Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Berlin, Germany
Springer
[2023]
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| Schlagworte: | |
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| Beschreibung: | xxi, 680 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783662646366 3662646366 9783662646397 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Hanslmeier, Arnold |d 1959- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)122186842 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics |c Arnold Hanslmeier |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin, Germany |b Springer |c [2023] | |
| 300 | |a xxi, 680 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme |c 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Astrophysik |0 (DE-588)4003326-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Astronomie |0 (DE-588)4003311-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 653 | |a Textbook Astronomy | ||
| 653 | |a Celestial Mechanics | ||
| 653 | |a State variables of the stars | ||
| 653 | |a Star structure | ||
| 653 | |a Cosmology | ||
| 653 | |a Galaxy | ||
| 653 | |a Astrobiology | ||
| 653 | |a Astrophysics | ||
| 653 | |a Astronomy | ||
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4123623-3 |a Lehrbuch |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Astronomie |0 (DE-588)4003311-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Astrophysik |0 (DE-588)4003326-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | 2 | |a Hanslmeier, Arnold |t Einführung in Astronomie und Astrophysik |f 2020 |
| 710 | 2 | |a Springer-Verlag GmbH |0 (DE-588)1065168780 |4 pbl | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Online-Ausgabe |z 978-3-662-64637-3 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1817968265764274176 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTION
.
1
2
SPHERICAL
ASTRONOMY
.
5
2.1
COORDINATE
SYSTEMS
.
5
2.1.1
BASIC
PRINCIPLE
FOR
THE
CREATION
OF
COORDINATE
SYSTEMS
.
6
2.1.2
HORIZON
SYSTEM
.
6
2.1.3
EQUATOR
SYSTEM
.
7
2.1.4
ECLIPTIC
SYSTEM
.
9
2.1.5
GALACTIC
SYSTEM
.
10
2.1.6
TRANSFORMATIONS
OF
THE
SYSTEMS
.
10
2.2
THE
TIME
.
12
2.2.1
DEFINITIONS,
SOLAR
TIME
AND
SIDEREAL
TIME
.
12
2.2.2
CALENDAR
.
15
2.2.3
THE
STAR
OF
BETHLEHEM
.
19
2.3
STAR
POSITIONS
.
19
2.3.1
CONSTELLATIONS
AND
ZODIAC
.
20
2.3.2
REFRACTION
.
21
2.3.3
ABERRATION
.
22
2.3.4
PARALLAX
.
24
2.3.5
PRECESSION,
NUTATION
.
26
2.3.6
STAR
CATALOGUES
.
28
2.3.7
LIGHT
DEFLECTION
AND
EXOPLANETS
.
30
2.4
DETERMINATION
OF
TIME
AND
PLACE
.
32
2.4.1
LATITUDE
.
32
2.4.2
TIME
DETERMINATION
.
33
2.4.3
MODERN
NAVIGATION
SYSTEMS
.
34
2.5
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
34
TASKS
.
35
VIII
CONTENTS
3
HISTORY
OF
ASTRONOMY
.
39
3.1
ASTRONOMY
OF
PRE
AND
EARLY
HISTORY
.
39
3.1.1
STONE
AGE
.
39
3.1.2
EGYPT,
MESOPOTAMIA
.
41
3.1.3
CHINA
.
43
3.1.4
CENTRAL
AND
NORTH
AMERICA
.
44
3.1.5
OLD
EUROPE
.
45
3.2
ASTRONOMY
OF
THE
GREEKS
.
45
3.2.1
PHILOSOPHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
.
45
3.2.2
FIRST
MEASUREMENTS
.
46
3.2.3
NAVIGATION
.
49
3.3
ASTRONOMY
IN
THE
MIDDLE
AGES
AND
MODERN
TIMES
.
49
3.3.1
ASTRONOMY
OF
THE
ARABS
.
49
3.3.2
MIDDLE
AGES
.
50
3.3.3
GEOCENTRIC
-
HELIOCENTRIC
.
51
3.3.4
KEPLER,
GALILEO,
NEWTON
.
53
3.3.5
CELESTIAL
MECHANICS
.
56
3.4
MODERN
ASTROPHYSICS
AND
COSMOLOGY
.
58
3.4.1
THE
DISCOVERY
OF
FURTHER
OBJECTS
IN
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
58
3.4.2
ASTROPHYSICS.
.
59
3.4.3
THE
UNIVERSE
.
61
3.4.4
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
.
62
3.4.5
WHAT
IS
MATTER?
.
63
3.5
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
63
4
CELESTIAL
MECHANICS
.
65
4.1
MOON
AND
PLANETARY
ORBITS
.
65
4.1.1
DESCRIPTION
OF
PLANETARY
ORBITS,
ORBITAL
ELEMENTS
.
66
4.1.2
EPHEMERIS
CALCULATION
.
68
4.1.3
APPARENT
PLANETARY
ORBITS
IN
THE
SKY
.
70
4.1.4
PERIHELION
ROTATION
.
72
4.1.5
LUNAR
ORBIT
.
73
4.1.6
EXOPLANET
TIDAL
LOCKING
.
74
4.1.7
TIDES
.
75
4.1.8
COMPARISON
OF
TIDAL
FORCE
OF
THE
MOON
AND
CAPILLARY
ACTION
IN
PLANTS
.
77
4.2
TWO-BODY
PROBLEM
.
78
4.2.1
DEFINITION
OF
THE
TWO-BODY
PROBLEM
.
78
4.2.2
ANGULAR
MOMENTUM,
AREA
THEOREM
.
80
4.2.3
ORBIT
SHAPE
.
81
4.2.4
ENERGY
THEOREM
.
82
4.2.5
THIRD
KEPLER
'
S
LAW
.
84
CONTENTS
IX
4.3
N-BODY
PROBLEM
.
85
4.3.1
THE
GENERAL N-BODY
PROBLEM
.
85
4.3.2
THE
GENERAL
THREE-BODY
PROBLEM
.
86
4.3.3
RESTRICTED
THREE-BODY
PROBLEM
.
87
4.3.4
THE
RUNGE-KUTTA
METHOD
FOR
NUMERICAL
INTEGRATION
.
91
4.3.5
STABILITY
.
93
4.4
MANY-PARTICLE
SYSTEMS
.
94
4.4.1
VIRIAL
THEOREM
AND
DISTANCE
OF
AN
INTERSTELLAR
GAS
CLOUD
.
94
4.4.2
ERGODIC
BEHAVIOR
.
95
4.5
SPACEFLIGHT
.
96
4.5.1
ESCAPE
VELOCITIES
.
96
4.5.2
ROCKET
FORMULA
.
98
4.5.3
SATELLITE
IN
EARTH
ORBIT
.
102
4.5.4
INFLUENCES
ON
SATELLITE
ORBITS
.
103
4.6 RESONANCES
AND
CHAOS
IN
THE
PLANETARY
SYSTEM
.
105
4.6.1
CHAOS
.
105
4.6.2 RESONANCES
IN
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
106
4.6.3
MIGRATION
OF
PLANETS
.
106
4.6.4
CHAOS
IN
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
107
4.7
ECLIPSES
.
108
4.7.1
LUNAR
ECLIPSES
.
108
4.7.2
SOLAR
ECLIPSES
.
109
4.7.3
PLANETARY
TRANSITS
.
113
4.8
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
115
TASKS
.
115
5
ASTRONOMICAL
INSTRUMENTS
.
117
5.1
TELESCOPES
.
117
5.1.1
BASIC
PROPERTIES
.
117
5.1.2
SEEING
AND
LARGE
TELESCOPES
.
121
5.1.3
IMAGING
ERRORS
.
122
5.1.4
TELESCOPE
TYPES
.
123
5.1.5
TELESCOPE
MOUNTS
.
125
5.1.6
ROBOTIC
TELESCOPES
.
127
5.2
MODERN
OPTICAL
TELESCOPES
.
128
5.2.1
MODERN
EARTHBOUND
TELESCOPES
.
128
5.2.2
THE
HUBBLE
SPACE
TELESCOPE
AND
OTHER
PROJECTS
.
130
5.3
DETECTORS
.
133
5.3.1
HUMAN
EYE
AND
PHOTOGRAPHY
.
133
5.3.2
CCD
.
134
5.3.3
CMOS
.
135
5.3.4
BACK-ILLUMINATED
SENSOR
.
135
X
CONTENTS
5.3.5
SPECKLE
INTERFEROMETRY
.
135
5.3.6
IMAGE
CORRECTION
.
136
5.4
NON-OPTICAL
TELESCOPES
.
136
5.4.1
RADIO
TELESCOPES
.
136
5.4.2
INFRARED
TELESCOPES
.
140
5.4.3
X-RAY
TELESCOPES
.
141
5.5
SPECTROSCOPY
.
143
5.5.1
GENERAL
INFORMATION
ABOUT
SPECTROSCOPY
.
144
5.5.2
TYPES
OF
SPECTROGRAPHS
.
147
5.6
RADIATION
AND
SPECTRUM
.
147
5.6.1
THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
.
147
5.6.2
THERMAL
RADIATION
.
148
5.6.3
EMISSION
AND
ABSORPTION
LINES
.
150
5.6.4
POLARIZED
LIGHT
.
152
5.6.5
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
AND
RADIATION
.
154
5.6.6
EINSTEIN
COEFFICIENTS
.
156
5.6.7
COHERENCE
.
157
5.7
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
157
TASKS
.
157
6
PHYSICS
OF
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
BODIES
.
161
6.1
OVERVIEW
.
161
6.1.1
SUN
AND
PLANETS
.
161
6.1.2
A
MODEL
OF
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
162
6.1.3
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
SEEN
FROM
OUTSIDE
.
163
6.2
PROPERTIES
OF
THE
PLANETS
.
164
6.2.1
ROTATION
PERIOD
.
164
6.2.2 MASS
DISTRIBUTION
.
165
6.2.3
ALBEDO
.
165
6.2.4
SPECTRUM
.
167
6.2.5
GLOBAL
ENERGY
BUDGET
.
167
6.2.6
HYDROSTATIC
EQUILIBRIUM
.
168
6.2.7
STABILITY
OF
A
SATELLITE,
ROCHE
LIMIT
.
169
6.2.8
PLANETARY
ATMOSPHERES
.
170
6.3
EARTH
AND
MOON
.
172
6.3.1
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
EARTH
.
172
6.3.2
GEOLOGICAL
AND
BIOLOGICAL
EVOLUTION
.
174
6.3.3
EARTH
'
S
MAGNETIC
FIELD
.
174
6.3.4
EARTH
'
S
ATMOSPHERE
.
177
6.3.5
THE
MOON-GENERAL
PORPERTIES
.
182
6.3.6 ORIGIN
OF
THE
MOON
.
185
6.3.7
THE
INTERIOR
OF
THE
MOON
.
186
CONTENTS
XI
6.3.8
THE
FAR
SIDE
OF
THE
MOON
.
187
6.4
MERCURY
AND
VENUS
.
188
6.4.1
MERCURY:
BASIC
DATA
.
188
6.4.2
THE
ROTATION
OF
MERCURY
.
189
6.4.3
THE
SURFACE
OF
MERCURY
.
190
6.4.4
VENUS:
BASIC
DATA
.
191
6.4.5
SURFACE
OF
VENUS
.
192
6.4.6
ATMOSPHERE
OF
VENUS
.
194
6.4.7
VENUS
AND
CLIMATE
CHANGE
ON
EARTH
.
196
6.5
MARS
.
197
6.5.1
MARS:
GENERAL
DATA
.
197
6.5.2
MARTIAN
SURFACE
.
198
6.5.3
MARS
ATMOSPHERE
.
202
6.5.4
MARS:
TERRAFORMING?
.
203
6.5.5
MARTIAN
MOONS
.
204
6.6
JUPITER
AND
SATURN
.
205
6.6.1
JUPITER:
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
.
206
6.6.2
SPACE
MISSIONS
TO
JUPITER
.
206
6.6.3
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
GIANT
PLANETS
.
207
6.6.4
JUPITER
ATMOSPHERE
.
208
6.6.5
MAGNETOSPHERE
OF
JUPITER
.
211
6.6.6
JUPITER
'
S
RINGS
AND
MOONS
.
211
6.6.7
SATURN:
BASIC
DATA
.
215
6.6.8
SATURN
'
S
RINGS
.
216
6.6.9
SATURN
'
S
MOONS
.
.
216
6.7
URANUS
AND
NEPTUNE
.
220
6.7.1
DISCOVERY
OF
URANUS
AND
NEPTUNE
.
220
6.7.2
RINGS
AND
SATELLITES
OF
URANUS
AND
NEPTUNE
.
221
6.8
DWARF
PLANETS
AND
ASTEROIDS
.
223
6.8.1
PLUTO
.
223
6.8.2
CERES
AND
OTHER
DWARF
PLANETS
.
225
6.8.3
ASTEROIDS:
NAMING
AND
TYPES
.
227
6.8.4
DISTRIBUTION
OF
ASTEROIDS
.
231
6.8.5
NEOS
.
232
6.9
COMETS
.
234
6.9.1
COMETS:
BASIC
PROPERTIES
.
234
6.9.2
KUIPER
BELT
AND
OORT
'
S
CLOUD
.
238
6.9.3
SUNGRAZER
.
240
6.10
METEOROIDS
.
240
6.10.1
NOMENCLATURE
.
240
6.10.2
CLASSIFICATION
.
241
6.10.3
INTERPLANETARY
MATTER
.
243
XII
CONTENTS
6.11
ORIGIN
OF
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
243
6.11.1
EXTRASOLAR
PLANETARY
SYSTEMS
.
244
6.11.2
THEORIES
OF
FORMATION
.
245
6.11.3
PROTOPLANETARY
NEBULA
.
246
6.12
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
247
TASKS
.
247
7
THE
SUN
.
251
7.1
BASIC
DATA
AND
COORDINATES
.
251
7.1.1
BASIC
DATA
.
252
7.1.2
COORDINATES
.
252
7.1.3
DISTANCE
.
253
7.1.4
SOLAR
MASS
.
254
7.1.5
RADIUS
.
254
7.1.6 LUMINOSITY
.
255
7.1.7
EFFECTIVE
TEMPERATURE
.
255
7.1.8
SUN:
OBSERVATION
.
257
7.2
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
SUN,
THE
QUIET
SUN
.
259
7.2.1
GENERAL
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
SUN
.
259
7.2.2
SUN
'
S
INTERIOR
.
260
7.2.3
PHOTOSPHERE
.
261
7.2.4
CHROMOSPHERE
.
264
7.2.5
CORONA
.
264
7.3
THE
ACTIVE
SUN
.
266
7.3.1
SUNSPOTS
.
266
7.3.2
FACULAE
.
270
7.3.3
PROMINENCES
.
271
7.3.4
FLARES
AND
CORONAL
MASS
EJECTIONS
.
272
7.3.5
THE
RADIO
RADIATION
.
276
7.3.6
X-RAYS
OF
THE
CORONA
.
278
7.4
THE
SPACE-WEATHER-SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL
RELATIONS
.
281
7.4.1
THE
SOLAR
ACTIVITY
CYCLE
.
281
7.4.2
TIME
SERIES,
PERIOD
ANALYSIS
.
282
7.4.3
THE
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
.
283
7.5
HELIOSEISMOLOGY
.
287
7.5.1
MATHEMATICAL
DESCRIPTION
.
288
7.5.2
OBSERVATIONAL
RESULTS
.
291
7.6
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS
OF
THE
SUN
.
293
7.6.1
MAXWELL
'
S
EQUATIONS
.
293
7.6.2
INDUCTION
EQUATION
.
294
7.6.3
PLASMA
EQUATIONS
.
295
7.6.4
MOTION
OF
A
PARTICLE
IN
A
MAGNETIC
FIELD
.
297
CONTENTS
XIII
7.7
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
301
TASKS
.
301
8
STATE
VARIABLES
OF
STARS
.
303
8.1
DISTANCE,
MAGNITUDES
.
303
8.1.1
APPARENT
BRIGHTNESS
.
303
8.1.2
DISTANCE
.
305
8.1.3
ABSOLUTE
BRIGHTNESS,
DISTANCE
MODULUS
.
305
8.1.4
BOLOMETRIC
BRIGHTNESS
.
307
8.2
STELLAR
RADII
.
308
8.2.1
BASIC
PRINCIPLE
.
308
8.2.2
STELLAR
INTERFEROMETER
.
308
8.2.3
STELLAR
OCCULTATIONS
BY
THE
MOON
.
309
8.2.4
ECLIPSING
VARIABLE
STARS
.
310
8.2.5
SPECKLE
INTERFEROMETRY
.
312
8.2.6
MICROLENSING
.
313
8.3
STELLAR
MASSES
.
313
8.3.1
KEPLER
'
S
THIRD
LAW
.
313
8.3.2
GRAVITATIONAL
RED
SHIFT
.
315
8.3.3
MICROLENSING
.
316
8.3.4
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
.
316
8.4
STELLAR
TEMPERATURES
.
317
8.4.1
STARS
AS
BLACK
BODIES
.
317
8.4.2
OTHER
TEMPERATURE
TERMS
.
318
8.5
CLASSIFICATION
OF
STARS,
HRD
.
318
8.5.1
SPECTRAL
CLASSIFICATION
.
318
8.5.2
THE
HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL
DIAGRAM
.
320
8.5.3
LUMINOSITY
CLASSES
.
323
8.5.4
BALMER
DISCONTINUITY
.
325
8.5.5
STAR
POPULATION
AND
FHD
.
326
8.5.6
THE
MASS-LUMINOSITY
RELATION
.
327
8.6
ROTATION
AND
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
.
328
8.6.1
ROTATION
.
328
8.6.2
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
.
330
8.7
PECULIAR
STARS
.
331
8.7.1
BRIGHT
STARS
.
331
8.7.2
ALGOL
AND
ECLIPSING
BINARIES
.
332
8.8
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
334
TASKS
.
334
XIV
CONTENTS
9
STELLAR
ATMOSPHERES
.
337
9.1
QUANTUM
MECHANICAL
DESCRIPTION
.
337
9.1.1
DESCRIPTION
OF
A
PARTICLE
.
337
9.1.2
SCHRODINGER
EQUATION
.
338
9.1.3
WAVE
FUNCTIONS
FOR
HYDROGEN
.
339
9.1.4
QUANTUM
NUMBERS
.
342
9.1.5
ELECTRON
CONFIGURATIONS
.
343
9.1.6
HYDROGEN FINE
STRUCTURE
.
343
9.1.7
COMPLEX
ATOMS
.
344
9.2
EXCITATION
AND
IONIZATION
.
345
9.2.1
THERMODYNAMIC
EQUILIBRIUM
.
346
9.2.2
BOLTZMANN
FORMULA
.
347
9.2.3
SAHA
EQUATION
.
348
9.3
RADIATION
TRANSPORT
.
349
9.3.1
TRANSFER
EQUATION
.
350
9.3.2
SOLUTIONS
OF
THE
TRANSFER
EQUATION
.
353
9.4
ABSORPTION
COEFFICIENTS
.
357
9.4.1
CONTINUOUS
ABSORPTION
.
357
9.4.2
SCATTERING
.
358
9.4.3
THEORY
OF
ABSORPTION
LINES
.
358
9.5
LINE
PROFILES
.
361
9.5.1
DAMPING
.
361
9.5.2
DOPPLER
BROADENING
.
363
9.5.3
VOIGT
PROFILE
.
364
9.6
ANALYSIS
OF
STELLAR
SPECTRA
.
365
9.6.1
CURVES
OF
GROWTH
.
365
9.6.2
QUANTITATIVE
SPECTRAL
ANALYSIS
.
367
9.7
STELLAR
ATMOSPHERE
MODELS
.
368
9.7.1
COMPARISON:
SUN
AND
VEGA
.
368
9.7.2
NUMERICAL
SOLUTIONS
.
370
9.8
ASTEROSEISMOLOGY
.
372
9.8.1
OBSERVATIONS
.
372
9.8.2
TYPES
OF
WAVES
.
373
9.9
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
374
TASKS
.
375
10
STELLAR
STRUCTURE
.
379
10.1
BASIC
PHYSICAL LAWS
OF
STELLAR
STRUCTURE
.
379
10.1.1
HYDROSTATIC
EQUILIBRIUM
.
379
10.1.2
EQUATION
OF
MOTION
WITH
SPHERICAL
SYMMETRY
.
382
10.1.3
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
.
384
10.1.4
EQUATION
OF
STATE
.
385
CONTENTS
XV
10.1.5
DEGENERACY
.
387
10.1.6
SUMMARY:
EQUATION
OF
STATE
.
389
10.2
ENERGY
TRANSPORT
.
389
10.2.1
CONVECTION
.
389
10.2.2
OPACITY
.
394
10.3
ENERGY
SOURCES
.
396
10.3.1
THERMONUCLEAR
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
.
397
10.3.2
NEUTRINOS
.
404
10.4
SPECIAL
STELLAR
MODELS
.
406
10.4.1
POLYTROPIC
MODELS
.
406
10.4.2
HOMOLOGOUS
EQUATIONS
.
409
10.5
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
410
TASKS
.
411
11
STELLAR
EVOLUTION
.
413
11.1
STAR
FORMATION
AND
EVOLUTION
.
413
11.1.1
PROTOSTARS
.
413
11.1.2
COLLAPSE
OF
A
SUN-LIKE
STAR
.
416
11.1.3
THE
AGE
OF
STARS
.
417
11.1.4
EVOLUTION
OF
A
STAR
WITH
ONE
SOLAR
MASS
.
418
11.2
COMPARISON
OF
STELLAR
EVOLUTION
.
420
11.2.1
LOW-MASS
STARS
.
421
11.2.2
MASSIVE
STARS
.
421
11.3
WHITE
DWARFS
.
422
11.3.1
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
.
422
11.3.2
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
AND
WHITE
DWARFS
.
424
11.3.3
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
.
425
11.3.4
BROWN
DWARFS
.
425
11.4
NEUTRON
STARS
.
426
11.4.1
FORMATION
OF
NEUTRON
STARS
.
426
11.4.2
PULSARS
.
427
11.5
SUPERNOVAE
.
432
11.5.1
CLASSIFICATION
.
432
11.5.2
NUCLEAR
SYNTHESIS
DURING
A
SN
.
434
11.5.3
OBSERVED
SUPERNOVAE
.
435
11.6
BLACK
HOLES
.
436
11.6.1
GENERAL
.
437
11.6.2
CANDIDATES
FOR BLACK
HOLES
.
439
11.6.3
QUANTUM
THEORY
OF
BLACK
HOLES
.
440
11.6.4
ACCRETION
.
442
11.7
GAMMA
RAY
BURSTS
.
442
11.7.1
PROPERTIES
OF
GRB
.
442
XVI
CONTENTS
11.7.2
EXPLANATION
OF
GRB
.
443
11.8
VARIABLE
STARS
.
444
11.8.1
GENERAL
.
444
11.8.2
PULSATION
VARIABLE
.
446
11.8.3
SEMI-REGULAR
VARIABLES
.
449
11.8.4
ERUPTIVE
VARIABLES
.
451
11.8.5
PECULIAR
STARS
.
454
11.8.6
PLANETARY
NEBULAE
.
454
11.9
STELLAR
ACTIVITY
.
455
11.9.1
STELLAR
ACTIVITY
AND
CONVECTION
.
456
11.9.2
MASS
LOSS
OF
STARS
.
458
11.10
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
460
TASKS
.
460
12
INTERSTELLAR
MATTER
.
463
12.1
DISCOVERY,
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
.
463
12.1.1
DISCOVERY
OF
INTERSTELLAR
MATTER
.
463
12.1.2
COMPOSITION
OF
INTERSTELLAR
MATTER
.
464
12.2
INTERSTELLAR
DUST
.
465
12.2.1
EXTINCTION
.
465
12.2.2
SCATTERING
.
466
12.2.3
POLARIZATION
.
467
12.3
INTERSTELLAR
GAS
.
468
12.3.1
NEUTRAL
HYDROGEN
.
468
12.3.2
EMISSION
NEBULAE,
H-II
REGIONS
.
471
12.3.3
SPECIAL
EMISSION
NEBULAE
.
474
12.3.4
LIGHT
ECHOES
.
475
12.4
COSMIC
RAYS
.
475
12.4.1
DISCOVERY
.
475
12.4.2
COMPOSITION
AND
ORIGIN
.
475
12.4.3
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
AND
CHARGED
PARTICLES
.
476
12.4.4
SOLAR
ACTIVITY
AND
COSMIC
RAYS
.
477
12.5
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
477
TASKS
.
477
13
THE
GALAXY
.
479
13.1
METHODS
FOR
DETERMINING
DISTANCES
.
479
13.1.1
TRIGONOMETRIC
METHODS
.
479
13.1.2
PHOTOMETRIC
STANDARD
CANDLES
.
482
13.2
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
OUR
MILKY
WAY
.
484
13.2.1
ROUGH
STRUCTURE
.
484
13.2.2
GALACTIC
COORDINATES
.
485
CONTENTS
XVII
13.2.3
DISTRIBUTION
OF
THE
STARS
.
487
13.2.4
GALAXY:
COMPONENTS
.
489
13.2.5
LOCAL
SOLAR
ENVIRONMENT,
LOCAL
BUBBLE
.
491
13.2.6
STELLAR
STATISTICS
.
492
13.3
STAR
POPULATIONS
AND
DENSITY
WAVES
.
493
13.3.1
STAR
POPULATIONS
.
493
13.3.2
DENSITY
WAVES,
SPIRAL
STRUCTURE
.
494
13.4
ROTATION
OF
THE
GALAXY
.
495
13.4.1
RADIAL
AND
TANGENTIAL
MOTION
.
495
13.4.2
GALACTIC
ROTATION,
LSR
.
496
13.4.3
GALACTIC
ROTATION
CURVE
.
498
13.5
DARK
MATTER
IN
THE
MILKY
WAY
.
503
13.5.1
THE
NATURE
OF
DARK
MATTER
.
504
13.5.2
GALACTIC
MICROLENSING
.
505
13.6
GALACTIC
CENTER
.
506
13.6.1
DEFINITION
OF
THE
CENTER
.
506
13.6.2
CENTRAL
STAR
CLUSTER
AND
BLACK
HOLE
.
507
13.7
EVOLUTION
OF
THE
GALAXY
.
508
13.7.1
THEORIES
TO
THE
ORIGIN
OF
THE
SPIRAL-ARMS
.
508
13.7.2
AGE
OF
THE
GALAXY
AND
MAGNETIC
FIELD
.
509
13.8
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
510
TASKS
.
510
14
EXTRAGALACTIC
SYSTEMS
.
513
14.1
CLASSIFICATION
.
513
14.1.1
CATALOGUES
.
513
14.1.2
HUBBLE
CLASSIFICATION
.
516
14.1.3
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
.
518
14.1.4
OTHER
CLASSIFICATIONS
OF
GALAXIES
.
520
14.2
DISCUSSION
OF
THE
INDIVIDUAL
TYPES
.
521
14.2.1
ELLIPTICAL
GALAXIES,
E
.
521
14.2.2
SPIRAL
GALAXIES
.
523
14.2.3
IRREGULAR
GALAXIES
.
525
14.2.4
DISTRIBUTION
AMONG
THE
TYPES
.
525
14.2.5
INTEGRAL
PROPERTIES
AND
DIAMETERS
.
525
14.2.6
THE
MAGELLANIC
CLOUDS
.
527
14.2.7
POPULATION
SYNTHESIS
.
527
14.3
SUPERMASSIVE
BLACK
HOLES
.
529
14.3.1
DETECTION
OF
SMBHS
.
529
14.3.2
SMBHS
AND
GALAXY
PROPERTIES
.
530
14.4
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
.
531
14.4.1
ACTIVE
GALACTIC
NUCLEI
.
531
XVIII
CONTENTS
14.4.2
RADIO
GALAXIES
.
533
14.4.3
QUASARS
.
537
14.4.4
GALAXIES
WITH
HIGH
RED
SHIFT
.
541
14.4.5
BLAZAR
.
541
14.5
GALAXY
CLUSTERS
.
542
14.5.1
THE
LOCAL
GROUP
.
542
14.5.2
ABELL
CATALOGUE
OF
GALAXY
CLUSTERS
.
542
14.5.3
GALAXY
COLLISIONS
.
544
14.5.4
SUPER
CLUSTER
.
545
14.5.5
SPECIAL
GALAXY
CLUSTERS
.
546
14.6
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
546
TASKS
.
548
15
COSMOLOGY
.
551
15.1
EXPANSION
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
552
15.1.1
VIEW
INTO
THE
PAST
.
552
15.1.2
OLBERS
PARADOX
.
552
15.1.3
GALAXY
COUNTS
.
553
15.1.4
THE
REDSHIFT
OF
THE
GALAXIES
.
554
15.1.5
THE
AGE
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
555
15.1.6
HOMOGENEITY
AND
ISOTROPY
.
556
15.1.7
METHODS
OF
DISTANCE
DETERMINATION
.
556
15.2
NEWTONIAN
COSMOLOGY
.
557
15.2.1
EXPANSION
.
557
15.2.2
EQUATION
OF
MOTION
.
558
15.2.3
CONSERVATION
OF
ENERGY
.
559
15.3
THEORY
OF
RELATIVITY
.
560
15.3.1
SPECIAL
THEORY
OF
RELATIVITY
.
560
15.3.2
FOUR
VECTORS,
TRANSFORMATIONS
.
564
15.3.3
GENERAL
THEORY
OF
RELATIVITY
.
566
15.3.4
MATTER
AND
SPACE-TIME
CURVATURE
.
567
15.3.5
METRIC
OF
THE
SPACE
.
569
15.3.6
FRIEDMANN-LEMAITRE
EQUATIONS
.
572
15.3.7
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
CONSTANT
AND
VACUUM
ENERGY
.
573
15.3.8
GRAVITATIONAL
WAVES
.
576
15.4
DARK
ENERGY,
ACCELERATED
EXPANSION
.
577
15.4.1
OBSERVATIONS
.
577
15.4.2
DARK
ENERGY
.
579
15.5
THE
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
580
15.5.1
BIG
BANG:
OBSERVATIONAL
HINTS
.
580
15.5.2
SUNYAEV-ZEL
'
DOVICH
EFFECT
.
582
15.5.3
ACOUSTIC
OSCILLATIONS
.
586
CONTENTS
XIX
15.5.4
FORMATION
OF
PARTICLES
.
586
15.5.5
QUARKS
AND
QUARK-GLUON
PLASMA
.
587
15.5.6
PARTICLE
GENERATION
.
588
15.6
SYMMETRY
BREAKING
IN
THE
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
590
15.6.1
THE
FOUR
FORCES
OF
NATURE
.
590
15.6.2
THE
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
592
15.6.3
INFLATIONARY
UNIVERSE
.
592
15.6.4
STRING
THEORY
.
594
15.6.5
QUANTUM
FOAM
.
598
15.6.6
QUANTUM
VACUUM
.
599
15.6.7
LOOP
GRAVITY,
QUANTUM
LOOP
GRAVITY
.
599
15.6.8
THE
FIRST
STARS
.
601
15.6.9
PARALLEL
UNIVERSES
.
602
15.7
TIME
SCALE
.
602
15.8
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
602
TASKS
.
603
16
ASTROBIOLOGY
.
605
16.1
LIFE
ON
EARTH
AND
IN
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
605
16.1.1
WHAT
IS
LIFE?
.
605
16.1.2
LIFE
ON
EARTH
.
606
16.1.3
PROTECTIVE
SHIELDS
FOR
LIFE
ON
EARTH
.
607
16.1.4
LIFE
IN
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
608
16.2
DISCOVERY
OF
EXTRASOLAR
PLANETARY
SYSTEMS
.
608
16.2.1
ASTROMETRY
.
609
16.2.2
RADIAL
VELOCITY
METHOD
.
609
16.2.3
LIGHT
CURVES,
TRANSIT
OBSERVATIONS
.
610
16.2.4
MICROLENSING
.
610
16.2.5
EINSTEIN-BEAMING
.
611
16.2.6
EARTH-BASED
OBSERVATIONS
.
611
16.3
HOST
STARS
.
612
16.3.1
HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL
DIAGRAM
.
612
16.3.2
HABITABLE
ZONE
.
614
16.3.3
EXAMPLES
.
615
16.4
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
618
TASKS
.
618
17
MATHEMATICAL
METHODS
.
621
17.1
PYTHON-A
CRASH
COURSE
.
621
17.1.1
WHAT
IS
PYTHON?
.
621
17.1.2
A
FIRST
SIMPLE
PYTHON
PROGRAM
.
622
17.1.3
EXAMPLE:
BRIGHTNESS
MEASUREMENTS
.
623
XX
CONTENTS
17.2
STATISTICS
.
624
17.2.1
MEAN
VALUES
.
624
17.2.2
DISTRIBUTION
FUNCTIONS
.
627
17.2.3
MOMENTS
.
628
17.3
CURVE
FITS
AND
CORRELATION
CALCULATION
.
630
17.3.1
FITTING
CURVES,
LEAST
SQUARES
METHOD
.
630
17.3.2
CORRELATIONS
.
634
17.4
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
.
638
17.4.1
FIRST
ORDER
LINEAR
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
.
638
17.4.2
OSCILLATOR
EQUATION
.
639
17.4.3
PARTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
.
640
17.5
NUMERICAL
MATHEMATICS
.
641
17.5.1
INTERPOLATION
POLYNOMIALS
.
641
17.5.2
DIVIDED
DIFFERENCES
.
642
17.5.3
NEWTON
'
S
INTERPOLATION
METHOD
.
643
17.5.4
INTERPOLATION
WITH
UNEVENLY
DISTRIBUTED
GRID
POINTS
.
644
17.5.5
NUMERICAL
DIFFERENTIATION
.
645
17.5.6
NUMERICAL
INTEGRATION
.
647
17.5.7
NUMERICAL
SOLUTION
OF
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
.
648
17.6
FOURIER
METHODS
.
653
17.6.1
AUTOCORRELATION
.
653
17.6.2
THE
FAST
FOURIER
TRANSFORM,
FFT
.
653
17.6.3
DIGITAL
FILTERS
.
655
17.6.4
FOURIER
TRANSFORMS
IN
OPTICS
.
656
17.7
VECTOR
CALCULUS
.
659
17.7.1
GENERAL
.
659
17.7.2
GRADIENT,
DIVERGENCE,
CURL
.
661
17.7.3
APPLICATIONS
.
662
17.8
SPLINES
.
663
17.9
SPECIAL
SOFTWARE
PACKAGES
.
665
17.9.1
THE
EPHEM
PROGRAM
PACKAGE
.
665
17.9.2
CALCULATION
OF
THE
LIGHT
CURVES
OF
EXOPLANET
TRANSITS
.
665
17.9.3
IMAGE
PROCESSING
.
666
17.9.4
THE
FILE
FORMAT
FITS
.
669
17.10
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
669
TASKS
.
670
A
APPENDIX
.
673
A.1
LITERATURE
.
673
A.
1.1
GENERAL
.
673
A.
1.2
JOURNALS
.
674
A.
1.3
IMPORTANT
INTERNET
ADDRESSES
.
674
CONTENTS
XXI
A.
1.4
SOFTWARE
(PROFESSIONAL)
.
675
A.2
TEST
QUESTIONS
.
675
A.3
TABLES
.
677 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTION
.
1
2
SPHERICAL
ASTRONOMY
.
5
2.1
COORDINATE
SYSTEMS
.
5
2.1.1
BASIC
PRINCIPLE
FOR
THE
CREATION
OF
COORDINATE
SYSTEMS
.
6
2.1.2
HORIZON
SYSTEM
.
6
2.1.3
EQUATOR
SYSTEM
.
7
2.1.4
ECLIPTIC
SYSTEM
.
9
2.1.5
GALACTIC
SYSTEM
.
10
2.1.6
TRANSFORMATIONS
OF
THE
SYSTEMS
.
10
2.2
THE
TIME
.
12
2.2.1
DEFINITIONS,
SOLAR
TIME
AND
SIDEREAL
TIME
.
12
2.2.2
CALENDAR
.
15
2.2.3
THE
STAR
OF
BETHLEHEM
.
19
2.3
STAR
POSITIONS
.
19
2.3.1
CONSTELLATIONS
AND
ZODIAC
.
20
2.3.2
REFRACTION
.
21
2.3.3
ABERRATION
.
22
2.3.4
PARALLAX
.
24
2.3.5
PRECESSION,
NUTATION
.
26
2.3.6
STAR
CATALOGUES
.
28
2.3.7
LIGHT
DEFLECTION
AND
EXOPLANETS
.
30
2.4
DETERMINATION
OF
TIME
AND
PLACE
.
32
2.4.1
LATITUDE
.
32
2.4.2
TIME
DETERMINATION
.
33
2.4.3
MODERN
NAVIGATION
SYSTEMS
.
34
2.5
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
34
TASKS
.
35
VIII
CONTENTS
3
HISTORY
OF
ASTRONOMY
.
39
3.1
ASTRONOMY
OF
PRE
AND
EARLY
HISTORY
.
39
3.1.1
STONE
AGE
.
39
3.1.2
EGYPT,
MESOPOTAMIA
.
41
3.1.3
CHINA
.
43
3.1.4
CENTRAL
AND
NORTH
AMERICA
.
44
3.1.5
OLD
EUROPE
.
45
3.2
ASTRONOMY
OF
THE
GREEKS
.
45
3.2.1
PHILOSOPHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
.
45
3.2.2
FIRST
MEASUREMENTS
.
46
3.2.3
NAVIGATION
.
49
3.3
ASTRONOMY
IN
THE
MIDDLE
AGES
AND
MODERN
TIMES
.
49
3.3.1
ASTRONOMY
OF
THE
ARABS
.
49
3.3.2
MIDDLE
AGES
.
50
3.3.3
GEOCENTRIC
-
HELIOCENTRIC
.
51
3.3.4
KEPLER,
GALILEO,
NEWTON
.
53
3.3.5
CELESTIAL
MECHANICS
.
56
3.4
MODERN
ASTROPHYSICS
AND
COSMOLOGY
.
58
3.4.1
THE
DISCOVERY
OF
FURTHER
OBJECTS
IN
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
58
3.4.2
ASTROPHYSICS.
.
59
3.4.3
THE
UNIVERSE
.
61
3.4.4
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
.
62
3.4.5
WHAT
IS
MATTER?
.
63
3.5
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
63
4
CELESTIAL
MECHANICS
.
65
4.1
MOON
AND
PLANETARY
ORBITS
.
65
4.1.1
DESCRIPTION
OF
PLANETARY
ORBITS,
ORBITAL
ELEMENTS
.
66
4.1.2
EPHEMERIS
CALCULATION
.
68
4.1.3
APPARENT
PLANETARY
ORBITS
IN
THE
SKY
.
70
4.1.4
PERIHELION
ROTATION
.
72
4.1.5
LUNAR
ORBIT
.
73
4.1.6
EXOPLANET
TIDAL
LOCKING
.
74
4.1.7
TIDES
.
75
4.1.8
COMPARISON
OF
TIDAL
FORCE
OF
THE
MOON
AND
CAPILLARY
ACTION
IN
PLANTS
.
77
4.2
TWO-BODY
PROBLEM
.
78
4.2.1
DEFINITION
OF
THE
TWO-BODY
PROBLEM
.
78
4.2.2
ANGULAR
MOMENTUM,
AREA
THEOREM
.
80
4.2.3
ORBIT
SHAPE
.
81
4.2.4
ENERGY
THEOREM
.
82
4.2.5
THIRD
KEPLER
'
S
LAW
.
84
CONTENTS
IX
4.3
N-BODY
PROBLEM
.
85
4.3.1
THE
GENERAL N-BODY
PROBLEM
.
85
4.3.2
THE
GENERAL
THREE-BODY
PROBLEM
.
86
4.3.3
RESTRICTED
THREE-BODY
PROBLEM
.
87
4.3.4
THE
RUNGE-KUTTA
METHOD
FOR
NUMERICAL
INTEGRATION
.
91
4.3.5
STABILITY
.
93
4.4
MANY-PARTICLE
SYSTEMS
.
94
4.4.1
VIRIAL
THEOREM
AND
DISTANCE
OF
AN
INTERSTELLAR
GAS
CLOUD
.
94
4.4.2
ERGODIC
BEHAVIOR
.
95
4.5
SPACEFLIGHT
.
96
4.5.1
ESCAPE
VELOCITIES
.
96
4.5.2
ROCKET
FORMULA
.
98
4.5.3
SATELLITE
IN
EARTH
ORBIT
.
102
4.5.4
INFLUENCES
ON
SATELLITE
ORBITS
.
103
4.6 RESONANCES
AND
CHAOS
IN
THE
PLANETARY
SYSTEM
.
105
4.6.1
CHAOS
.
105
4.6.2 RESONANCES
IN
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
106
4.6.3
MIGRATION
OF
PLANETS
.
106
4.6.4
CHAOS
IN
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
107
4.7
ECLIPSES
.
108
4.7.1
LUNAR
ECLIPSES
.
108
4.7.2
SOLAR
ECLIPSES
.
109
4.7.3
PLANETARY
TRANSITS
.
113
4.8
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
115
TASKS
.
115
5
ASTRONOMICAL
INSTRUMENTS
.
117
5.1
TELESCOPES
.
117
5.1.1
BASIC
PROPERTIES
.
117
5.1.2
SEEING
AND
LARGE
TELESCOPES
.
121
5.1.3
IMAGING
ERRORS
.
122
5.1.4
TELESCOPE
TYPES
.
123
5.1.5
TELESCOPE
MOUNTS
.
125
5.1.6
ROBOTIC
TELESCOPES
.
127
5.2
MODERN
OPTICAL
TELESCOPES
.
128
5.2.1
MODERN
EARTHBOUND
TELESCOPES
.
128
5.2.2
THE
HUBBLE
SPACE
TELESCOPE
AND
OTHER
PROJECTS
.
130
5.3
DETECTORS
.
133
5.3.1
HUMAN
EYE
AND
PHOTOGRAPHY
.
133
5.3.2
CCD
.
134
5.3.3
CMOS
.
135
5.3.4
BACK-ILLUMINATED
SENSOR
.
135
X
CONTENTS
5.3.5
SPECKLE
INTERFEROMETRY
.
135
5.3.6
IMAGE
CORRECTION
.
136
5.4
NON-OPTICAL
TELESCOPES
.
136
5.4.1
RADIO
TELESCOPES
.
136
5.4.2
INFRARED
TELESCOPES
.
140
5.4.3
X-RAY
TELESCOPES
.
141
5.5
SPECTROSCOPY
.
143
5.5.1
GENERAL
INFORMATION
ABOUT
SPECTROSCOPY
.
144
5.5.2
TYPES
OF
SPECTROGRAPHS
.
147
5.6
RADIATION
AND
SPECTRUM
.
147
5.6.1
THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
.
147
5.6.2
THERMAL
RADIATION
.
148
5.6.3
EMISSION
AND
ABSORPTION
LINES
.
150
5.6.4
POLARIZED
LIGHT
.
152
5.6.5
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
AND
RADIATION
.
154
5.6.6
EINSTEIN
COEFFICIENTS
.
156
5.6.7
COHERENCE
.
157
5.7
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
157
TASKS
.
157
6
PHYSICS
OF
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
BODIES
.
161
6.1
OVERVIEW
.
161
6.1.1
SUN
AND
PLANETS
.
161
6.1.2
A
MODEL
OF
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
162
6.1.3
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
SEEN
FROM
OUTSIDE
.
163
6.2
PROPERTIES
OF
THE
PLANETS
.
164
6.2.1
ROTATION
PERIOD
.
164
6.2.2 MASS
DISTRIBUTION
.
165
6.2.3
ALBEDO
.
165
6.2.4
SPECTRUM
.
167
6.2.5
GLOBAL
ENERGY
BUDGET
.
167
6.2.6
HYDROSTATIC
EQUILIBRIUM
.
168
6.2.7
STABILITY
OF
A
SATELLITE,
ROCHE
LIMIT
.
169
6.2.8
PLANETARY
ATMOSPHERES
.
170
6.3
EARTH
AND
MOON
.
172
6.3.1
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
EARTH
.
172
6.3.2
GEOLOGICAL
AND
BIOLOGICAL
EVOLUTION
.
174
6.3.3
EARTH
'
S
MAGNETIC
FIELD
.
174
6.3.4
EARTH
'
S
ATMOSPHERE
.
177
6.3.5
THE
MOON-GENERAL
PORPERTIES
.
182
6.3.6 ORIGIN
OF
THE
MOON
.
185
6.3.7
THE
INTERIOR
OF
THE
MOON
.
186
CONTENTS
XI
6.3.8
THE
FAR
SIDE
OF
THE
MOON
.
187
6.4
MERCURY
AND
VENUS
.
188
6.4.1
MERCURY:
BASIC
DATA
.
188
6.4.2
THE
ROTATION
OF
MERCURY
.
189
6.4.3
THE
SURFACE
OF
MERCURY
.
190
6.4.4
VENUS:
BASIC
DATA
.
191
6.4.5
SURFACE
OF
VENUS
.
192
6.4.6
ATMOSPHERE
OF
VENUS
.
194
6.4.7
VENUS
AND
CLIMATE
CHANGE
ON
EARTH
.
196
6.5
MARS
.
197
6.5.1
MARS:
GENERAL
DATA
.
197
6.5.2
MARTIAN
SURFACE
.
198
6.5.3
MARS
ATMOSPHERE
.
202
6.5.4
MARS:
TERRAFORMING?
.
203
6.5.5
MARTIAN
MOONS
.
204
6.6
JUPITER
AND
SATURN
.
205
6.6.1
JUPITER:
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
.
206
6.6.2
SPACE
MISSIONS
TO
JUPITER
.
206
6.6.3
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
GIANT
PLANETS
.
207
6.6.4
JUPITER
ATMOSPHERE
.
208
6.6.5
MAGNETOSPHERE
OF
JUPITER
.
211
6.6.6
JUPITER
'
S
RINGS
AND
MOONS
.
211
6.6.7
SATURN:
BASIC
DATA
.
215
6.6.8
SATURN
'
S
RINGS
.
216
6.6.9
SATURN
'
S
MOONS
.
.
216
6.7
URANUS
AND
NEPTUNE
.
220
6.7.1
DISCOVERY
OF
URANUS
AND
NEPTUNE
.
220
6.7.2
RINGS
AND
SATELLITES
OF
URANUS
AND
NEPTUNE
.
221
6.8
DWARF
PLANETS
AND
ASTEROIDS
.
223
6.8.1
PLUTO
.
223
6.8.2
CERES
AND
OTHER
DWARF
PLANETS
.
225
6.8.3
ASTEROIDS:
NAMING
AND
TYPES
.
227
6.8.4
DISTRIBUTION
OF
ASTEROIDS
.
231
6.8.5
NEOS
.
232
6.9
COMETS
.
234
6.9.1
COMETS:
BASIC
PROPERTIES
.
234
6.9.2
KUIPER
BELT
AND
OORT
'
S
CLOUD
.
238
6.9.3
SUNGRAZER
.
240
6.10
METEOROIDS
.
240
6.10.1
NOMENCLATURE
.
240
6.10.2
CLASSIFICATION
.
241
6.10.3
INTERPLANETARY
MATTER
.
243
XII
CONTENTS
6.11
ORIGIN
OF
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
243
6.11.1
EXTRASOLAR
PLANETARY
SYSTEMS
.
244
6.11.2
THEORIES
OF
FORMATION
.
245
6.11.3
PROTOPLANETARY
NEBULA
.
246
6.12
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
247
TASKS
.
247
7
THE
SUN
.
251
7.1
BASIC
DATA
AND
COORDINATES
.
251
7.1.1
BASIC
DATA
.
252
7.1.2
COORDINATES
.
252
7.1.3
DISTANCE
.
253
7.1.4
SOLAR
MASS
.
254
7.1.5
RADIUS
.
254
7.1.6 LUMINOSITY
.
255
7.1.7
EFFECTIVE
TEMPERATURE
.
255
7.1.8
SUN:
OBSERVATION
.
257
7.2
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
SUN,
THE
QUIET
SUN
.
259
7.2.1
GENERAL
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
SUN
.
259
7.2.2
SUN
'
S
INTERIOR
.
260
7.2.3
PHOTOSPHERE
.
261
7.2.4
CHROMOSPHERE
.
264
7.2.5
CORONA
.
264
7.3
THE
ACTIVE
SUN
.
266
7.3.1
SUNSPOTS
.
266
7.3.2
FACULAE
.
270
7.3.3
PROMINENCES
.
271
7.3.4
FLARES
AND
CORONAL
MASS
EJECTIONS
.
272
7.3.5
THE
RADIO
RADIATION
.
276
7.3.6
X-RAYS
OF
THE
CORONA
.
278
7.4
THE
SPACE-WEATHER-SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL
RELATIONS
.
281
7.4.1
THE
SOLAR
ACTIVITY
CYCLE
.
281
7.4.2
TIME
SERIES,
PERIOD
ANALYSIS
.
282
7.4.3
THE
SOLAR
IRRADIANCE
.
283
7.5
HELIOSEISMOLOGY
.
287
7.5.1
MATHEMATICAL
DESCRIPTION
.
288
7.5.2
OBSERVATIONAL
RESULTS
.
291
7.6
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS
OF
THE
SUN
.
293
7.6.1
MAXWELL
'
S
EQUATIONS
.
293
7.6.2
INDUCTION
EQUATION
.
294
7.6.3
PLASMA
EQUATIONS
.
295
7.6.4
MOTION
OF
A
PARTICLE
IN
A
MAGNETIC
FIELD
.
297
CONTENTS
XIII
7.7
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
301
TASKS
.
301
8
STATE
VARIABLES
OF
STARS
.
303
8.1
DISTANCE,
MAGNITUDES
.
303
8.1.1
APPARENT
BRIGHTNESS
.
303
8.1.2
DISTANCE
.
305
8.1.3
ABSOLUTE
BRIGHTNESS,
DISTANCE
MODULUS
.
305
8.1.4
BOLOMETRIC
BRIGHTNESS
.
307
8.2
STELLAR
RADII
.
308
8.2.1
BASIC
PRINCIPLE
.
308
8.2.2
STELLAR
INTERFEROMETER
.
308
8.2.3
STELLAR
OCCULTATIONS
BY
THE
MOON
.
309
8.2.4
ECLIPSING
VARIABLE
STARS
.
310
8.2.5
SPECKLE
INTERFEROMETRY
.
312
8.2.6
MICROLENSING
.
313
8.3
STELLAR
MASSES
.
313
8.3.1
KEPLER
'
S
THIRD
LAW
.
313
8.3.2
GRAVITATIONAL
RED
SHIFT
.
315
8.3.3
MICROLENSING
.
316
8.3.4
DERIVED
QUANTITIES
.
316
8.4
STELLAR
TEMPERATURES
.
317
8.4.1
STARS
AS
BLACK
BODIES
.
317
8.4.2
OTHER
TEMPERATURE
TERMS
.
318
8.5
CLASSIFICATION
OF
STARS,
HRD
.
318
8.5.1
SPECTRAL
CLASSIFICATION
.
318
8.5.2
THE
HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL
DIAGRAM
.
320
8.5.3
LUMINOSITY
CLASSES
.
323
8.5.4
BALMER
DISCONTINUITY
.
325
8.5.5
STAR
POPULATION
AND
FHD
.
326
8.5.6
THE
MASS-LUMINOSITY
RELATION
.
327
8.6
ROTATION
AND
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
.
328
8.6.1
ROTATION
.
328
8.6.2
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
.
330
8.7
PECULIAR
STARS
.
331
8.7.1
BRIGHT
STARS
.
331
8.7.2
ALGOL
AND
ECLIPSING
BINARIES
.
332
8.8
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
334
TASKS
.
334
XIV
CONTENTS
9
STELLAR
ATMOSPHERES
.
337
9.1
QUANTUM
MECHANICAL
DESCRIPTION
.
337
9.1.1
DESCRIPTION
OF
A
PARTICLE
.
337
9.1.2
SCHRODINGER
EQUATION
.
338
9.1.3
WAVE
FUNCTIONS
FOR
HYDROGEN
.
339
9.1.4
QUANTUM
NUMBERS
.
342
9.1.5
ELECTRON
CONFIGURATIONS
.
343
9.1.6
HYDROGEN FINE
STRUCTURE
.
343
9.1.7
COMPLEX
ATOMS
.
344
9.2
EXCITATION
AND
IONIZATION
.
345
9.2.1
THERMODYNAMIC
EQUILIBRIUM
.
346
9.2.2
BOLTZMANN
FORMULA
.
347
9.2.3
SAHA
EQUATION
.
348
9.3
RADIATION
TRANSPORT
.
349
9.3.1
TRANSFER
EQUATION
.
350
9.3.2
SOLUTIONS
OF
THE
TRANSFER
EQUATION
.
353
9.4
ABSORPTION
COEFFICIENTS
.
357
9.4.1
CONTINUOUS
ABSORPTION
.
357
9.4.2
SCATTERING
.
358
9.4.3
THEORY
OF
ABSORPTION
LINES
.
358
9.5
LINE
PROFILES
.
361
9.5.1
DAMPING
.
361
9.5.2
DOPPLER
BROADENING
.
363
9.5.3
VOIGT
PROFILE
.
364
9.6
ANALYSIS
OF
STELLAR
SPECTRA
.
365
9.6.1
CURVES
OF
GROWTH
.
365
9.6.2
QUANTITATIVE
SPECTRAL
ANALYSIS
.
367
9.7
STELLAR
ATMOSPHERE
MODELS
.
368
9.7.1
COMPARISON:
SUN
AND
VEGA
.
368
9.7.2
NUMERICAL
SOLUTIONS
.
370
9.8
ASTEROSEISMOLOGY
.
372
9.8.1
OBSERVATIONS
.
372
9.8.2
TYPES
OF
WAVES
.
373
9.9
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
374
TASKS
.
375
10
STELLAR
STRUCTURE
.
379
10.1
BASIC
PHYSICAL LAWS
OF
STELLAR
STRUCTURE
.
379
10.1.1
HYDROSTATIC
EQUILIBRIUM
.
379
10.1.2
EQUATION
OF
MOTION
WITH
SPHERICAL
SYMMETRY
.
382
10.1.3
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
.
384
10.1.4
EQUATION
OF
STATE
.
385
CONTENTS
XV
10.1.5
DEGENERACY
.
387
10.1.6
SUMMARY:
EQUATION
OF
STATE
.
389
10.2
ENERGY
TRANSPORT
.
389
10.2.1
CONVECTION
.
389
10.2.2
OPACITY
.
394
10.3
ENERGY
SOURCES
.
396
10.3.1
THERMONUCLEAR
ENERGY
PRODUCTION
.
397
10.3.2
NEUTRINOS
.
404
10.4
SPECIAL
STELLAR
MODELS
.
406
10.4.1
POLYTROPIC
MODELS
.
406
10.4.2
HOMOLOGOUS
EQUATIONS
.
409
10.5
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
410
TASKS
.
411
11
STELLAR
EVOLUTION
.
413
11.1
STAR
FORMATION
AND
EVOLUTION
.
413
11.1.1
PROTOSTARS
.
413
11.1.2
COLLAPSE
OF
A
SUN-LIKE
STAR
.
416
11.1.3
THE
AGE
OF
STARS
.
417
11.1.4
EVOLUTION
OF
A
STAR
WITH
ONE
SOLAR
MASS
.
418
11.2
COMPARISON
OF
STELLAR
EVOLUTION
.
420
11.2.1
LOW-MASS
STARS
.
421
11.2.2
MASSIVE
STARS
.
421
11.3
WHITE
DWARFS
.
422
11.3.1
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
.
422
11.3.2
GENERAL
RELATIVITY
AND
WHITE
DWARFS
.
424
11.3.3
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
.
425
11.3.4
BROWN
DWARFS
.
425
11.4
NEUTRON
STARS
.
426
11.4.1
FORMATION
OF
NEUTRON
STARS
.
426
11.4.2
PULSARS
.
427
11.5
SUPERNOVAE
.
432
11.5.1
CLASSIFICATION
.
432
11.5.2
NUCLEAR
SYNTHESIS
DURING
A
SN
.
434
11.5.3
OBSERVED
SUPERNOVAE
.
435
11.6
BLACK
HOLES
.
436
11.6.1
GENERAL
.
437
11.6.2
CANDIDATES
FOR BLACK
HOLES
.
439
11.6.3
QUANTUM
THEORY
OF
BLACK
HOLES
.
440
11.6.4
ACCRETION
.
442
11.7
GAMMA
RAY
BURSTS
.
442
11.7.1
PROPERTIES
OF
GRB
.
442
XVI
CONTENTS
11.7.2
EXPLANATION
OF
GRB
.
443
11.8
VARIABLE
STARS
.
444
11.8.1
GENERAL
.
444
11.8.2
PULSATION
VARIABLE
.
446
11.8.3
SEMI-REGULAR
VARIABLES
.
449
11.8.4
ERUPTIVE
VARIABLES
.
451
11.8.5
PECULIAR
STARS
.
454
11.8.6
PLANETARY
NEBULAE
.
454
11.9
STELLAR
ACTIVITY
.
455
11.9.1
STELLAR
ACTIVITY
AND
CONVECTION
.
456
11.9.2
MASS
LOSS
OF
STARS
.
458
11.10
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
460
TASKS
.
460
12
INTERSTELLAR
MATTER
.
463
12.1
DISCOVERY,
GENERAL
PROPERTIES
.
463
12.1.1
DISCOVERY
OF
INTERSTELLAR
MATTER
.
463
12.1.2
COMPOSITION
OF
INTERSTELLAR
MATTER
.
464
12.2
INTERSTELLAR
DUST
.
465
12.2.1
EXTINCTION
.
465
12.2.2
SCATTERING
.
466
12.2.3
POLARIZATION
.
467
12.3
INTERSTELLAR
GAS
.
468
12.3.1
NEUTRAL
HYDROGEN
.
468
12.3.2
EMISSION
NEBULAE,
H-II
REGIONS
.
471
12.3.3
SPECIAL
EMISSION
NEBULAE
.
474
12.3.4
LIGHT
ECHOES
.
475
12.4
COSMIC
RAYS
.
475
12.4.1
DISCOVERY
.
475
12.4.2
COMPOSITION
AND
ORIGIN
.
475
12.4.3
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
AND
CHARGED
PARTICLES
.
476
12.4.4
SOLAR
ACTIVITY
AND
COSMIC
RAYS
.
477
12.5
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
477
TASKS
.
477
13
THE
GALAXY
.
479
13.1
METHODS
FOR
DETERMINING
DISTANCES
.
479
13.1.1
TRIGONOMETRIC
METHODS
.
479
13.1.2
PHOTOMETRIC
STANDARD
CANDLES
.
482
13.2
THE
STRUCTURE
OF
OUR
MILKY
WAY
.
484
13.2.1
ROUGH
STRUCTURE
.
484
13.2.2
GALACTIC
COORDINATES
.
485
CONTENTS
XVII
13.2.3
DISTRIBUTION
OF
THE
STARS
.
487
13.2.4
GALAXY:
COMPONENTS
.
489
13.2.5
LOCAL
SOLAR
ENVIRONMENT,
LOCAL
BUBBLE
.
491
13.2.6
STELLAR
STATISTICS
.
492
13.3
STAR
POPULATIONS
AND
DENSITY
WAVES
.
493
13.3.1
STAR
POPULATIONS
.
493
13.3.2
DENSITY
WAVES,
SPIRAL
STRUCTURE
.
494
13.4
ROTATION
OF
THE
GALAXY
.
495
13.4.1
RADIAL
AND
TANGENTIAL
MOTION
.
495
13.4.2
GALACTIC
ROTATION,
LSR
.
496
13.4.3
GALACTIC
ROTATION
CURVE
.
498
13.5
DARK
MATTER
IN
THE
MILKY
WAY
.
503
13.5.1
THE
NATURE
OF
DARK
MATTER
.
504
13.5.2
GALACTIC
MICROLENSING
.
505
13.6
GALACTIC
CENTER
.
506
13.6.1
DEFINITION
OF
THE
CENTER
.
506
13.6.2
CENTRAL
STAR
CLUSTER
AND
BLACK
HOLE
.
507
13.7
EVOLUTION
OF
THE
GALAXY
.
508
13.7.1
THEORIES
TO
THE
ORIGIN
OF
THE
SPIRAL-ARMS
.
508
13.7.2
AGE
OF
THE
GALAXY
AND
MAGNETIC
FIELD
.
509
13.8
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
510
TASKS
.
510
14
EXTRAGALACTIC
SYSTEMS
.
513
14.1
CLASSIFICATION
.
513
14.1.1
CATALOGUES
.
513
14.1.2
HUBBLE
CLASSIFICATION
.
516
14.1.3
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
.
518
14.1.4
OTHER
CLASSIFICATIONS
OF
GALAXIES
.
520
14.2
DISCUSSION
OF
THE
INDIVIDUAL
TYPES
.
521
14.2.1
ELLIPTICAL
GALAXIES,
E
.
521
14.2.2
SPIRAL
GALAXIES
.
523
14.2.3
IRREGULAR
GALAXIES
.
525
14.2.4
DISTRIBUTION
AMONG
THE
TYPES
.
525
14.2.5
INTEGRAL
PROPERTIES
AND
DIAMETERS
.
525
14.2.6
THE
MAGELLANIC
CLOUDS
.
527
14.2.7
POPULATION
SYNTHESIS
.
527
14.3
SUPERMASSIVE
BLACK
HOLES
.
529
14.3.1
DETECTION
OF
SMBHS
.
529
14.3.2
SMBHS
AND
GALAXY
PROPERTIES
.
530
14.4
ACTIVE
GALAXIES
.
531
14.4.1
ACTIVE
GALACTIC
NUCLEI
.
531
XVIII
CONTENTS
14.4.2
RADIO
GALAXIES
.
533
14.4.3
QUASARS
.
537
14.4.4
GALAXIES
WITH
HIGH
RED
SHIFT
.
541
14.4.5
BLAZAR
.
541
14.5
GALAXY
CLUSTERS
.
542
14.5.1
THE
LOCAL
GROUP
.
542
14.5.2
ABELL
CATALOGUE
OF
GALAXY
CLUSTERS
.
542
14.5.3
GALAXY
COLLISIONS
.
544
14.5.4
SUPER
CLUSTER
.
545
14.5.5
SPECIAL
GALAXY
CLUSTERS
.
546
14.6
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
546
TASKS
.
548
15
COSMOLOGY
.
551
15.1
EXPANSION
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
552
15.1.1
VIEW
INTO
THE
PAST
.
552
15.1.2
OLBERS
PARADOX
.
552
15.1.3
GALAXY
COUNTS
.
553
15.1.4
THE
REDSHIFT
OF
THE
GALAXIES
.
554
15.1.5
THE
AGE
OF
THE
UNIVERSE
.
555
15.1.6
HOMOGENEITY
AND
ISOTROPY
.
556
15.1.7
METHODS
OF
DISTANCE
DETERMINATION
.
556
15.2
NEWTONIAN
COSMOLOGY
.
557
15.2.1
EXPANSION
.
557
15.2.2
EQUATION
OF
MOTION
.
558
15.2.3
CONSERVATION
OF
ENERGY
.
559
15.3
THEORY
OF
RELATIVITY
.
560
15.3.1
SPECIAL
THEORY
OF
RELATIVITY
.
560
15.3.2
FOUR
VECTORS,
TRANSFORMATIONS
.
564
15.3.3
GENERAL
THEORY
OF
RELATIVITY
.
566
15.3.4
MATTER
AND
SPACE-TIME
CURVATURE
.
567
15.3.5
METRIC
OF
THE
SPACE
.
569
15.3.6
FRIEDMANN-LEMAITRE
EQUATIONS
.
572
15.3.7
THE
COSMOLOGICAL
CONSTANT
AND
VACUUM
ENERGY
.
573
15.3.8
GRAVITATIONAL
WAVES
.
576
15.4
DARK
ENERGY,
ACCELERATED
EXPANSION
.
577
15.4.1
OBSERVATIONS
.
577
15.4.2
DARK
ENERGY
.
579
15.5
THE
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
580
15.5.1
BIG
BANG:
OBSERVATIONAL
HINTS
.
580
15.5.2
SUNYAEV-ZEL
'
DOVICH
EFFECT
.
582
15.5.3
ACOUSTIC
OSCILLATIONS
.
586
CONTENTS
XIX
15.5.4
FORMATION
OF
PARTICLES
.
586
15.5.5
QUARKS
AND
QUARK-GLUON
PLASMA
.
587
15.5.6
PARTICLE
GENERATION
.
588
15.6
SYMMETRY
BREAKING
IN
THE
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
590
15.6.1
THE
FOUR
FORCES
OF
NATURE
.
590
15.6.2
THE
EARLY
UNIVERSE
.
592
15.6.3
INFLATIONARY
UNIVERSE
.
592
15.6.4
STRING
THEORY
.
594
15.6.5
QUANTUM
FOAM
.
598
15.6.6
QUANTUM
VACUUM
.
599
15.6.7
LOOP
GRAVITY,
QUANTUM
LOOP
GRAVITY
.
599
15.6.8
THE
FIRST
STARS
.
601
15.6.9
PARALLEL
UNIVERSES
.
602
15.7
TIME
SCALE
.
602
15.8
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
602
TASKS
.
603
16
ASTROBIOLOGY
.
605
16.1
LIFE
ON
EARTH
AND
IN
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
605
16.1.1
WHAT
IS
LIFE?
.
605
16.1.2
LIFE
ON
EARTH
.
606
16.1.3
PROTECTIVE
SHIELDS
FOR
LIFE
ON
EARTH
.
607
16.1.4
LIFE
IN
THE
SOLAR
SYSTEM
.
608
16.2
DISCOVERY
OF
EXTRASOLAR
PLANETARY
SYSTEMS
.
608
16.2.1
ASTROMETRY
.
609
16.2.2
RADIAL
VELOCITY
METHOD
.
609
16.2.3
LIGHT
CURVES,
TRANSIT
OBSERVATIONS
.
610
16.2.4
MICROLENSING
.
610
16.2.5
EINSTEIN-BEAMING
.
611
16.2.6
EARTH-BASED
OBSERVATIONS
.
611
16.3
HOST
STARS
.
612
16.3.1
HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL
DIAGRAM
.
612
16.3.2
HABITABLE
ZONE
.
614
16.3.3
EXAMPLES
.
615
16.4
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
618
TASKS
.
618
17
MATHEMATICAL
METHODS
.
621
17.1
PYTHON-A
CRASH
COURSE
.
621
17.1.1
WHAT
IS
PYTHON?
.
621
17.1.2
A
FIRST
SIMPLE
PYTHON
PROGRAM
.
622
17.1.3
EXAMPLE:
BRIGHTNESS
MEASUREMENTS
.
623
XX
CONTENTS
17.2
STATISTICS
.
624
17.2.1
MEAN
VALUES
.
624
17.2.2
DISTRIBUTION
FUNCTIONS
.
627
17.2.3
MOMENTS
.
628
17.3
CURVE
FITS
AND
CORRELATION
CALCULATION
.
630
17.3.1
FITTING
CURVES,
LEAST
SQUARES
METHOD
.
630
17.3.2
CORRELATIONS
.
634
17.4
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
.
638
17.4.1
FIRST
ORDER
LINEAR
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
.
638
17.4.2
OSCILLATOR
EQUATION
.
639
17.4.3
PARTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
.
640
17.5
NUMERICAL
MATHEMATICS
.
641
17.5.1
INTERPOLATION
POLYNOMIALS
.
641
17.5.2
DIVIDED
DIFFERENCES
.
642
17.5.3
NEWTON
'
S
INTERPOLATION
METHOD
.
643
17.5.4
INTERPOLATION
WITH
UNEVENLY
DISTRIBUTED
GRID
POINTS
.
644
17.5.5
NUMERICAL
DIFFERENTIATION
.
645
17.5.6
NUMERICAL
INTEGRATION
.
647
17.5.7
NUMERICAL
SOLUTION
OF
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
.
648
17.6
FOURIER
METHODS
.
653
17.6.1
AUTOCORRELATION
.
653
17.6.2
THE
FAST
FOURIER
TRANSFORM,
FFT
.
653
17.6.3
DIGITAL
FILTERS
.
655
17.6.4
FOURIER
TRANSFORMS
IN
OPTICS
.
656
17.7
VECTOR
CALCULUS
.
659
17.7.1
GENERAL
.
659
17.7.2
GRADIENT,
DIVERGENCE,
CURL
.
661
17.7.3
APPLICATIONS
.
662
17.8
SPLINES
.
663
17.9
SPECIAL
SOFTWARE
PACKAGES
.
665
17.9.1
THE
EPHEM
PROGRAM
PACKAGE
.
665
17.9.2
CALCULATION
OF
THE
LIGHT
CURVES
OF
EXOPLANET
TRANSITS
.
665
17.9.3
IMAGE
PROCESSING
.
666
17.9.4
THE
FILE
FORMAT
FITS
.
669
17.10
FURTHER
LITERATURE
.
669
TASKS
.
670
A
APPENDIX
.
673
A.1
LITERATURE
.
673
A.
1.1
GENERAL
.
673
A.
1.2
JOURNALS
.
674
A.
1.3
IMPORTANT
INTERNET
ADDRESSES
.
674
CONTENTS
XXI
A.
1.4
SOFTWARE
(PROFESSIONAL)
.
675
A.2
TEST
QUESTIONS
.
675
A.3
TABLES
.
677 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Hanslmeier, Arnold 1959- |
| author2 | Hanslmeier, Arnold |
| author2_role | |
| author2_variant | a h ah |
| author_GND | (DE-588)122186842 |
| author_facet | Hanslmeier, Arnold 1959- Hanslmeier, Arnold |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hanslmeier, Arnold 1959- |
| author_variant | a h ah |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048498289 |
| classification_rvk | US 1000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1371320796 (DE-599)DNB1244842583 |
| discipline | Physik |
| discipline_str_mv | Physik |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV048498289 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:43:42Z |
| indexdate | 2024-12-09T13:07:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1065168780 |
| isbn | 9783662646366 3662646366 9783662646397 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033875624 |
| oclc_num | 1371320796 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-706 DE-29T DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-706 DE-29T DE-703 |
| physical | xxi, 680 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hanslmeier, Arnold 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)122186842 aut Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Arnold Hanslmeier Berlin, Germany Springer [2023] xxi, 680 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 23.5 cm x 15.5 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd rswk-swf Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd rswk-swf Textbook Astronomy Celestial Mechanics State variables of the stars Star structure Cosmology Galaxy Astrobiology Astrophysics Astronomy (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 s Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 s DE-604 Hanslmeier, Arnold Einführung in Astronomie und Astrophysik 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH (DE-588)1065168780 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-662-64637-3 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=7dfc1abccf894cd198bdac7485fbf259&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext X:MVB http://www.springer.com/ DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033875624&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p vlb 20211102 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb |
| spellingShingle | Hanslmeier, Arnold 1959- Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003326-0 (DE-588)4003311-9 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics |
| title_alt | Einführung in Astronomie und Astrophysik |
| title_auth | Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics |
| title_full | Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Arnold Hanslmeier |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Arnold Hanslmeier |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics Arnold Hanslmeier |
| title_short | Introduction to astronomy and astrophysics |
| title_sort | introduction to astronomy and astrophysics |
| topic | Astrophysik (DE-588)4003326-0 gnd Astronomie (DE-588)4003311-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Astrophysik Astronomie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=7dfc1abccf894cd198bdac7485fbf259&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://www.springer.com/ http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033875624&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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