Georgian and Soviet: entitled nationhood and the specter of Stalin in the Caucasus
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Ithaca ; London
Cornell University Press
2022
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| Beschreibung: | xv, 275 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781501766794 1501766791 |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Explanatory Notes xiii Introduction: Pantheon as Past and Present 1 1 History, Nation, and Local Foundations of the Stalin Cult 25 2 Entitled Foreign Policy and Its Limits 61 3 Expulsions and Ethnic Consolidation 87 4 De-Stalinization, kartulad 109 5 A Georgian Tbilisi 134 6 Entangled Nationalisms 163 Epilogue: Stalin’s Ghosts Notes 211 Bibliography 253 Index 269 197
Bibliography Archives Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (State Archive of the Russian Federation), Moscow f. R-9479: The Fourth Special Department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1931-59 Hoover Institution Library Archives, Stanford, CA N. A. Lakóba Papers khelnatserta erovnuli tsentri (National Centre of Manuscripts), Tbilisi Nikoloz Berdzenishvili’s Personal Archive Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishoi istorii (Russian State Archive of Contemporary History), Moscow f. 5: Central Committee of the CPSU Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv sotsial’no-politicheskoi istorii (Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History), Moscow f. 558: Joseph Stalin sakartvelos metsnierebata erovnuli akademiis arkivi (Georgian National Academy of Sciences Archive), Tbilisi f. 9: Simon Janashia f. 15: Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography sakartvelos shinagan sakmeta saministros arkivi (I) (Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia: Security Archive), Tbilisi f. 6: Criminal Cases f. 13: Resettlements sakartvelos shinagan sakmeta saministros arkivi (II) (Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia: Party Archive), Tbilisi f. 1: Special Folders f. 14: Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Georgian SSR f. 17: Tbilisi City Committee of the CP GSSR f. 22: Orjonikidze Rayon Committee of the CP GSSR tbilisis tsentraluri arkivi (Tbilisi Central Archive), Tbilisi f. 14: Tbilisi Council of Deputies City Executive Committee, Main Architectural Planning Department (1933-78) f. 79: Orjonikidze District Executive
Committee 253
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Index Abkhazia, 86, 157, 175-83, 199, 207 Abkhaz-Georgian relations, 7, 18, 120, 127-33, 182-83,195-96 Abkhazian ASSR, 9,43, 101,125, 130, 164,175-77, 179-80, 183,186 Abkhaz SSR, 21 and Akaki Mgeladze, 100-104, 106 and April 9, 1989, 187-89, 192-93 and census categories, 37-38,42-46, 48-49 demands, 163-65,176-77, 180, 182, 184-87, 176 demonstrations, 117,130-31, 178-79, 188 deportations from, 88-89, 94, 99-100, 141 and de-Stalinization, 120, 124-27, 132 as entitled nationality, 9-11, 164, 175-76 and Georgian scholars, 50-51, 111, 127-33 intellectuals, 111, 131, 163, 176-77, 185 language, 51, 53-54,57, 81,167-68, 173,177 and Nestor Lakóba, 33 and Soviet vacationing, 34, 61, 63, 176 Russian occupation of, 199 schools, 125, 177 war, 204 Abkhazpereselenstroi, 89, 126 Academy of Sciences, 40-41, 50, 59, 98, 145, 149,198-99 Georgian Academy of Sciences, 52-53, 74, 79, 128, 137, 146 Adjara, 70, 86, 124, 157, 204 Adjaran ASSR, 43,48, 91, 180 and census categories, 37-44, 47-49 deportations from, 90-91, 93, 95 as entitled nationality, 21, 43, 177 and Islam, 43, 84 as Kartvelian population, 25, 28,36 and language, 168 and Megrelian affair, 102-3 Akhaltsikhe, 62, 90-91 All-Union Census, 9,38, 166, 176 Altai krai, 93, 96-97 anti-Georgian, 40, 120, 183,187-91 anti-Soviet, 94, 96, 111, 117-18, 132,165, 183, 188 anti-Stalin, 111-13, 120, 122, 125, 130-31 Armenians, 1,3, 121, 123, 59, 184, 193, 203, 208-9 and Bolshevik takeover, 15, 21 and census categories, 37-38, 41-42, 46-47, 49 eeportations, 89-91, 92-99,106-7 as entitled nationality, 9,166 genocide, 14 independence, 20-21 and Iran,
61, 75, 77-78 and language, 53, 166-67,173-74 and nation-building, 14 as minority in Georgia, 10-11, 19, 46-47,120, 124-26, 132, 163, 176, 182-83, 188-91 as minority in Tiflis/Tbilisi, 19, 139-42, 149 and territorial claims, 64-65, 69, 71 Artvin, 2, 21, 64-65, 67, 69,101 Aspindza, 90-91 Assyrians, 94, 96, 142 autonomous regions, 10, 24, 111, 124, 131 Azerbaijanis, 34, 86,161, 203, 205, 208-9 and Bolshevik takeover, 20-1 and census categories, 38,42, 49 "crisis” of 1946, 61,69 deportations, 89, 90,94-95, 102 Georgian minorities in, 23, 80-84, 108 Iranian, 72 269
270 INDEX Azerbaijanis (continued) language, 54, 72, 166-67, 173-74 as minority in Georgia, 9-11, 46-47, 94, 142,149, 188-91 nation-builders, 14 Bagirov, Mir Jafar, 81, 84, 116 Bagrationi, 57, 67 Bakradze, Valerian, 63,82, 90-91, 106 Baku, 14,18,20,27,31,44,82-83,161,192 Balakan, 80-85 Baltic states/republics, 61, 161, 184, 199, 209 Baramia, Mikhail, 89, 101-2,104 Baratashvili, Nikoloz, 2,139, 151, 160 Batumi, 20-21, 27, 32, 64-66, 70, 94, 96, 113,117, 123 Bayburt, 2, 67, 69 beladi, 36, 58, 113 Belarus, 46, 62, 64, 121, 142 Berdzenishvili, Nikoloz, 3, 25 and Abkhazia, 129-31, 136 career, 50, 52-54 and Saingilo (Azerbaijan), 80-81 and sakartvelos istoria, 54-60,102 and territorial claims, 62, 66-71, 86 Beria, Lavrenti, 3-4, 82, 130, 184,209 and Abkhazia, 99, 111, 120-21, 124-26,177, 182, 185 Berievshchina, 177-78 career, 22-23, 58 deportations, 88-89,100-107 and de-Stalinization, 111, 120-21, 123-26, 132 and Georgification, 43-45, 48, 60, 99, 120-21,124-26, 185, 195 Megrelian affair, 100-107 network, 58-60, 88-91, 105-7 and Stalin cult, 26, 30-34,36, 55, 109, 200 and territorial claims, 63-65, 68-69 Bogdanov, 90-91 Bolnisi, 62, 189-90 Bolsheviks and national question, 29-33, 38 takeover of Caucasus, 14-15, 19-22, 55, 64, 90, 139, 197-99, 205-6 border regions, 47, 88, 91, 94, 189 Brezhnev, Leonid, 7, 163-65, 177, 193, 204, 209 Britain, 15-16, 20, 64, 72 Bulganin, Nikolai, 99, 116, 120, 123 census categories, 23, 37,40,43,56,87. See also All-Union Census Central Asia, 87,92,94, 100,102,106-7, 192,208 Central Statistical Administration, 39,48 Charkviani, Kandid and Azerbaijan,
81-86 and deportations, 88, 90-91, 93-94, 98, 100-101 and foreign policy, 62-63,68-69,75, 78, 85-86 and Stalin, 58,103-5, 107 Chavchavadze, Ilia, 1-2, 4,19,35,51, 155, 208 Chavchavadze Avenue, 200 Chavchavadze Society, 185,188 Chechnya, 3,18, 37, 57, 91 Cheka, 31, 90 Chikobava, Arnold, 50, 70, 74, 197 China, 29, 102, 114 Chorokhi River, 66 Christianity, 4, 19,36, 68, 70, 73, 76-77, 81,83-84, 117 Colchis, 55, 57 Cold War, 6, 13, 23, 61-62, 65-66, 72, 78, 92, 108, 161, 209 Constitutional Commission, 168,171, 174, 178 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 23, 100,106, 110, 115-16, 165, 168 Central Committee, 113,118,121,153, 167, 174, 177-78, 180-82, 186 Crimea, 25, 65, 91 Dagestan, 18, 80 Dashnaks, 93-94, 96-97, 99. See ако Armenians Davit Aghmashenebeli, 56, 58, 67 de-Sovietization, 201-2 de-Stalinization, 3, 5-7,10,100, 111, 201, 209 dedaena, 171-73, 198 Democratic Republic of Georgia, 4, 13, 20-21, 161, 186, 199, 204, 206 Didube, 142-43 Dmanisi, 62, 189-90 Dolidze Street, 146, 150 Eastern Europe, 4, 7, 61, 92,95 entitled nationhood, 9,11,16,135,196,210 rights, 170, 176 status, 9-10, 49, 85, 190, 207
INDEX Enukidze, Avel, 31, 33 Erekle II, 18, 56,138 Estonia, 92, 121, 166, 182, 209 Fereydan, 2, 62, 71-82, 84-86 Finns, 69, 88-89 Freedom Square, 4, 197-98 Gamkharashvili, Giorgi, 82-83, 85 Gamsakhurdia, Konstantin, 132 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 3, 132, 184, 187-89,195, 204 Gelovani, Akaki, 169, 191-93 Georgia demonstrations, 7, 112, 174-75, 187, 190,194,199 independence of, 21, 132, 140, 188,191 nobility, 1,10, 19 pre- and post- Soviet history of, 17-21, 26-30,55-59, 103,128-29, 136-37, 200-205 territorial claims, 64-66, 68-69 unification, 57, 67 Georgia, government of and Abkhazia, 125, 127-31, 179-80, 182-83 and census, 39-40, 46 Central Committee, 137, 145,153, 157 Communist Party, 1,4, 21, 79,121, 151, 174,178,198 and constitution, 168-69 Council ofMinisters, 90, 147,173 Council of People’s Commissars, 53 and deportations, 91, 100 and March events, 114-16, 119 and Megrelian affair, 103, 106 Parliament, 195-96, 200, 204 Society for Cultural Relations Abroad, 74 Georgian Affair, 22, 30-31 Georgian Dream, 201-2 Georgian intelligentsia, 19, 27, 165 Georgian Jews, 38,42 Georgian Muslims, 38, 70,83-84 Georgian Orthodox Church, 18, 70, 80, 187, 205 Georgian Social Democrats, 20, 28 Germany, 15, 19-20, 30,47, 49, 61, 63, 65,88-92, 98, 102, 142, 205 giorgi merchule, 127-30, 136, 197 Giresun, 2, 67 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 164, 184, 186, 188, 191, 193, 195 Gorgasali, Vakhtang, 136, 138 271 Gori, 26-27, 36,113-17,126, 201-2 Great Patriotic War, 52, 54, 68, 75, 82, 97, 102, 126, 139, 202-3. See also World Warll Greece, 61, 77,92, 107 Greeks, 56 and census categories, 37-38, 42,46, 49
deportations, 93-96, 99-100,104, 106-7, 126 as minority in Georgia, 9-10,46,142, 149, 176 Griboedov, Alexander, 1 Gudauta, 101, 125-26, 130, 178-79,181 Gumberidze, Givi, 188-90 Guria, 18, 25, 102, 151, 184 Holy Mountain, 1, 3 House of Communications, 117 House of Government, 114, 172,187-88, 197-98 House-Museum of I. V. Stalin, 201 Hungary, 15, 28,111,161 Iberia, 55-56, 67 Ilia II, 187 Imereti, 25, 37-38, 68,102 Inauri, Aleksi, 172, 182 Ingilo, 28, 37, 48, 80-86,191. See also Saingilo Ingoroqva, Pavle, 127-31, 197, 199 Iran, 16-17,61,65, 139, 208 and Azerbaijan, 14, 23,61, 72 Georgian diaspora in, 23, 62, 71-81, 84-85 and premodern Georgia, 56, 58, 67-68, 103, 136-7 See also Persia Iranians deportations, 89, 92-94,98,102,107-8 Iranian Armenians, 75, 77 as minority in Georgia, 10 Isfahan, 72-76, 78 Islam, 28, 68, 72-73, 81 İspir, 2, 67, 69 Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History, 53, 200 Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 200 Ivanishvili, Bidzina, 201-2 Janashia, Simon, 3, 25, 50-60, 62, 66-71, 86, 102, 136, 199 Javakhishvili, Ivane, 25,50-56,79,129, 200
272 INDEX Javakhishvili Institute, 53-54, 79, 129, 200 Jews, 38, 42, 94 Jordania, Noe, 4, 19-21, 26, 28,32, 208 Jughashvili, loseb, 2, 4, 20, 24-27, 115, 200. See also Stalin, Joseph; Soso; Koba Jughashvili, Ekaterine (Keke) née Geladze, 2, 26, 35, 200. See also Stalin, Joseph: mother Kakheti, 18, 25,55-56, 72-73, 78-80, 85, 102, 171, 184 Karabakh, 86, 166, 174, 190, 192-93 Kars, 21,43, 63-65,67, 101 Kartli, 18, 38, 51, 55-57, 67-68,102, 136, 139, 157, 189 Kartli-Kakheti, 18, 56 Kartvelians, 17,49,128-29 kartveli, 40,48,51,55, 127 groups, 28, 45-46, 54 language family, 38,45 populations, 36-37, 44,47, 54, 59 Kazakhstan, 59,93, 96, 105, 121, 126, 209 Kazakhs, 48 Kazakh SSR, 59, 93, 102 Khemshins/Khemshils, 38, 90-91. See also Armenians Khevsureti, 39, 192 Khrushchev, Nikita S. 103, 154, 209 and de-Stalinization, 7, 23, 110-13, 116, 120-24, 131-33 housing policy, 135, 143-48 rise to power, 105-6, 118 Kiknadze, Giorgi, 62, 64-66, 71, 74-75, 78,85-86 Kirov, Sergei, 33, 122,150 Koba, 4, 27. See alto Jughashvili, loseb; Soso; Stalin, Joseph Komsomol, 101,114, 117-19, 121, 138, 151 Koreans, 47, 88-89 Kostava, Merab, 3, 132, 184, 187, 200 Kremlin, 3-4, 34-35, 88-89 Kurds, 38, 72-73, 89-91, 191 Kutaisi, 62, 94, 101, 105, 113, 117, 122-23, 157, 202 Lakóba, Nestor, 33, 89, 103 language, 6-8, 24, 163, 200, 205, 207 and census categories, 37-41, 43-46 clause, 170, 174, 180 and constitution, 163, 165-75, 177, 179-185,187-88 and Georgian diaspora, 66-68, 72-78, 81-85 and Marrism, 50 and national identity, 4,14, 17-19, 50-58 and national question, 11-14, 27-29 native, 37, 39,73-75, 168 and
orthographic changes, 53-54 rights, 136,166, 171, 181,194-95 and schools, 125 state, 168-73,175 Latvia, 92 Laz, 36-48, 55, 66, 70, 91 language schools, 44 Lazistan, 44, 66-67, 69-70 population, 43-44, 66 Lenin, Vladimir Ilych District, 150-51 and Georgian affair, 21-22, 33 Mausoleum, 4 and nationality policy, 14-15, 29-30, 43, 83, 97, 106, 186 Order of, 52 Street, 143, 149 Leningrad, 53, 101,103, 115,143, 184 Lenin Square, 4, 114-16, 151, 197-98 Lezgins, 28, 38,81 Lithuania, 92, 166, 193 Lykhny, 62, 179,186-88 Malenkov, Georgy, 120,126 March events, 111, 118-22,124, 126-33, 136 Marr, Nikolai, 50, 52-54,57, 74 Marr Institute, 52-53 Marxism, 19, 27, 30, 37, 115, 206,208 Marxism-Leninism, 121, 195, 198-99 Megrelians, 25, 28, 31, 36-42, 45-48, 55, 126 Affair, 101-5 See also Samegrelo Mensheviks, 19-22,31-33, 40, 90, 98, 184, 186, 191 Meskheti, 25, 66, 90-91, 100,102, 105, 107, 192 Metekhi, 138, 151 Mgeladze, Akaki, 61, 63, 88, 99-106, 116 Mikoyan, Anastas, 63, 88, 116, 123 Ministry of Culture, 146, 156 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 64, 69, 71, 76, 78-79,85 Ministry of State Security, 83, 93-94, 97-101, 104
INDEX Ministry of Internai Affairs, 42, 94,117, 151-52,187, 200, 203 Minorities, 10-11, 12, 23, 61, 87-88, 93, 126-27, 196 Mirtskhulava, Aleksandre, 104-5 mnatobi, 128-30 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 63-65, 69, 71, 74-75 Mongols, 18, 56, 136-37 Moscow Pantheon, 3 Moscow Patriarchate, 18, 26 Mtatsminda Pantheon, 2-5,198, 200 Mtkvari River, 110,113, 136, 139, 143 Mtskheta, 54, 136, 155 Mugudzirkhva, 125-26 Museum of Soviet Occupation, 199 Muslims, 14-15, 19,38,43, 67-68, 70, 75-77, 80-81, 83, 90,124, 191 Mzhavanadze, Vasil, 100, 105-6 and corruption, 151-53, 161-62 and March events, 114-16,118-21, 127-29, 131-32,174 and Tbilisi development, 136-37, 139 national capital, 47, 135,142, 160-61 national development, 5-6, 14, 28,47, 54, 67, 72,170, 208 national intelligentsia, 4, 13-14, 19, 25, 73, 205 nationality policy, 11, 13-14, 36,42,46, 83, 87,89, 106,120, 136-37,141, 186, 196 national question, 9, 26-27, 30,37, 59, 174, 193, 208 national rights, 23,41, 80, 127, 164, 184, 186, 193 national-social contract, 7-8, 23, 136, 152, 158,162,164-65,184, 188, 194-95, 204, 209 NATO, 71, 92,104 Nazis, 61, 200 non-Georgians, 6, 46-47, 73, 88, 98, 107, 120,122, 124-28, 132, 134, 174, 187-88, 195 non-Russians, 6-7,10-13, 16, 22, 25, 87, 107, 136, 164, 166, 209 north Caucasians, 57,91 northeastern Turkey, 18, 38, 44, 61, 64-65 Old Bolsheviks, 2,31, 33 Old Tbilisi, 145, 159-60 Orjonikidze, Sergo, 4, 21-22, 31, 33 273 Orjonikidze district, 144, 146, 148-49 Orthodox, 18-19, 26, 43, 70, 80, 187, 205 Ossetians, 28, 188-89 and census categories, 37-38, 42-43, 45-46, 48-49 language, 53-54, 167, 173 as a
minority in Georgia, 9,120, 124-26, 129,132,142, 149 See also South Ossetia Ottoman Empire, 15, 18, 43,56, 58, 70, 77, 96-97 Patiashvili, Jumber, 159, 173, 184 Persia, 1,15, 18, 29-30, 35-38,42, 56, 73, 76-77, 80, 116. See also Iran Poles, 15-16,47,61,88, 161 Poti, 18, 94 Pushkin, Alexander, 1,35,139,197 Putin, Vladimir, 201 Qakh, 80-85,191 Racha, 25,102, 155 Rapava, Avksenti, 90-91, 101 Red Army, 20-21,25,80, 86 Romania, 65, 92, 161 Rukhadze, Nikolai, 39-42, 93, 98-99, 104-6 Russia aggression, 201-2 Empire, 1, 9-10, 15,18-20, 25-28, 37, 56, 59, 66, 96, 139 language, 41, 54,166-68, 171, 173, 170-74,180 as a minority in Georgia, 9-11,46-47, 49, 140-42, 149, 176,183 occupation, 3, 5, 199, 201, 205 relations with Georgia, 23,53,69,88,107, 117-21,127,132,187-89,202,209 Rustaveli, Shota, 4, 142, 155-56,207 Avenue, 113-14, 172-73, 199-200 Jubilee, 58 Society, 185 vepkhistqaosani, 35-36, 156, 197 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 3, 202, 205 Saburtalo, 135, 139, 142-152, 159-60 Safavid Empire, 18, 58, 72 Saingilo, 2, 80-81, 83-84, 86. See also Ingilo sakartvelo, 4, 51, 56, 77 sakartvelos istoria, 25, 55-59, 129
274 INDEX Samegrelo, 18, 44, 104. See abo Megrelians Second economy, 152, 158, 162, 165, 207 Secret Speech, 23, 110-11, 130-31,133 Shah Abbas, 36, 72,81, 102 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 4, 7, 165, 184-85, 194, 204 and Abkhazia, 177, 179-72 and anti-corruption, 151-54, 162 and constitution, 167-69, 172-75 and reforms, 158-59 Siberia, 27,87, 92, 94, 96, 106 Socialism, 5,47, 205-206 building, 139, 143 developed, 136-37, 151,159-60,165, 194-95 history in the Caucasus, 18-21,26-30,33 See also Bolsheviks; Mensheviks Soso (Joseph Stalin), 4, 24, 27 South Ossetia, 21, 23, 43, 46, 81, 102, 120, 124-27, 157, 195, 199, 204. See also Ossetians Soviet Union army, 23, 90, 110, 117, 121, 127, 196 citizens/hip, 5-6, 10, 27, 83, 84, 93-99, 107, 126, 160, 163, 183 collapse, 5, 201 constitution, 9,166, 170, 181 empire, 6, 11, 13, 16, 27,161, 164, 195-96, 208,210 federalism, 63, 80, 169 Iranian relations, 74-75 occupation, 72, 199, 205 Turkish relations, 63-65 Stalin, Joseph, 4, 8, 69, 82, 93-94 Avenue, 201 and Beria, 31-33, 100-106,109 cult, 23-26,30,34, 36, 105,118, 121, 125, 131-32 death, 10, 23, 71, 106, 109-13, 116, 121, 124, 139 early life, 26-30 and history, 30-33,49,58-60 Marxism and the National Question, 27-29, 37 memory of, 200-204 monument, 109-10,112-17, 202 mother, 2,31,35 Mountain, 3 Tbilisi Stare University, 52, 114, 116, 200 statue, 4,198, 200-203 See abo Jughashvili, loseb; Koba; Soso Stalinin, 124, 127 Sukhumi, 7, 31, 51, 94,165 demonstrations, 113, 115-17, 130-31, 178-79, 187-88 population, 141, 176 Svans, 25, 28,36-42, 43,45,55,102,126, 192 Tamar (Tamar-Mepe or Queen Tamar), 4,
35,56, 67 Tamerlane, 18,56, 102-3 Tao-Klarjeti, 55,57, 65, 67 Tashkent, 140, 160-61 Tatars, 38, 79, 91 Tbilisi, 122-24,126-27, 204 anniversary, 136-39 architecture, 144-48 census, 41, 46-47,49 demonstrations, 7, 23,109-17,120, 168, 170-76, 187-89, 191-94 deportations, 88-90, 94-98, 101-2 early Bolsheviks, 31-34 history, 18, 70-71,134-53,159-62 landmarks, 1-2, 4-5, 155-57, 197-98, 200-201 neighborhoods, 139-51 population, 46-47, 49, 141-42 relations with Georgian diaspora, 74, 80, 82-86 relations with Moscow, 7, 10-11, 15-16, 68,131-32, 165-66,178-81, 207 See also Tiflis Tbilisi State University, 20,51-53,137, 140, 171-72, 188, 198, 200 tbilisoba, 159-60 Tehran, 1, 75-78 territorial claims, 64-66, 68-71, 180 Tiflis, 18, 20, 27, 37, 80, 98, 139, 141 Tiflis Seminary, 26, 32, 36 See also Tbilisi Trabzon, 2, 67 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, 33 Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, 21-22, 24 Trotsky, Lev, 21,29 Turkey Georgian minorities in, 44, 53, 77-78 and territorial claims, 23, 61-73 Turks, 16-18, 20-21, 116, 124, 136, 205 census categories, 38, 41-42 deportations, 89-104, 107 minorities in Georgia, 10, 28-30, 42, 46, 139, 188-89, 192
INDEX Tusheti, 39, 154 Twentieth Party Congress, 23, 110, 112-13,121,123 Ukrainians, 15, 27,46,48-49, 59, 61-62, 64, 92, 95, 103,197,118, 121, 142, 161 Union republic, 84, 164,166-67, 174, 177-78, 181,183,195-96 United Nations, 64,67,83, 165 United States, 64, 69 Uzbeks, 15,54,91,160, 166 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 275 Vake, 114, 142-144, 146,150, 160 Vazha-Pshavela, 2, 155 Vazha-Pshavela Avenue, 146, 150 Volna (Operation), 92-95, 99-100, 102-4 World War II, 6, 23, 25, 47, 63-64, 67, 89, 100-101, 118, 196, 202-3, 206-7. See also Great Patriotic War Writers’ Union, 58, 98,137, 169,191, 195 Yerevan, 2-3, 18, 71, 139, 160-61, 192 Zaqatala, 80-85 |
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Contents Acknowledgments ix Explanatory Notes xiii Introduction: Pantheon as Past and Present 1 1 History, Nation, and Local Foundations of the Stalin Cult 25 2 Entitled Foreign Policy and Its Limits 61 3 Expulsions and Ethnic Consolidation 87 4 De-Stalinization, kartulad 109 5 A Georgian Tbilisi 134 6 Entangled Nationalisms 163 Epilogue: Stalin’s Ghosts Notes 211 Bibliography 253 Index 269 197
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Index Abkhazia, 86, 157, 175-83, 199, 207 Abkhaz-Georgian relations, 7, 18, 120, 127-33, 182-83,195-96 Abkhazian ASSR, 9,43, 101,125, 130, 164,175-77, 179-80, 183,186 Abkhaz SSR, 21 and Akaki Mgeladze, 100-104, 106 and April 9, 1989, 187-89, 192-93 and census categories, 37-38,42-46, 48-49 demands, 163-65,176-77, 180, 182, 184-87, 176 demonstrations, 117,130-31, 178-79, 188 deportations from, 88-89, 94, 99-100, 141 and de-Stalinization, 120, 124-27, 132 as entitled nationality, 9-11, 164, 175-76 and Georgian scholars, 50-51, 111, 127-33 intellectuals, 111, 131, 163, 176-77, 185 language, 51, 53-54,57, 81,167-68, 173,177 and Nestor Lakóba, 33 and Soviet vacationing, 34, 61, 63, 176 Russian occupation of, 199 schools, 125, 177 war, 204 Abkhazpereselenstroi, 89, 126 Academy of Sciences, 40-41, 50, 59, 98, 145, 149,198-99 Georgian Academy of Sciences, 52-53, 74, 79, 128, 137, 146 Adjara, 70, 86, 124, 157, 204 Adjaran ASSR, 43,48, 91, 180 and census categories, 37-44, 47-49 deportations from, 90-91, 93, 95 as entitled nationality, 21, 43, 177 and Islam, 43, 84 as Kartvelian population, 25, 28,36 and language, 168 and Megrelian affair, 102-3 Akhaltsikhe, 62, 90-91 All-Union Census, 9,38, 166, 176 Altai krai, 93, 96-97 anti-Georgian, 40, 120, 183,187-91 anti-Soviet, 94, 96, 111, 117-18, 132,165, 183, 188 anti-Stalin, 111-13, 120, 122, 125, 130-31 Armenians, 1,3, 121, 123, 59, 184, 193, 203, 208-9 and Bolshevik takeover, 15, 21 and census categories, 37-38, 41-42, 46-47, 49 eeportations, 89-91, 92-99,106-7 as entitled nationality, 9,166 genocide, 14 independence, 20-21 and Iran,
61, 75, 77-78 and language, 53, 166-67,173-74 and nation-building, 14 as minority in Georgia, 10-11, 19, 46-47,120, 124-26, 132, 163, 176, 182-83, 188-91 as minority in Tiflis/Tbilisi, 19, 139-42, 149 and territorial claims, 64-65, 69, 71 Artvin, 2, 21, 64-65, 67, 69,101 Aspindza, 90-91 Assyrians, 94, 96, 142 autonomous regions, 10, 24, 111, 124, 131 Azerbaijanis, 34, 86,161, 203, 205, 208-9 and Bolshevik takeover, 20-1 and census categories, 38,42, 49 "crisis” of 1946, 61,69 deportations, 89, 90,94-95, 102 Georgian minorities in, 23, 80-84, 108 Iranian, 72 269
270 INDEX Azerbaijanis (continued) language, 54, 72, 166-67, 173-74 as minority in Georgia, 9-11, 46-47, 94, 142,149, 188-91 nation-builders, 14 Bagirov, Mir Jafar, 81, 84, 116 Bagrationi, 57, 67 Bakradze, Valerian, 63,82, 90-91, 106 Baku, 14,18,20,27,31,44,82-83,161,192 Balakan, 80-85 Baltic states/republics, 61, 161, 184, 199, 209 Baramia, Mikhail, 89, 101-2,104 Baratashvili, Nikoloz, 2,139, 151, 160 Batumi, 20-21, 27, 32, 64-66, 70, 94, 96, 113,117, 123 Bayburt, 2, 67, 69 beladi, 36, 58, 113 Belarus, 46, 62, 64, 121, 142 Berdzenishvili, Nikoloz, 3, 25 and Abkhazia, 129-31, 136 career, 50, 52-54 and Saingilo (Azerbaijan), 80-81 and sakartvelos istoria, 54-60,102 and territorial claims, 62, 66-71, 86 Beria, Lavrenti, 3-4, 82, 130, 184,209 and Abkhazia, 99, 111, 120-21, 124-26,177, 182, 185 Berievshchina, 177-78 career, 22-23, 58 deportations, 88-89,100-107 and de-Stalinization, 111, 120-21, 123-26, 132 and Georgification, 43-45, 48, 60, 99, 120-21,124-26, 185, 195 Megrelian affair, 100-107 network, 58-60, 88-91, 105-7 and Stalin cult, 26, 30-34,36, 55, 109, 200 and territorial claims, 63-65, 68-69 Bogdanov, 90-91 Bolnisi, 62, 189-90 Bolsheviks and national question, 29-33, 38 takeover of Caucasus, 14-15, 19-22, 55, 64, 90, 139, 197-99, 205-6 border regions, 47, 88, 91, 94, 189 Brezhnev, Leonid, 7, 163-65, 177, 193, 204, 209 Britain, 15-16, 20, 64, 72 Bulganin, Nikolai, 99, 116, 120, 123 census categories, 23, 37,40,43,56,87. See also All-Union Census Central Asia, 87,92,94, 100,102,106-7, 192,208 Central Statistical Administration, 39,48 Charkviani, Kandid and Azerbaijan,
81-86 and deportations, 88, 90-91, 93-94, 98, 100-101 and foreign policy, 62-63,68-69,75, 78, 85-86 and Stalin, 58,103-5, 107 Chavchavadze, Ilia, 1-2, 4,19,35,51, 155, 208 Chavchavadze Avenue, 200 Chavchavadze Society, 185,188 Chechnya, 3,18, 37, 57, 91 Cheka, 31, 90 Chikobava, Arnold, 50, 70, 74, 197 China, 29, 102, 114 Chorokhi River, 66 Christianity, 4, 19,36, 68, 70, 73, 76-77, 81,83-84, 117 Colchis, 55, 57 Cold War, 6, 13, 23, 61-62, 65-66, 72, 78, 92, 108, 161, 209 Constitutional Commission, 168,171, 174, 178 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 23, 100,106, 110, 115-16, 165, 168 Central Committee, 113,118,121,153, 167, 174, 177-78, 180-82, 186 Crimea, 25, 65, 91 Dagestan, 18, 80 Dashnaks, 93-94, 96-97, 99. See ако Armenians Davit Aghmashenebeli, 56, 58, 67 de-Sovietization, 201-2 de-Stalinization, 3, 5-7,10,100, 111, 201, 209 dedaena, 171-73, 198 Democratic Republic of Georgia, 4, 13, 20-21, 161, 186, 199, 204, 206 Didube, 142-43 Dmanisi, 62, 189-90 Dolidze Street, 146, 150 Eastern Europe, 4, 7, 61, 92,95 entitled nationhood, 9,11,16,135,196,210 rights, 170, 176 status, 9-10, 49, 85, 190, 207
INDEX Enukidze, Avel, 31, 33 Erekle II, 18, 56,138 Estonia, 92, 121, 166, 182, 209 Fereydan, 2, 62, 71-82, 84-86 Finns, 69, 88-89 Freedom Square, 4, 197-98 Gamkharashvili, Giorgi, 82-83, 85 Gamsakhurdia, Konstantin, 132 Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 3, 132, 184, 187-89,195, 204 Gelovani, Akaki, 169, 191-93 Georgia demonstrations, 7, 112, 174-75, 187, 190,194,199 independence of, 21, 132, 140, 188,191 nobility, 1,10, 19 pre- and post- Soviet history of, 17-21, 26-30,55-59, 103,128-29, 136-37, 200-205 territorial claims, 64-66, 68-69 unification, 57, 67 Georgia, government of and Abkhazia, 125, 127-31, 179-80, 182-83 and census, 39-40, 46 Central Committee, 137, 145,153, 157 Communist Party, 1,4, 21, 79,121, 151, 174,178,198 and constitution, 168-69 Council ofMinisters, 90, 147,173 Council of People’s Commissars, 53 and deportations, 91, 100 and March events, 114-16, 119 and Megrelian affair, 103, 106 Parliament, 195-96, 200, 204 Society for Cultural Relations Abroad, 74 Georgian Affair, 22, 30-31 Georgian Dream, 201-2 Georgian intelligentsia, 19, 27, 165 Georgian Jews, 38,42 Georgian Muslims, 38, 70,83-84 Georgian Orthodox Church, 18, 70, 80, 187, 205 Georgian Social Democrats, 20, 28 Germany, 15, 19-20, 30,47, 49, 61, 63, 65,88-92, 98, 102, 142, 205 giorgi merchule, 127-30, 136, 197 Giresun, 2, 67 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 164, 184, 186, 188, 191, 193, 195 Gorgasali, Vakhtang, 136, 138 271 Gori, 26-27, 36,113-17,126, 201-2 Great Patriotic War, 52, 54, 68, 75, 82, 97, 102, 126, 139, 202-3. See also World Warll Greece, 61, 77,92, 107 Greeks, 56 and census categories, 37-38, 42,46, 49
deportations, 93-96, 99-100,104, 106-7, 126 as minority in Georgia, 9-10,46,142, 149, 176 Griboedov, Alexander, 1 Gudauta, 101, 125-26, 130, 178-79,181 Gumberidze, Givi, 188-90 Guria, 18, 25, 102, 151, 184 Holy Mountain, 1, 3 House of Communications, 117 House of Government, 114, 172,187-88, 197-98 House-Museum of I. V. Stalin, 201 Hungary, 15, 28,111,161 Iberia, 55-56, 67 Ilia II, 187 Imereti, 25, 37-38, 68,102 Inauri, Aleksi, 172, 182 Ingilo, 28, 37, 48, 80-86,191. See also Saingilo Ingoroqva, Pavle, 127-31, 197, 199 Iran, 16-17,61,65, 139, 208 and Azerbaijan, 14, 23,61, 72 Georgian diaspora in, 23, 62, 71-81, 84-85 and premodern Georgia, 56, 58, 67-68, 103, 136-7 See also Persia Iranians deportations, 89, 92-94,98,102,107-8 Iranian Armenians, 75, 77 as minority in Georgia, 10 Isfahan, 72-76, 78 Islam, 28, 68, 72-73, 81 İspir, 2, 67, 69 Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History, 53, 200 Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, 200 Ivanishvili, Bidzina, 201-2 Janashia, Simon, 3, 25, 50-60, 62, 66-71, 86, 102, 136, 199 Javakhishvili, Ivane, 25,50-56,79,129, 200
272 INDEX Javakhishvili Institute, 53-54, 79, 129, 200 Jews, 38, 42, 94 Jordania, Noe, 4, 19-21, 26, 28,32, 208 Jughashvili, loseb, 2, 4, 20, 24-27, 115, 200. See also Stalin, Joseph; Soso; Koba Jughashvili, Ekaterine (Keke) née Geladze, 2, 26, 35, 200. See also Stalin, Joseph: mother Kakheti, 18, 25,55-56, 72-73, 78-80, 85, 102, 171, 184 Karabakh, 86, 166, 174, 190, 192-93 Kars, 21,43, 63-65,67, 101 Kartli, 18, 38, 51, 55-57, 67-68,102, 136, 139, 157, 189 Kartli-Kakheti, 18, 56 Kartvelians, 17,49,128-29 kartveli, 40,48,51,55, 127 groups, 28, 45-46, 54 language family, 38,45 populations, 36-37, 44,47, 54, 59 Kazakhstan, 59,93, 96, 105, 121, 126, 209 Kazakhs, 48 Kazakh SSR, 59, 93, 102 Khemshins/Khemshils, 38, 90-91. See also Armenians Khevsureti, 39, 192 Khrushchev, Nikita S. 103, 154, 209 and de-Stalinization, 7, 23, 110-13, 116, 120-24, 131-33 housing policy, 135, 143-48 rise to power, 105-6, 118 Kiknadze, Giorgi, 62, 64-66, 71, 74-75, 78,85-86 Kirov, Sergei, 33, 122,150 Koba, 4, 27. See alto Jughashvili, loseb; Soso; Stalin, Joseph Komsomol, 101,114, 117-19, 121, 138, 151 Koreans, 47, 88-89 Kostava, Merab, 3, 132, 184, 187, 200 Kremlin, 3-4, 34-35, 88-89 Kurds, 38, 72-73, 89-91, 191 Kutaisi, 62, 94, 101, 105, 113, 117, 122-23, 157, 202 Lakóba, Nestor, 33, 89, 103 language, 6-8, 24, 163, 200, 205, 207 and census categories, 37-41, 43-46 clause, 170, 174, 180 and constitution, 163, 165-75, 177, 179-185,187-88 and Georgian diaspora, 66-68, 72-78, 81-85 and Marrism, 50 and national identity, 4,14, 17-19, 50-58 and national question, 11-14, 27-29 native, 37, 39,73-75, 168 and
orthographic changes, 53-54 rights, 136,166, 171, 181,194-95 and schools, 125 state, 168-73,175 Latvia, 92 Laz, 36-48, 55, 66, 70, 91 language schools, 44 Lazistan, 44, 66-67, 69-70 population, 43-44, 66 Lenin, Vladimir Ilych District, 150-51 and Georgian affair, 21-22, 33 Mausoleum, 4 and nationality policy, 14-15, 29-30, 43, 83, 97, 106, 186 Order of, 52 Street, 143, 149 Leningrad, 53, 101,103, 115,143, 184 Lenin Square, 4, 114-16, 151, 197-98 Lezgins, 28, 38,81 Lithuania, 92, 166, 193 Lykhny, 62, 179,186-88 Malenkov, Georgy, 120,126 March events, 111, 118-22,124, 126-33, 136 Marr, Nikolai, 50, 52-54,57, 74 Marr Institute, 52-53 Marxism, 19, 27, 30, 37, 115, 206,208 Marxism-Leninism, 121, 195, 198-99 Megrelians, 25, 28, 31, 36-42, 45-48, 55, 126 Affair, 101-5 See also Samegrelo Mensheviks, 19-22,31-33, 40, 90, 98, 184, 186, 191 Meskheti, 25, 66, 90-91, 100,102, 105, 107, 192 Metekhi, 138, 151 Mgeladze, Akaki, 61, 63, 88, 99-106, 116 Mikoyan, Anastas, 63, 88, 116, 123 Ministry of Culture, 146, 156 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 64, 69, 71, 76, 78-79,85 Ministry of State Security, 83, 93-94, 97-101, 104
INDEX Ministry of Internai Affairs, 42, 94,117, 151-52,187, 200, 203 Minorities, 10-11, 12, 23, 61, 87-88, 93, 126-27, 196 Mirtskhulava, Aleksandre, 104-5 mnatobi, 128-30 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 63-65, 69, 71, 74-75 Mongols, 18, 56, 136-37 Moscow Pantheon, 3 Moscow Patriarchate, 18, 26 Mtatsminda Pantheon, 2-5,198, 200 Mtkvari River, 110,113, 136, 139, 143 Mtskheta, 54, 136, 155 Mugudzirkhva, 125-26 Museum of Soviet Occupation, 199 Muslims, 14-15, 19,38,43, 67-68, 70, 75-77, 80-81, 83, 90,124, 191 Mzhavanadze, Vasil, 100, 105-6 and corruption, 151-53, 161-62 and March events, 114-16,118-21, 127-29, 131-32,174 and Tbilisi development, 136-37, 139 national capital, 47, 135,142, 160-61 national development, 5-6, 14, 28,47, 54, 67, 72,170, 208 national intelligentsia, 4, 13-14, 19, 25, 73, 205 nationality policy, 11, 13-14, 36,42,46, 83, 87,89, 106,120, 136-37,141, 186, 196 national question, 9, 26-27, 30,37, 59, 174, 193, 208 national rights, 23,41, 80, 127, 164, 184, 186, 193 national-social contract, 7-8, 23, 136, 152, 158,162,164-65,184, 188, 194-95, 204, 209 NATO, 71, 92,104 Nazis, 61, 200 non-Georgians, 6, 46-47, 73, 88, 98, 107, 120,122, 124-28, 132, 134, 174, 187-88, 195 non-Russians, 6-7,10-13, 16, 22, 25, 87, 107, 136, 164, 166, 209 north Caucasians, 57,91 northeastern Turkey, 18, 38, 44, 61, 64-65 Old Bolsheviks, 2,31, 33 Old Tbilisi, 145, 159-60 Orjonikidze, Sergo, 4, 21-22, 31, 33 273 Orjonikidze district, 144, 146, 148-49 Orthodox, 18-19, 26, 43, 70, 80, 187, 205 Ossetians, 28, 188-89 and census categories, 37-38, 42-43, 45-46, 48-49 language, 53-54, 167, 173 as a
minority in Georgia, 9,120, 124-26, 129,132,142, 149 See also South Ossetia Ottoman Empire, 15, 18, 43,56, 58, 70, 77, 96-97 Patiashvili, Jumber, 159, 173, 184 Persia, 1,15, 18, 29-30, 35-38,42, 56, 73, 76-77, 80, 116. See also Iran Poles, 15-16,47,61,88, 161 Poti, 18, 94 Pushkin, Alexander, 1,35,139,197 Putin, Vladimir, 201 Qakh, 80-85,191 Racha, 25,102, 155 Rapava, Avksenti, 90-91, 101 Red Army, 20-21,25,80, 86 Romania, 65, 92, 161 Rukhadze, Nikolai, 39-42, 93, 98-99, 104-6 Russia aggression, 201-2 Empire, 1, 9-10, 15,18-20, 25-28, 37, 56, 59, 66, 96, 139 language, 41, 54,166-68, 171, 173, 170-74,180 as a minority in Georgia, 9-11,46-47, 49, 140-42, 149, 176,183 occupation, 3, 5, 199, 201, 205 relations with Georgia, 23,53,69,88,107, 117-21,127,132,187-89,202,209 Rustaveli, Shota, 4, 142, 155-56,207 Avenue, 113-14, 172-73, 199-200 Jubilee, 58 Society, 185 vepkhistqaosani, 35-36, 156, 197 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 3, 202, 205 Saburtalo, 135, 139, 142-152, 159-60 Safavid Empire, 18, 58, 72 Saingilo, 2, 80-81, 83-84, 86. See also Ingilo sakartvelo, 4, 51, 56, 77 sakartvelos istoria, 25, 55-59, 129
274 INDEX Samegrelo, 18, 44, 104. See abo Megrelians Second economy, 152, 158, 162, 165, 207 Secret Speech, 23, 110-11, 130-31,133 Shah Abbas, 36, 72,81, 102 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 4, 7, 165, 184-85, 194, 204 and Abkhazia, 177, 179-72 and anti-corruption, 151-54, 162 and constitution, 167-69, 172-75 and reforms, 158-59 Siberia, 27,87, 92, 94, 96, 106 Socialism, 5,47, 205-206 building, 139, 143 developed, 136-37, 151,159-60,165, 194-95 history in the Caucasus, 18-21,26-30,33 See also Bolsheviks; Mensheviks Soso (Joseph Stalin), 4, 24, 27 South Ossetia, 21, 23, 43, 46, 81, 102, 120, 124-27, 157, 195, 199, 204. See also Ossetians Soviet Union army, 23, 90, 110, 117, 121, 127, 196 citizens/hip, 5-6, 10, 27, 83, 84, 93-99, 107, 126, 160, 163, 183 collapse, 5, 201 constitution, 9,166, 170, 181 empire, 6, 11, 13, 16, 27,161, 164, 195-96, 208,210 federalism, 63, 80, 169 Iranian relations, 74-75 occupation, 72, 199, 205 Turkish relations, 63-65 Stalin, Joseph, 4, 8, 69, 82, 93-94 Avenue, 201 and Beria, 31-33, 100-106,109 cult, 23-26,30,34, 36, 105,118, 121, 125, 131-32 death, 10, 23, 71, 106, 109-13, 116, 121, 124, 139 early life, 26-30 and history, 30-33,49,58-60 Marxism and the National Question, 27-29, 37 memory of, 200-204 monument, 109-10,112-17, 202 mother, 2,31,35 Mountain, 3 Tbilisi Stare University, 52, 114, 116, 200 statue, 4,198, 200-203 See abo Jughashvili, loseb; Koba; Soso Stalinin, 124, 127 Sukhumi, 7, 31, 51, 94,165 demonstrations, 113, 115-17, 130-31, 178-79, 187-88 population, 141, 176 Svans, 25, 28,36-42, 43,45,55,102,126, 192 Tamar (Tamar-Mepe or Queen Tamar), 4,
35,56, 67 Tamerlane, 18,56, 102-3 Tao-Klarjeti, 55,57, 65, 67 Tashkent, 140, 160-61 Tatars, 38, 79, 91 Tbilisi, 122-24,126-27, 204 anniversary, 136-39 architecture, 144-48 census, 41, 46-47,49 demonstrations, 7, 23,109-17,120, 168, 170-76, 187-89, 191-94 deportations, 88-90, 94-98, 101-2 early Bolsheviks, 31-34 history, 18, 70-71,134-53,159-62 landmarks, 1-2, 4-5, 155-57, 197-98, 200-201 neighborhoods, 139-51 population, 46-47, 49, 141-42 relations with Georgian diaspora, 74, 80, 82-86 relations with Moscow, 7, 10-11, 15-16, 68,131-32, 165-66,178-81, 207 See also Tiflis Tbilisi State University, 20,51-53,137, 140, 171-72, 188, 198, 200 tbilisoba, 159-60 Tehran, 1, 75-78 territorial claims, 64-66, 68-71, 180 Tiflis, 18, 20, 27, 37, 80, 98, 139, 141 Tiflis Seminary, 26, 32, 36 See also Tbilisi Trabzon, 2, 67 Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, 33 Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, 21-22, 24 Trotsky, Lev, 21,29 Turkey Georgian minorities in, 44, 53, 77-78 and territorial claims, 23, 61-73 Turks, 16-18, 20-21, 116, 124, 136, 205 census categories, 38, 41-42 deportations, 89-104, 107 minorities in Georgia, 10, 28-30, 42, 46, 139, 188-89, 192
INDEX Tusheti, 39, 154 Twentieth Party Congress, 23, 110, 112-13,121,123 Ukrainians, 15, 27,46,48-49, 59, 61-62, 64, 92, 95, 103,197,118, 121, 142, 161 Union republic, 84, 164,166-67, 174, 177-78, 181,183,195-96 United Nations, 64,67,83, 165 United States, 64, 69 Uzbeks, 15,54,91,160, 166 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München 275 Vake, 114, 142-144, 146,150, 160 Vazha-Pshavela, 2, 155 Vazha-Pshavela Avenue, 146, 150 Volna (Operation), 92-95, 99-100, 102-4 World War II, 6, 23, 25, 47, 63-64, 67, 89, 100-101, 118, 196, 202-3, 206-7. See also Great Patriotic War Writers’ Union, 58, 98,137, 169,191, 195 Yerevan, 2-3, 18, 71, 139, 160-61, 192 Zaqatala, 80-85 |
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| author | Kaiser, Claire P. 1984- |
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| bvnumber | BV048498046 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1372366138 (DE-599)BVBBV048498046 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
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| geographic | Georgische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik (DE-588)1026157-6 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Georgische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV048498046 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:43:38Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-21T11:03:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501766794 1501766791 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033875385 |
| oclc_num | 1372366138 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-29 DE-20 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-29 DE-20 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 |
| physical | xv, 275 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230426 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kaiser, Claire P. 1984- Verfasser (DE-588)1271733358 aut Georgian and Soviet entitled nationhood and the specter of Stalin in the Caucasus Claire P. Kaiser Ithaca ; London Cornell University Press 2022 xv, 275 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd rswk-swf Stalinismus (DE-588)4056883-0 gnd rswk-swf Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd rswk-swf Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd rswk-swf Georgische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik (DE-588)1026157-6 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Georgische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik (DE-588)1026157-6 g Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 s DE-604 Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 s Stalinismus (DE-588)4056883-0 s Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 s Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-5017-6680-0 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-5017-6681-7 (DE-604)BV048854021 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033875385&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033875385&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033875385&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kaiser, Claire P. 1984- Georgian and Soviet entitled nationhood and the specter of Stalin in the Caucasus Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd Stalinismus (DE-588)4056883-0 gnd Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075230-6 (DE-588)4056883-0 (DE-588)4041282-9 (DE-588)4033560-4 (DE-588)1026157-6 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Georgian and Soviet entitled nationhood and the specter of Stalin in the Caucasus |
| title_auth | Georgian and Soviet entitled nationhood and the specter of Stalin in the Caucasus |
| title_exact_search | Georgian and Soviet entitled nationhood and the specter of Stalin in the Caucasus |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Georgian and Soviet entitled nationhood and the specter of Stalin in the Caucasus |
| title_full | Georgian and Soviet entitled nationhood and the specter of Stalin in the Caucasus Claire P. Kaiser |
| title_fullStr | Georgian and Soviet entitled nationhood and the specter of Stalin in the Caucasus Claire P. Kaiser |
| title_full_unstemmed | Georgian and Soviet entitled nationhood and the specter of Stalin in the Caucasus Claire P. Kaiser |
| title_short | Georgian and Soviet |
| title_sort | georgian and soviet entitled nationhood and the specter of stalin in the caucasus |
| title_sub | entitled nationhood and the specter of Stalin in the Caucasus |
| topic | Nationenbildung (DE-588)4075230-6 gnd Stalinismus (DE-588)4056883-0 gnd Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd Kulturerbe (DE-588)4033560-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nationenbildung Stalinismus Nationalbewusstsein Kulturerbe Georgische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033875385&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033875385&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033875385&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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