83 84 91 91 93 95 98
Contents Contemporary Fertility: A Polarized World References xxiii 99 100 7 The New Have-Nots: Childlessness in the Twenty-First Century 105 Childlessness Is Increasing Globally 106 Childlessness Has Become a MalePhenomenon 107 From a Lack of Surviving Men to a Lack of “Suitable” Men 109 Social Inequalities in Childlessness: Highest Among Highly Educated, Professional Women and Low-Educated Men 111 Modern Childlessness: Biological, Intentional, or Coincidental? 113 Many People Are Childless Because They Do Not Find the “Right” Partner 116 The Incompatibility of Work and Family: The Example of University Research Careers 119 Childlessness Due to (Age-Related) Infertility 120 Only a Minority Prefer to Remain “Childfree” 122 The Consequences of Childlessness for Individuals 125 Is Modern Childlessness a Problem? 127 References 129 8 More Education, Fewer Children The Global Rise in Education Higher Education Tends to Go Along with Lower Fertility, but the Relationship is Weaker in Low Fertility Contexts The Effect of Education on Fertility Is Causal, Not Just Coincidental Education Affects Fertility Through Different Mechanisms Education Increases Women’s Childbearing Autonomy Children Are Getting More Expensive More Education Is a Good Thing References 141 141 142 144 145 147 149 150 151
xxiv Contents An Era of Choice: Childbearing Has Become More Planned 9 Contraception Key to Fertility Decline Two-Thirds of People Now Use Contraception Globally Abortion Decreases Unintended Fertility Family Planning Reduces Unplanned Pregnancies Three Out of Four Births Are Planned Planned Childbearing: Still Room for Improvement References 10 Fertility Preferences: How Many Children Do People Want? Measuring Fertility Ideals and Intentions Ideal Family Size Has Shrunk Social Differences in Ideal and Intended Family Size Low Fertility Role Models Gaps Between Fertility Ideals and Actual Fertility Most People Want Smaller (but Not Too Small) Families References 11 Delaying Parenthood, for Better and for Worse People Are Postponing Parenthood All Over the World Education Decisive for Fertility Postponement Delay Due to the Labor Market Why Age Matters—For Men and for Women Most People Prefer to Delay Childbearing. .Somewhat The Risks and Rewards of Postponed Fertility References 12 159 159 161 164 166 168 169 170 177 177 179 180 182 185 186 187 195 196 198 200 202 204 206 206 Finding a Mate: Contemporary Partnership and Conception 217 Let’s Talk About Sex. and Assisted Reproductive Technology Marriage Still Predicts Fertility The Decrease and Delay in Marriage The Spread of Cohabitation What Makes a Good Mate? 217 219 221 222 224
Contents xxv Problems Establishing a Partnership Same-Sex Couples Same Now as It Was Then: Late and Low Marriage Lowers Fertility References 226 229 13 Money Matters: The Economics of Fertility Economic Approaches to Fertility How Much Do Children Cost? High Costs of Children Can Drive Down Fertility Do Richer People Have More Children? It’s Still the Economy, Stupid Making Childbearing More Affordable References 247 247 249 252 254 255 256 257 14 Fertility in the Aftermath of Disaster Catastrophic Events and Fertility Disaster-Related Pro-Natalism Disasters Can Affect “Opportunities” for Conception—Wanted or Not Disasters Can Cause Economic Malaise and Uncertainty About the Future Fertility of Displaced Persons Looming Threats: Pandemics and Global Warming Disasters Are Becoming More Relevant for Understanding Fertility References 265 265 268 15 New Times, Old Beliefs: Religion and Contemporary Fertility The Relationship Between Religion and Fertility—Then and Now Why Does Religion Affect Fertility? Buddhism—The Low Fertility Religion The Future of (No) Religion Religion and the Future of Fertility References 230 231 270 271 272 273 275 275 285 285 287 290 291 293 293
xxvi 16 17 18 19 Contents Contemporary Fertility from an Evolutionary Perspective: Are the Fittest Still Surviving? Evolutionary Approaches to Childbearing How Do Evolutionary Perspectives Explain Low Fertility? Fertility is Genetically Heritable Climbing the Social Ladder, Then and Now Trade-off Between Social and Evolutionary “Success” References How Low Will It Go? Projecting Future Fertility How Do Demographers Make Projections? How Certain Are Fertility Projections? Is Two the Magic Number? What Will the Future of Fertility Look like? The End of Reproduction is Unlikely, but so is a Return to Replacement Fertility in Richer Countries References Fertility, Population Growth, and Population Composition Population Growth Across Human Existence Fertility Now Matters More for Population Growth Population Growth and Human Welfare: The Pessimists and Optimists Fertility, the Natural Environment, and Climate Change Shifting Characteristics of the Global Population Fertility and Population Aging Fertility Shapes Our Shared Future References Fertility Policies: Past, Present, and Future Directions What Constitutes a Fertility Policy? Fertility Policies of the Past Contemporary Fertility Policies Do Fertility Policies Make a Difference? Challenges to Government Intervention 301 301 303 305 307 309 310 315 315 317 319 321 323 324 329 329 332 333 335 338 339 342 344 357 358 359 363 368 371
Contents 20 xxvii What Countries Should Be Doing References Ъ12 374 Low—But Not Too Low—Fertility Is a Good Thing References 387 390 Glossary 393 |
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| publisher | Palgrave Macmillan |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Skirbekk, Vegard 1975- Verfasser (DE-588)132800942 aut Decline and prosper! changing global birth rates and the advantages of fewer children Vegard Skirbekk ; Cahterine E. Bowen, Editor Cham Palgrave Macmillan [2022] © 2022 xxxiii, 396 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 562 grams txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Globally, women are having half as many children as they had just fifty years ago. Why have birth rates fallen, and how will low fertility affect our shared future?In Decline and Prosper!, demographic expert Vegard Skirbekk offers readers an accessible, comprehensive and evidence-based overview of human reproduction. Readers learn about the evolution of childbearing across different populations and how fertility is related to (changes in) our reproductive capacity, contraception, education, religion, partnering, policies, economics, assisted reproduction, and catastrophes. Readers will explore the future of family size and its impact on human welfare, women’s empowerment and the environment. Skirbekk argues that low fertility is on the whole a good thing, while recognizing the challenges of population aging and "coincidental" childlessness. A balanced, integrative examination of one of the most important issues of our time, Decline and Prosper! drives home the fact that we must ultimately adapt to a world with fewer children.The book will be invaluable to anyone who is interested in the far-reaching effects of global fertility, including researchers and students of demography, social statistics, medical sociologists, family and childhood studies, human geographers, sociology of culture, social and public policy bicssc bisacsh Population Fertility, Human Sociology Social groups Family policy Human geography Demography Bevölkerungspolitik (DE-588)4006295-8 gnd rswk-swf Bevölkerungsentwicklung (DE-588)4006292-2 gnd rswk-swf Fertilität (DE-588)4071184-5 gnd rswk-swf Hardcover, Softcover / Soziologie/Politische Soziologie Fertilität (DE-588)4071184-5 s Bevölkerungsentwicklung (DE-588)4006292-2 s Bevölkerungspolitik (DE-588)4006295-8 s DE-604 Bowen, Catherine E. (DE-588)118753661X edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-030-91611-4 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033886155&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Skirbekk, Vegard 1975- Decline and prosper! changing global birth rates and the advantages of fewer children bicssc bisacsh Population Fertility, Human Sociology Social groups Family policy Human geography Demography Bevölkerungspolitik (DE-588)4006295-8 gnd Bevölkerungsentwicklung (DE-588)4006292-2 gnd Fertilität (DE-588)4071184-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006295-8 (DE-588)4006292-2 (DE-588)4071184-5 |
| title | Decline and prosper! changing global birth rates and the advantages of fewer children |
| title_auth | Decline and prosper! changing global birth rates and the advantages of fewer children |
| title_exact_search | Decline and prosper! changing global birth rates and the advantages of fewer children |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Decline and prosper! changing global birth rates and the advantages of fewer children |
| title_full | Decline and prosper! changing global birth rates and the advantages of fewer children Vegard Skirbekk ; Cahterine E. Bowen, Editor |
| title_fullStr | Decline and prosper! changing global birth rates and the advantages of fewer children Vegard Skirbekk ; Cahterine E. Bowen, Editor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Decline and prosper! changing global birth rates and the advantages of fewer children Vegard Skirbekk ; Cahterine E. Bowen, Editor |
| title_short | Decline and prosper! |
| title_sort | decline and prosper changing global birth rates and the advantages of fewer children |
| title_sub | changing global birth rates and the advantages of fewer children |
| topic | bicssc bisacsh Population Fertility, Human Sociology Social groups Family policy Human geography Demography Bevölkerungspolitik (DE-588)4006295-8 gnd Bevölkerungsentwicklung (DE-588)4006292-2 gnd Fertilität (DE-588)4071184-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | bicssc bisacsh Population Fertility, Human Sociology Social groups Family policy Human geography Demography Bevölkerungspolitik Bevölkerungsentwicklung Fertilität |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033886155&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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