The escape artist: the man who broke out of Auschwitz to warn the world
"In April 1944 a teenager named Rudolf Vrba was planning a daring and unprecedented escape from Auschwitz. After hiding in a pile of timber planks for three days while 3,000 SS men and their bloodhounds searched for him, Vrba and his fellow escapee Fred Wetzler would eventually cross Nazi-occup...
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Karte |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
John Murray
2022
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "In April 1944 a teenager named Rudolf Vrba was planning a daring and unprecedented escape from Auschwitz. After hiding in a pile of timber planks for three days while 3,000 SS men and their bloodhounds searched for him, Vrba and his fellow escapee Fred Wetzler would eventually cross Nazi-occupied Poland on foot, as penniless fugitives. Their mission: to tell the world the truth of the Final Solution. Vrba would produce from memory a breathtaking report of more than thirty pages revealing the true nature and scale of Auschwitz - a report that would find its way to Roosevelt, Churchill and the Pope, eventually saving over 200,000 Jewish lives. A thrilling history with enormous historical implications, THE ESCAPE ARTIST is the extraordinary story of a complex man who would seek escape again and again: first from Auschwitz, then from his past, even from his own name. In telling his story, Jonathan Freedland - the journalist, broadcaster and acclaimed, multi-million copy selling author of the Sam Bourne novels - ensures that Rudolf Vrba's heroic mission will also escape oblivion"--Publisher's description |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 376 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Porträts |
| ISBN: | 9781529369045 9781529369052 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Author’s Note xi Maps xiv Prologue i PART I: The Preparations i. Star ii 2. Five Hundred Reichsmarks 23 3. Deported 31 4. Majdanek 38 PART II: The Camp 5. We Were Slaves 51 6. Kanada 66 7. The Final Solution 73 8. Big Business 84 9. The Ramp 94 10. The Memory Man 107 ii. 116 Birkenau 12. ‘It Has Been Wonderful’ 127 PART III: The Escape 13. Escape Was Lunacy 141 14. Russian Lessons 147 vii
CONTENTS 15. The Hideout 154 16. Let My People Go 161 17. Underground 169 18. On the Run 174 19. Crossing the Border 184 PART IV: The Report 20. In Black and White 199 21. Men of God 210 22. What Can I Do? 216 23. London Has Been Informed 224 24. Hungarian Salami 235 PARTV: The Shadow 25. A Wedding with Guns 251 26. A New Nation, a New England 263 27. Canada 275 28. I Know a Way Out 285 29. Flowers of Emptiness 295 30. Too Many to Count 301 Acknowledgements 315 Picture Credits 319 Notes 321 Bibliography 353 Index 361 viii
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Cesarani, David, Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews, 1933—1949 (London: Macmillan, 2015) Chandrinos, lason, and Anna Maria Droumpouki,‘The German Occupation and the Holocaust in Greece: A Survey’, in Giorgos Antoniou and A. Dirk Moses (eds), The Holocaust in Greece (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018) ‘Death Trains in 1944: The Kassa List’, http://degob.org/tables/kassa.html ‘Did German Firm Schaeffler Process Hair from Auschwitz?’, Der Spiegel, 2 March 2009, https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/claim֊ by-polish-researcher-did-german-fírm-schaeffler-process-hair-fromauschwitz-a-610786.html Długoborski, Wacław, and Franciszek Piper (eds), Auschwitz, 1940-1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, trans. William R. Brand, 5 vols (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000) Doležal, Miloš, Cesty Božím (Ne)Casem (Prague: Karmelitánské nakladatel ství, 2003) Fackler, Guido,‘Music in Concentration Camps 1933—1945’, Music Politics I, no. i (Winter 2007) Fatran, Gila, ‘The “Working Group’”, Holocaust and Genocide Studies 8, no. 2 (Fall 1994): 164-201 Flaws, Jacob, ‘Bystanders, Blackmailers, and Perpetrators: Polish Complicity During the Holocaust’ (MA thesis, Iowa State University, 2011) Fleming, Michael, Auschwitz, the Allies and Censorship of the Holocaust (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014) --------- , ‘The Reassertion of the Elusiveness Narrative: Auschwitz and Holocaust Knowledge’, Holocaust Studies 26, no. 10 (2020): 1—21 Freedland, Jonathan, “‘Every One of Us Had His or Her Own Story of Survival. But We Never
Talked About It’”, Guardian, 7 March 2014 Frieder, Emanuel, To Deliver Their Souls: The Struggle of a Young Rabbi During the Holocaust (New York: Holocaust Library, 1990) Fulbrook, Mary, Reckonings: Legacies of Nazi Persecution and the Quest for Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018) Gilbert, Martin, Auschwitz and the Allies (London: Michael Joseph, 1981) --------- ,‘Churchill and the Holocaust:The Possible and Impossible’, Lecture at US Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, 8 November 1993, https://winstonchurchill.org/the-life-of-churchill/war-leader/churchilland-the-holocaust-the-possible-and-impossible/ Greif, Gideon, We Wept Without Tears : Testimonies of theJewish Sonderkommando from Auschwitz (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2005) 354
BIBLIOGRAPHY Hart, Kitty, I Am Alive, revised edition (London: Corgi, 1974) Holocaust Education Archive Research Team,‘The Holocaust: Economic Exploitation’, http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/economics/ index.html Itzkowitz, Sam, Interview, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, RG-50.050.0006, 3 March 1991 Karmil/Krasňanský, Interview by Erich Kulka, Oral History Division, Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, no. 65 (1), 1964 Kárný, Miroslav, ‘The Vrba and Wetzler Report’, in Israel Gutman and Michael Berenbaum (eds), Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, 1994) Karski, Jan, Interview by Claude Lanzmann for Shoah, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, no. RG-60.5006, 1978 Kasztner, Rezső, The Kasztner Report: The Report of the BudapestJewish Rescue Committee, 1942-1945, ed. László Karsai and Judit Molnár (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, International Institute for Holocaust Research, 2013) Klein, Georg, ‘Confronting the Holocaust: An Eyewitness Account’, in Randolph L. Braham and William J.Vanden Heuvel (eds), The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary (New York: Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies Graduate Center/City University of New York, 2011) --------- , Pietà, trans. Theodore and Ingrid Friedmann (Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press, 1992) Kranzler, David, The Man Who Stopped theTrains to Auschwitz: George Mantello, El Salvador, and Switzerland’s Finest Hour (Syracuse, NY:
Syracuse University Press, 2000) Krasňanský, Oskar, ‘Declaration Made Under Oath by Oscar Karmiel, Formerly Krasňanský, at the Israeli Consulate in Cologne, February 15, 1961’: FDRPL,Vrba collection, box 16 Kreil, Robert, Sounds from Silence: Reflections of a Child Holocaust Survivor, Psychiatrist and Teacher (Amsterdam: Amsterdam Publishers, 2021) Kubátová, Hana, and Jan Láníček, The Jew in Czech and Slovak Imagination, 1938-89: Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and Zionism (Leiden and Boston, MA: Brill, 2018) Kulka, Erich,‘Five Escapes from Auschwitz’, in Yuri Suhl (ed.), They Fought Back: The Story of the Jewish Resistance in Nazi Europe (New York: Crown, 1967) 355
BIBLIOGRAPHY --------- , ‘Attempts by Jewish Escapees to Stop Mass Extermination’, Jewish Social Studies 47, no. 3/4 (Summer/Fall 1985): 295—306 Kulka, Otto Dov, Landscapes of the Metropolis of Death: Reflections on Memory and Imagination, trans. Ralph Mandel (London: Allen Lane, 2013) Kuretsidis-Haider, Claudia ‘Österreichische KZ-Prozesse: Eine Übersicht’, Juztiz und Erinnerung 12, December 2006: 14—21 Langbein, Hermann, People in Auschwitz (Chapel Hill, NC, and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2004) Lanzmann, Claude, Shoah: An Oral History of the Holocaust: The Complete Text of the Film (New York: Pantheon, 1985) Lévai,Jenő (ed.), Eichmann in Hungary: Documents (Budapest: Pannonia Press, Обі) Levi, Primo, If This Is a Man, trans. Stuart Woolf (London: Orion Press, 1959) Linn, Ruth, ‘Naked Victims, Dressed-up Memory: The Escape from Auschwitz and the Israeli Historiography’, Israel Studies Bulletin 16, no. 2 (Spring 2001): 21-5 --------- , Escaping Auschwitz: A Culture of Forgetting (Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 2004) --------- , ‘Rudolf Vrba and the Auschwitz Reports: Conflicting Historical Interpretations’, in Randolph L. Braham and William J. Vanden Heuvel (eds), The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary (New York: Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies Graduate Center/City University of New York, 2011) Mordowicz, Czeslaw, Interview, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, no. RG-50.030.0354, 1995—6 Müller, Fflip, Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers (New York: Stein Day, 1979) Neumann, Oskar, Im Schatten
des Todes: Ein Tatsachenbericht vom Schicksalskampf des slovakischen Judentums (Tel Aviv: Olamenu, 1956) Nicholls, William, Christian Anti-Semitism: History of Hate, new edition (Lanham, MD: Aronson, 1995) Nick, I. Μ., Personal Names, Hitler, and the Holocaust:A Socio-Onomastic Study of Genocide and Nazi Germany (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2019) Nyiszli, Miklos, Auschwitz:A Doctor’s Eyewitness Account, trans.Tibére Kremer and Richard Seaver (New York: Arcade, 2001) Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution ofAxis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression (a Collection of Documentary Evidence Prepared by the American and British Prosecuting Staffi), Supplement A (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1947) Յ56
BIBLIOGRAPHY ---------, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression: Opinion and Judgment (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1947) Porter, Anna, Kasztner’s Train: The True Story of an Unknown Hero of the Holocaust (London: Constable, 2008) Purves, Grant, War Criminals:The Deschênes Commission (Ottawa: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1998 Reichenthal, Eh, ‘The Kasztner Affair: A Reappraisal’, in Randolph L. Braham and William J. Vanden Heuvel (eds), The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary (New York: Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies Graduate Center/City University of New York, 2011) Report of a prisoner who escaped from Auschwitz, 28 July 1944, CZA A314/18 Rings, Werner, Advokaten des Feindes: Das Abenteuer der politischen Neutralität (Vienna and Düsseldorf: Econ-Verlag, 1966) Rosin, Arnošt, Interview with Erich Kulka, YVA P.25/22, 1965—6 Rothman, Marty, Interview, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, no. RG-50.477.1255, 30 January 1986 Ryback, Timothy W,‘Evidence of Evil’, New Yorker, 15 November 1993 Segev, Tom, The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust (New York: Hill Wang, 1993) Spira, Karen, ‘Memories ofYouth: Slovak Jewish Holocaust Survivors and the Nováky Labor Camp’ (MA thesis, Brandeis University, 2011) Stark, Tamás, Hungarian Jews During the Holocaust and After the Second World War, ідзд֊ід4д (New York: Eastern European Monographs, Columbia University Press, 2000) State Museum at Majdanek, https://www.majdanek.eu/en Steiner, Andre, Interview by Claude Lanzmann for Shoah, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,
no. RG-60.5010, 1978 Strzelecki, Andrzej,‘The Plunder ofVictims and Their Corpses’, in Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum (eds), Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, 1994) Swiebocki, Henryk, London Has Been Informed: Reports by Auschwitz Escapees (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 1997) Tibori Szabó, Zoltán,‘The Auschwitz Reports: Who Got Them and When?’ in Randolph L. Braham and William J.Vanden Heuvel (eds), The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary (New York: Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies Graduate Center/City University of New York, 2011) Trencsényi, Balázs, Maciej Janowski, Monika Baár, Maria Falina and Michal 357
BIBLIOGRAPHY Kopeček, A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016) Tschuy, Theo, Dangerous Diplomacy: The Story of Carl Lutz, Rescuer of 62,000 Hungarian Jews (Grand Rapids, MI, and Cambridge: William B. Eerdmans, 2000) Van Pelt, Robert Jan, ‘When the Veil Was Rent in Twain: Auschwitz, the Auschwitz Protocols, and the Shoah Testimony of Rudolf Vrba’, in Randolph L. Braham and William J. Vanden Heuvel (eds), The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary (New York: Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies Graduate Center/City University of New York, 2011) Vogel, Michael, Interview, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, no. RG-50.030.0240, 14 July 1989 Vrba, Rudolf, ‘A Source of Ammonia and Changes of Protein Structure in the Rat Brain During Physical Exertion’, Nature 176 (1955)^117—18 --------- , ‘Utilization of Glucose Carbon in Vivo in the Mouse’, Nature 202 (1964): 247-9 --------- , ‘Affidavit in Application for Naturalisation as a British Citizen, 10 January 1967’, 1967 --------- , Interview for The World at War, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, no. RG-50.148.0013, 1972 --------- , Interview by Claude Lanzmann for Shoah, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, no. RG-60.5016, 1978 --------- , Testimony in Ontario District Court, Between Her Majesty the Queen and Ernst Zündel; before the Honourable Judge H. R. Locke and a Jury; Appearances, P. Griffiths for the Crown, D. Christie for the Accused; [in] the Courthouse, 361 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, 7 January 1985 --------- , ‘The Preparations
for the Holocaust in Hungary: An Eyewitness Account’, in Randolph L. Braham and Attila Pók (eds), The Holocaust in Hungary: Fifty Years Later (New York: Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies, Graduate Center of the City University of New York/Columbia University Press, 1997) --------- , Flugten fra Auschwitz (Copenhagen: People’sPress, 2016) --------- , H. S. Bachelard and J. Krawczyński, ‘Interrelationship between Glucose Utilization of Brain and Heart’, Nature 197 (1963): 869—70 --------- , with Alan Bestie, I Escaped from Auschwitz: The Shocking True Story of the World War II Hero Who Escaped the Nazis and Helped Saue Over 200,000 Jews, ed. Nikola Zimring and RobinVrba (NewYork: Racehorse, 2020) Vrba—Wetzler Report, FDRPL, Records of the War Refugee Board, box 358
BIBLIOGRAPHY 7, folder: ‘German Extermination Camps’, http.7/www.fdrlibrary.marist . edu/_resources/images/hol/holoo5 22 .pdf Vrbová, Gerta, Trust and Deceit: A Tale of Survival in Slovakia and Hungary, 1939-1945 (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2006) --------- , Betrayed Generation: Shattered Hopes and Disillusion in Post-War Czechoslovakia (Cambridge: Zuza Books, 2010) --------- , Caroline Hilton and Peter Hilton, ‘Zuza Jackson (née Vrbová), Born Prague 3 May 1954, Died Cambridge 17 September 2013’, AJR Journal, 14, no. 4 (April 2014): 15 Wachsmann, Nikolaus, KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps (London: Little, Brown, 2015) Waller, Douglas C., Disciples (New York: Simon Schuster, 2015) Wetzler, Alfréd,‘Testimony of Alfréd Wetzler, 30 November 1963’,ΑΡΜΑΒ, Collection of Testimonies, vol. 40, 1963, 24-49 ----------, Escape from Hell: The True Story of the Auschwitz Protocol, trans. Péter Várnai (New York: Berghahn Books, 2007) Winik,Jay, 1944: FDR and the Year That Changed History (New York: Simon Schuster, 2015) ---------- , ‘Darkness at Noon: FDR and the Holocaust’, World Affairs 178, no. 4 (Winter 2016): Ճ1-77 Wyman, David S. (ed.), America and the Holocaust: A Thirteen-Volume Set Documenting the Editor’s Book, The Abandonment of the Jews (New York: Garland, 1991) Zimring, Nikola, ‘The Men Who Knew Too Much: Reflections on the Historiography of Rudolf Vrba and Alfréd Wetzlers Escape from Auschwitz-Birkenau and Their Attempt to Warn the World’ (MA thesis, Tel Aviv University, 2018) ---------- ,‘A Tale of Darkness: The Story of the Mordowicz—Rosin Report’, in
RudolfVrba, with Alan Bestie, I Escaped Jrom Auschwitz: The Shocking True Story of the World War II Hero Who Escaped the Nazis and Helped Save Over 200,000 Jews, ed. Nikola Zimring and RobinVrba (New York: Racehorse, 2020) 359
Index Adamek (Polish prisoner) 162, 166, 168, 176 ‘Agenor’ 227—8 agents provocateurs 181—2 air bombardments 230-2, 233—4, 247 Allied nations 224-34, 245 knowledge of atrocities 303—5 antisemitism 230, 262 in Hungary 210-11 in Slovakia 14—20, 25-6 Appell (roll call) 42, 43, 51-2, 67 Arendt, Hannah 266, 273, 309 Ariel (Slovak prisoner) 54 Aron, Raymond 309 Arrow Cross 252, 312 artificial limbs 86 Aryanisation 17 Aufraumungskommando see Clearing Command Auschwitz I death camp typhus outbreaks 61—4 Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp complex 47, 51—2, 73—4, 186-7, 193, 199-209 incomprehensibility of 308 documentaries about 285—6 Final Solution in 76-83, 102-3 knowledge of 304—5 legacy 277—8, 312—13 location 146 numbering system in-12 radio broadcasts about 228—9 railway 147-8, 153 sub-camps 178 tours of 263 trial of SS officials 278—9, 280-1, 283-4 see also; Auschwitz I; Birkenau (Auschwitz II); Buna/ Monowitz (Auschwitz III); escape plans; Holocaust; Kanada Auschwitz Commemorative 262 Auschwitz Protocols see Vrba— Wetzler Report Auschwitz Report see Vrba— Wetzler Report Babyn Yar (Kyiv) 75 Balaban, Jacob 156-8,159-60, 182-3 Barbarossa, Operation 75 barbed-wire fencing 27, 28, 30 in Birkenau 154 in Majdanek 38-9, 40—1 barracks in Auschwitz-Birkenau 5, 51, 59 67 in Majdanek 38, 39, 42 in Nováky 26, 27, 28 363
INDEX barrage balloons 182—3 ‘baths’ see showers Bauer, Yehuda 290, 302, 309 BBC 228-9 beatings 17, 31, 42, 56, 61, 69, 87, 92, 117, 158-9, 166-7, 216 in Birkenau 125 death from 54, 87 in Kanada 67, 69 Vrba-Wetzler Report detailing of 204 Becher, SS-Standartenfuhrer Kurt 2Ó7 Belarus 75 Belgium 80, 170 Belzee 76, 80, 122, 303 Berlin Wall 286, 299 Bestie, Alan 272, 284 Bielsko 180 Birkenau (Auschwitz II) 54, 61, 74, 120-3 escape plans from 155-60 Familienlager (family camp) 131-7, 152, 206, 228-9 gas chambers 79—80, 81 gravel pits 60—1 outer camp 154—5, 171—3 ramp 94-102, 103-6, 107-10, 112-14 registrars 127—30, 152 underground resistance in 123—6 women in 64 see also woodpile blackmail 119, 123, 125, 267 Blitz, the 17 Blum, Léon 205 Bohemia and Moravia, Protectorate of 14 Bolek (Polish prisoner) 162, 166, 168, 176 bomb victims 85 Brand, Hansi 267 Bratislava 13—15, 220 Jewish Centre of (ÚZ) 193-4 Weiss residency of 241—2 bribery 91, 92, 123, 125, 237 Britain see Great Britain Bruno (Kapo, Kanada) 91-3 Budapest 24—5, 246—8, 306—7 Buna/Monowitz (Auschwitz III) 54-60, 231 lawsuit about 279—80 watchtowers 55 Buntrock, Unterscharführer 3 Burger, Ernst 118 Burzio, Giuseppe 220 Butz, Arthur 283 Čadca 191, 192—4 camps see death camps; labour camps; transit camps Canada 69; see also Vancouver Čanecký Ondrej 191, 192 cannibalism 109 Canterbury, Archbishop of 227 Catholic church 213—15, 220—3 in Hungary 245—6 knowledge of atrocities 303 cell research 269—70 Chełmno death camp 75, 82 childbirth 131 children 90 Birkenau family camp residency of 134-5 corpses of I2I deportation of 32, 34,
35 selection of 94, 96, 98-9, ЮЗ-4 Christians 211—12; see also Catholic church 364
INDEX Christie, Doug 283-4 Christmas 121 Churchill, Winston 227, 233-4, 235, 285, 305 Citrin (Soviet prisoner) 155—8, 159—60 civilians 57, 58, 60, 96 Clearing Command (Aufraumungskommando) 67-71, 79, 85-6, 87-8; see also Rollkommando clothing 38, 39, 42, 45 in Auschwitz-Birkenau 53 Clearing Command sorting of 68 escape plans 142 gas chambers arrangement of 79 Jews’ yellow triangle 53 Kapos with common criminals’ green triangle 40, 51, 91, 123, 132, 148 political prisoners’ red triangle 40, 123 quality 129, 144 redistribution 84—5 Co Dante Nevidel (‘What Dante Didn’t See’) (Lánik/Wetzler) 286, 301 coal mines 74, 178 collaboration 266—8 communism 18, 119, 275 in Czechoslovakia 257, 260-2 concentration camps see labour camps corpses 2, 52, 54, 57, 170 in Birkenau 122 in Buna 59 Catholic 222—3 fire pit burning of 121 gas chambers burning of 76, 79, 81-2 mortuary burning of 74 ramp arrival of 97—8, 113—14 registration of 127—8 valuables from 86—7 crematoria 43, 72; see also gas chambers criminals 40 Croatia 80 Czechoslovakia 11, 14, 263—5 communism in 257, 260—2 exile government 20, 227—8, 252 Wetzler residency of 286 see also Birkenau: Familienlager (family camp); Prague; Theresienstadt Dachau labour camp 126 Daily Herald (newspaper) 272 Daily Telegraph (newspaper) 226 DAW (Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke/German Equipment Works) 61, 67 death in Auschwitz 51—2, 53, 54, 59 in Buna 56, 57, 58-9, 60 failed escapees 141—2, 143, 145 in Majdanek 42—3 selection procedures 99—100 see also corpses; crematoria; death camps; gas chambers death camps 75-6, 80, 82, 87, 122, 303; see also
Auschwitz; Majdanek decomposure 81, 82 deportations see transports disinfectors 78 Dobrowolný (SS soldier) 142—3 365
INDEX from Slovakia 21—2, 23 hanging of recaptured escapees 141—2 Langer plans 142-3 Pestek plans 162—5 ramp plans 107—8 Unglick plans 143—5 Volkov guidelines 149—51 see also woodpile ethnic Germans 85, 163 eyewitness accounts 303 dogs i, 4, 5, 150, 151, 156 in German army 184, 185 Dulles, Allen 227, 229 dysentery 42—3, 56 Eckstein, Rabbi 42—3 economics 74, 84-5, 88-9, 90—1; see also money Eden, Anthony 227, 233-4, 303 Effektenlager (store of personal effects) 67—71 Eichmann, Adolf 237,238,239, 240, 252 Budapest Jewish population and 246-7 henchmen of 267 Slovakia Jewish population and 282 trial of 272, 273 Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) 75 Eisenbach, Alexander (‘Sándor’) 156-8, 159-60, 182-3 Eisler, Erwin 15—16, 40, 43 elders 90—1 electric fencing 51 Éliás, József 211—12,213 elimination see Final Solution Engel, Miklós 205 England 269-73 Erdélyi, Josef 46, 62—4, 66—7 in Buna 54-5, 57, 58, 59-60 death 116—17 escape plans from Birkenau xi, 145-6, 150-60, 161-2, 165-8, 168-73, 174-5, 216-18, 301-2 from Czechoslovakia 263—5 from Majdanek 43—4 from Nováky 27-9 factories 54—5, 74, 86, 201 false documents 209, 242 family camp (Familienlager) 132—7, 152, 206, 228-9 Farber, Josef 118, 119, 123 farm work 44—5 Faurisson, Robert 283 fencing see barbed-wire fencing; electric fencing Final Solution 71-2, 75-83, 102-3, 304 at Birkenau 124-6 Eichmann architect of 238 Fischer, Laco 66, 118 floggings see beatings food 258-9 in Buna 57 deportation journeys 32, 34 escape plans 150 escape run 178, 181, 182, 188-9 in Kanada 69—70 in Majdanek 38, 43 ‘organising’ of 88-9 resistance bribery
of 123—4 forced labour see slave labour France 80, 97, in, 112-14 Frank, Anne xii Frankfhrter, Felix 308 366
INDEX Freudiger, Fülöp 289 Fries, SS-Oberscharführer Jakob 53-4, 55, 121 prisoner inspections by 62-3, 87, HÓ, II7 Gruenwald, Malkiel 266—7 Gustav V of Sweden, King 246 ‘Gypsies’ 80, 280-1 Gyulai, Countess Ilona Edelsheim 244-5 Garrett, Walter 225-6, 227, 229, 233, 271 gas chambers 75—81, 102-3 in Birkenau 122, 124 convoy trucks 130 demolition of 230 family camp prisoners sent to 135-6 reportage of 204-6, 208 Rosenberg observations of 112 German army 61, 182—3, 184-5 Germany 84-5, 278—81; see also Nazis Gestapo 3, 159-60, 174, 252 ghettos 32, in in Hungary 238, 239, 247 Łódź 75 Warsaw 256, 291-2, 303 Zionist resistance in 289 Gilbert, Martin: Auschwitz and the Allies 285, 303-4, 305 gold 19 teeth extractions 86—7, 128 Gotzel, Abraham 156—8, 159—60 Grabner, Maximilian 77, 78-9 Graf, SS-Unterscharführer Otto 69, 167-8, 280 gravel pits 60—1, 217—18 Great Britain. 225, 226, 227, 232-4 knowledge of Nazi atrocities ՅՕՅ, 305 see also England Greece 97 Grepo (border police) 174 Haifa University 290, 301 hair 86 hair shaving 39 hangings 141—2, 159 hard currency 85—6, 89 Hartenstein, SS-Sturmbannfuhrer 174 Harvard Medical School 275—6 Heiliger, Max 86 Henderson, Ian 304 Heydrich, Reinhard 75 hideout see woodpile Hilton, Beth 270—1 Hilton, Sidney 264, 270, 271 Himmler, Heinrich 74, 84, 99, 175 Hirsch, Fredy 135 Hitler, Adolf 14, 253, 272, 302-3 Hitler Youth 177 Hlinka Guards 15, 27, 28, 30, 191 Nemsila identification 282 transports handfing of 31, 32 Hlinka Party (Slovak People’s Party) 14, 15, 17, 20 Holland 80, 97, 227 Holocaust xi, 256, 277, 291—2 denial 283—4, 308-9 second
generation legacy of 298 survivors 279 homosexuals 40 Horny, Stephan 311 Horthy, Miklós 210-11, 244, 245-7, 252 Höss, Rudolf 73-4, 82, 280 367
INDEX Budapest community 246—8 collaboration against 266—8 communists against 261—2 hiding of 180 Hungarian 153, 207—8, 210—15, Houdini, Harry 312 Hungary 14, 15, 21-2, 23-5 antisemitism in 210—11 Arrow Cross control of 252 Horthy rule of 244—8 information denied to 291 Jewish Council in 273 Jews in 148, 153, 207—8 Kasztner negotiations in 237-41, 266-8 Mantello efforts in 224—5 transports from 218, 219—20, 223, 226—7 Vrba—Wetzler Report reaction 211-15, 235-7 see abo Budapest Hunsche, Otto 279 235-7, ЗИ-12 information given to 134—5, 136-7, 301—2 Israel residency of 265—6 in Majdanek 38-40 personal effects of 68 resistance of 305-6 Slovakian 12, 13-20, 25-6, 151, 191-2, 193-4 transit camps for 26-7 see abo Final Solution; trans ports; Zionism Judaism see Jews Judenrampe (Jewish ramp) 94-102, 103-6, 107-10, 112-14 Jüttner, Obergruppenführer Hans 267 I Cannot Forgive (Vrba) 272, 277 IG Farben 57, 60, 201, 280 infirmary 70, 76, 91, 113 lethal injections 116—17 informers 150 inspections 61—4, 87 Israel 233, 265-9, 287, 288, 290—1 Eichmann trial 272, 273 see also Palestine Izbica transit camp 303 Kahan, Esther 205 Kanada (Auschwitz) 66-72, 79, 82 Birkenau relocation 121—2 business in 84-7 inmate riches from 87—8, 90—3 ‘organising’ of 88-9 ramp provisions for 97 refuge of 117-18 underground resistance in 118-20 Kapos 40, 41, 44 in Auschwitz 51, 52 in Birkenau 122 in Buna 55, 56-7, 58 escapees, treatment of 141 inspections by 64 Jaster, Stanisław 304 Jawiszowice (Jawischowitz) 178 Jehovah’s Witnesses 40 jewellery 68, 85-6 Jewish Codex (Slovakia) 17-18 Jewish councils (Judenräte)
236, 273, 3θ6; see also UZ Jews 168, 175 Allied nations information 303-5 Belgian 170 368
INDEX in Kanada 66, 67, 90—3 ramp behaviour of 96, 97, 98 underground resistance of 123-4 women members of 70 Karski, Jan 303, 308 Kasztner, Rezső 210, 235—7, 238-41, 273, 292, 305 in Israel 266—8 Zionist beliefs 288, 289 Katz, Chaim 205 Klein, Georg (György) 306—8, 309, 311-12 Knapp, Josef 28-9, 37 Komoly, Ottó 236 König, SS-Rottenfìihrer ErnstAugust 280—1 König, SS-Unterscharführer Hans 69 Kopecký, Jaromír 227—8 Krasňanský, Oskar 199-201, 203, 206, 207, 208, 224 appeal to Allied nations 230 appeal to Catholic church 220-1, 223 Hungary, information to 210, 235-6 in Israel 265—6 Mordowicz/Rosin, information from 218-19 Krausz, Moshe 288 Kreil, Robert 310 Kripo (Criminal Police) 174 Kristallnacht 301, 302 Krumey, Hermann 238—9, 267, 279 Krupp 201 Kühnemann, SS-Unterscharfiihrer Heinrich-Johannes 281 labour camps 32, 74, 126, 150; see also work Langer, Fero (‘Bullo’) 142—3, i44, 145, 163 Láník, Jozef see Wetzler, Alfréd (Fred) Lanzmann, Claude 285, 291 Lederer, Siegfried 163—5, 167 Levi, Primo xii, 291 liberalism 18 lice 39, 63, 116 Linn, Ruth 287, 290, 301 Lipson, Robin see Vrba, Robin Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš 209, 218-19 Lithuania 36, 75, 226 Łódź 75 London see Great Britain Lublin 35, 37, 45, 74 Lucas, Blanche 225, 271 Luftwaffe 85 luggage Ó7—8, 69, 71, 97, 107 Lutz, Carl 236 McClelland, Roswell 229 McCloy, John 231, 232 Majdanek death camp 37, 38-45, 74, 76 Manchester Guardian (newspaper) 226 Mantello, George 224—5, 226, 227, 229, 288 Martilotti, Monsignor Mario 220-3, 245 mass burials 81—2 mass shootings 75, 303 Mauthausen labour camp 126 medical care 42, 92—3, 116, 119
Medical Research Council (Canada) 275 369
INDEX Neumann, Oskar 199, 201, 202, 203, 207, 208 in Israel 265—6 Neumann, Renée 163, 165 New York Times (newspaper) 226 News for Women (radio programme) 228 newspapers 225—6, 227 no man’s land 25, 108 Nováky transit camp 26-9, 30, 31-2 numbers, prisoners’ 52—3, in, 132; see also tattoos Nuremberg 267 Medical Research Council (Carshalton, England) 269-70, 273 Mengele, Josef 98, 109, 308 military intervention 230—2, 233—4 Milówka 186—90 money 85-6, 89, 119, 150 Jewish rescues, payment for 239 Mordowicz, Czeslaw 216, 217—19, 220-3, 241 re-arrest of 308 Vrba, relationship with 256, 257 mortuaries 73—4 Müller, Filip 124 Munich agreement (1938) 14 Munk, Alicia 133—4, 135, 136, 152 Muselmänner 53—4, 67, 122 National Socialism see Nazis Nature (journal) 270 Nazis 14, 228 deception of 101-3, 104-6, 136, 205-6 denial of 282—3 euphemisms 104 Final Solution plans 75, 302-3 Hungary occupation 236, 237-41, 244 Kasztner alleged collaboration with 266—8 money-earning of 26, 301 routines of 189 in Slovakia 17, 20, 251—2 UZ, creation of 202 see aho Gestapo; SS Neue Zürcher Zeitung (newspaper) 226 Oberkapos 42 open fire pits 120—i ‘organising’ 88—9 Oświęcim 27, 73, 146; see also Auschwitz Otto (Slovak prisoner) 54 Palestine 123, 224, 289 Papua New Guinea 295—8 partisans 21, 181, 186, 189, 190 in Slovakia. 252-3 payos (sidecurls) 13 Pehle, John 229-30,231,232 personal effects 67—71 Pestek, SS-Rottenfiihrer Viktor 162-5 phenol 116 Pilecki, Witold 304—5 Pisarzowice 180—2 Pius XII, Pope 245-6 poison gas see Zyklon В Poland 19, 27, 90, 264 Canada, emigration to 69 escape run in 177-83, 184-90
exile government of 303, 304—5 З70
INDEX Jewish community of 8o mass killings in 75 political prisoners from 73—4 transports from in Vrba return to 256 see also Auschwitz; Lublin; Oświęcim; Majdanek; Warsaw ghetto Polhora-Pomfy, Mikulás 282 political prisoners 40, 73—4, 125 Pollack, Dr 191, 192—4 Porąbka 182-3, 184-5 postcards 33, ιοί, 240 Prague 163, 164, 254, 256-9 prisoners of war (PoWs) 54, 76, 149-50 propaganda 15, 305 quarantine camp (Birkenau Bila) 129-30, 132, 134 radio broadcasts 228-9 railway networks 73, 74, 95—6 air bombardments of 231, 232, 233-4 in Auschwitz 147—8, 153 in Hungary 238 registrars 127-30, 132, 152, 216 Reichsbank 86, 87 resettlement 19-20, 32-3; see also transports resistance see underground resist ance Riegner, Gerhart 228 roll calls 2, 45, 53, 55, 170 corpse numbers at 59 see also Appell Rollkommando (rolling group) 95-100, 104, 107 Roma 80, 280—1 Roncalli, Monsignor Angelo ՅՕՅ Roosevelt, Franklin 227, 232, 235, 303, Յ08 Hungary, warning to 246, 247 Rosenberg, Elias (Walter’s father) її, 12, 298 Rosenberg, Fanci (Walter’s sister) II, 12, 20 Rosenberg, Ilona (Walter’s mother) її, 12, 13, 15, 20-1 Gerta, approval of 257 reunion with Rudi 254—5 Rosenberg, Max (Walter’s cousin) G, 119 Rosenberg, Sammy (Walter’s brother) її, 40—1 Rosenberg, Walter (later Rudolf Vrba) xii, 20-2, 232, 309 Auschwitz, arrival at 51—4 Auschwitz, journey to 45—7 in Birkenau 120—3, 171-Յ in Buna 54—60 camp mates, relationship with 217 data memorising 110-12, 129-31 deportation of 31—2, 33—7 Eisenbach, relationship with 156-7, 158, 159 escape plan 1—8, 146, 161—2, 165-8 escape run 175—83, 184—90 in family
camp 132, 133—7 Final Solution, realisation of 71—2, 80, 82-3 gravel pits, working in 60—1 in Hungary 23—5 inspections of 62—5 Judaism of 13-14, 15-16, 18-19 З71
INDEX Rosenberg, Walter (later Rudolf Vrba) (cont.) in Kanada 66—71, 84—6, 87—8, 89-90, 91-3 Langer, relationship with 142—3 in Majdanek 38-45, 74 in Nováky 26, 27—9 Pestek, relationship with 163 railway line, learning of 147—8 ramp, working at 94—102, 103-6, 107-10, 112—15 in Slovakia 190—5 in Topoľčany 29—30 typhus, illness from 116—18 underground resistance, membership of 118-20, 123-6 Unglick, relationship with ԱՅ՜Տ upbringing of її—13 UZ, information to 199—204, 206-9 Volkov, guidance from 149—51 Wetzler, relationship with 127-9, 151-3 woodpile, hiding in 169—71, 174-5 see also Vrba, Rudolf; Vrba— Wetzler Report; Rosenheim, Jacob 230—1 Rosin, Arnost 217—19, 241, 288 Vrba, relationship with 256, 257, 287 Royal Air Force (RAF) 232, 233-4 rubber 55 Russia see Soviet Union Sachsenhausen labour camp 149 sanitation 42, 122 372 Schindler, Oskar xii Schreiber see registrars Schwarzhuber, SS-Untersturmfiihrer Johann 216 SD (Security Service) 174 searchlights 47, 51, 61, 154 Seder 168 selections 98-100, 104, 108, 113, 130-1, 167 Vrba—Wetzler Report details of 201, 204, 233 doctors 116 Serédi, Archbishop Jusztinián 213-15, 244 shell cases 61 Shertok, Moshe 233 Shoah (documentary) xi, xii, 285-6, 291, 292, 301, 306 shoe piles 70, 72, 80 showers 39, 52, 76, 77-9 Sidonová, Gerta ree Vrbová, Gerta Siemens 201 Silesia 90, 177 Sinclair, Archibald 234 Sinti 80, 280-1 sirens 2—3, 156 Skalíte 191 skis 61 Slánský, Rudolf 261 slave labour 4, 27, 74 in Buna 55, 56-8 in coal mines 178 in gravel pits 60—1 in Majdanek 44 from Oświęcim 73 Slovakia 11-20, 25-6, 54 Canada, emigrants to 69 Catholic
church in 220—3 escape run in 176, 190—5
INDEX gas chambers, victims of 8o Hungary, relationship with 237-8 Majdanek, inmates in 39-40 Mordówicz/Rosin, information from 218-19 resistance movement in 252—3 transit camps in 26-7 transports from in, 151, 251—2 Wetzler, honouring of 287 see also Bratislava; Nováky transit camp; Trnava; ÚŽ Sobibor death camp 75, 80, 122, ՅՕՅ socialism 18—19; -see also commu nism Sola river 146, 175, 178, 179, 182 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 282 Sonderkommando (Special Command) 79, 81, 82, 124, 206 corpse stripping by 86-7 life expectancy of 128 songs 43, 44 Soós, Dr Géza 211—12, 213 Soviet Union 75, 253 prisoners of war from 54, 76, 149-50 Vrba residency in 262, 263—4 Spanish Civil War 118, 119, 123 SS i, 2-4, 5-7, 55, 176-7 in Auschwitz 47, 51 in Buna 56—7, 58 Christmas celebrations of 121 deportations, handling of 33, 35-7, 46 escapees, treatment of 141, 142-3, 144, 145, 154-5, 156-9 in family camp 132, 134—5 at gas chambers 77—9, 80, 81, 82 inspections by 63—4 in Kanada 67, 69, 70, 90—1 in Majdanek 39, 42—3, 45 massacres by 75 money, theft of 119 Pestek, escape attempt of 162-5 Political Department 150 ramp, handling of 94, 95, 96, 98-9, 101-2, 103-5, 107-8 reprisals of 109—10 roll calls of 59 Rosenberg, treatment of 165—7 Slovak resistance to 252—3 stolen property, taking of 85 trials of 278-9, 280-1 SS-WVHA (Main Economic and Administrative Office) 74 Stäglich, Wilhelm 283 Star of David 18,238 Steiner, Erwin 194, 199 Stern, Samu 236 stolen goods 84—8, 91-2 ‘organising’ of 88—9 suitcases see luggage sukkah (temporary hut) 12 Svätý Jur 220-3 Switzerland 214, 220, 224-6, 227—9, 240
Székely, Mária 212—13, 244 Szmulewski, David 123, 127, 153 tattoos 52—3, 128, 278; see abo numbers, prisoners’ Theresienstadt 103, 131—3, 134, 136, 164-5, 255 Third Reich see Nazis Times, The (newspaper) 226 373
INDEX Tiso, Father Jozef 14, 15, 16, 17, 220 deportations, pledges about 32, 36 doctors, reprieve of 191—2 Tito, Josip 21 tobacco, Soviet (machorka) 1, 4, 5, 151, 156 toothpaste squeezers 68, 71, 85 Topoľčany її, 28, 29—30 Török, Sándor 244—5 torture no trains see railway networks; trans ports transit camps 26-7, 28, 303; see also Nováky; Theresienstadt transports 26, 31-7, 45-6, 170 Allied nations disturbance of 230-1 to Buna 55-6, 59—60 Catholics 222—3 eyewitness accounts of 303 gas chambers 77, 80, 81 from Hungary 148, 210, 214, 218, 219—20, 226-7, 238—41, 244-8 numbers of in-12 ramp, arrival at 94—102, 103—6, 107-9, 112—14 reportage of 204—6 from Slovakia 237, 251-2 stolen property from 84, 86 from Theresienstadt 131—3, 134 Treblinka death camp 75, 80, 122, 303 triangles, prisoners’ badges of 40, 53 Trnava 15-19, 21—2, 127, 254-5 trust 37, 39, 143, 150, 244 Turkey 224 typhus 60, 63, 64, 116-18, 127, 206 tzitzit (fringed vest) 13 Uher, Milan 252-3 Új Kelet (newspaper) 268 underground resistance 118—20, 123-6, 128—9 escape plans 153, 163, 164 in family camp 134, 135 Unglick, Charles 143—5, 148 Union of Anti-fascist Fighters 262 United Nations 303 United States of America 75, 226, 229—32 Holocaust denial 283 Vrba residency in 265, 275-6 see also Roosevelt, Franklin Untermenschen (inferior people) 17 US Air Force 231-2, 234, 247 USSR see Soviet Union ÚŽ (Ústredňa Zidov/Jewish Centre of Bratislava) 193-5, 199-209, 210, 218-19, 241 Va’ada 235-6 valuables 68—9, 85—6 Vancouver 275-6, 277—8, 281—4, 291—2, 301, 309—10 Vatican see Catholic church Vienna 263, 264-5 Volkov, Dmitri
149-51, 177 Votoček, Emil 16 Vrba, Robin (Rudi’s 2nd wife) xii, 276-7, 278, 299, 311 Vrba, Rudolf (Rudi; formerly Walter Rosenberg) xi—xii, 209, 309-И Alfred nations, understanding of 303-4 in Bratislava 241—2 374
INDEX in Canada 275-8 Catholic church, reporting to 220-3 character 291-4 communism, dislike of 260—1, 262 documentaries, participation in 285-6 education 253—4 in England 269-73 escape, motive for 301—2 Gerta, relationship with 242—4, 251, 255-60 Helena, suicide of 295—300 Hungarian Jewry, information for 219-20, 235, 305-8 IG Farben, lawsuit 279—80 in Israel 265-6, 268—9 Mordowicz/Rosin, relationship with 218 mother, reunion with 254—5 Slovak resistance, membership of 252-3 trials, witness at 278-9, 280-4 in Vienna 263—5 Wetzler, relationship with 286-7 Zionism, criticism of 288—90 see also Rosenberg, Walter Vrba-Wetzler Report 210, 218—19, 285 British reaction to 232—4, 304 Catholic church reaction to 221-3 clandestine copies 241—2, 243 Gruenwald’s accusations of Kasztner’s complicity in 266-7, 268 Hungarian reaction to 211—15, 235-7, 238-40, 244—6, 248 Israeli downplaying of 287 Klein reaction to 306—8 publication 224—8 radio broadcasts of 228—9 USA reaction to 229-32 Vrbová, Gerta (Rudi’s ist wife) xi—xii, 16, 133, 242-4 in England 270, 271, 272, 273-4 escape of 251, 252, 264-5 Helena, relationship with 297 marriage 255-60 Vrbová, Helena (Rudis elder daughter) 258, 259, 264, 270, 271, 273, 278 suicide 295—300 Vrbová, Zuzana (Zuza, Zuzka) (Rudi’s younger daughter; later Jackson) 258, 259, 264, 270, 271, 273, 278 father, relationship with 311 Helena, suicide of 296, 297, 298, 299 Waldsee 239, 240 Wallenberg, Raoul 288 Wannsee Conference (1942) 75 war crimes 230, 246, 267, 278-9, 280-2 War Refugee Board (WRB) 229֊3i Warsaw ghetto 256, 291-2, 303 watch (timepiece) 150,
166, 170 watchtowers 3, 6—7, 51, 55, 154 water 34-5, 43, 51, 58 Weiss, Josef 241—2, 288 Weissmandl, Rabbi Michael Dov 230, 232 Weizmann, Chaim 233 Wetzler, Alfred (Fred) 127—9, И2, I5I-3, 171-3 375
INDEX Wetzler, Alfréd (Fred) (cont.) camp mates, relationship with 216, 217 death 301 escape account of 286—8 escape plan 1—8, 161—2, 168 escape run 175-83, 184-90 in Israel 290 Pestek, escape plan of 163 in Slovakia 190—5 UŽ, reporting to 199—200, 201, 203-4, 206-9 Vrba, relationship with 256, 257, 262 woodpile, hiding in 170—1, 174-5 see also Vrba-Wetzler Report Wetzlerová, Etela 262 Wiegleb, SS-Scharfuhrer Richard 92, 93, 94, 120, 121 Wiesel, Elie 291, 302 Wiesenthal, Simon 282 Winterhilfeswerke (winter relief fund) 84 Wiskemann, Elizabeth 228, 229, in Kanada 68, 70, 88, 91—2 selections 98^9, 103—4 woodpile 1—8, 156—7, ібі—2, ı68, 169-71 work 43—4, 47, 53—4; see also slave labour Working Group of the ÚŽ (Jewish Centre) 202, 209, 210, 219, 220, 224 Zionism of 288, 289 World at War, The (documentary) 285, 291 World Jewish Congress 228 YadVashem (Jerusalem) 287 Yank (US Army journal) 230 yellow star see Star of David ‘yellow-star houses’ 247 Yugoslavia 21 Yup (German prisoner) 147—8, 207 Zilina 194-5, 199-209 Zionism 18, 123, 235-6, 242, 288-90 Zündel, Ernst Did Six Million Really Die? 233 Wisliceny, SS-Hauptsturmfİihrer Dieter 19, 237—8, 267 women 64, 131 283-4, 301 Zyklon В 77, 78, 8o, 102-3, 206 376
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Contents Author’s Note xi Maps xiv Prologue i PART I: The Preparations i. Star ii 2. Five Hundred Reichsmarks 23 3. Deported 31 4. Majdanek 38 PART II: The Camp 5. We Were Slaves 51 6. Kanada 66 7. The Final Solution 73 8. Big Business 84 9. The Ramp 94 10. The Memory Man 107 ii. 116 Birkenau 12. ‘It Has Been Wonderful’ 127 PART III: The Escape 13. Escape Was Lunacy 141 14. Russian Lessons 147 vii
CONTENTS 15. The Hideout 154 16. Let My People Go 161 17. Underground 169 18. On the Run 174 19. Crossing the Border 184 PART IV: The Report 20. In Black and White 199 21. Men of God 210 22. What Can I Do? 216 23. London Has Been Informed 224 24. Hungarian Salami 235 PARTV: The Shadow 25. A Wedding with Guns 251 26. A New Nation, a New England 263 27. Canada 275 28. I Know a Way Out 285 29. Flowers of Emptiness 295 30. Too Many to Count 301 Acknowledgements 315 Picture Credits 319 Notes 321 Bibliography 353 Index 361 viii
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Index Adamek (Polish prisoner) 162, 166, 168, 176 ‘Agenor’ 227—8 agents provocateurs 181—2 air bombardments 230-2, 233—4, 247 Allied nations 224-34, 245 knowledge of atrocities 303—5 antisemitism 230, 262 in Hungary 210-11 in Slovakia 14—20, 25-6 Appell (roll call) 42, 43, 51-2, 67 Arendt, Hannah 266, 273, 309 Ariel (Slovak prisoner) 54 Aron, Raymond 309 Arrow Cross 252, 312 artificial limbs 86 Aryanisation 17 Aufraumungskommando see Clearing Command Auschwitz I death camp typhus outbreaks 61—4 Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp complex 47, 51—2, 73—4, 186-7, 193, 199-209 incomprehensibility of 308 documentaries about 285—6 Final Solution in 76-83, 102-3 knowledge of 304—5 legacy 277—8, 312—13 location 146 numbering system in-12 radio broadcasts about 228—9 railway 147-8, 153 sub-camps 178 tours of 263 trial of SS officials 278—9, 280-1, 283-4 see also; Auschwitz I; Birkenau (Auschwitz II); Buna/ Monowitz (Auschwitz III); escape plans; Holocaust; Kanada Auschwitz Commemorative 262 Auschwitz Protocols see Vrba— Wetzler Report Auschwitz Report see Vrba— Wetzler Report Babyn Yar (Kyiv) 75 Balaban, Jacob 156-8,159-60, 182-3 Barbarossa, Operation 75 barbed-wire fencing 27, 28, 30 in Birkenau 154 in Majdanek 38-9, 40—1 barracks in Auschwitz-Birkenau 5, 51, 59 67 in Majdanek 38, 39, 42 in Nováky 26, 27, 28 363
INDEX barrage balloons 182—3 ‘baths’ see showers Bauer, Yehuda 290, 302, 309 BBC 228-9 beatings 17, 31, 42, 56, 61, 69, 87, 92, 117, 158-9, 166-7, 216 in Birkenau 125 death from 54, 87 in Kanada 67, 69 Vrba-Wetzler Report detailing of 204 Becher, SS-Standartenfuhrer Kurt 2Ó7 Belarus 75 Belgium 80, 170 Belzee 76, 80, 122, 303 Berlin Wall 286, 299 Bestie, Alan 272, 284 Bielsko 180 Birkenau (Auschwitz II) 54, 61, 74, 120-3 escape plans from 155-60 Familienlager (family camp) 131-7, 152, 206, 228-9 gas chambers 79—80, 81 gravel pits 60—1 outer camp 154—5, 171—3 ramp 94-102, 103-6, 107-10, 112-14 registrars 127—30, 152 underground resistance in 123—6 women in 64 see also woodpile blackmail 119, 123, 125, 267 Blitz, the 17 Blum, Léon 205 Bohemia and Moravia, Protectorate of 14 Bolek (Polish prisoner) 162, 166, 168, 176 bomb victims 85 Brand, Hansi 267 Bratislava 13—15, 220 Jewish Centre of (ÚZ) 193-4 Weiss residency of 241—2 bribery 91, 92, 123, 125, 237 Britain see Great Britain Bruno (Kapo, Kanada) 91-3 Budapest 24—5, 246—8, 306—7 Buna/Monowitz (Auschwitz III) 54-60, 231 lawsuit about 279—80 watchtowers 55 Buntrock, Unterscharführer 3 Burger, Ernst 118 Burzio, Giuseppe 220 Butz, Arthur 283 Čadca 191, 192—4 camps see death camps; labour camps; transit camps Canada 69; see also Vancouver Čanecký Ondrej 191, 192 cannibalism 109 Canterbury, Archbishop of 227 Catholic church 213—15, 220—3 in Hungary 245—6 knowledge of atrocities 303 cell research 269—70 Chełmno death camp 75, 82 childbirth 131 children 90 Birkenau family camp residency of 134-5 corpses of I2I deportation of 32, 34,
35 selection of 94, 96, 98-9, ЮЗ-4 Christians 211—12; see also Catholic church 364
INDEX Christie, Doug 283-4 Christmas 121 Churchill, Winston 227, 233-4, 235, 285, 305 Citrin (Soviet prisoner) 155—8, 159—60 civilians 57, 58, 60, 96 Clearing Command (Aufraumungskommando) 67-71, 79, 85-6, 87-8; see also Rollkommando clothing 38, 39, 42, 45 in Auschwitz-Birkenau 53 Clearing Command sorting of 68 escape plans 142 gas chambers arrangement of 79 Jews’ yellow triangle 53 Kapos with common criminals’ green triangle 40, 51, 91, 123, 132, 148 political prisoners’ red triangle 40, 123 quality 129, 144 redistribution 84—5 Co Dante Nevidel (‘What Dante Didn’t See’) (Lánik/Wetzler) 286, 301 coal mines 74, 178 collaboration 266—8 communism 18, 119, 275 in Czechoslovakia 257, 260-2 concentration camps see labour camps corpses 2, 52, 54, 57, 170 in Birkenau 122 in Buna 59 Catholic 222—3 fire pit burning of 121 gas chambers burning of 76, 79, 81-2 mortuary burning of 74 ramp arrival of 97—8, 113—14 registration of 127—8 valuables from 86—7 crematoria 43, 72; see also gas chambers criminals 40 Croatia 80 Czechoslovakia 11, 14, 263—5 communism in 257, 260—2 exile government 20, 227—8, 252 Wetzler residency of 286 see also Birkenau: Familienlager (family camp); Prague; Theresienstadt Dachau labour camp 126 Daily Herald (newspaper) 272 Daily Telegraph (newspaper) 226 DAW (Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke/German Equipment Works) 61, 67 death in Auschwitz 51—2, 53, 54, 59 in Buna 56, 57, 58-9, 60 failed escapees 141—2, 143, 145 in Majdanek 42—3 selection procedures 99—100 see also corpses; crematoria; death camps; gas chambers death camps 75-6, 80, 82, 87, 122, 303; see also
Auschwitz; Majdanek decomposure 81, 82 deportations see transports disinfectors 78 Dobrowolný (SS soldier) 142—3 365
INDEX from Slovakia 21—2, 23 hanging of recaptured escapees 141—2 Langer plans 142-3 Pestek plans 162—5 ramp plans 107—8 Unglick plans 143—5 Volkov guidelines 149—51 see also woodpile ethnic Germans 85, 163 eyewitness accounts 303 dogs i, 4, 5, 150, 151, 156 in German army 184, 185 Dulles, Allen 227, 229 dysentery 42—3, 56 Eckstein, Rabbi 42—3 economics 74, 84-5, 88-9, 90—1; see also money Eden, Anthony 227, 233-4, 303 Effektenlager (store of personal effects) 67—71 Eichmann, Adolf 237,238,239, 240, 252 Budapest Jewish population and 246-7 henchmen of 267 Slovakia Jewish population and 282 trial of 272, 273 Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) 75 Eisenbach, Alexander (‘Sándor’) 156-8, 159-60, 182-3 Eisler, Erwin 15—16, 40, 43 elders 90—1 electric fencing 51 Éliás, József 211—12,213 elimination see Final Solution Engel, Miklós 205 England 269-73 Erdélyi, Josef 46, 62—4, 66—7 in Buna 54-5, 57, 58, 59-60 death 116—17 escape plans from Birkenau xi, 145-6, 150-60, 161-2, 165-8, 168-73, 174-5, 216-18, 301-2 from Czechoslovakia 263—5 from Majdanek 43—4 from Nováky 27-9 factories 54—5, 74, 86, 201 false documents 209, 242 family camp (Familienlager) 132—7, 152, 206, 228-9 Farber, Josef 118, 119, 123 farm work 44—5 Faurisson, Robert 283 fencing see barbed-wire fencing; electric fencing Final Solution 71-2, 75-83, 102-3, 304 at Birkenau 124-6 Eichmann architect of 238 Fischer, Laco 66, 118 floggings see beatings food 258-9 in Buna 57 deportation journeys 32, 34 escape plans 150 escape run 178, 181, 182, 188-9 in Kanada 69—70 in Majdanek 38, 43 ‘organising’ of 88-9 resistance bribery
of 123—4 forced labour see slave labour France 80, 97, in, 112-14 Frank, Anne xii Frankfhrter, Felix 308 366
INDEX Freudiger, Fülöp 289 Fries, SS-Oberscharführer Jakob 53-4, 55, 121 prisoner inspections by 62-3, 87, HÓ, II7 Gruenwald, Malkiel 266—7 Gustav V of Sweden, King 246 ‘Gypsies’ 80, 280-1 Gyulai, Countess Ilona Edelsheim 244-5 Garrett, Walter 225-6, 227, 229, 233, 271 gas chambers 75—81, 102-3 in Birkenau 122, 124 convoy trucks 130 demolition of 230 family camp prisoners sent to 135-6 reportage of 204-6, 208 Rosenberg observations of 112 German army 61, 182—3, 184-5 Germany 84-5, 278—81; see also Nazis Gestapo 3, 159-60, 174, 252 ghettos 32, in in Hungary 238, 239, 247 Łódź 75 Warsaw 256, 291-2, 303 Zionist resistance in 289 Gilbert, Martin: Auschwitz and the Allies 285, 303-4, 305 gold 19 teeth extractions 86—7, 128 Gotzel, Abraham 156—8, 159—60 Grabner, Maximilian 77, 78-9 Graf, SS-Unterscharführer Otto 69, 167-8, 280 gravel pits 60—1, 217—18 Great Britain. 225, 226, 227, 232-4 knowledge of Nazi atrocities ՅՕՅ, 305 see also England Greece 97 Grepo (border police) 174 Haifa University 290, 301 hair 86 hair shaving 39 hangings 141—2, 159 hard currency 85—6, 89 Hartenstein, SS-Sturmbannfuhrer 174 Harvard Medical School 275—6 Heiliger, Max 86 Henderson, Ian 304 Heydrich, Reinhard 75 hideout see woodpile Hilton, Beth 270—1 Hilton, Sidney 264, 270, 271 Himmler, Heinrich 74, 84, 99, 175 Hirsch, Fredy 135 Hitler, Adolf 14, 253, 272, 302-3 Hitler Youth 177 Hlinka Guards 15, 27, 28, 30, 191 Nemsila identification 282 transports handfing of 31, 32 Hlinka Party (Slovak People’s Party) 14, 15, 17, 20 Holland 80, 97, 227 Holocaust xi, 256, 277, 291—2 denial 283—4, 308-9 second
generation legacy of 298 survivors 279 homosexuals 40 Horny, Stephan 311 Horthy, Miklós 210-11, 244, 245-7, 252 Höss, Rudolf 73-4, 82, 280 367
INDEX Budapest community 246—8 collaboration against 266—8 communists against 261—2 hiding of 180 Hungarian 153, 207—8, 210—15, Houdini, Harry 312 Hungary 14, 15, 21-2, 23-5 antisemitism in 210—11 Arrow Cross control of 252 Horthy rule of 244—8 information denied to 291 Jewish Council in 273 Jews in 148, 153, 207—8 Kasztner negotiations in 237-41, 266-8 Mantello efforts in 224—5 transports from 218, 219—20, 223, 226—7 Vrba—Wetzler Report reaction 211-15, 235-7 see abo Budapest Hunsche, Otto 279 235-7, ЗИ-12 information given to 134—5, 136-7, 301—2 Israel residency of 265—6 in Majdanek 38-40 personal effects of 68 resistance of 305-6 Slovakian 12, 13-20, 25-6, 151, 191-2, 193-4 transit camps for 26-7 see abo Final Solution; trans ports; Zionism Judaism see Jews Judenrampe (Jewish ramp) 94-102, 103-6, 107-10, 112-14 Jüttner, Obergruppenführer Hans 267 I Cannot Forgive (Vrba) 272, 277 IG Farben 57, 60, 201, 280 infirmary 70, 76, 91, 113 lethal injections 116—17 informers 150 inspections 61—4, 87 Israel 233, 265-9, 287, 288, 290—1 Eichmann trial 272, 273 see also Palestine Izbica transit camp 303 Kahan, Esther 205 Kanada (Auschwitz) 66-72, 79, 82 Birkenau relocation 121—2 business in 84-7 inmate riches from 87—8, 90—3 ‘organising’ of 88-9 ramp provisions for 97 refuge of 117-18 underground resistance in 118-20 Kapos 40, 41, 44 in Auschwitz 51, 52 in Birkenau 122 in Buna 55, 56-7, 58 escapees, treatment of 141 inspections by 64 Jaster, Stanisław 304 Jawiszowice (Jawischowitz) 178 Jehovah’s Witnesses 40 jewellery 68, 85-6 Jewish Codex (Slovakia) 17-18 Jewish councils (Judenräte)
236, 273, 3θ6; see also UZ Jews 168, 175 Allied nations information 303-5 Belgian 170 368
INDEX in Kanada 66, 67, 90—3 ramp behaviour of 96, 97, 98 underground resistance of 123-4 women members of 70 Karski, Jan 303, 308 Kasztner, Rezső 210, 235—7, 238-41, 273, 292, 305 in Israel 266—8 Zionist beliefs 288, 289 Katz, Chaim 205 Klein, Georg (György) 306—8, 309, 311-12 Knapp, Josef 28-9, 37 Komoly, Ottó 236 König, SS-Rottenfìihrer ErnstAugust 280—1 König, SS-Unterscharführer Hans 69 Kopecký, Jaromír 227—8 Krasňanský, Oskar 199-201, 203, 206, 207, 208, 224 appeal to Allied nations 230 appeal to Catholic church 220-1, 223 Hungary, information to 210, 235-6 in Israel 265—6 Mordowicz/Rosin, information from 218-19 Krausz, Moshe 288 Kreil, Robert 310 Kripo (Criminal Police) 174 Kristallnacht 301, 302 Krumey, Hermann 238—9, 267, 279 Krupp 201 Kühnemann, SS-Unterscharfiihrer Heinrich-Johannes 281 labour camps 32, 74, 126, 150; see also work Langer, Fero (‘Bullo’) 142—3, i44, 145, 163 Láník, Jozef see Wetzler, Alfréd (Fred) Lanzmann, Claude 285, 291 Lederer, Siegfried 163—5, 167 Levi, Primo xii, 291 liberalism 18 lice 39, 63, 116 Linn, Ruth 287, 290, 301 Lipson, Robin see Vrba, Robin Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš 209, 218-19 Lithuania 36, 75, 226 Łódź 75 London see Great Britain Lublin 35, 37, 45, 74 Lucas, Blanche 225, 271 Luftwaffe 85 luggage Ó7—8, 69, 71, 97, 107 Lutz, Carl 236 McClelland, Roswell 229 McCloy, John 231, 232 Majdanek death camp 37, 38-45, 74, 76 Manchester Guardian (newspaper) 226 Mantello, George 224—5, 226, 227, 229, 288 Martilotti, Monsignor Mario 220-3, 245 mass burials 81—2 mass shootings 75, 303 Mauthausen labour camp 126 medical care 42, 92—3, 116, 119
Medical Research Council (Canada) 275 369
INDEX Neumann, Oskar 199, 201, 202, 203, 207, 208 in Israel 265—6 Neumann, Renée 163, 165 New York Times (newspaper) 226 News for Women (radio programme) 228 newspapers 225—6, 227 no man’s land 25, 108 Nováky transit camp 26-9, 30, 31-2 numbers, prisoners’ 52—3, in, 132; see also tattoos Nuremberg 267 Medical Research Council (Carshalton, England) 269-70, 273 Mengele, Josef 98, 109, 308 military intervention 230—2, 233—4 Milówka 186—90 money 85-6, 89, 119, 150 Jewish rescues, payment for 239 Mordowicz, Czeslaw 216, 217—19, 220-3, 241 re-arrest of 308 Vrba, relationship with 256, 257 mortuaries 73—4 Müller, Filip 124 Munich agreement (1938) 14 Munk, Alicia 133—4, 135, 136, 152 Muselmänner 53—4, 67, 122 National Socialism see Nazis Nature (journal) 270 Nazis 14, 228 deception of 101-3, 104-6, 136, 205-6 denial of 282—3 euphemisms 104 Final Solution plans 75, 302-3 Hungary occupation 236, 237-41, 244 Kasztner alleged collaboration with 266—8 money-earning of 26, 301 routines of 189 in Slovakia 17, 20, 251—2 UZ, creation of 202 see aho Gestapo; SS Neue Zürcher Zeitung (newspaper) 226 Oberkapos 42 open fire pits 120—i ‘organising’ 88—9 Oświęcim 27, 73, 146; see also Auschwitz Otto (Slovak prisoner) 54 Palestine 123, 224, 289 Papua New Guinea 295—8 partisans 21, 181, 186, 189, 190 in Slovakia. 252-3 payos (sidecurls) 13 Pehle, John 229-30,231,232 personal effects 67—71 Pestek, SS-Rottenfiihrer Viktor 162-5 phenol 116 Pilecki, Witold 304—5 Pisarzowice 180—2 Pius XII, Pope 245-6 poison gas see Zyklon В Poland 19, 27, 90, 264 Canada, emigration to 69 escape run in 177-83, 184-90
exile government of 303, 304—5 З70
INDEX Jewish community of 8o mass killings in 75 political prisoners from 73—4 transports from in Vrba return to 256 see also Auschwitz; Lublin; Oświęcim; Majdanek; Warsaw ghetto Polhora-Pomfy, Mikulás 282 political prisoners 40, 73—4, 125 Pollack, Dr 191, 192—4 Porąbka 182-3, 184-5 postcards 33, ιοί, 240 Prague 163, 164, 254, 256-9 prisoners of war (PoWs) 54, 76, 149-50 propaganda 15, 305 quarantine camp (Birkenau Bila) 129-30, 132, 134 radio broadcasts 228-9 railway networks 73, 74, 95—6 air bombardments of 231, 232, 233-4 in Auschwitz 147—8, 153 in Hungary 238 registrars 127-30, 132, 152, 216 Reichsbank 86, 87 resettlement 19-20, 32-3; see also transports resistance see underground resist ance Riegner, Gerhart 228 roll calls 2, 45, 53, 55, 170 corpse numbers at 59 see also Appell Rollkommando (rolling group) 95-100, 104, 107 Roma 80, 280—1 Roncalli, Monsignor Angelo ՅՕՅ Roosevelt, Franklin 227, 232, 235, 303, Յ08 Hungary, warning to 246, 247 Rosenberg, Elias (Walter’s father) її, 12, 298 Rosenberg, Fanci (Walter’s sister) II, 12, 20 Rosenberg, Ilona (Walter’s mother) її, 12, 13, 15, 20-1 Gerta, approval of 257 reunion with Rudi 254—5 Rosenberg, Max (Walter’s cousin) G, 119 Rosenberg, Sammy (Walter’s brother) її, 40—1 Rosenberg, Walter (later Rudolf Vrba) xii, 20-2, 232, 309 Auschwitz, arrival at 51—4 Auschwitz, journey to 45—7 in Birkenau 120—3, 171-Յ in Buna 54—60 camp mates, relationship with 217 data memorising 110-12, 129-31 deportation of 31—2, 33—7 Eisenbach, relationship with 156-7, 158, 159 escape plan 1—8, 146, 161—2, 165-8 escape run 175—83, 184—90 in family
camp 132, 133—7 Final Solution, realisation of 71—2, 80, 82-3 gravel pits, working in 60—1 in Hungary 23—5 inspections of 62—5 Judaism of 13-14, 15-16, 18-19 З71
INDEX Rosenberg, Walter (later Rudolf Vrba) (cont.) in Kanada 66—71, 84—6, 87—8, 89-90, 91-3 Langer, relationship with 142—3 in Majdanek 38-45, 74 in Nováky 26, 27—9 Pestek, relationship with 163 railway line, learning of 147—8 ramp, working at 94—102, 103-6, 107-10, 112—15 in Slovakia 190—5 in Topoľčany 29—30 typhus, illness from 116—18 underground resistance, membership of 118-20, 123-6 Unglick, relationship with ԱՅ՜Տ upbringing of її—13 UZ, information to 199—204, 206-9 Volkov, guidance from 149—51 Wetzler, relationship with 127-9, 151-3 woodpile, hiding in 169—71, 174-5 see also Vrba, Rudolf; Vrba— Wetzler Report; Rosenheim, Jacob 230—1 Rosin, Arnost 217—19, 241, 288 Vrba, relationship with 256, 257, 287 Royal Air Force (RAF) 232, 233-4 rubber 55 Russia see Soviet Union Sachsenhausen labour camp 149 sanitation 42, 122 372 Schindler, Oskar xii Schreiber see registrars Schwarzhuber, SS-Untersturmfiihrer Johann 216 SD (Security Service) 174 searchlights 47, 51, 61, 154 Seder 168 selections 98-100, 104, 108, 113, 130-1, 167 Vrba—Wetzler Report details of 201, 204, 233 doctors 116 Serédi, Archbishop Jusztinián 213-15, 244 shell cases 61 Shertok, Moshe 233 Shoah (documentary) xi, xii, 285-6, 291, 292, 301, 306 shoe piles 70, 72, 80 showers 39, 52, 76, 77-9 Sidonová, Gerta ree Vrbová, Gerta Siemens 201 Silesia 90, 177 Sinclair, Archibald 234 Sinti 80, 280-1 sirens 2—3, 156 Skalíte 191 skis 61 Slánský, Rudolf 261 slave labour 4, 27, 74 in Buna 55, 56-8 in coal mines 178 in gravel pits 60—1 in Majdanek 44 from Oświęcim 73 Slovakia 11-20, 25-6, 54 Canada, emigrants to 69 Catholic
church in 220—3 escape run in 176, 190—5
INDEX gas chambers, victims of 8o Hungary, relationship with 237-8 Majdanek, inmates in 39-40 Mordówicz/Rosin, information from 218-19 resistance movement in 252—3 transit camps in 26-7 transports from in, 151, 251—2 Wetzler, honouring of 287 see also Bratislava; Nováky transit camp; Trnava; ÚŽ Sobibor death camp 75, 80, 122, ՅՕՅ socialism 18—19; -see also commu nism Sola river 146, 175, 178, 179, 182 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 282 Sonderkommando (Special Command) 79, 81, 82, 124, 206 corpse stripping by 86-7 life expectancy of 128 songs 43, 44 Soós, Dr Géza 211—12, 213 Soviet Union 75, 253 prisoners of war from 54, 76, 149-50 Vrba residency in 262, 263—4 Spanish Civil War 118, 119, 123 SS i, 2-4, 5-7, 55, 176-7 in Auschwitz 47, 51 in Buna 56—7, 58 Christmas celebrations of 121 deportations, handling of 33, 35-7, 46 escapees, treatment of 141, 142-3, 144, 145, 154-5, 156-9 in family camp 132, 134—5 at gas chambers 77—9, 80, 81, 82 inspections by 63—4 in Kanada 67, 69, 70, 90—1 in Majdanek 39, 42—3, 45 massacres by 75 money, theft of 119 Pestek, escape attempt of 162-5 Political Department 150 ramp, handling of 94, 95, 96, 98-9, 101-2, 103-5, 107-8 reprisals of 109—10 roll calls of 59 Rosenberg, treatment of 165—7 Slovak resistance to 252—3 stolen property, taking of 85 trials of 278-9, 280-1 SS-WVHA (Main Economic and Administrative Office) 74 Stäglich, Wilhelm 283 Star of David 18,238 Steiner, Erwin 194, 199 Stern, Samu 236 stolen goods 84—8, 91-2 ‘organising’ of 88—9 suitcases see luggage sukkah (temporary hut) 12 Svätý Jur 220-3 Switzerland 214, 220, 224-6, 227—9, 240
Székely, Mária 212—13, 244 Szmulewski, David 123, 127, 153 tattoos 52—3, 128, 278; see abo numbers, prisoners’ Theresienstadt 103, 131—3, 134, 136, 164-5, 255 Third Reich see Nazis Times, The (newspaper) 226 373
INDEX Tiso, Father Jozef 14, 15, 16, 17, 220 deportations, pledges about 32, 36 doctors, reprieve of 191—2 Tito, Josip 21 tobacco, Soviet (machorka) 1, 4, 5, 151, 156 toothpaste squeezers 68, 71, 85 Topoľčany її, 28, 29—30 Török, Sándor 244—5 torture no trains see railway networks; trans ports transit camps 26-7, 28, 303; see also Nováky; Theresienstadt transports 26, 31-7, 45-6, 170 Allied nations disturbance of 230-1 to Buna 55-6, 59—60 Catholics 222—3 eyewitness accounts of 303 gas chambers 77, 80, 81 from Hungary 148, 210, 214, 218, 219—20, 226-7, 238—41, 244-8 numbers of in-12 ramp, arrival at 94—102, 103—6, 107-9, 112—14 reportage of 204—6 from Slovakia 237, 251-2 stolen property from 84, 86 from Theresienstadt 131—3, 134 Treblinka death camp 75, 80, 122, 303 triangles, prisoners’ badges of 40, 53 Trnava 15-19, 21—2, 127, 254-5 trust 37, 39, 143, 150, 244 Turkey 224 typhus 60, 63, 64, 116-18, 127, 206 tzitzit (fringed vest) 13 Uher, Milan 252-3 Új Kelet (newspaper) 268 underground resistance 118—20, 123-6, 128—9 escape plans 153, 163, 164 in family camp 134, 135 Unglick, Charles 143—5, 148 Union of Anti-fascist Fighters 262 United Nations 303 United States of America 75, 226, 229—32 Holocaust denial 283 Vrba residency in 265, 275-6 see also Roosevelt, Franklin Untermenschen (inferior people) 17 US Air Force 231-2, 234, 247 USSR see Soviet Union ÚŽ (Ústredňa Zidov/Jewish Centre of Bratislava) 193-5, 199-209, 210, 218-19, 241 Va’ada 235-6 valuables 68—9, 85—6 Vancouver 275-6, 277—8, 281—4, 291—2, 301, 309—10 Vatican see Catholic church Vienna 263, 264-5 Volkov, Dmitri
149-51, 177 Votoček, Emil 16 Vrba, Robin (Rudi’s 2nd wife) xii, 276-7, 278, 299, 311 Vrba, Rudolf (Rudi; formerly Walter Rosenberg) xi—xii, 209, 309-И Alfred nations, understanding of 303-4 in Bratislava 241—2 374
INDEX in Canada 275-8 Catholic church, reporting to 220-3 character 291-4 communism, dislike of 260—1, 262 documentaries, participation in 285-6 education 253—4 in England 269-73 escape, motive for 301—2 Gerta, relationship with 242—4, 251, 255-60 Helena, suicide of 295—300 Hungarian Jewry, information for 219-20, 235, 305-8 IG Farben, lawsuit 279—80 in Israel 265-6, 268—9 Mordowicz/Rosin, relationship with 218 mother, reunion with 254—5 Slovak resistance, membership of 252-3 trials, witness at 278-9, 280-4 in Vienna 263—5 Wetzler, relationship with 286-7 Zionism, criticism of 288—90 see also Rosenberg, Walter Vrba-Wetzler Report 210, 218—19, 285 British reaction to 232—4, 304 Catholic church reaction to 221-3 clandestine copies 241—2, 243 Gruenwald’s accusations of Kasztner’s complicity in 266-7, 268 Hungarian reaction to 211—15, 235-7, 238-40, 244—6, 248 Israeli downplaying of 287 Klein reaction to 306—8 publication 224—8 radio broadcasts of 228—9 USA reaction to 229-32 Vrbová, Gerta (Rudi’s ist wife) xi—xii, 16, 133, 242-4 in England 270, 271, 272, 273-4 escape of 251, 252, 264-5 Helena, relationship with 297 marriage 255-60 Vrbová, Helena (Rudis elder daughter) 258, 259, 264, 270, 271, 273, 278 suicide 295—300 Vrbová, Zuzana (Zuza, Zuzka) (Rudi’s younger daughter; later Jackson) 258, 259, 264, 270, 271, 273, 278 father, relationship with 311 Helena, suicide of 296, 297, 298, 299 Waldsee 239, 240 Wallenberg, Raoul 288 Wannsee Conference (1942) 75 war crimes 230, 246, 267, 278-9, 280-2 War Refugee Board (WRB) 229֊3i Warsaw ghetto 256, 291-2, 303 watch (timepiece) 150,
166, 170 watchtowers 3, 6—7, 51, 55, 154 water 34-5, 43, 51, 58 Weiss, Josef 241—2, 288 Weissmandl, Rabbi Michael Dov 230, 232 Weizmann, Chaim 233 Wetzler, Alfred (Fred) 127—9, И2, I5I-3, 171-3 375
INDEX Wetzler, Alfréd (Fred) (cont.) camp mates, relationship with 216, 217 death 301 escape account of 286—8 escape plan 1—8, 161—2, 168 escape run 175-83, 184-90 in Israel 290 Pestek, escape plan of 163 in Slovakia 190—5 UŽ, reporting to 199—200, 201, 203-4, 206-9 Vrba, relationship with 256, 257, 262 woodpile, hiding in 170—1, 174-5 see also Vrba-Wetzler Report Wetzlerová, Etela 262 Wiegleb, SS-Scharfuhrer Richard 92, 93, 94, 120, 121 Wiesel, Elie 291, 302 Wiesenthal, Simon 282 Winterhilfeswerke (winter relief fund) 84 Wiskemann, Elizabeth 228, 229, in Kanada 68, 70, 88, 91—2 selections 98^9, 103—4 woodpile 1—8, 156—7, ібі—2, ı68, 169-71 work 43—4, 47, 53—4; see also slave labour Working Group of the ÚŽ (Jewish Centre) 202, 209, 210, 219, 220, 224 Zionism of 288, 289 World at War, The (documentary) 285, 291 World Jewish Congress 228 YadVashem (Jerusalem) 287 Yank (US Army journal) 230 yellow star see Star of David ‘yellow-star houses’ 247 Yugoslavia 21 Yup (German prisoner) 147—8, 207 Zilina 194-5, 199-209 Zionism 18, 123, 235-6, 242, 288-90 Zündel, Ernst Did Six Million Really Die? 233 Wisliceny, SS-Hauptsturmfİihrer Dieter 19, 237—8, 267 women 64, 131 283-4, 301 Zyklon В 77, 78, 8o, 102-3, 206 376 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Freedland, Jonathan 1967- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1134969856 |
| author_facet | Freedland, Jonathan 1967- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Freedland, Jonathan 1967- |
| author_variant | j f jf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048505569 |
| contents | The preparations -- The camp -- The escape -- The report -- The shadow |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1351547009 (DE-599)BVBBV048505569 |
| era | Geschichte 1944 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944 |
| format | Map |
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| id | DE-604.BV048505569 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:45:55Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:39:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781529369045 9781529369052 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033882732 |
| oclc_num | 1351547009 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xii, 376 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Porträts |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221123 DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | John Murray |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Freedland, Jonathan 1967- Verfasser (DE-588)1134969856 aut The escape artist the man who broke out of Auschwitz to warn the world Jonathan Freedland London John Murray 2022 xii, 376 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Porträts txt rdacontent sti rdacontent cri rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The preparations -- The camp -- The escape -- The report -- The shadow "In April 1944 a teenager named Rudolf Vrba was planning a daring and unprecedented escape from Auschwitz. After hiding in a pile of timber planks for three days while 3,000 SS men and their bloodhounds searched for him, Vrba and his fellow escapee Fred Wetzler would eventually cross Nazi-occupied Poland on foot, as penniless fugitives. Their mission: to tell the world the truth of the Final Solution. Vrba would produce from memory a breathtaking report of more than thirty pages revealing the true nature and scale of Auschwitz - a report that would find its way to Roosevelt, Churchill and the Pope, eventually saving over 200,000 Jewish lives. A thrilling history with enormous historical implications, THE ESCAPE ARTIST is the extraordinary story of a complex man who would seek escape again and again: first from Auschwitz, then from his past, even from his own name. In telling his story, Jonathan Freedland - the journalist, broadcaster and acclaimed, multi-million copy selling author of the Sam Bourne novels - ensures that Rudolf Vrba's heroic mission will also escape oblivion"--Publisher's description Vrba, Rudolf 1924-2006 (DE-588)119505584 gnd rswk-swf Konzentrationslager Auschwitz (DE-588)4003697-2 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1944 gnd rswk-swf Flucht (DE-588)4017598-4 gnd rswk-swf The Holocaust Military history World War II Vrba, Rudolf / https://isni.org/isni/0000000108794210 Wetzler, Alfréd / 1918-1988 Auschwitz (Concentration camp) / https://isni.org/isni/0000000122360451 Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Nazi concentration camp escapes / Poland Nazi concentration camp inmates / Poland Vrba, Rudolf Auschwitz (Concentration camp) Nazi concentration camp escapes Nazi concentration camp inmates Poland 1939-1945 (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Vrba, Rudolf 1924-2006 (DE-588)119505584 p DE-604 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz (DE-588)4003697-2 b Flucht (DE-588)4017598-4 s Geschichte 1944 z Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-5293-6907-6 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033882732&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033882732&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033882732&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Freedland, Jonathan 1967- The escape artist the man who broke out of Auschwitz to warn the world The preparations -- The camp -- The escape -- The report -- The shadow Vrba, Rudolf 1924-2006 (DE-588)119505584 gnd Konzentrationslager Auschwitz (DE-588)4003697-2 gnd Flucht (DE-588)4017598-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)119505584 (DE-588)4003697-2 (DE-588)4017598-4 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | The escape artist the man who broke out of Auschwitz to warn the world |
| title_auth | The escape artist the man who broke out of Auschwitz to warn the world |
| title_exact_search | The escape artist the man who broke out of Auschwitz to warn the world |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The escape artist the man who broke out of Auschwitz to warn the world |
| title_full | The escape artist the man who broke out of Auschwitz to warn the world Jonathan Freedland |
| title_fullStr | The escape artist the man who broke out of Auschwitz to warn the world Jonathan Freedland |
| title_full_unstemmed | The escape artist the man who broke out of Auschwitz to warn the world Jonathan Freedland |
| title_short | The escape artist |
| title_sort | the escape artist the man who broke out of auschwitz to warn the world |
| title_sub | the man who broke out of Auschwitz to warn the world |
| topic | Vrba, Rudolf 1924-2006 (DE-588)119505584 gnd Konzentrationslager Auschwitz (DE-588)4003697-2 gnd Flucht (DE-588)4017598-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vrba, Rudolf 1924-2006 Konzentrationslager Auschwitz Flucht Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033882732&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033882732&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033882732&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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