Osmoza e kundërt: = Reverse osmosis
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Prishtinë
Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës
2017
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| Schriftenreihe: | Botime të veçanta / Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës
166 Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i shkencave të natyrës libri 30 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 390 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789951615730 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Osmoza e kundërt |b = Reverse osmosis |c Salih Gashi |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Reverse osmosis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | PËRMBAJTJA PARATHËNIE.......................................................................................................... 11 KAPITULU 1............................................................................................................ 15 l.OHyrje............................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Historia e zhvillimit të osmozēs së kundërt....................................................16 1.2 Avancimet e fundit në teknologille e membranave të osmozēs së kundërt.......................................................................................................19 1.3 Hulumtimet në zhvillimin dhe përsosjen e OK në të ardhmen...................... 21 KAPITULLIII........................................................................................................... 23 PROCESET MEMBRANORE................................................................................. 23 2.1 Klasifikimi i membranave në baze të forcave shtytëse.................................. 28 2.2 Filtrimi i përfunduar (rrjedhja direkte)........................................................... 30 2.3 Filtrimi me rrjedhje të tërthortë.................... :................................................. 31 2.4 Osmoza e kundërt (hiperfiltrimi)................................................................... 32 2.5 Nanofiltrimi.................................................................................................... 34 2.6
Ultrafiltrimi..................................................................................................... 35 2.7 Mikrofiltrimi...................................................................................................37 2.8 Filtrimi............................................................................................................ 39 KAPITULLI III........................................................................................................41 PROCESET MEMBRANORE QË KANË GRADIENTIN E PËRQENDRIMIT FORCÉ SHTYTËSE................................................................. 41 3.1 Dializa.............................................................................................................41 3.2 Kimodializa.....................................................................................................42 3.3 Procesi i separimit me membrana të lëngëta.................................................. 44 3.4 Përavullimi...................................................................................................... 46 3.5 Proceset membranore që kanë gradientin e potencialit elektrik force shtytëse............................................................................................................48 3.6 Elektrodializa................................................................................................. 48 3.7 Elektroliza membranore................................................................................. 50 3.8 Elektrosorbimi, elektrofiltrimi dhe jon këmbimi elektrokimik.................... 50 3.9
Proceset membranore qe kanë gradientine temperatures force shtytëse....... 51 3.10 Distilimi membranor.................................................................................... 51 3.11 Termo-Osmoza............................................................................................. 52 3.12 Proceset me forca shtytëse të kombinuara................................................... 52 3.13 Elektroosmofiltrimi.......................................................................................53 3.14 Elektroosmoza............................................................................................... 54 3.15 Piezodializa................................................................................................... 54 KAPITULLI IV......................................................................................................... 57 PROCESET OSMOTIKE.......................................................................................... 57 4.1 Osmoza............................................................................................................58 4.2 Shtypja osmotike............................................................................................. 59
6 Salih Gashi 4.3 Aspektet teorike të osmozēs së kundërt.......................................................... 64 4.4 Ndërveprimet ujë-substancë e tretur - membrane........................................... 72 4.5 Aspektet eksperimentale tëOsmozēs së kundërt............................................. 74 4.6 Osmoza paravajtëse........................................................................................ 76 4.7 Osmoza e retarduar nën shtypje...................................................................... 78 KAPITULU V.......................................................................................................... 83 TERMÁT THEMELOR TË OSMOZĒS SË KUNDËR............................................ 83 5.1 Faktori i përqendrimit..................................................................................... 83 5.2 Separimi.......................................................................................................... 84 5.3 Fluksi.............................................................................................................. 87 5.4 Polarizimi i përqendrimit................................................................................ 89 5.5 Beta (Faktori i polarizimit të përqendrimit).................................................... 95 5.6 Shtupimi i membranes.................................................................................... 96 5.7 Llojet e shtupimit............................................................................................ 99 5.8 Shtupimi
organik............................................................................................. 99 5.9 Bioshtupimi..................................................................................................... 99 5.10 Shtresimi (Intervali i shtresimit)................................................................. 100 5.11 Indeksi i dendësisë së lymit........................................................................ 102 5.12 Indeksi i ngopshmerisë Langelier............................................................... 103 5.13 Indeksi i modifíkuar і shtupimit.................................................................. 104 KAPITULLI VI....................................................................................................... 107 MEMBRANAT....................................................................................................... 107 6.1 Klasifïkimi i membranave, struktura dhe metodai e gatitjes......................... 107 6.2 Definícióm i membranes............................................................................... 107 6.3 Mjediset mikroporoze................................................................................... 109 6.4 Membranai e sinteruara................................................................................. 110 6.5 Membranai e zgj atura................................................................................... Ill 6.6 Membranat me pore kapilare........................................................................ 111 6.7 Membranat mikroporoze me inversion të
fazës............................................ 111 6.8 Membranat homogjene................................................................................. 112 6.9 Membranat homogjene polimerike................................................................ 113 6.10 Membranat homogjene të metalit dhe të qelqit........................................... 113 6.11 Membranat e lëngëta................................................................................... 114 6.12 Membranat e lëngëta të emulsionit............................................................. 114 6.13 Membranat e lëngëta mbështetëse (mbajtëse)............................................. 116 6.14 Membranat jonkëmbyese (jonselektive)..................................................... 118 6.15 Membranat jonkëmbyese me strukturē hidrofobike.................................... 123 6.16 Membranat jonkëmbyese inorganike.......................................................... 123 KAPITULLI VII...................................................................................................... 125 MEKANİZMİ I FORMIMIT TË POREVE DHE ZHVILLIMII STRUKTURĒS POROŻE ASIMETRIKE............................................................ 125 7.1 Studimi i strukturēs së tretësirës dhe ndikimi i shpejtësisë së desolvatimit në zhvillimin e membranave.............................................126 7.2 Struktura e tretësirës për shtriijen e filmit..................................................... 128 7.3 Efekti i aditivit në tretësirën për shtriijen e filmit........................................131 7.4
Shpejtësia e avullimit të tretësit gjatë formimit të filmit............................. 133
Osmoza e hundert 7 7.5 Ndryshimi i konstantēs së shpejtësisë së avullimit për sistemin acetat celuloze-aceton- magnézium perklorat i tretësirës për shtrirjen e filmit..... 134 7.6 Efekti i strukturēs konstante të tretësirës dhe konstantes së shpejtësisë së avullimit në performancën e membranes.............................................. 138 7.7 Efekti i raportit tretës/jotretës në performancën e membranes...................... 138 7.8 Rezultatei e kushteve të shtrirjes në performancën e membranes............... 143 7.9 Përcaktimi i madhësisë mesatare të poreve dhe shpërndarja e tyre në membranat e acetatit të celulozes të përpunuara në temperatura të ndryshme......................................................................................................... 146 7.10 Teknika e paratrajtimit të membranave në shtypje - Përpunimi i membranave në shtypje........................................................................... 148 7.11 Teknika e paratrajtimit të membranes - trajtimit me shtypje prapavajtëse të kontrolluar ...................................................................... 149 7.12 Asimetriciteti i strukturēs poroże të membranave të acetatit të celulozes të osmozēs së kundërt............................................................. 150 7.13 Formimi i membranave me procesin e inversionit të fazës.......................... 150 7.14 Membranat simetrike...................................................................................... 151 7.15 Membranat asimetrike......................................................................................
151 7.16 Formimi i membranave asimetrike.................................................................152 7.17 Membranat asimetrike integrale...................................................................... 154 7.18 Mekanizmi i formimit...................................................................................... 156 7.19 Membranat kompozite..................................................................................... 162 7.19.1 Membranat kompozite të osmozēs së kundërt me film të hollë.........162 7.20 Membranat me polimerizim ndërfaqësor....................................................... 171 7.20.1 Membranat NS-100..................................................................................171 7.20.2 Membranat NS-200.................................................................................. 171 7.20.3 Membrana NS-300..................................................................................172 7.20.4 Membrana PA-300...................................................................................172 7.20.5 Membrana PEC 1000.............................................................................. 174 7.21 Membranat e gatitura nga poliamidet aromatike që përmbajnë grupe karboksilike.............................................................................................. 175 7.22 Membranai heterogjene.................................................................................... 177 7.23 Struktura e qymyrit.......................................................................................... 179 7.24
Linjiti................................................................................................................. 181 7.25 Kripërat arildiazonium..................................................................................... 183 7.26 Reaksionet e kripërave aril diazonium........................................................... 183 7.27 Modifikimi i sipërfaqeve të materialeve me kripëra diazonium.................... 184 7.28 Membranat heterogjene.................................................................................... 188 7.29 Përgatitja dhe modifikimi i qymyreve........................................................... 189 7.30 Trajtimi i qymyrit me ujë.................................................................................189 7.31 Modifikimi i qymyrit me acide....................................................................... 190 7.32 Modifikimi i qymyrit me kripëra diazonium................................................. 190 7.33 Gatitja dhe zhvillimi i membranave heterogjene.......................................... 193 7.34 Efekti i qymyreve të ndryshëm në performancën e membranave heterogjene................................................................................................ 193 7.35 Efekti i përbërjes së tretësirës për shtriijen e membranes (sasisë së qymyrit) në performancën e membranes................................................ 195 7.36 Efekti i kohës së avullimit të tretësit në performancën e membranes........ 196 7.37 Efekti i qymyrit të modifikuar me aktivizim kimik.....................................
200
8 Salih Gashi KAPITULU VIII................................................................................................... 205 SEPARIMI FAZOR NË SISTEMET POLIMERIKE........................................... 205 8.1 Termodinamika.............................................................................................205 8.2 Separimi fazor lëng-lëng............................................................................... 208 8.3 Agregacioni dhe kristalizimi.........................................................................211 8.4 Morfologjia e membranave...........................................................................212 8.5 Zgjedhja e sistemit tretës-jotretës.................................. 213 8.6 Ndikimi i tretësit në strukturen e membranes së acetatit të celulozes kur uji përdoret si jotretës....................................................................... 213 8.7 Shpejtësia fundërrimit dhe struktura e membranes...................................... 216 8.8 Efekti i polimerii në strukturen dhe vetitë e membranes.............................. 218 8.9 Efekti i përqendrimit të polimerit në strukturen e membranes..................... 219 8.10 Përbërja e banjos koaguluese......................................................................221 8.11 Përbërja e tretësirës për shtriije...................................................................222 8.12 Efekti i avullimit në strukturen e membranes............................................ 224
KAPITULLIIX....................................................................................................... 227 MODELET E TRANSPORTIT...............................................................................227 9.1 Kriteret fíziko-kimike................................................................................... 227 9.2 Modelet e termodinamikës ireversibile.........................................................227 9.3 Modeli i difuzionit të tretësirës (modeli joporoz)........................................ 232 9.4 Modeli i papërsosshmerisë (imperfekt) i difuzionit të tretësirës (modeli poroz)......................................................................................... 236 9.5 Modelet poroże............................................................................................. 237 9.5.1 Modeli poroz - fin................................................................................. 237 9.6 Modeli i forces sipërfaqësore- rrjedhjes poroże........................................... 241 9.7 Modelet e membranave me ngarkesë............................................................ 244 9.8 Modelet e ekuilibrit Donnan......................................................................... 245 9.9 Modeli i zgjeruar i Nernst-Plankut................................................................ 246 9.10 Modeli i sorbimit preferencial-rrjedhjes kapilare (modeli poroz)................... 246 9.11 Kriteret fíziko-kimike për separimin me osmozē të kundërt...................... 251 9.12 Bashkëveprimi substance e tretur-tretës-
polimer....................................... 252 9.13 Bashkëveprimet jonike dhe separimet me osmozē të kundërt.................... 253 9.14 Kriteret fíziko-kimike për separimin e substancave të tretura të pajonizuara ose parcialisht të pajonizuara polare............................... 254 9.15 Paramétrât polar.......................................................................................... 254 9.16 Konstantet e shpërbashkimit.......................................................................255 9.17 Numri Hammet-it dhe Taft-it...................................................................... 256 9.18 Ekuacionet bazike të transportit, dhe përcaktimi i parametrave të transportit që përfshijnë tretësirat ujore dhe thithjen preferenciale të ujit në ndërfaqen membrane tretësirë..................................................258 9.18.1 Shtypja efektive e lëvizjes së lëngut në osmozē të kundërt:............... 258 9.18.2 Ekuacionet bazike të transportit..........................................................258 9.18.3 Transporti i masēs në anën e shtypjes së lartë të membranes............ 261 9.18.4 Parashikueshmëria (prediktabiliteti) e performances së membranes...... 262 9.19 Kriteret fíziko-kimike për separimin e kripërave inorganike..................... 263
Osmoza e kundërt 9 KAPITULU X....................................................................................................... 267 MATERIALET MEMBRANORE.........................................................................267 10. 1 Trashësia.................................................................................................... 267 10.2 Kompaktësia............................................................................................... 268 10.3 Hidroliza..................................................................................................... 268 10.4 Celuloza....................................................................................................... 269 10.5 Acetati i celulozes dhe estere mënjanimi të celulozes............................... 271 10.6 Poliamidet Aromatike................................................................................. 272 10.7 Polisulfonet................................................................................................. 277 10.8 Parametri i tretshmërisë.............................................................................. 280 10.9 Parametri ß.................................................................................................. 282 KAPITULLIXI....................................................................................................... 285 KARAKTERIZIMII MEMBRANAVE.................................................................. 285 11.1 Karakterizimi i membranave....................................................................... 286 11.2 Matjet
e këndit të kontaktit......................................................................... 287 11.3 Analiza statistikore e këndit të kontaktit për sipërfaqët e rrafshta............ 292 11.4 Matjet e potencialit Zeta............................................................................. 293 11.5 Mikroskopia e forces atomike (MFA).........................................................294 11.6 Mikroskopia elektronike e transmisionit (MET)........................................ 297 11.7 Mikroskopia elektronike Skaning............................................................... 298 11.8 Mikroskopia e forces kimike....................................................................... 301 11.9 Spektroskopia fotoelektronike me rreze x (SFX)....................................... 303 11.10 Spektroskopia infrakuqe ATR-FTIR.........................................................304 11.10.1 Zvogëlimi i reflektimit total të spektroskopisë infrakuqe të transformimit fourier............................................................ 304 KAPITULLIXII...................................................................................................... 307 MODULET (ELEMENTET) MEMBRANORE TË OSMOZĒS SË KUNDËRT DHE KONFIGURACIONII MODULEVE....................................... 307 12.1 Moduli në formē të pllakëzes -kornizë...................................................... 308 12.2 Membranat në formë të gypit (tabulare).................................................... 309 12.3 Moduli membraner në formë të mbështjellësit spiral................................ 311 12.4
Moduli membranor me fije të zbrazëta...................................................... 312 KAPITULU XIII.................................................................................................... 315 PROCESI IPARATRAJTIMIT DHE POST-TRAJTIMIT.................................... 315 13.1 Osmoza e kundërt.......................................................................................316 13.2 Polarizimi i përqendrimit............................................................................318 13.3 Dëmtimi i membranes.................................................................................320 13.4 Mekanizmi i bílokimit................................................................................. 320 13.5 Shtresimi..................................................................................................... 321 13.6 Shtupimi...................................................................................................... 322 13.7 Shtapuesit.................................................................................................... 325 13.8 Shtapuesit fizik........................................................................................... 326 13.9 Bioshtapimi................................................................................................. 322 13.10 Shtapuesit organik.................................................................................... 328 13.11 Paratrajtimi................................................................................................ 329 13.12 Paratrajtimi
kimik..................................................................................... 330
10 Salih Gashi 13.13 Klorinimi................................................................................................... 331 13.14 Reagjentët për koagulim dhe flokulim......................................................331 13.15 Rregullimi i pH......................................................................................... 333 13.16 Reagjentët antishtresues............................................................................ 333 13.17 Deklorinimi............................................................................................... 334 13.18 Paratrajtimi konvenciónál......................................................................... 335 13.19 Paratrajtimi membranor............................................................................ 337 13.20 Paratrajtimi me nanofiltrim....................................................................... 339 13.21 Post-trajtimi.............................................................................................. 339 13.22 Pastrimi i membranes................................................................................ 341 13.23 Pastrimi i membranes së ndotur................................................................ 342 13.24 Shpëlarja................................................................................................... 342 13.25 Zhvillimet e tashme dhe të ardhshme të shkripëzimit tě ujit tě detit...... 343 KAPITULU XIV.................................................................................................... 345 ZBATIMIIPROCESIT TË OSMOZĒS SË
KUNDËRT....................................... 345 14.1 Shkripëzimi i ujit të detit dhe ujërave të njelmëta...................................... 347 14.1.1 Shkripëzimi i ujit të detit..................................................................... 347 14.2 Ujërat nëntokësore...................................................................................... 354 14.3 Ujërat e ndotura........................................................................................... 355 KAPITULLIXV...................................................................................................... 359 Zbatimi i Osmozēs së kundërt në fusha specifike................................................... 359 15.1 Proceset membranore në industrine metalike.............................................. 359 15.2 Trajtimi i efluentëve të industrisë galvanike me osmozē të kundërt......... 359 15.3 Zbatimi i proceseve membranore në industrine e pulpes dhe letrës.......... 360 15.4 Osmoza e Kundërt dhe Ultrafiltrimi i ujit për shpëlaije............................. 361 15.5 Proceset membranore në industrine e tekstilit............................................ 361 15.6 Proceset membranore në industrine elektronike, farmaceutike, për kondicionimin e ajrit dhe centralet termoenergjetike......................... 362 15.7 Prodhimi i ujit të pastër për “mikrochipa/” me Osmozē të kundërt......... 363 15.8 Prodhimi i ujit për industrine farmaceutike................................................ 363 15.9 Prodhimi i ujit fillestar për kazanë me
OK................................................ 363 15.10 Përgatitja e ujit për kondicionimin e ajrit................................................. 364 15.11 Poeeset membranore në industrine ushqimore......................................... 364 15.12 Proceset membranore në industrine e pijeve............................................ 365 15.13 Stabilizimi i tartarateve (kripërat kalium të acidit tartarik)...................... 365 15.14 Proceset membranore në bioteknologji.................................................... 366 15.15 Përqendrimi i produkteve të fermentimit në rrjedha................................ 366 15.16 Reaktorét membranor................................................................................ 366 15.17 Proceset membranore në mjekësi..............................................................367 PËRMBLEDHJE E PËRMBAJTJES..................................................................... 369 SUMMARY OF CONTENT...................................................................................375 LITERATURA........................................................................................................381
LITERATURA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Cheryan, Munir: ‘‘Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Handbook”, 2nded„ CRC press, Boca Raton, FL, (1998). Baker, Richard: “Membrane Technology and Application”, 2nd ed., John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester, West Sussex, England, (2004). Koenigsberg, Diana: “Water Warriors”, UCLA Magazine, July 1, (2006). Glater, Julius: “The Early History of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Development, Desalination”, 117 (1998). Reid, C.E and E.J Breton: “Water and Ion Flow Across Cellulosic Membranes”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.,1, issue 2 (1959). Lonsdale H.K, U. Merten, and R.L Riley: “Transport Properties of Cellulose Acetate Osmotic Membranes”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol 9, (1965). Sudak, Richard G: “Reverse Osmosis, in Hnadbook ofIndustrial Membrane Technology”, M.C Porter, Ed., William Andrew Publishing, (1990). Cadotte, John, R.S King, R.J. Majerle, and R.J. Peterson, “Interfacial Synthesis in the Preparation of Reverse Osmosis Membranes ”, Journal of Macromolecular Science and Chemistry, A15, (1981). Li, Norman, Anthony Fane, W.S. Winston Ho, and Takeshi Matsuura: “Advanced Membrane Technology and Application ”, John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, (2008). Jeong, Byeong-Heon, Eric M.V. Hoek, Yushan Yan, Arun Subranmani, Xiaofei Huang, Gil Hurwitz, Asim K. Ghosh, and Anna Jawor: “Interfacial Polymerization of Thin Film Nanocomposites: Concept for Reverse Osmosis Membranes”, Journal of Membrane Science, 294, (2007). Merkel, T.C., B.D. Freeman, R.J. Spontak, Z. He, I. Pinnau, P. Keakin, and A.J Hill: “Ultrapermelable,
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PËRMBAJTJA PARATHËNIE. 11 KAPITULU 1. 15 l.OHyrje. 15 1.1 Historia e zhvillimit të osmozēs së kundërt.16 1.2 Avancimet e fundit në teknologille e membranave të osmozēs së kundërt.19 1.3 Hulumtimet në zhvillimin dhe përsosjen e OK në të ardhmen. 21 KAPITULLIII. 23 PROCESET MEMBRANORE. 23 2.1 Klasifikimi i membranave në baze të forcave shtytëse. 28 2.2 Filtrimi i përfunduar (rrjedhja direkte). 30 2.3 Filtrimi me rrjedhje të tërthortë. :. 31 2.4 Osmoza e kundërt (hiperfiltrimi). 32 2.5 Nanofiltrimi. 34 2.6
Ultrafiltrimi. 35 2.7 Mikrofiltrimi.37 2.8 Filtrimi. 39 KAPITULLI III.41 PROCESET MEMBRANORE QË KANË GRADIENTIN E PËRQENDRIMIT FORCÉ SHTYTËSE. 41 3.1 Dializa.41 3.2 Kimodializa.42 3.3 Procesi i separimit me membrana të lëngëta. 44 3.4 Përavullimi. 46 3.5 Proceset membranore që kanë gradientin e potencialit elektrik force shtytëse.48 3.6 Elektrodializa. 48 3.7 Elektroliza membranore. 50 3.8 Elektrosorbimi, elektrofiltrimi dhe jon këmbimi elektrokimik. 50 3.9
Proceset membranore qe kanë gradientine temperatures force shtytëse. 51 3.10 Distilimi membranor. 51 3.11 Termo-Osmoza. 52 3.12 Proceset me forca shtytëse të kombinuara. 52 3.13 Elektroosmofiltrimi.53 3.14 Elektroosmoza. 54 3.15 Piezodializa. 54 KAPITULLI IV. 57 PROCESET OSMOTIKE. 57 4.1 Osmoza.58 4.2 Shtypja osmotike. 59
6 Salih Gashi 4.3 Aspektet teorike të osmozēs së kundërt. 64 4.4 Ndërveprimet ujë-substancë e tretur - membrane. 72 4.5 Aspektet eksperimentale tëOsmozēs së kundërt. 74 4.6 Osmoza paravajtëse. 76 4.7 Osmoza e retarduar nën shtypje. 78 KAPITULU V. 83 TERMÁT THEMELOR TË OSMOZĒS SË KUNDËR. 83 5.1 Faktori i përqendrimit. 83 5.2 Separimi. 84 5.3 Fluksi. 87 5.4 Polarizimi i përqendrimit. 89 5.5 Beta (Faktori i polarizimit të përqendrimit). 95 5.6 Shtupimi i membranes. 96 5.7 Llojet e shtupimit. 99 5.8 Shtupimi
organik. 99 5.9 Bioshtupimi. 99 5.10 Shtresimi (Intervali i shtresimit). 100 5.11 Indeksi i dendësisë së lymit. 102 5.12 Indeksi i ngopshmerisë Langelier. 103 5.13 Indeksi i modifíkuar і shtupimit. 104 KAPITULLI VI. 107 MEMBRANAT. 107 6.1 Klasifïkimi i membranave, struktura dhe metodai e gatitjes. 107 6.2 Definícióm i membranes. 107 6.3 Mjediset mikroporoze. 109 6.4 Membranai e sinteruara. 110 6.5 Membranai e zgj atura. Ill 6.6 Membranat me pore kapilare. 111 6.7 Membranat mikroporoze me inversion të
fazës. 111 6.8 Membranat homogjene. 112 6.9 Membranat homogjene polimerike. 113 6.10 Membranat homogjene të metalit dhe të qelqit. 113 6.11 Membranat e lëngëta. 114 6.12 Membranat e lëngëta të emulsionit. 114 6.13 Membranat e lëngëta mbështetëse (mbajtëse). 116 6.14 Membranat jonkëmbyese (jonselektive). 118 6.15 Membranat jonkëmbyese me strukturē hidrofobike. 123 6.16 Membranat jonkëmbyese inorganike. 123 KAPITULLI VII. 125 MEKANİZMİ I FORMIMIT TË POREVE DHE ZHVILLIMII STRUKTURĒS POROŻE ASIMETRIKE. 125 7.1 Studimi i strukturēs së tretësirës dhe ndikimi i shpejtësisë së desolvatimit në zhvillimin e membranave.126 7.2 Struktura e tretësirës për shtriijen e filmit. 128 7.3 Efekti i aditivit në tretësirën për shtriijen e filmit.131 7.4
Shpejtësia e avullimit të tretësit gjatë formimit të filmit. 133
Osmoza e hundert 7 7.5 Ndryshimi i konstantēs së shpejtësisë së avullimit për sistemin acetat celuloze-aceton- magnézium perklorat i tretësirës për shtrirjen e filmit. 134 7.6 Efekti i strukturēs konstante të tretësirës dhe konstantes së shpejtësisë së avullimit në performancën e membranes. 138 7.7 Efekti i raportit tretës/jotretës në performancën e membranes. 138 7.8 Rezultatei e kushteve të shtrirjes në performancën e membranes. 143 7.9 Përcaktimi i madhësisë mesatare të poreve dhe shpërndarja e tyre në membranat e acetatit të celulozes të përpunuara në temperatura të ndryshme. 146 7.10 Teknika e paratrajtimit të membranave në shtypje - Përpunimi i membranave në shtypje. 148 7.11 Teknika e paratrajtimit të membranes - trajtimit me shtypje prapavajtëse të kontrolluar . 149 7.12 Asimetriciteti i strukturēs poroże të membranave të acetatit të celulozes të osmozēs së kundërt. 150 7.13 Formimi i membranave me procesin e inversionit të fazës. 150 7.14 Membranat simetrike. 151 7.15 Membranat asimetrike.
151 7.16 Formimi i membranave asimetrike.152 7.17 Membranat asimetrike integrale. 154 7.18 Mekanizmi i formimit. 156 7.19 Membranat kompozite. 162 7.19.1 Membranat kompozite të osmozēs së kundërt me film të hollë.162 7.20 Membranat me polimerizim ndërfaqësor. 171 7.20.1 Membranat NS-100.171 7.20.2 Membranat NS-200. 171 7.20.3 Membrana NS-300.172 7.20.4 Membrana PA-300.172 7.20.5 Membrana PEC 1000. 174 7.21 Membranat e gatitura nga poliamidet aromatike që përmbajnë grupe karboksilike. 175 7.22 Membranai heterogjene. 177 7.23 Struktura e qymyrit. 179 7.24
Linjiti. 181 7.25 Kripërat arildiazonium. 183 7.26 Reaksionet e kripërave aril diazonium. 183 7.27 Modifikimi i sipërfaqeve të materialeve me kripëra diazonium. 184 7.28 Membranat heterogjene. 188 7.29 Përgatitja dhe modifikimi i qymyreve. 189 7.30 Trajtimi i qymyrit me ujë.189 7.31 Modifikimi i qymyrit me acide. 190 7.32 Modifikimi i qymyrit me kripëra diazonium. 190 7.33 Gatitja dhe zhvillimi i membranave heterogjene. 193 7.34 Efekti i qymyreve të ndryshëm në performancën e membranave heterogjene. 193 7.35 Efekti i përbërjes së tretësirës për shtriijen e membranes (sasisë së qymyrit) në performancën e membranes. 195 7.36 Efekti i kohës së avullimit të tretësit në performancën e membranes. 196 7.37 Efekti i qymyrit të modifikuar me aktivizim kimik.
200
8 Salih Gashi KAPITULU VIII. 205 SEPARIMI FAZOR NË SISTEMET POLIMERIKE. 205 8.1 Termodinamika.205 8.2 Separimi fazor lëng-lëng. 208 8.3 Agregacioni dhe kristalizimi.211 8.4 Morfologjia e membranave.212 8.5 Zgjedhja e sistemit tretës-jotretës. 213 8.6 Ndikimi i tretësit në strukturen e membranes së acetatit të celulozes kur uji përdoret si jotretës. 213 8.7 Shpejtësia fundërrimit dhe struktura e membranes. 216 8.8 Efekti i polimerii në strukturen dhe vetitë e membranes. 218 8.9 Efekti i përqendrimit të polimerit në strukturen e membranes. 219 8.10 Përbërja e banjos koaguluese.221 8.11 Përbërja e tretësirës për shtriije.222 8.12 Efekti i avullimit në strukturen e membranes. 224
KAPITULLIIX. 227 MODELET E TRANSPORTIT.227 9.1 Kriteret fíziko-kimike. 227 9.2 Modelet e termodinamikës ireversibile.227 9.3 Modeli i difuzionit të tretësirës (modeli joporoz). 232 9.4 Modeli i papërsosshmerisë (imperfekt) i difuzionit të tretësirës (modeli poroz). 236 9.5 Modelet poroże. 237 9.5.1 Modeli poroz - fin. 237 9.6 Modeli i forces sipërfaqësore- rrjedhjes poroże. 241 9.7 Modelet e membranave me ngarkesë. 244 9.8 Modelet e ekuilibrit Donnan. 245 9.9 Modeli i zgjeruar i Nernst-Plankut. 246 9.10 Modeli i sorbimit preferencial-rrjedhjes kapilare (modeli poroz). 246 9.11 Kriteret fíziko-kimike për separimin me osmozē të kundërt. 251 9.12 Bashkëveprimi substance e tretur-tretës-
polimer. 252 9.13 Bashkëveprimet jonike dhe separimet me osmozē të kundërt. 253 9.14 Kriteret fíziko-kimike për separimin e substancave të tretura të pajonizuara ose parcialisht të pajonizuara polare. 254 9.15 Paramétrât polar. 254 9.16 Konstantet e shpërbashkimit.255 9.17 Numri Hammet-it dhe Taft-it. 256 9.18 Ekuacionet bazike të transportit, dhe përcaktimi i parametrave të transportit që përfshijnë tretësirat ujore dhe thithjen preferenciale të ujit në ndërfaqen membrane tretësirë.258 9.18.1 Shtypja efektive e lëvizjes së lëngut në osmozē të kundërt:. 258 9.18.2 Ekuacionet bazike të transportit.258 9.18.3 Transporti i masēs në anën e shtypjes së lartë të membranes. 261 9.18.4 Parashikueshmëria (prediktabiliteti) e performances së membranes. 262 9.19 Kriteret fíziko-kimike për separimin e kripërave inorganike. 263
Osmoza e kundërt 9 KAPITULU X. 267 MATERIALET MEMBRANORE.267 10. 1 Trashësia. 267 10.2 Kompaktësia. 268 10.3 Hidroliza. 268 10.4 Celuloza. 269 10.5 Acetati i celulozes dhe estere mënjanimi të celulozes. 271 10.6 Poliamidet Aromatike. 272 10.7 Polisulfonet. 277 10.8 Parametri i tretshmërisë. 280 10.9 Parametri ß. 282 KAPITULLIXI. 285 KARAKTERIZIMII MEMBRANAVE. 285 11.1 Karakterizimi i membranave. 286 11.2 Matjet
e këndit të kontaktit. 287 11.3 Analiza statistikore e këndit të kontaktit për sipërfaqët e rrafshta. 292 11.4 Matjet e potencialit Zeta. 293 11.5 Mikroskopia e forces atomike (MFA).294 11.6 Mikroskopia elektronike e transmisionit (MET). 297 11.7 Mikroskopia elektronike Skaning. 298 11.8 Mikroskopia e forces kimike. 301 11.9 Spektroskopia fotoelektronike me rreze x (SFX). 303 11.10 Spektroskopia infrakuqe ATR-FTIR.304 11.10.1 Zvogëlimi i reflektimit total të spektroskopisë infrakuqe të transformimit fourier. 304 KAPITULLIXII. 307 MODULET (ELEMENTET) MEMBRANORE TË OSMOZĒS SË KUNDËRT DHE KONFIGURACIONII MODULEVE. 307 12.1 Moduli në formē të pllakëzes -kornizë. 308 12.2 Membranat në formë të gypit (tabulare). 309 12.3 Moduli membraner në formë të mbështjellësit spiral. 311 12.4
Moduli membranor me fije të zbrazëta. 312 KAPITULU XIII. 315 PROCESI IPARATRAJTIMIT DHE POST-TRAJTIMIT. 315 13.1 Osmoza e kundërt.316 13.2 Polarizimi i përqendrimit.318 13.3 Dëmtimi i membranes.320 13.4 Mekanizmi i bílokimit. 320 13.5 Shtresimi. 321 13.6 Shtupimi. 322 13.7 Shtapuesit. 325 13.8 Shtapuesit fizik. 326 13.9 Bioshtapimi. 322 13.10 Shtapuesit organik. 328 13.11 Paratrajtimi. 329 13.12 Paratrajtimi
kimik. 330
10 Salih Gashi 13.13 Klorinimi. 331 13.14 Reagjentët për koagulim dhe flokulim.331 13.15 Rregullimi i pH. 333 13.16 Reagjentët antishtresues. 333 13.17 Deklorinimi. 334 13.18 Paratrajtimi konvenciónál. 335 13.19 Paratrajtimi membranor. 337 13.20 Paratrajtimi me nanofiltrim. 339 13.21 Post-trajtimi. 339 13.22 Pastrimi i membranes. 341 13.23 Pastrimi i membranes së ndotur. 342 13.24 Shpëlarja. 342 13.25 Zhvillimet e tashme dhe të ardhshme të shkripëzimit tě ujit tě detit. 343 KAPITULU XIV. 345 ZBATIMIIPROCESIT TË OSMOZĒS SË
KUNDËRT. 345 14.1 Shkripëzimi i ujit të detit dhe ujërave të njelmëta. 347 14.1.1 Shkripëzimi i ujit të detit. 347 14.2 Ujërat nëntokësore. 354 14.3 Ujërat e ndotura. 355 KAPITULLIXV. 359 Zbatimi i Osmozēs së kundërt në fusha specifike. 359 15.1 Proceset membranore në industrine metalike. 359 15.2 Trajtimi i efluentëve të industrisë galvanike me osmozē të kundërt. 359 15.3 Zbatimi i proceseve membranore në industrine e pulpes dhe letrës. 360 15.4 Osmoza e Kundërt dhe Ultrafiltrimi i ujit për shpëlaije. 361 15.5 Proceset membranore në industrine e tekstilit. 361 15.6 Proceset membranore në industrine elektronike, farmaceutike, për kondicionimin e ajrit dhe centralet termoenergjetike. 362 15.7 Prodhimi i ujit të pastër për “mikrochipa/” me Osmozē të kundërt. 363 15.8 Prodhimi i ujit për industrine farmaceutike. 363 15.9 Prodhimi i ujit fillestar për kazanë me
OK. 363 15.10 Përgatitja e ujit për kondicionimin e ajrit. 364 15.11 Poeeset membranore në industrine ushqimore. 364 15.12 Proceset membranore në industrine e pijeve. 365 15.13 Stabilizimi i tartarateve (kripërat kalium të acidit tartarik). 365 15.14 Proceset membranore në bioteknologji. 366 15.15 Përqendrimi i produkteve të fermentimit në rrjedha. 366 15.16 Reaktorét membranor. 366 15.17 Proceset membranore në mjekësi.367 PËRMBLEDHJE E PËRMBAJTJES. 369 SUMMARY OF CONTENT.375 LITERATURA.381
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Osmoza e kundërt 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 387 Plenkoobrazov. Polim. Rastrov Dispersii, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Sb. Statei, 32 (1966). Klenin, V.I., and Klenina, O.V., Mekh. Protsessov Plenkoobrazov. Polim. Rastrov Dispersii, Akad. Nauk SSSR, Sb. Statei, 45 (1966). Chan, K., Liu, Т., Matsuura, T., and Sourirajan, S: “Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. ”, 23, 124 (1984). Anderson.J. E and Ullman.J: “App. Phys.” (1973). Sarbolouki,M.,N,J: “Polym Sci Polym. Lett.” Հ1913). Strathman, H., Kock, K., Amar, P., and Baker, R.W., Desalination., 16, 179(1975). Koenhen, D. Μ, Mulder, M. H. V. and Smolders,C.A,J: “Appl.polym.Sci. ” (1977). Bokhorst, H., Altena,F.W and Smolders,Desalination 38,349360.1981 J.E. Cadette and R.J.Petetrsen: “Thin-film composite reverse osmosis membranes:origin, development and recent advances ”. In A.F.Turbak (Ed), ACS-Symposium Series 153, Washington, DC,pp.[305-326],(1981). E. Cadotte: “Evolution of composite reverse osamosis membranes”, InD.R.Lloyd (ED), ACS Symposium Series 269, Washington, DC,pp.[273-294], (1985). H. Yasuda and C.E. Lamaze: “Pervaporation of reverse osmosis membranes by plasma polymerization of organic compounds ”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, [17,.201-222] (1973) "Industrial Application of Reverse Osmosis Technology”, Trace Metal Data Institute, Bulletin 608 (1981). Petersen,R and Cadette, J: “Thin film composite reverse osamosis membranes”: in Handbook of Industrial Membrane Technologty,M.Porter,ed. Noyes.Pub.park Ridge,Nj,1990 Endoh,R,Tanaka,T,Kurihara,Μ and Ikeda,K: “Proc.5th Intern
Symp.offresh Water of the Sea”, vol. [4, 31-39] (1976). Daci N: “Prilog odredjivanju kemijske structure organske substance Kosovskog ugljena”, Dokt.disertacija, Univerzitet u. Prishtini (1978). Gashi S.T.; Daci N.M., Ahmed ХҺ.М.,Selimi T. Hoxha E.M, Ed, by L.Pawlowski: “Chemistry for Protection of the Environment”, 91,New York (1989). Gashi S.T et al; Environ. Protect. Engin.,26 (4),29, (2000). Gashi S.T., Daci N.M., Podvorica F., Selimi T., Thaçi B.S: “Development and performance of cellulose acetate-coal
388 Salih Gashi heterogeneous reverse osmosis membranes ” 200 / 416-417 (2006). 112. Gashi S.T., Daci N.M., F Podvorica.I., Selimi T., Thaçi B.S: “Effect of modification time of coal wth aryldiazonium salts on performance of cellulose acetate-coal heterogeneous reverse osmosis membranes”, 1240 /1-8. (2009) 113. Gashi S.T., Selimi T., B Thaçi.S. and Dylhasi, A. “Study of the optimization factors for preparation of heterogeneous reverse osmosis membranes”, Water Science Technology: Water Supply/11 / 647-653. 2011 114. Thaçi.B.S., Gashi S. T., Daci N.,.,Daci Μ., Dylhasi, A. “Effect of modified coal through chemical activation process on performance of heterogeneous reverse osmosis membranes, Environment Protection Engineering, / 41 / 53-65 (2015) 115. Thaçi B.S., Gashi S. TC‘The heterogeneous reverse osmosis membranes based separation of fluorides with fly ash pretreatment”, Acta Physica Polonica A, /128/62-66 (2015) 116. Chehimi M.M: “Aryl Diazonium Salts”, Book, Wiley-VCH Verlag Gmbh Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, ( 2012). 117. F.I. Podvorica: “Aryl Diazonium Salts”, Chapter Book, WileyVCH Verlag Gmbh Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, (2012). 118. J. Pinson, F. Podvorica, “Attachment of organic layers to conductive or semiconductive surfaces by reduction of diazonium salts ”, Chemical Society Reviews (2005), 34, 429-439. 119. C. Combellas, F. Kanoufi, J. Pinson and F. I. Podvorica: “Sterica ered Diazonium Salts for the Grafting of a Monolayer on Metals”, Journal of American Chemical Society, (2008), 130, 8576. 120. Μ. Mulder: “Basic Principles of Membrane Technology”,
Kluwer.Acad.Publ.(1991). 121. Jonsson, G: “Oveerview of Theories for Water and solute transport in UF, RO Membranes, Desalination”, 35, 21, (1980). 122. Bhattacharyya. D, Williams. Μ: “Theory-Reverse osmosis” in Handbook, W.Ho and K. Sirkar, Van Nostran Reinhold, New York (1992) c.d 123. Kedem, O., and Katchalski, A: “Thermodynamic Analysis of the Permeability of biological membranes to Non-Electrolytes”, Biochim Biophys.Acta, 27, 229(195*). 124. Spiegler, К and Kedem, O: “Thermodynamics of hyperfiltration: Criteria for Efficient Membranes, Desalination ”, 1,311,(1966). 125. Pusch, W: “Determination of transport Parameters of Synthetic
Osmoza e hundert 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 389 Membranes by Hyperfiltration Experiments, and ions transport mechanism in hyperfiltration with symmetric cellulose acetate membranes”, J. of Membane Sci, 206, 319. (2002) Soltanieh, Μ and Grill,W: “Review of Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Transport. Models, Chern. Enginner. Communications”, 12, 279, (1981). Mehdizadeh, H and Docson, J: “Theoretical Modification of Surface Force-Pore Flow model for reverse Osmosis Transport”, J.Memb.Sci, 42119 (1989). Matsuura, T and Sourirajan, S: “Ind.Eng.Chem.Process Des.DevT, 17,419,(1978). Drelich, J: “Journal ofAdhesion”, 63 (1-3), 31-51. 1997 Drelich, J., J. D. Miller and R. J. Good: “The Effect of Drop (Bubble) Size on Advancing and Receding Contact Angles for Heterogeneous and Rough Solid Surfaces as Observed with Sessile-Drop and Captive-Bubble Techniques”. Journal of Colloid And Interface Science, 179 (1), 37-50. (1996) Tadmor, R: “Langmuir” 2004, 20 (18), 7659-7664. Boussu, K., C. Vandecasteele and B. Van der Bruggen, “Journal of Membrane Science” (2008), 310 (1-2), 51-65. Chapman-Wilbert, Μ., S. Delagah and J. Pellegrino, “Journal of Membrane Science” (1999), 161 (1-2), 247-261. Mulder, Μ: “Basic Principles of Membrane Technology”. 2nd ed.; Klüver Academic Publishers (1996). Müller, R. H. and W. Mehnert: “Particle and surface characterisation methods”. Medpharm Scientific Publishers: Stuttgart, (1997). Li, X., S. De Feyt and I. F. J. Vankelecom: Journal of Membrane Science (2008), 324, 67-75. Brant, J. A., K. Μ. Johnson and
A. E. Childress: Colloids and Surfaces a-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects (2006), 280(1-3), 45-57. Allegrezza, A: “Commercial Reverse Osmosis Membranes Modules, in Reverse Osmosis Technology”, B.Parekh,ed,53, Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York (1998). Baker, R: “Membrane and Module Preparation, in Membrane separation Systems”, Vol 2, US DOE Report, DOE/ER 30133Hi,(1990). Sastr S: “Sep.Sci”,\\, 133 (1976). Gashi S.T. etj. “Kerkime”,2, 25-35, ASHAK (1983). Wojcik C.K: “Desalination of water in Saudi Arabia by reverse
390 Salih Gashi osmosis, performance study, Desalination”, 46, 17-34 (1983). 143. Hoornaert, P: “Reverse osmosis ”,Oxford: Pergamon, (1984). 144. Parekh, Bipins; “Reverse osmosis technology: application for high-purity-water production” NewYork: M.Dekker (1988). 145. Sirkar, K. Winston Ho,W.S: “Membrane Handbook”, Chapman Hall, (1992). 146. Padilla, A.P., Tavani E.L., “Treatment of industrial effluents by reverse osmosis, Desalination”, 126, 219-226) (1999). 147. Al-Enzi,G, Fawzi,N: “Design consideration of RO units:case studies”, Desalination, 153, 281-289 (2002). 148. Gashi S.T. et.al: “Environ.Protect.Eng”, Vol 15, No.3-4,(1989). 149. Paques, J.P: “A new Wastewater treatment plant for Hammar by Sjostad: Comparative study between four alternatives ”, Master of science Technology, Stockholm Vatten Ab Delft University of Technology, (2013). 150. M.F.A. Goosen, S.S.Salbani, H.Al-Hinai, S.Al-Obeidani, ER. Al-Belushi and D.Jasckson: “Fouling of reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membraners”՛. A critical review, Separ.Sci. and Techonl,Vol.39 (10), 2261, (2004). 151. “Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration”, American Water Works Association; Μ 46 Denver, (2007). 152. Miillipore Corporation, “New Type II Water System”, Advertising brochure (1994). 153. D.J. Chaiko and K.Osseo-Asare: “Characterisation of liquid membrane supports”, Sep. Sci. and Techn. 17, 1659 (1987). 154. Gleckauf, E: “Proc, of First International Symposium of water Desai”. Vol 1,143, Washington D.C, (1967). 155. Gleckauf, E., and Samnon,D,C. “Proc.3rd Inern. Symp. on Fresh Waterfrom the Sea”, Dubrovnik,Vol 2, 397,
(1970). 156. Μ. Teramoto and H.Tanimoto: “Mechanism of copper permeation through hollow fiber liquid membranes”, Sep. Sci. and Techn., 18, 871 (1973). 157. Taft, R.W: “Ir.in, Steric Effects in organic Chemistry”, Ms.Newman, Ed., Wiley, New York, 556, (1956). 158. Sorg, T., and Love, O: “Reverse osmosis treatment to control inorganic and volatile organic contaminants”, Report EPA600/D-84-198.U.S.Environmental protection Agency, (1984). |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:43:15Z |
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| spelling | Gashi, Salih 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)1269456571 aut Osmoza e kundërt = Reverse osmosis Salih Gashi Reverse osmosis Prishtinë Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës 2017 390 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Botime të veçanta / Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës 166 Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i shkencave të natyrës libri 30 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Umgekehrte Osmose (DE-588)4061591-1 gnd rswk-swf Umgekehrte Osmose (DE-588)4061591-1 s DE-604 Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës Botime të veçanta 166 (DE-604)BV011748946 166 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033873136&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033873136&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Gashi, Salih 1944- Osmoza e kundërt = Reverse osmosis Umgekehrte Osmose (DE-588)4061591-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4061591-1 |
| title | Osmoza e kundërt = Reverse osmosis |
| title_alt | Reverse osmosis |
| title_auth | Osmoza e kundërt = Reverse osmosis |
| title_exact_search | Osmoza e kundërt = Reverse osmosis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Osmoza e kundërt = Reverse osmosis |
| title_full | Osmoza e kundërt = Reverse osmosis Salih Gashi |
| title_fullStr | Osmoza e kundërt = Reverse osmosis Salih Gashi |
| title_full_unstemmed | Osmoza e kundërt = Reverse osmosis Salih Gashi |
| title_short | Osmoza e kundërt |
| title_sort | osmoza e kundert reverse osmosis |
| title_sub | = Reverse osmosis |
| topic | Umgekehrte Osmose (DE-588)4061591-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Umgekehrte Osmose |
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