Zbrazjet atmosferike: = Atmospheric discharges
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | Albanian |
| Published: |
Prishtinë
Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës
2017
|
| Series: | Botime të veçanta
libri 164 Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës libri 29 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Item Description: | Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 396 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789951615723 |
Staff View
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV048493248 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20221115 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 220930s2017 a||| |||| 00||| alb d | ||
| 020 | |a 9789951615723 |9 978-9951-615-72-3 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1347215852 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV048493248 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a alb | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Krasniqi, Isuf F. |d 1948- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1272792447 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Zbrazjet atmosferike |b = Atmospheric discharges |c Isuf F. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Atmospheric discharges |
| 264 | 1 | |a Prishtinë |b Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës |c 2017 | |
| 300 | |a 396 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |c 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Botime të veçanta |v libri 164 | |
| 490 | 1 | |a Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës |v libri 29 | |
| 500 | |a Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Hochspannungsleitung |0 (DE-588)4160246-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Blitz |0 (DE-588)4124914-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Luftelektrizität |0 (DE-588)4168236-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Überspannungsschutz |0 (DE-588)4128083-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Kosovo |0 (DE-588)4032571-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Kosovo |0 (DE-588)4032571-4 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Luftelektrizität |0 (DE-588)4168236-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Blitz |0 (DE-588)4124914-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Hochspannungsleitung |0 (DE-588)4160246-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Überspannungsschutz |0 (DE-588)4128083-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Prebreza, Bahri M. |d 1969- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)127279248X |4 aut | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Botime të veçanta |v libri 164 |w (DE-604)BV011748946 |9 164 | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës |v libri 29 |w (DE-604)BV021576880 |9 29 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Literaturverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Register // Gemischte Register |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 940 | 1 | |q BSB_NED_20221115 | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033870676 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 609 |e 22/bsb |f 090512 |g 4975 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 509 |e 22/bsb |f 090512 |g 4975 |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804184455096565760 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | PËRMBAJTJA PARATHËNIE.............................................................................................11 KAPITULLII PARË NJOHURI TÊ PËRGJITHSHME PËR ZBRAZJET ATMOSFERİKLE...... 15 1.1. Formimi i zbrazjeve atmosferike..................................................... 22 1.2. Procesi i formimit të reve..................................................................25 1.3. Llojet e reve..................................................................................... 27 1.4. Krijimi i ngarkesave në re............................................................... 28 1.4.1. Teoria e Wilson-it...................................................................... 28 1.4.2. Teoria e Simpson-it.................................................................... 30 1.4.3. Teoria e Workman-it.................................................................. 32 1.5. Veçoritë e zbrazjeve atmosferike...................................................... 33 1.5.1. Faza e pare: Zbrazja pikësore.................................................... 34 1.5.2. Faza e dytë: lideri kërcyes......................................................... 36 1.5.3. Faza e trete: Zbrazja kryesore.................................................... 37 1.5.4. Faza e katërtë: Goditjet e shuměfíshta....................................... 39 1.6. Parametrai e zbrazjeve atmosferike................................................... 40 1.6.1. Parametrai elektrik.....................................................................40 KAPITULLI I DYTË NDIKIMII ZBRAZJEVE ATMOSFERIKE NË SISTEMET
ELEKTROENERGJETIKE ........................................................................ 43 2.1. Zbrazjet atmosferike (rrufetë)............................................... 43 2.2. Mekanizmi i formimit të zbrazjeve atmosferike............................... 48 2.2.1. Goditjet e para............................................................................ 48 2.2.2. Lideri i shkallëzuar.................................................................... 56 2.2.3. Zbrazja kthyese.......................................................................... 56 2.2.4. Lideri shigjetë - strimeri............................................................ 56 2.2.5. Zbrazjet e mëvonshme............................................................... 57 2.3. Mbitensionet e tjera në sistemei elektroenergetike.......................... 57 2.4. Karakteristikat elektrike të zbrazjeve atmosferike............................ 58 2.5. Paraqitja analitike e impulsii rrymor të rrufesë................................. 59 2.5.1. Forma valore e rrymës së rrufesë............................................... 59 2.5.2. Parametrai e goditjes së rrufesë................................................. 61 2.5.3. Karakteristikat dhe parametrai e gödrijévé të rrufesë............... 62
6 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza 2.5.4. Tipet e zbrazjeve atmosferike.................................................... 63 2.5.5. Paraqitja analitike e formes valore të rrymës............................. 75 2.5.5.1. Balli i valës së rrymës............................................................. 76 2.5.5.2. Bishti i valës së rrymës........................................................... 77 2.6. Hartat izokeraunike........................................................................... 78 2.7. Burimet e të dhënave për zbrazjet atmosferike në Kosově.............. 82 2.8. Paramétrât meteorologjik të zbrazjeve atmosferike......................... 84 2.8.1. Parametrai e përgjithshëm meteorologjik të zbrazjeve atmosferike...................................................................... 85 2.9. Niveli i goditjeve të rrufesë në linjat e transmisionit........................ 88 2.10. Metoda e zhvillimit të liderit për mekanizmin e kapërcimit........ 108 KAPITULU I TRETE GODITJET E DREJTPËRDREJTA DHE TË TËRTHORTA TË RRUFESË NË LINJAT E TRANSMISIONIT.......................................... 111 3.1. Problemet që shkaktojnë rrufetë në linjat e transmisionit.............. 111 3.2. Efektet e rrufesë në një linjë të transmisionit.................................. 112 3.3. Goditja në përçuesin fazor.............................................................. 113 3.4. Goditjet në shtyllë paperçues të tokëzuar...................................... 114 3.5. Goditja në përçuesin e tokëzuar...................................................... 115 3.6. Goditjet në
objektet e afërta (goditjet e tërthorta)........................... 117 3.7. Mbitensionet e shkaktuara nga goditjet e drejtpërdrejta të rrufesë....................................................................................... 119 3.8. Mbitensionet e shkaktuara nga goditjet e tërthorta të rrufesë........ 123 3.8.1. Funksioni Green....................................................................... 126 3.9. Tensioni i induktuar i një linje përçuese të vetrne të dyfishtë të kufizuar....................................................................................... 127 3.9.1. Evaluimi i funksionit tëGreen-it.............................................. 128 3.10. Tensioni i induktuar i shkaktuar nga rryma e goditjes kthyese e formes së çfarëdoshme...................................................... 128 3.11. Tensionet e induktuara në linjatmultipërçuese.............................. 134 3.12. Dallimi ndërmjet goditjes së drejtpërdrejtë dhe të tërthortë të rrufesë................................................................................... 136 3.13. Modelet e zbrazjes kthyese të rrufesë........................................... 137 3.14. Modelet inxhinerike...................................................................... 137 3.14.1. Modeli i Bruce-Golde............................................................ 138 3.14.2. Modeli i linjës së transmisionit.............................................. 139 3.14.3. Modeli i Master, Uman, Lin dhe Standler (MULS).............. 140 3.14.4. Modeli i burimit të rrymës
bredhëse...................................... 141 3.14.5. Modeli i modifikuar i linjës së transmisionit......................... 141 3.14.6. Modeli i modifikuar i linjës së transmisionit me zvogëlim eksperimental............................................................ 141 3.14.7. Modeli i modifikuar i linjës së transmisionit me zvogëlim linear të rrymës......................................................... 142
Zbrazjet atmosferike 7 3.14.8. Modeli i Diendorfer-Uman....................................................142 3.15. Përgjithësimi i modeleve inxhinierike........................................... 142 3.16. Modelet ndërlidhëse...................................................................... 143 3.16.1. Modeli Rusek......................................................................... 144 3.16.2. Modeli Taylor........................................................................ 146 3.16.3. Modeli Agrawal..................................................................... 147 3.16.4. Modeli Rachidi...................................................................... 148 3.16.5. Modeli Chowdhuri................................................................. 149 KAPITULU I KATËRT ANALIZA E MBROJTJES SË LINJAVE TË TRANSMISIONIT ME ANË TË PËRÇUESVE MBROJTËS......................................................... 151 4.1. Përçuesi mbrojtës............................................................................ 151 4.2. Llogaritja e këndit mbrojtës të litarit mbrojtës................................ 153 4.3. Hapësira e tërheqjes së rrufesë në sistemin e transmisionit........... 155 4.3.1. Zona mbrojtëse e përcjellësit të rrufesë................................... 155 4.4. Modeli i thjeshtë elektrogjeometrik (EGM).................................... 161 4.5. Efektet e litarit mbrojtës në tensionet e induktuara......................... 165 4.6. Analiza e mbrojtjes nga rrufetë të linjës së transmisionit 1 lOkV me përdorimin e litarit
mbrojtës............................................... 167 4.7. Karakteristikat stokastike të goditjes së rrufesë.............................. 169 4.8. Llogaritja e shkallës së ndërprerjeve të shkaktuara nga goditjet e aferta të rrufesë...................................................................... 170 4.9. Llogaritja e shkallës së ndërprerjeve............................................... 173 KAPITULLII PESTE MODELİMİ DHE SIMULIMI I SHKARKUESVE TË MBITENSIONIT SI ELEMENTE TË SISTEMIT MBROJTËS NGA MBITENSIONET...................................................................................... 175 5.1. Shkarkuesit e mbitensionit............................................................. 175 5.2. Karakteristika Volt-Ampere e shkarkuesve të mbitensionit ZnO... 177 5.3. Mikrostruktura e varistorëve dhe mekanizmi i përçuarjes së rrymës....................................................................................... 180 5.4. Testimi dhe klasifíkimi i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit ZnO........... 182 5.5. Përcaktimi i distances mbrojtëse..................................................... 183 5.6. Ndikimi i papastërtisë industriale në punën e shkarkuesve të mbitensioneve.......................................................................... 183 5.7. Struktura dhe parametrai e modeleve të shkarkuesve metal oksid të mbitensioneve............................................................. 184 5.8. Modelet e shkarkuesve të mbitensionit........................................... 186 5.8.1. Modeli i Bak-Jansen-
it............................................................. 187 5.8.2. Modeli i Feser-it....................................................................... 189 5.8.3. Modeli i rekomanduar nga grupi punues IEEE 3.4.11............. 191
8 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza 5.8.3.1. Caktimi i karakteristikave të elementeve jolineare АО dhe Al............................................................................. 194 5.9. Modelimi i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit ZnO në MATLAB dhe simulimi i performances së tyre.................................................... 196 5.9.1. Modeli i shkarkuesve ZnO............................................................ 196 5.9.2. Rangu i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit të prodhuesit ABB........ 197 5.9.3. Procedura e zgjedhjes së shkarkuesve të mbitensionit............. 199 5.9.4. Paramétrai sistem/shkarkues......................................................... 199 5.10. Zgjedhja e karakteristikave të sistemit.............................................. 200 5.10.1. Tensioni nominal i shkarkuesit (Ur)...........................................200 5.10.2. Kapaciteti energjetik dhe klasa e shkarkimit........................... 202 5.10.3. Nivelet mbrojtëse (Up։ dhe Ups)................................................. 203 5.10.4. Margjina mbrojtëse...................................................................... 204 5.11. Modeli i valës goditëse rrymore dhe simulimi i veprimit të shkarkuesit ZnO në fushat e linj ave të nivelit 1 lOkV........... 205 5.12. Modeli i kompletuar për simulim...................................................... 207 5.12.1. Modelimi i rezistencave j о lineare Ao dhe Ai......................... 208 5.12.2. Rezultatei e simulimeve në Matlab.......................................... 209 5.13. Modeli IEEE në ATP-
EMTP............................................................. 211 5.14. Modeli i thjeshtuar i rekomanduar nga Pinceti dhe Giannetoni.... 217 5.15. Modeli i thjeshtuar i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit nē programın ATP-EMTP............................................................. 220 5.16. Shkarkuesit e mbitensioneve dhe furnizimi i sigurt me energji elektrike...................................................................................... 222 5.17. Elemente të dizajnimit të shkarkuesve të mbitensionit me shtëpizë të porcelanit................................................................. 222 5.18. Zbatimi i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit në linjat e transmisionit të tensionit të lartë...................................................................... 223 5.19. Zgjedhjae shkarkuesve tëmbitensionit............................................ 224 5.20. Mënyra e instalimit të shkarkuesve të mbitensionit........................ 226 5.21. Shkarkuesit e linjave të transmisionit PEXLINK............................ 228 5.22. Rritja e efektivitetit të linjës............................................................... 232 5.23. Tensioni dûmes i sistemeve të izolimit............................................. 233 5.24. Parimét e koordinimit të izolimit dhe metodai e tij......................... 236 5.25. Modeli i izolimit të linjave..................................................................238 5.26. Varësia tension-kohë e izolatorëve................................................... 238 5.27. Numri i zbrazjeve në objektet
elektroenergjetike.............................239 KAPITULLII GJASHTË VALËT BREDHËSE TË TENSIONIT........................................................... 243 6.1. Një rishikim i valëve bredhëse............................................................. 243 6.1.2. Linjat Ajrore................................................................................... 244 6.1.3. Kabllot............................................................................................. 246 6.1.4. Kabllot me SF6................................................................................ 246
Zbrazjet atmosferike 9 6.1.5. Mikro-sistemi........................................................................... 246 6.2. Valët bredhëse në pikën e ndërprerjes............................................. 247 6.3. Përdorimi i teoremës së Thevenin-it............................................... 249 6.4. Një rast i veçantë: Linja me dy perçues.......................................... 251 6.5. Stacioni me n-linja.......................................................................... 251 6.6. Nyja linjë - kablio............................................................................ 254 6.7. Një metodē e llogaritjes: Diagrami rrjetë (grilë)............................. 255 6.8. Goditja në shtyllë............................................................................ 259 6.9. Goditja në shtyllë: Efekti i reflektimit nga shtyllat fqinje............... 264 6.9.1. Reduktimi i tensionit maksimal në shtyllën e goditur............. 264 6.9.2. Reduktimi i bishtit të valës...................................................... 268 6.10. Distanca ndarëse tek shkarkuesit e mbitensionit........................... 271 6.11. Tensioni në transformator për një stáción me n-linja.................... 274 6.12. Tensioni Ußper një stáción me n-linja.......................................... 278 6.13. Gjatësia mbrojtëse e shkarkuesit të mbitensionit.......................... 279 6.14. Rryma e shkarkuesit të mbitensionit............................................. 285 6.15. Linjat me perçues të shumëfishtë.................................................. 289 6.16. Impedanca
ekuivalente karakteristike........................................... 291 6.17. Faktori ndërlidhës.......................................................................... 292 6.18. Faktori ndërlidhës ndërmjet dy litarëve të tokëzuar dhe një përçuesi fazor....................................................................... 293 6.19. Përçuesit e shumëfishtë: Pikat e ndërprerjes................................. 294 6.20. Impedanca karakteristike e shtyllës............................................... 299 KAPITULLII SHTATË EFEKTI I KURORËS NË VALËT BREDHËSE...................................... 303 7.1. Hyrje.......................................................................................... 303 7.2. Dobësimi dhe shtrembërimi i valëve bredhëse............................... 305 7.3. Gjatë tensionit fillestar të kurorës................................................... 314 7.4. Mbi tensionin fillestar të kurorës.................................................... 315 7.5. Viera e Parametrave........................................................................ 317 7.6. Tensioni fillestar i kurorës.............................................................. 318 Ί.Ί. Impedanca karakteristike................................................................ 319 7.8. Faktori ndërlidhës............................................................................ 321 KAPITULLI I TETE ANALIZA E MBITENSIONEVE ATMOSFERIKE NË LINJAT E TRANSMISIONIT NË SİSTEMİN ELEKTROENERGJETIK TË
KOSOVËS.................................................................................................. 323 8.1. Modeli i përçuesve linjorë............................................................... 324 8.1.1. Ekuacionet themelore.............................................................. 324 8.2. Rregulla e Petersen-it...................................................................... 327 8.3. Modeli i linjave të transmisionit pa humbje.................................... 330 8.4. Impedanca karakteristike e përçuesve të linjës sipërfaqësore........ 332
10 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza 8.5. Impedanca e jashtme e përçuesve (Impedanca kthyese tokësore)................................................................................... 335 8.6. Analiza e parametrave valorë të linjës ajrore në domenin e komponenteve simetrike.................................................................337 8.7. Karakteristikat e linjave në domenin e regjimit punues.................. 340 8.8. Rezultatei nga simulimet kompjuterike të zbrazjeve atmosferike......................................................................................342 PËRMBLEDHJE....................................................................................... 351 SUMMARY.............................................................................................. 366 LITERATURA.......................................................................................... 381 LISTA E INDEKSEVE............................................................................. 391
LITERATURA A.E.Araujo, J.O.Paulino, J.P.Silva, H.W.Dommel, Calculation of lightning-induced voltages with RUSCK’s method in EMTP. Part I: Comparison with measurements and Agrawal ’s coupling model, Electric Power System Research, Vol.60, 2001. A.Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems, second edition, 1991 A.J.Eriksson, The incidence of lightning strikes to power lines, IEEE Trans.Power Delivery, 2, 859-870, July, 1987 A.K.Agrawal, H.J.Price, S.H. Gurbaxani, Transient response of multiconductor transmission lines exited by a nonuniform electromagnetic field, IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC-22, 1980. A.K.Agrawal, H.J.Price, S.H.Gurbaxani, Transient response of a multiconductor transmission line excited by a non uniform electromagnetic field, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. EMC-22, 1980. A.Mosaddeghi, D.Pavanello, F.Rachidi, M.Rubinstein, On the inversion ofpolarity of the electric field at very close range from a tower struck by lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D19113, doi:10.1029, 2007. A.Nag, V.A.Rakov, Positive lightning: An overview, new observations, and inferences, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D08109, 2012. A.R.Hileman, Insulation coordination for power systems, 1999, USA. A.Sowa, J.Wiater, Evaluation of arrester’s protection levels during lightning strikes to overhead medium voltage lines, Electrical Department, Bialystok Technical University, Bogota, Columbia,2003 ABB MWK Surge Arrester Datasheet, Medium Voltage Products Systems. ABB Surge arresters-Buyer ’s guide/Product information (ABB Surge Arresters - Buyer’s Guide,
Edition 6, 2008 ֊ 08).
382 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza B.Bak-Jensen, J.Bak-Jensen, S.D.Mikkelsen, T.J.Sorensen, General equivalent circuit model of a ZnO arrester, Symposium on high voltage engineering, Japan, 1993. B.Bak-Jensen, J.Bak-Jensen, S.D.Mikkelsen, T.J.Sorensen, Modelling of medium voltage ZnO arresters in the leakage region, Symposium on high voltage engineering, Japan, 1993. B.N.Gorin, A.V.Shkilev, Measurements of lightning currents at the Ostankino tower, Elektrich., no. 8, pp. 64-65, 1984. B.Prebreza, LKrasniqi, G.Kabashi, NAvdiu, Disturbances of the normal operation ofKosovo Power System regarding atmospheric discharges, WASET, ICEMDS, Malaysia, 22-24 February 2011, pp.1081-1086 C.A. Nucci, F.Rachidi, Lightning-induced overvoltage, IEEE Transmission and distribution conference, New Orleans, 1999. C.A. Nucci, F.Rachidi, M.Ianoz, C.Mazzetti, Comparison of two coupling models for lightning-induced overvoltage calculations, IEEE Transactions on power delivery, Vol. 10, No.l, 1995. C.A.Nucci, C.Mazzetti, F.Rachidi, M.Ianoz, On lightning return stroke models for LEMP calculations, 19th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Graz, 1988. C.D.Taylor, R.S.Satterwhite, C.W.Harrison, The response of a terminated two-wire transmission line excited by a non-uniform electromagnetic field, IEEE Transaction on Antenna Propagation, Vol. AP-13, 1965. C.E.Bruce, R.H.Golde, The lightning discharge, Journal of the IEE, Vol. 88, London, 1941. Ch.M. Ong, Dynamic simulation of electric machinery: Using MATLAB/Simulink, 1997 Ch.Magono, Thunderstorms, Developments in Atmospheric Science,
12, Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, 1980 D. Ahrens, Essentials of meteorology, An Invitation to the atmosphere, 2001, N. York D.Flache, V.A.Rakov, F.Heidler, W.Zischank, R.Thottappillil, Initial stage pulses in upward lightning: Leader/return stroke versus Mcomponent mode of charge transfer to ground, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13812, doi:10.1029, 2008. D.Lovrić, S.Vujević, T.Modrić, Comparison ofdifferent metal oxide surge arrester models, IntJ.Emerg.Sci., 1(14), 545-554, December 2011.
Zbrazjet atmosferike 383 D.M.Jordan, M.A.Uman, Variation in light intensity with height and time from subsequent lightning return strokes, Journal of Geophysics Research, Vol. 88, pp. 6555-6562, 1983. D.Wang, N.Takagi, T.Watanebe, M.Hashimoto, Observed characteristics of the lightning striking on a windmill and its lightning-protection tower, paper presented at 29th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 2008. E.Cinieri, A.Fumi, The effect of the presence of multiconductors and ground wires on the atmospheric high voltages on electric lines, L’Energia Elettrica, 56, 1979. E.Garbagnati, G.B.Lo Piparo, Parameter von Blitzstomen, ETZ-A, Vol. 103, pp. 61-65, 1982. E.Kuffel, W.S.Zaengl, J.Kuffel, High voltage Engineering Fundamentals, 2000 E.M.Bazelyan, Y.P.Raizer, Lightning Physics and Lightning Protection, Bristol and Philadelphia, 2000 E.Tarasiewicz, F.Rimmer, A.Morched, Transmission line arrester energy, cost, and risk of failure analysis for partially shielded transmission lines, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2000; 15:919-924. F.De La Rosa, C.A.Nucci, V.A.Rakov, Lightning and its impact on power systems, Proceedings of International Conference on Insulation Coordination for Electricity Development in Central European Countries, Zagreb, Croatia, 1998. F.Fuchs, E.U.Landers, R.Schmid, J.Wiesinger, Lightning current and magnetic field parameters caused by lightning strikes to tall structures relating to interference of electronic systems, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 40, 444- 451, 1998. F.Heidler, Travelling current
source model for LEMP calculation, 6th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zurich, 1985. F.Heidler, W.Zischank, J.Wiesinger, Statistics of lightning current parameters and related nearby magnetic fields measured at the Peissenberg tower, paper presented at 25th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Univ, of Patras, Rhodes, Greece, 2000. F.Rachidi, C.A.Nucci, On the Master, Uman, Lin Standler and the Modified transmission line lightning return stroke current models,
384 fsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza Journal of Geophysics Research, Vol. 95, No. D12, pp. 2038920393, Nov. 1990. F.Rachidi, Formulation of the field-to-transmissión line coupling equations in terms of magnetic excitation field, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol.35, No. 3,1993. F.Rachidi, Modeling lightning return strokes to tall structures: A review, J. Lightning Res., vol. 1, pp. 16-31,2007. Finland, 2010 G.Diendorfer, H.Zhou, H.Pichler, Review of 10 years (2000-2009) of lightning measurement at the Gaisberg Tower in Austria, oral presentation presented at 3rd International Symposium on Winter Lightning, University of Tokyo, Sapporo, Japan, 2011. G.Diendorfer, M.A.Uman, An improved return stroke model with specified channel-base current, J. Geophys. Res., 95(D9), 13,62113,644, doi:l0.1029, 1990. G.Diendorfer, M.A.Uman, An improved return stroke model with specified channel-base current, Journal of Geophysics Research, Vol.95, 1990. G.Goedde, L.Kojovic, J.Woodworth, Surge arrester characteristics that provide reliable overvoltage protection in distribution and low-voltage systems, in proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting 2000; 4:2375-2380. H.S.Brewer, Reduction of Lightning caused interruptions on electric power systems, Ohio Brass, 2004. H.Zhou, Experimental Observations and Theoretical Modeling of Lightning Interaction with Tall Objects, Doctoral Thesis in Electrical Engineering , School of Electrical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2013 IEEE Working Group 3.4.11, Modeling of metal oxide
surge arresters, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1992; 7(l):302-309. J.C.Das, Transients in Electrical Systems-Analysis, Recognition and Mitigation, Me Graw Hill, New York, 2009, pp.91-121. J.He, J.Hu, S.Gu, B.Zhang, R.Zeng, Analysis and improvement of potential distribution of 1000-kV ultra-high-voltage metal-oxide arrester, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2009; 24:1225-1233. J.Krasniqi, G.Kabashi, Mbrojtja e fushave të linjave nga mbitensionet përmes shkarkuesve metal-oksid (ZnO), Kerkime 14, ASHAK, Prishtinë 2006
385 Zbrazjet atmosferike J.Krasniqi, G.Latifi, Teknika e tensioneve të larta, Universiteti i Prishtinës, Prishtinë,1996 J.R.Holton, G.J.Hakim, An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Fifth edition, Academic Press, 2013, USA. J.R.Lucas, Lightning phenomena, High Voltage Engineering, 2001 J.Tarchini, W.Gimenez, Line surge arrester selection to improve lightning performance of transmission lines, in proceedings of IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings 2003;832-837. K.Berger, E.Vogelsanger, New results of lightning observations, in Planetary Electrodynamics, pp. 489-510, New York, 1969. K.Berger, Novel observation on lightning discharges: results of research on Mount San Salvatore, J. Franklin Inst., vol. 283, pp. 478-525, 1967. K.Berger, R.B.Anderson, H.Kroninger, Parameters of lightning flashes, Electra, No. 41, pp. 23-37, 1975. K.Berger, The earth flash, Lightning, vol. 1, Physics of Lightning, edited by R. Golde, pp. 119-190, New York: Academic Press, 1977. K.Fekete, S.Nikolovski, G.Knezevic, M.Stojkov, Z.Kovac, Simulation of lightning transients on HOkV overhead-cable transmission line using ATP-EMTP, IEEE, 2010 K.Fekete, S.Nikolovski, G.Knezevic, M.Stojkov, Z.Kovač, Simulation of lightning transients on HOkV overhead-cable transmission line using ATP-EMTP, IEEE, 2010. K.Kannus, K.Lahti, Evaluation of the operational condition and reliability of surge arresters used on medium voltage networks, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2005, 20:745-750. KOSTT, Skema njëpolëshe e SEE e Republikës së Kosovës 400/220/1lOkV, Sektori i zhvillimit të sistemit dhe planifikimit
afatgjatë, 2012 L.Ke, D.Jiang, X.Ma, Low-temperature sintering of high voltage gradient ZnO based thickfilm varistors, Shangai, China, 2009. L.L.Grigsby, Power systems, CRC Press, New York, 2006, Chapter 6. L.M.Tolbert, J.T.Cleveland, L.J.Degenhardt, Reliability of Lightning Resistant Overhead Distribution Lines, IEEE Industrial Commercial Power System Conferences, San Antonio, May 1995. L.Prikler, H.K.Hoidalen, ATPDraw,version November, 2009, Norway 5.6,Users’ Manual,
386 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza L.van der Sluis, Transients in Power Systems, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, 2001 Μ. M.F.Saba, O.Pinto Jr., M.G.Ballarotti, Relation between lightning return stroke peak current and following continuing current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 2006. M.A.Omidiora, M.Lehtonen, Simulation of combined shield wire and MOV protection on distribution lines in severe lightning areas, WCECS, 2007, San Francisco, USA. M.A.Uman, D.K.McLain, E.P.Krider, The electromagnetic radiation from a finite antenna, Am. J. Phys., 43 (1), 33-38, 1975. M.A.Uman, D.K.Mclain, Magnetic field of lightning return stroke, Journal of Geophysics Research, Vol. 74, 1969. M.A.Uman, The lightning Discharge, Gainesville, Florida, 1987 M.A.Uman, The Lightning Discharge, vol. 39, 377 pp., Academic, Orlando, Fla., USA, 1987. M.Darveniza, D.Roby, L.Tumma, Laboratory and analytical studies of the effects of multipulse lightning current on metal oxide arresters, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1994; 9:764-771. M.Darveniza, L.Tumma, B.Richter, D.Roby, Multi pulse lightning currents and metal-oxide arresters, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1997; 12:1168-1175. M.H.Shwehdi, Reliable Maps of Lightning Thunderstorms for Saudi Arabia, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.21 .No.3, July 2006 M.J.Master, M.A.Uman, Y.T.Lin, R.B.Standler, Calculations of lightning return stroke electric and magnetic fields above ground, Journal of Geophysics Research, Vol. 86, No. C12, Dec. 1981. M.Jaroszewski, J.Pospieszna, P.Ranachowski, F.Rejmund, Modeling of overhead
transmission lines with line surge arresters for lightning overvoltages, Application of Line Surge Arresters in Power Distribution and Transmission Systems, Cigre, Cavtat, 2008 M.K.Hadlar, A.C.Liew, Alternative solution for the Chowdhuri-Gross model of lightning-induced voltages on power lines, Proc.IEE, 135, 1998, U.K. M.Magro, M.Giannetoni, P.Pinceti, Validation of ZnO surge arresters model for overvoltage studies, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2004; 19:1692-1695. M.Miki, V.A.Rakov, T.Shindo, G.Diendorfer, M.Mair, F.Heidler, W.Zischank, M.A.Uman, R.Thottappillil, D.Wang, Initial stage in
387 Zbrazjet atmosferike lightning initiated from tall objects and in rocket-triggered lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D02109, 2005. M.S.Naidu, V.Kamaraju, High voltage engineering, Second Edition, Me Graw-Hil, 1996 M.S.Naidu, V.Kamaraiu, High Voltage Engineering, second edition, Me Graw Hill, 1995. M.Savić, Z.Stojkovič, Tehnika prenaponi, Beograd, 1996. Visokog napona, Atmosferski O.Pauluis, Sources and Sinks ofAvailable Potential Energy in a Moist Atmosphere, New York University, New York, 2007 P.Chowdhuri, E.T.B.Gross, Voltages induced on overhead multiconductor lines by lightning strokes, Proc.IEE, 116,1969, U.K. P.Chowdhuri, Electromagnetic transients in power systems, Research Studies Press, 2004, U.K. P.Chowdhuri, Lightning-induced voltages on multiconductor overhead lines, IEEE Trans.Power Delivery,5,1990. P.Chowdhuri, Parameters of lightning strokes and their effects on power systems, IEEE/PES, Conference and exposition transmission and distribution, Atlanta, Georgia, 2001. P.E.Munhoz Rojas, C.L.da Silva Pinto, Calculations of lightninginduced voltages in medium voltage distribution lines, IX International Symposium on Lightning Protection, November 2007, Foz do Iguaqu, Brazil P.P.Barker, T.A.Short, A.R.Eybert-Berard, J.P.Berlandis, Induced voltage measurements on an experimental distribution line during nearby rocket triggered lightning flashes, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1996. P.Pinceti, M.Giannetoni, A simplified modelfor zinc oxide surge arresters, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1999; 14(2):393-398. Protective equipment update,
May 1989, Olean New York, Issue 9 R.A.Houze Jr, Cloud dynamics, Academic Press, Inc, 1993, USA. R.B.Anderson, A.J.Eriksson, Lightning parameters for engineering applications, Electra, 69, 65-102, March, 1980. R.H.T.Chamie Filho, R.M.S.de Oliveira, C.L.da S.S.Sobrinho, Simulations of Lightning Strokes near Transmission Lines in Urban Environments by Using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain
388 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza Method, Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics Electromagnetic Appliances, Vol.8,No.l,June 2009 and R.Orville, K. Berger, An unusual lightning flash initiated by an upward-propagating leader, J. Geophys. Res., 78(21), 1973. R.Thottappillil, Μ. A.Uman, N. Theethayi, Electric and magnetic fields from a semi-infinite antenna above a conducting plane, J. Electrostatics, 61, 209-221, 2005. R.Thottappillil, V. A. Rakov, Review of three equivalent approaches for computing electromagnetic fields from an extending lightning discharge, J. Lightning Res., 1, 90֊ 110, 2007. R.Thottappillil, V.A.Rakov, M.A.Uman, К and Μ changes in close lightning ground flashes in Florida, J. Geophys. Res., 95(D11), 631-640, 1990. Rëniet e SEE të Kosovës 2007-2012, KOSTT, 2012, Prishtinë S.A.Nemdoh, Lightning-induced overvoltages in medium voltage distribution systems and customer experienced voltage spikes, Doctoral Dissertation, Aalto University, Espoo, S.K.Omar Dau, Modelling of lightning overvoltages for the protection of transmission lines by means of shielding wires and surge arresters, Poland, 2008 S.Rusek, Induced lightning overvoltages on power transmission lines with special reference to the overvoltage protection of low voltage networks, Transactions of the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, No. 120, 1958. S.Rusck, Protection of Distribution Lines in Lightning, Vol. 2, Academic Press, London, 1977. S.Yoshida, et al., The initial stage processes of rocket-and-wire triggered lightning as observed by VHF interferometry, J. Geophys. Res., 117,D09119,
doi:10.1029,2012. Siemens, Station class surge arresters, Product overview. T.A.Wamer, K.L.Cummins, and R.E.Orville, Upward lightning observations from towers in Rapid City, South Dakota and comparison with National Lightning Detection Network data, 2004-2010, J. Geophys. Res., 117, 2012. T.A.Wamer, Observations of simultaneous multiple upward leaders from tall structures, paper presented at 30th International Conference on Lightning Protection, University of Bologna, Cagliari, Italy, 2010.
Zbrazjet atmosferïke 389 T.Hayashi, Y.Mizuno, K.Naito, Study on transmission-line arresters for tower with high footing resistance, IEEE Trans-actions on Power Delivery 2008; 23:2456-2460. T.Hirai, Sh.Okabe, T.Takinami, T.Chindo, Statistical Analysis of lightning performance based in observation infields, Tokio, 2006 T.Horvath, Understanding lightning and lightning protection, A multimedia teaching guide, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary, 2006 T.Saengsuwan, W.Thipprasert, The lightning arrester modeling using ATP-EMTP, Kasetsart J.(Nat.Sci) 42:156-164, 2008. V. A.Rakov, A.A.Dulzon, Calculated electromagnetic fields of lightning return strokes, Russia, Teknicheskaya Electrodinamika, 1987. V. Cooray, The Lightning Flash, Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, U.K., 2003. V.A.Rakov, C.T.Mata, M.A.Uman, K.J.Rambo, A.G.Mata, Review of triggered-lightning experiments at the ICLRT at Camp Blanding, Florida, IEEE Bologne Power Tech Conference, June 23-26, Bologna, Italy,2003 V.A.Rakov, D. E.Crawford, K. J.Rambo, G. H.Schnetzer, Μ. A.Uman, R.Thottappillil, M-component mode of charge transfer to ground in lightning discharges, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D19), 22,817-831,2001. V.A.Rakov, Lightning electromagnetic fields: modeling and measurments, paper presented at 12th International Zurich symposium and Technical Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zurich, 1997. V.A.Rakov, Lightning flashes transporting both negative and positive charges to ground, Recent Progress in Lightning Physics, edited by C. Pontikis, pp. 9-21, Research Signpost, Kerala,
India, 2005. V.A.Rakov, M.A.Uman, Lightning: Physics and effects, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2003 V.A.Rakov, M.A.Uman, Review and evaluation of lightning return stroke models including some aspects of their application, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 403-426, November 1998. V.A.Rakov, Positive and bipolar lightning discharges: A review, University of Florida, 2005, USA
390 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza V.A.Rakov, R.Thottappillil, M.A.Uman, P.P.Barker, Mechanism of the lightning Μ component, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D12), 25,701710, 1995. V.Chis, C.Bala, M.D.Crăciun, Simulation of lightning overvoltages with ATP-EMTP and PSCAD/EMTDC, ACTA Universitatis Apulensis, Special Issue, 453-460. V. Jankov, Estimation of the maximal voltage induced on an overhead line due to the nearby lightning, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1997. V.M.Martinez, E.A.Uzcategui, P.RJimenez, Study of lightning overvoltages in Valcor-Guanta II 230kV overhead transmission line, IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Latin America, Venezuela, 2006 V.P.Idone, R.E.Orville, Lightning return stroke velocities in the thunderstorm research international program, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 87, 1982. W.Schmidt, J.Meppelink, B.Richter, K.Feser, L.Kehl, D.Qiu, Behaviour of МО-surge arrester blocks to fast transients, IEEE Trans.on power delivery, Vol.4, 1989. W.Schulz, G.Diendorfer, Bipolar flashes detected with lightning location systems and measured on an instrumented tower, paper presented at VII International Symposium on Lightning Protection, pp. 6-9, Curitiba, Brazil, 2003. Y.Baba, V.A.Rakov, On the use of lumped sources in lightning return stroke models, J. Geophys. Res.,110, D03101, doi:10.1029, 2005. Y.Baba, V.Rakov, Lightning electromagnetic environment in the presence of a tall grounded strike object, Journal of geophysical research-Atmospheres, John Wiley sons, Y.C.J.Liu, H.G.P.Hunt, M.D.Grant, K.J.Nixon,
Observations of lightning discharges on Brixton tower, paper presented at 30th International Conference on Lightning Protection, University of Bologna, Cagliari, Italy, 2010. Y.Hase, Handbook ofPower System Engineering, 2007
LISTA EINDEKSEVE bubullimat ■ 79 A ABB ■ 194, 197, 202, 204, 205, 210, 211, 227,230, 362, 376,381 admitansa -327 ANP - Aeroporti Ndërkombëtar і Prishtinës - Kontrolli Ajror ”Adem Jashari” · 12, 80, 82, 83, 87, 90, 93, 95,104 ajri i ftoftë · 47 ajri i nxehtë · 22, 23, 24, 25, 47 aktiviteti frontal · 48 ALARM ■ 12, 80, 87 altostratus · 28 amplituda e rrymave goditëse ■ 13 amplitudes së rrymës · 42, 324 Anderson ■ 62, 321, 322, 385, 387 Appleton · 62 atmosfera · 22, 25, 26, 27,28, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 53, 73, 231 АТР-ЕМТР ■ 11, 18, 191,194, 196, 197, 211, 213, 214, 215, 220, 221, 351, 356, 361, 362, 364, 366, 370, 375, 376, 378, 385, 389, 390 Austin · 62 avullimi · 26, 27, 28, 45, 46 В Bak-Jensen · 187 Balli i valës së rrymës · 60, 61, 76, 77, 138, 140, 172, 264 Benjamin Franklin · 15, 21, 43 bërthama kondenzuese · 25 BIL ■ 120, 170, 172, 173,174 Bishti i valës së rrymës ■ 77 bloza · 26 Boehne · 303, 363, 377 c C.T.R. Wilson · 62 Chapman · 62 Chowdhuri ■ 134, 149,150, 165, 360, 375, 386, 387 ČIGRE ■ 304, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317,318,319, 320, 321,322 ciklit global i ujit · 43 Cinieri ■ 134, 165, 383 cirrostratus ■ 28 cirrus ՛ 27 cumulus congestus · 45 D Dahle ՛ 63 Davis · 62 dendësia ditore e zbrazjeve · 85 detektorét satelitorë të rrufeve · 79 devijimi standard logaritmik ■ 61 diagrami rrjetë (grilë) · 255 dipol elektrik · 32 distanca goditëse · 161, 162 distanca ndarëse · 271 distanca mbrojtëse · 183 Divizioni i Meteorologi isë · 12 Duhamel ■ 129, 132, 133 dukshmëria ■ 45 E elektriciteti negativ · 48, 49 elektronet e lira · 34, 35, 180 elektrosfera · 43 energji e
nxehtësisë · 36, 46, 47, 200
392 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza energji kinetike · 34 erërat · 45, 48 Eriksson · 88, 356, 370, 381, 387 EXCOUNT-II · 228 EXLIM · 198, 202, 203, 227, 228 F faktorét lokal · 81 faktori i tokëzimit · 201 faktori ndërlidhës ■ 292, 293, 294, 321 fenomenet fizike -108 ferorezonanca · 57 Fesser · 189 filtri ■ 192 forca e gravitetit të tokës ■ 26 forma valore e rrymës së rrafesë · 13, 343, 358 frekuenca e rrufeve në tokë · 82 frontet · 23, 48, 271 Fumi · 134, 165, 383 funksionet shpërndarëse ■ 73 fiinksioni i Green-it · 126, 127, 128 funksioni i Heidler-it ■ 342 funksioni i modifikuar i Bessel-it ■ 332 fusha elektrike · 21, 29, 34, 35, 49, 51, 53, 56, 63, 67, 68, 69, 72, 103, 108, 109, 125, 139, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149, 150, 299, 300, 301, 332, 336 fusha kritike ■ 34, 36 fushave elektromagnetike · 33, 63 foshë elektrostatike · 124 fushë tranziente elektromagnetike · 22, 69 G Giannetoni ■ 196, 197, 212, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 351, 362, 366, 376, 386, 387 gjeneratori goditës · 206 goditja indirekte · 123 goditja e rrufesë · 22 goditjen direkte · 112, 119 goditja kthyese · 78, 120, 121, 124, 126, 131, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 169, 170, 171 goditja e pare ■ 41, 48, 54, 63, 163 goditjet e shumëfishta ■ 39 gradienti kritik -318 Gross ■ 134, 149, 150, 165, 317, 386, 387 H H. Zhou · 68, 69 Hagenguth ■ 62 harta e analizēs · 105 harta e vrojtimeve meteorologjike ■ 106 harta izokeraunike · 78, 79, 80, 103 Helmholtz -334 hidroskopike · 26 hipoteza · 13 / IEEE · 89, 191, 192,193, 194,196, 197, 200, 202, 206, 211, 212, 217, 220, 305, 307, 310, 351, 356, 361, 362, 366,
370, 375, 376, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 389, 390 IHMK· 12 imazhi satelitor i Hojit visibel · 104 impedanca e jashtme e përçuesve · 335 impedanca karakteristike · 116, 121, 144, 165, 243, 246, 252, 253, 254, 259, 263, 264, 268, 291, 292, 294, 301, 302,311,318,319, 320,321,327 impulset rrymore · 34, 70 impulsi i nxehtësisë · 41 impulsi Standard i tensioni! · 120, 239 induksioni elektrostatik · 29 induktiviteti · 116, 117,120, 121,144, 186, 188, 190, 192, 193, 222, 243, 244, 261, 268, 269, 303, 310, 325, 332,363 intensiteti i lushes · 34, 35, 332 intensiteti i rrymës · 35, 38, 141 interkoneksioni ■ 22 izolátorét e linjës · 121, 168, 177 izolimi i jashtëm · 57, 204 J.C.Maxwell · 16 jonet negative · 29 jonet pozitive · 29, 30 jonizimi · 36, 47 jonizim termik ■ 36 jonizimi i ajrit · 34 jonosfera · 29, 35 jostabiliteti i ajrit · 22
Zbrazjet atmosferike К K.Berger ■ 62, 385 kabllot ■ 246 kafazi i Faraday-it · 16 kanali perçues · 70, 323, 358 kanali i rrufesë · 20, 37, 38, 39, 40, 63, 70, 121, 122, 137, 138, 145 kanalit jonizues · 36 kanali jonizues ■ 36 kapaciteti · 112, 118, 120, 144, 202, 217, 238, 243, 244, 271, 306, 311, 319, 320, 325, 327, 362 kapaciteti energjetik ■ 202 kapërcimi · 20, 51, 114, 119,120, 151, 160,165,234, 238, 299, 354, 360, 361 karakteristika rrymë-tension · 176, 178 karakteristikat stokastike · 169 KEK - 12 kendi mbrojtjes · 89, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162,164, 168, 361 klasa e shkarkimit · 199, 202, 3 62 klima · 43 koeficientët e reflektimit · 121, 261 koeficientët e transmetimit · 274 koeficienti i korrelációnk · 170 koha e ballīt të rrymës · 172 Komisioni rregullativ nuklear (NRC) · 87 kondenzimi · 25, 45, 46 kondenzimi · 25, 46 konduksioni · 46 konveksioni · 47 koordinimi i izolimit · 11, 17, 82, 203, 228, 236, 238 KOSTT · 12, 80, 83, 88, 93, 95, 197, 345, 359,373,385,388 kristalet e akullit · 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 35 kumulonimbus · 28, 45, 82 kumulus · 27, 45 kurora · 34, 108, 140, 141, 142, 231, 303, 304, 305, 308, 309, 311, 312, 314, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 326, 363, 364 L lagështia · 45 lartësia efektive · 68 lartësia fizike ■ 68 lider i shkallëzuar ■ 56, 124 lider lidhës ■ 37 lideri dales · 37, 64 393 lideri fillestar · 63, 64, 65 lideri hyrës ■ 37 lideri kërcyes · 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 64, 240 Lin · 139 ՜ Linjat · 12, 21, 133, 244, 289, 324, 326, 327, 352, 356, 359 linjat e distribucionit · 81, 88, 89 linjat e transmisionit · 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19,20, 21, 22, 51,
58, 59, 60, 72, 73, 78, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 95, 102, 111, 119, 121, 123, 136, 137, 143, 145, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 167, 224, 229, 231, 233, 243, 306, 323, 324, 326, 327, 330, 338, 340, 342, 351, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 364, 365 linjat multipërçuese · 133 litari mbrojtës · 13, 20, 112,115,116, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159,160, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 232, 238, 240, 241, 259, 263, 268, 296, 343, 345, 346, 354, 355, 361, 364, 356 llojet e reve ՛ 27 Luke Howard · 27 M maja e Gaisberg-ut · 68 maksimumi i pare i rrymës · 60, 61 margjina mbrojtëse · 204 masat eñkase mbrojtëse · 11, 12 materiali izolues solid · 75 MATLAB · 11, 191, 196,197,207,219, 361,375,382 Master -139 matricen e induktiviteteve · 166 mbitensioni i komutimit · 57, 58, 202 mbitensionet atmosferike ■ 11, 12, 13, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 47, 48, 51, 64, 74, 75, 82, 91, 120, 123, 136, 150, 151, 175, 176, 183, 184, 187, 193, 200, 203, 204, 222, 224, 225, 226, 228, 233, 234, 236, 237, 255, 282, 291, 304, 323, 342, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 359, 360, 362, 364, 365, 384 mbitensione kalimtare ■ 62, 200, 201, 202 mbitensione të brendshme · 16 mbitensione të induktuara ■ 16, 20, 74, 123, 136, 137, 323, 345, 350, 359, 360 mbrojtja · 13, 17, 20, 89, 153, 154, 158, 160,161, 167,358 mbrojtja efektive · 153
394 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza mbrojtja jo efektive · 153 mekanizmi ngarkues ■ 48 mekanizmi i kapërcimit ■ 108 meteorologia · 47,103 M-komponentet · 71 modelet inxhinerike · 137 modelet ndërlidhëse ■ 143 modeli Agrawal · 146 modeli Chowdhuri · 149 modeli elektromagnetik · 170 modeli i Bruce-Golde 137 modeli i thjeshtë elektrogjeometrik ■ 161 modeli Rachidi · 148 modeli Rusek ■ 143 modeli Taylor ■ 145 modelimi · 11, 175, 351, 361 modelit elektromagnetik 171 molekulát e ajrit · 47 Monte San Salvatore në · 62 mullinjët elektrik · 69 N NASA · 84 ndarësit · 58, 136, 223, 273, 274 ndërprerjet e energjisë elektrike · 11, 15, 355, 357 ndryshimi i potencialit · 48, 114 Neil · 62 ngakesat negative ■ 28 ngarkesat e induktuara · 50,118 ngarkesatpozitive ■ 28, 35, 48, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 65, 357 ngarkesat elektrike · 21,28,29, ЗО, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69, 71, 73, 74, 124, 126, 154, 182, 306, 357 nimbostratus · 28 nivelet mbrojtëse · 203 niveli i izolimit ■ 16, 120, 353, 354 niveli keraunik · 85, 241 Norinder ■ 62 numri keraunik · 79 nxehtësia · 36, 45, 47 P paramétrât elektrik ■ 40 paramétrai meteorologjik · 84 paramétrai rrymorë · 59 parametri i pjerrtësisë · 61 parashikimi meteorologjik · 104,107 Petersen ■ 327 përçueshmëria elektrike · 30 përçuesi i tokëzuar · 89,112,117,119, 134,151, 157, 160,173,264, 270 përçuesit fazorë · 18, 114,121, 151, 152, 154,156, 159,160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 173,293,299, 323, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 354, 355, 359, 361, 364 përçuesit neutral ■ 134 performanca e sistemit 112
performanca ekonomike · 15, 357 performanca e linjave ■ 11,12,20, 82, 351, 362 permitivitet dielektrik · 246 PEXLIM · 198, 202, 203, 204, 210, 211, 227, 228, 229, 230 PEXLINK · 229, 230 pikat e ndërprerjes · 294 pikat e shiut ■ 26, 27 pikat e ujit · 25, 35 pikëzat e reve ■ 26,27 Pinceti · 196, 197, 212, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 351, 362, 366, 376, 386, 387 pjerrtësia · 61, 73, 75, 76, 77, 281, 304, 316, 364 Pockels ■ 62 polaritet · 35, 48, 60, 64, 72, 75, 82, 108, 165,317 Prinz · 15 probabiliteti · 73, 234, 235, 237 proceset dinamike ■ 43 profili vertikal i temperatures ■ 44 Q qendrat e elektrizimeve · 40 О objektet e larta · 12, 59, 65, 67, 68 objektet natyrore mbrojtëse · 13, 87 oksidi i zinkut ■ 180, 186 orteku · 34, 35, 36 rangu i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit 198 retë konvektive ■ 90, 96, 102 197,
Zbrazjet atmosferike reletë mbrojtëse · 136 rënia e tensionit · 121, 261 resë së stuhisë · 33, 52 reshjet · 45 Retë · 15, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 35, 43, 45, 49,51,62, 66, 112, 113,360 Reynolds · 62 rezistenca e tokëzimit · 114, 120, 261 rezistenca jolineare · 213 rezonanca · 57 rrezatimi kozmik · 47 rrufeja · 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 102, 103, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124,125, 127, 130, 131, 136,137, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157,158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165,168,169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 182, 186, 203, 205, 206, 215, 222, 231, 232, 238, 239, 240, 243, 301, 323, 324, 342, 343, 345, 352, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 363, 365 rrufepritësi · 15, 43, 47, 169 rrufetë bipolare ■ 64 rrufetë negative · 59, 64, 71 rrufetë pozitive · 56, 64 nyma e nxehtë ajrore ■ 23 nyma e ftoftë ajrore · 23 nyma e goditjes · 13,75,113, 119, 120, 121, 124, 128, 130, 136, 137, 209, 210,215,216, 360 nyma fillestare e vazhdueshme · 67, 68, 70 nymabredhëse · 124, 140, 360 nyma maksimale ■ 50, 62, 75, 163, 164, 170 rrymim hyrës · 22 rrymimi lartë · 24, 25 sasia e elektricitetit · 41 SCALAR · 12, 80, 88, 94, 95 Scrase · 62 sforcimet · 16, 18, 223, 231, 353, 354 shkalla e rritjes së rrymës ■ 61 shkalla e izolimit · 228 395 shkarkimet re-tokë · 51 shkarkimet pozitive · 56 shkarkimet ■ 40, 53, 142 shkarkimit elektrostatik · 51 shkarkuesit e
mbitensioneve · 11, 12, 17, 18,19, 21, 22, 57,175, 176,177, 180, 182, 183,184, 185, 186,187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 204, 211, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 231, 345, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 356, 358, 362, 364, 365 shkarkuesit e mbitensionit ABB · 203 shkarkuesit gypor të mbitensionit -175 shkarkuesit metal oksid të mbitensionit · 11, 18, 89, 175, 176, 189 shkarkuesit ventil të mbitensionit -175 shkriga · 32 shpimi · 49, 56, 75,108,109, 175, 179, 234, 354 shpimi i ajrit · 49 shpimit të izolimit. · 17 shtresa ndarëse planetare ■ 43 shtylla e lartë · 35 shtypja e ajrit ■ 45 shtypja atmosferike · 25, 234 siguria e sistemit elektroenergjetik -11, 21,236 Simpson · 28, 30, 31, 32, 62 sistemei elektroenergjetike · 11,12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 43, 51, 56, 57, 5 8, 73,80, 82, 93, 102,119,123, 233, 236, 237, 326, 351, 353, 356, 357, 359, 360, 362, 364, 365 Sistemi Elektroenergjetik i Kosovës · 12, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 80, 83, 92, 93, 95, 197, 227, 352, 354, 356, 357, 359 sistemi mbrojtës · 11, 21, 80, 236, 351, 352 Standring · 62 Stekolnikov · 62 stratokumulus · 27 stratus · 27 strimerët · 36, 37, 39, 40, 50, 63, 64, 108, 303,363 stuhitë · 48 sublimimi · 46 T temperatura e ajrit · 44 temperaturen e ngrirjes · 30 temperaturen e shkrirjes ■ 32 tensionet tranziente · 123,184, 360
396 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza tensioni dunies · 175, 210, 211, 233, 234, 354, 362 tensioni i induktuar · 12, 114,123,127, 128, 129, 133, 166, 169, 172 tensioni i izolatorii · 121, 238 tensioni induktues ■ 125, 127, 129, 136 tensioni kritik i kapërcimit · 120,235 tensioni nominal i shkarkuesit · 200, 362 tensioni i lartë · 11, 13,16, 17, 18, 58, 59, 92, 119, 151, 157, 158, 159, 183, 224, 225, 233, 306, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 358, 359, 361 tensioni i mesēm · 12 Thevenin · 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 285 towering cumulus · 45 transformatori · 20, 58, 225, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279,280, 282, 284, 285, 288 transformimi i Laplace-it · 125, 129 tropopauza ■ 43 troposfera · 43 U Uman · 62, 63, 80, 139, 142, 360, 374, 383, 384, 386, 388, 389, 390 1Հ vala rrymore · 59, 200 vala e mbitensionit -118 Valeev · 62 valët bredhëse · 123, 243, 248, 304, 305, 353, 363 varistori · 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 187, 361 viera maksimale e rrymës ■ 59, 60, 75, 76, 168, 171, 179,355 vrojtimet meteorologi ike · 107 И/ Wagner · 304, 306, 311, 317, 322 Wattson-Watt · 62 Week · 304, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 322 Wilson · 28, 30 Workman · 28, 32, 33 Z zbrazja atmosferike · 11,12, 13,15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 33, 34, 39, 40, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 68, 70, 71, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 102,103, 104, 111, 119,123,151, 183, 197, 206, 239, 240, 241, 242, 342, 351, 352, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360 zbrazja e pjesërishme · 37 zbrazja fayesore · 37, 38, 40, 41, 54, 64 zbrazja kthyese · 50, 55, 56, 59, 61,
63, 67, 69,71,72, 120, 137, 154, 323 Zbrazja pikësore · 34, 35, 36 Zbrazjet e mëvonshme · 57 zbrazjet re-tokë ■ 55 zgjerimi adiabatik · 25 zhurma · 103 zingjiri i izolatorii · 120 zona e shpimit 179 zona mbrojtëse ■ 156
|
| adam_txt |
PËRMBAJTJA PARATHËNIE.11 KAPITULLII PARË NJOHURI TÊ PËRGJITHSHME PËR ZBRAZJET ATMOSFERİKLE. 15 1.1. Formimi i zbrazjeve atmosferike. 22 1.2. Procesi i formimit të reve.25 1.3. Llojet e reve. 27 1.4. Krijimi i ngarkesave në re. 28 1.4.1. Teoria e Wilson-it. 28 1.4.2. Teoria e Simpson-it. 30 1.4.3. Teoria e Workman-it. 32 1.5. Veçoritë e zbrazjeve atmosferike. 33 1.5.1. Faza e pare: Zbrazja pikësore. 34 1.5.2. Faza e dytë: lideri kërcyes. 36 1.5.3. Faza e trete: Zbrazja kryesore. 37 1.5.4. Faza e katërtë: Goditjet e shuměfíshta. 39 1.6. Parametrai e zbrazjeve atmosferike. 40 1.6.1. Parametrai elektrik.40 KAPITULLI I DYTË NDIKIMII ZBRAZJEVE ATMOSFERIKE NË SISTEMET
ELEKTROENERGJETIKE . 43 2.1. Zbrazjet atmosferike (rrufetë). 43 2.2. Mekanizmi i formimit të zbrazjeve atmosferike. 48 2.2.1. Goditjet e para. 48 2.2.2. Lideri i shkallëzuar. 56 2.2.3. Zbrazja kthyese. 56 2.2.4. Lideri shigjetë - strimeri. 56 2.2.5. Zbrazjet e mëvonshme. 57 2.3. Mbitensionet e tjera në sistemei elektroenergetike. 57 2.4. Karakteristikat elektrike të zbrazjeve atmosferike. 58 2.5. Paraqitja analitike e impulsii rrymor të rrufesë. 59 2.5.1. Forma valore e rrymës së rrufesë. 59 2.5.2. Parametrai e goditjes së rrufesë. 61 2.5.3. Karakteristikat dhe parametrai e gödrijévé të rrufesë. 62
6 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza 2.5.4. Tipet e zbrazjeve atmosferike. 63 2.5.5. Paraqitja analitike e formes valore të rrymës. 75 2.5.5.1. Balli i valës së rrymës. 76 2.5.5.2. Bishti i valës së rrymës. 77 2.6. Hartat izokeraunike. 78 2.7. Burimet e të dhënave për zbrazjet atmosferike në Kosově. 82 2.8. Paramétrât meteorologjik të zbrazjeve atmosferike. 84 2.8.1. Parametrai e përgjithshëm meteorologjik të zbrazjeve atmosferike. 85 2.9. Niveli i goditjeve të rrufesë në linjat e transmisionit. 88 2.10. Metoda e zhvillimit të liderit për mekanizmin e kapërcimit. 108 KAPITULU I TRETE GODITJET E DREJTPËRDREJTA DHE TË TËRTHORTA TË RRUFESË NË LINJAT E TRANSMISIONIT. 111 3.1. Problemet që shkaktojnë rrufetë në linjat e transmisionit. 111 3.2. Efektet e rrufesë në një linjë të transmisionit. 112 3.3. Goditja në përçuesin fazor. 113 3.4. Goditjet në shtyllë paperçues të tokëzuar. 114 3.5. Goditja në përçuesin e tokëzuar. 115 3.6. Goditjet në
objektet e afërta (goditjet e tërthorta). 117 3.7. Mbitensionet e shkaktuara nga goditjet e drejtpërdrejta të rrufesë. 119 3.8. Mbitensionet e shkaktuara nga goditjet e tërthorta të rrufesë. 123 3.8.1. Funksioni Green. 126 3.9. Tensioni i induktuar i një linje përçuese të vetrne të dyfishtë të kufizuar. 127 3.9.1. Evaluimi i funksionit tëGreen-it. 128 3.10. Tensioni i induktuar i shkaktuar nga rryma e goditjes kthyese e formes së çfarëdoshme. 128 3.11. Tensionet e induktuara në linjatmultipërçuese. 134 3.12. Dallimi ndërmjet goditjes së drejtpërdrejtë dhe të tërthortë të rrufesë. 136 3.13. Modelet e zbrazjes kthyese të rrufesë. 137 3.14. Modelet inxhinerike. 137 3.14.1. Modeli i Bruce-Golde. 138 3.14.2. Modeli i linjës së transmisionit. 139 3.14.3. Modeli i Master, Uman, Lin dhe Standler (MULS). 140 3.14.4. Modeli i burimit të rrymës
bredhëse. 141 3.14.5. Modeli i modifikuar i linjës së transmisionit. 141 3.14.6. Modeli i modifikuar i linjës së transmisionit me zvogëlim eksperimental. 141 3.14.7. Modeli i modifikuar i linjës së transmisionit me zvogëlim linear të rrymës. 142
Zbrazjet atmosferike 7 3.14.8. Modeli i Diendorfer-Uman.142 3.15. Përgjithësimi i modeleve inxhinierike. 142 3.16. Modelet ndërlidhëse. 143 3.16.1. Modeli Rusek. 144 3.16.2. Modeli Taylor. 146 3.16.3. Modeli Agrawal. 147 3.16.4. Modeli Rachidi. 148 3.16.5. Modeli Chowdhuri. 149 KAPITULU I KATËRT ANALIZA E MBROJTJES SË LINJAVE TË TRANSMISIONIT ME ANË TË PËRÇUESVE MBROJTËS. 151 4.1. Përçuesi mbrojtës. 151 4.2. Llogaritja e këndit mbrojtës të litarit mbrojtës. 153 4.3. Hapësira e tërheqjes së rrufesë në sistemin e transmisionit. 155 4.3.1. Zona mbrojtëse e përcjellësit të rrufesë. 155 4.4. Modeli i thjeshtë elektrogjeometrik (EGM). 161 4.5. Efektet e litarit mbrojtës në tensionet e induktuara. 165 4.6. Analiza e mbrojtjes nga rrufetë të linjës së transmisionit 1 lOkV me përdorimin e litarit
mbrojtës. 167 4.7. Karakteristikat stokastike të goditjes së rrufesë. 169 4.8. Llogaritja e shkallës së ndërprerjeve të shkaktuara nga goditjet e aferta të rrufesë. 170 4.9. Llogaritja e shkallës së ndërprerjeve. 173 KAPITULLII PESTE MODELİMİ DHE SIMULIMI I SHKARKUESVE TË MBITENSIONIT SI ELEMENTE TË SISTEMIT MBROJTËS NGA MBITENSIONET. 175 5.1. Shkarkuesit e mbitensionit. 175 5.2. Karakteristika Volt-Ampere e shkarkuesve të mbitensionit ZnO. 177 5.3. Mikrostruktura e varistorëve dhe mekanizmi i përçuarjes së rrymës. 180 5.4. Testimi dhe klasifíkimi i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit ZnO. 182 5.5. Përcaktimi i distances mbrojtëse. 183 5.6. Ndikimi i papastërtisë industriale në punën e shkarkuesve të mbitensioneve. 183 5.7. Struktura dhe parametrai e modeleve të shkarkuesve metal oksid të mbitensioneve. 184 5.8. Modelet e shkarkuesve të mbitensionit. 186 5.8.1. Modeli i Bak-Jansen-
it. 187 5.8.2. Modeli i Feser-it. 189 5.8.3. Modeli i rekomanduar nga grupi punues IEEE 3.4.11. 191
8 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza 5.8.3.1. Caktimi i karakteristikave të elementeve jolineare АО dhe Al. 194 5.9. Modelimi i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit ZnO në MATLAB dhe simulimi i performances së tyre. 196 5.9.1. Modeli i shkarkuesve ZnO. 196 5.9.2. Rangu i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit të prodhuesit ABB. 197 5.9.3. Procedura e zgjedhjes së shkarkuesve të mbitensionit. 199 5.9.4. Paramétrai sistem/shkarkues. 199 5.10. Zgjedhja e karakteristikave të sistemit. 200 5.10.1. Tensioni nominal i shkarkuesit (Ur).200 5.10.2. Kapaciteti energjetik dhe klasa e shkarkimit. 202 5.10.3. Nivelet mbrojtëse (Up։ dhe Ups). 203 5.10.4. Margjina mbrojtëse. 204 5.11. Modeli i valës goditëse rrymore dhe simulimi i veprimit të shkarkuesit ZnO në fushat e linj ave të nivelit 1 lOkV. 205 5.12. Modeli i kompletuar për simulim. 207 5.12.1. Modelimi i rezistencave j о lineare Ao dhe Ai. 208 5.12.2. Rezultatei e simulimeve në Matlab. 209 5.13. Modeli IEEE në ATP-
EMTP. 211 5.14. Modeli i thjeshtuar i rekomanduar nga Pinceti dhe Giannetoni. 217 5.15. Modeli i thjeshtuar i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit nē programın ATP-EMTP. 220 5.16. Shkarkuesit e mbitensioneve dhe furnizimi i sigurt me energji elektrike. 222 5.17. Elemente të dizajnimit të shkarkuesve të mbitensionit me shtëpizë të porcelanit. 222 5.18. Zbatimi i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit në linjat e transmisionit të tensionit të lartë. 223 5.19. Zgjedhjae shkarkuesve tëmbitensionit. 224 5.20. Mënyra e instalimit të shkarkuesve të mbitensionit. 226 5.21. Shkarkuesit e linjave të transmisionit PEXLINK. 228 5.22. Rritja e efektivitetit të linjës. 232 5.23. Tensioni dûmes i sistemeve të izolimit. 233 5.24. Parimét e koordinimit të izolimit dhe metodai e tij. 236 5.25. Modeli i izolimit të linjave.238 5.26. Varësia tension-kohë e izolatorëve. 238 5.27. Numri i zbrazjeve në objektet
elektroenergjetike.239 KAPITULLII GJASHTË VALËT BREDHËSE TË TENSIONIT. 243 6.1. Një rishikim i valëve bredhëse. 243 6.1.2. Linjat Ajrore. 244 6.1.3. Kabllot. 246 6.1.4. Kabllot me SF6. 246
Zbrazjet atmosferike 9 6.1.5. Mikro-sistemi. 246 6.2. Valët bredhëse në pikën e ndërprerjes. 247 6.3. Përdorimi i teoremës së Thevenin-it. 249 6.4. Një rast i veçantë: Linja me dy perçues. 251 6.5. Stacioni me n-linja. 251 6.6. Nyja linjë - kablio. 254 6.7. Një metodē e llogaritjes: Diagrami rrjetë (grilë). 255 6.8. Goditja në shtyllë. 259 6.9. Goditja në shtyllë: Efekti i reflektimit nga shtyllat fqinje. 264 6.9.1. Reduktimi i tensionit maksimal në shtyllën e goditur. 264 6.9.2. Reduktimi i bishtit të valës. 268 6.10. Distanca ndarëse tek shkarkuesit e mbitensionit. 271 6.11. Tensioni në transformator për një stáción me n-linja. 274 6.12. Tensioni Ußper një stáción me n-linja. 278 6.13. Gjatësia mbrojtëse e shkarkuesit të mbitensionit. 279 6.14. Rryma e shkarkuesit të mbitensionit. 285 6.15. Linjat me perçues të shumëfishtë. 289 6.16. Impedanca
ekuivalente karakteristike. 291 6.17. Faktori ndërlidhës. 292 6.18. Faktori ndërlidhës ndërmjet dy litarëve të tokëzuar dhe një përçuesi fazor. 293 6.19. Përçuesit e shumëfishtë: Pikat e ndërprerjes. 294 6.20. Impedanca karakteristike e shtyllës. 299 KAPITULLII SHTATË EFEKTI I KURORËS NË VALËT BREDHËSE. 303 7.1. Hyrje. 303 7.2. Dobësimi dhe shtrembërimi i valëve bredhëse. 305 7.3. Gjatë tensionit fillestar të kurorës. 314 7.4. Mbi tensionin fillestar të kurorës. 315 7.5. Viera e Parametrave. 317 7.6. Tensioni fillestar i kurorës. 318 Ί.Ί. Impedanca karakteristike. 319 7.8. Faktori ndërlidhës. 321 KAPITULLI I TETE ANALIZA E MBITENSIONEVE ATMOSFERIKE NË LINJAT E TRANSMISIONIT NË SİSTEMİN ELEKTROENERGJETIK TË
KOSOVËS. 323 8.1. Modeli i përçuesve linjorë. 324 8.1.1. Ekuacionet themelore. 324 8.2. Rregulla e Petersen-it. 327 8.3. Modeli i linjave të transmisionit pa humbje. 330 8.4. Impedanca karakteristike e përçuesve të linjës sipërfaqësore. 332
10 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza 8.5. Impedanca e jashtme e përçuesve (Impedanca kthyese tokësore). 335 8.6. Analiza e parametrave valorë të linjës ajrore në domenin e komponenteve simetrike.337 8.7. Karakteristikat e linjave në domenin e regjimit punues. 340 8.8. Rezultatei nga simulimet kompjuterike të zbrazjeve atmosferike.342 PËRMBLEDHJE. 351 SUMMARY. 366 LITERATURA. 381 LISTA E INDEKSEVE. 391
LITERATURA A.E.Araujo, J.O.Paulino, J.P.Silva, H.W.Dommel, Calculation of lightning-induced voltages with RUSCK’s method in EMTP. Part I: Comparison with measurements and Agrawal ’s coupling model, Electric Power System Research, Vol.60, 2001. A.Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems, second edition, 1991 A.J.Eriksson, The incidence of lightning strikes to power lines, IEEE Trans.Power Delivery, 2, 859-870, July, 1987 A.K.Agrawal, H.J.Price, S.H. Gurbaxani, Transient response of multiconductor transmission lines exited by a nonuniform electromagnetic field, IEEE Trans. Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC-22, 1980. A.K.Agrawal, H.J.Price, S.H.Gurbaxani, Transient response of a multiconductor transmission line excited by a non uniform electromagnetic field, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. EMC-22, 1980. A.Mosaddeghi, D.Pavanello, F.Rachidi, M.Rubinstein, On the inversion ofpolarity of the electric field at very close range from a tower struck by lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D19113, doi:10.1029, 2007. A.Nag, V.A.Rakov, Positive lightning: An overview, new observations, and inferences, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D08109, 2012. A.R.Hileman, Insulation coordination for power systems, 1999, USA. A.Sowa, J.Wiater, Evaluation of arrester’s protection levels during lightning strikes to overhead medium voltage lines, Electrical Department, Bialystok Technical University, Bogota, Columbia,2003 ABB MWK Surge Arrester Datasheet, Medium Voltage Products Systems. ABB Surge arresters-Buyer ’s guide/Product information (ABB Surge Arresters - Buyer’s Guide,
Edition 6, 2008 ֊ 08).
382 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza B.Bak-Jensen, J.Bak-Jensen, S.D.Mikkelsen, T.J.Sorensen, General equivalent circuit model of a ZnO arrester, Symposium on high voltage engineering, Japan, 1993. B.Bak-Jensen, J.Bak-Jensen, S.D.Mikkelsen, T.J.Sorensen, Modelling of medium voltage ZnO arresters in the leakage region, Symposium on high voltage engineering, Japan, 1993. B.N.Gorin, A.V.Shkilev, Measurements of lightning currents at the Ostankino tower, Elektrich., no. 8, pp. 64-65, 1984. B.Prebreza, LKrasniqi, G.Kabashi, NAvdiu, Disturbances of the normal operation ofKosovo Power System regarding atmospheric discharges, WASET, ICEMDS, Malaysia, 22-24 February 2011, pp.1081-1086 C.A. Nucci, F.Rachidi, Lightning-induced overvoltage, IEEE Transmission and distribution conference, New Orleans, 1999. C.A. Nucci, F.Rachidi, M.Ianoz, C.Mazzetti, Comparison of two coupling models for lightning-induced overvoltage calculations, IEEE Transactions on power delivery, Vol. 10, No.l, 1995. C.A.Nucci, C.Mazzetti, F.Rachidi, M.Ianoz, On lightning return stroke models for LEMP calculations, 19th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Graz, 1988. C.D.Taylor, R.S.Satterwhite, C.W.Harrison, The response of a terminated two-wire transmission line excited by a non-uniform electromagnetic field, IEEE Transaction on Antenna Propagation, Vol. AP-13, 1965. C.E.Bruce, R.H.Golde, The lightning discharge, Journal of the IEE, Vol. 88, London, 1941. Ch.M. Ong, Dynamic simulation of electric machinery: Using MATLAB/Simulink, 1997 Ch.Magono, Thunderstorms, Developments in Atmospheric Science,
12, Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, 1980 D. Ahrens, Essentials of meteorology, An Invitation to the atmosphere, 2001, N. York D.Flache, V.A.Rakov, F.Heidler, W.Zischank, R.Thottappillil, Initial stage pulses in upward lightning: Leader/return stroke versus Mcomponent mode of charge transfer to ground, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13812, doi:10.1029, 2008. D.Lovrić, S.Vujević, T.Modrić, Comparison ofdifferent metal oxide surge arrester models, IntJ.Emerg.Sci., 1(14), 545-554, December 2011.
Zbrazjet atmosferike 383 D.M.Jordan, M.A.Uman, Variation in light intensity with height and time from subsequent lightning return strokes, Journal of Geophysics Research, Vol. 88, pp. 6555-6562, 1983. D.Wang, N.Takagi, T.Watanebe, M.Hashimoto, Observed characteristics of the lightning striking on a windmill and its lightning-protection tower, paper presented at 29th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, 2008. E.Cinieri, A.Fumi, The effect of the presence of multiconductors and ground wires on the atmospheric high voltages on electric lines, L’Energia Elettrica, 56, 1979. E.Garbagnati, G.B.Lo Piparo, Parameter von Blitzstomen, ETZ-A, Vol. 103, pp. 61-65, 1982. E.Kuffel, W.S.Zaengl, J.Kuffel, High voltage Engineering Fundamentals, 2000 E.M.Bazelyan, Y.P.Raizer, Lightning Physics and Lightning Protection, Bristol and Philadelphia, 2000 E.Tarasiewicz, F.Rimmer, A.Morched, Transmission line arrester energy, cost, and risk of failure analysis for partially shielded transmission lines, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2000; 15:919-924. F.De La Rosa, C.A.Nucci, V.A.Rakov, Lightning and its impact on power systems, Proceedings of International Conference on Insulation Coordination for Electricity Development in Central European Countries, Zagreb, Croatia, 1998. F.Fuchs, E.U.Landers, R.Schmid, J.Wiesinger, Lightning current and magnetic field parameters caused by lightning strikes to tall structures relating to interference of electronic systems, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 40, 444- 451, 1998. F.Heidler, Travelling current
source model for LEMP calculation, 6th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zurich, 1985. F.Heidler, W.Zischank, J.Wiesinger, Statistics of lightning current parameters and related nearby magnetic fields measured at the Peissenberg tower, paper presented at 25th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Univ, of Patras, Rhodes, Greece, 2000. F.Rachidi, C.A.Nucci, On the Master, Uman, Lin Standler and the Modified transmission line lightning return stroke current models,
384 fsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza Journal of Geophysics Research, Vol. 95, No. D12, pp. 2038920393, Nov. 1990. F.Rachidi, Formulation of the field-to-transmissión line coupling equations in terms of magnetic excitation field, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol.35, No. 3,1993. F.Rachidi, Modeling lightning return strokes to tall structures: A review, J. Lightning Res., vol. 1, pp. 16-31,2007. Finland, 2010 G.Diendorfer, H.Zhou, H.Pichler, Review of 10 years (2000-2009) of lightning measurement at the Gaisberg Tower in Austria, oral presentation presented at 3rd International Symposium on Winter Lightning, University of Tokyo, Sapporo, Japan, 2011. G.Diendorfer, M.A.Uman, An improved return stroke model with specified channel-base current, J. Geophys. Res., 95(D9), 13,62113,644, doi:l0.1029, 1990. G.Diendorfer, M.A.Uman, An improved return stroke model with specified channel-base current, Journal of Geophysics Research, Vol.95, 1990. G.Goedde, L.Kojovic, J.Woodworth, Surge arrester characteristics that provide reliable overvoltage protection in distribution and low-voltage systems, in proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting 2000; 4:2375-2380. H.S.Brewer, Reduction of Lightning caused interruptions on electric power systems, Ohio Brass, 2004. H.Zhou, Experimental Observations and Theoretical Modeling of Lightning Interaction with Tall Objects, Doctoral Thesis in Electrical Engineering , School of Electrical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2013 IEEE Working Group 3.4.11, Modeling of metal oxide
surge arresters, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1992; 7(l):302-309. J.C.Das, Transients in Electrical Systems-Analysis, Recognition and Mitigation, Me Graw Hill, New York, 2009, pp.91-121. J.He, J.Hu, S.Gu, B.Zhang, R.Zeng, Analysis and improvement of potential distribution of 1000-kV ultra-high-voltage metal-oxide arrester, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2009; 24:1225-1233. J.Krasniqi, G.Kabashi, Mbrojtja e fushave të linjave nga mbitensionet përmes shkarkuesve metal-oksid (ZnO), Kerkime 14, ASHAK, Prishtinë 2006
385 Zbrazjet atmosferike J.Krasniqi, G.Latifi, Teknika e tensioneve të larta, Universiteti i Prishtinës, Prishtinë,1996 J.R.Holton, G.J.Hakim, An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Fifth edition, Academic Press, 2013, USA. J.R.Lucas, Lightning phenomena, High Voltage Engineering, 2001 J.Tarchini, W.Gimenez, Line surge arrester selection to improve lightning performance of transmission lines, in proceedings of IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings 2003;832-837. K.Berger, E.Vogelsanger, New results of lightning observations, in Planetary Electrodynamics, pp. 489-510, New York, 1969. K.Berger, Novel observation on lightning discharges: results of research on Mount San Salvatore, J. Franklin Inst., vol. 283, pp. 478-525, 1967. K.Berger, R.B.Anderson, H.Kroninger, Parameters of lightning flashes, Electra, No. 41, pp. 23-37, 1975. K.Berger, The earth flash, Lightning, vol. 1, Physics of Lightning, edited by R. Golde, pp. 119-190, New York: Academic Press, 1977. K.Fekete, S.Nikolovski, G.Knezevic, M.Stojkov, Z.Kovac, Simulation of lightning transients on HOkV overhead-cable transmission line using ATP-EMTP, IEEE, 2010 K.Fekete, S.Nikolovski, G.Knezevic, M.Stojkov, Z.Kovač, Simulation of lightning transients on HOkV overhead-cable transmission line using ATP-EMTP, IEEE, 2010. K.Kannus, K.Lahti, Evaluation of the operational condition and reliability of surge arresters used on medium voltage networks, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2005, 20:745-750. KOSTT, Skema njëpolëshe e SEE e Republikës së Kosovës 400/220/1lOkV, Sektori i zhvillimit të sistemit dhe planifikimit
afatgjatë, 2012 L.Ke, D.Jiang, X.Ma, Low-temperature sintering of high voltage gradient ZnO based thickfilm varistors, Shangai, China, 2009. L.L.Grigsby, Power systems, CRC Press, New York, 2006, Chapter 6. L.M.Tolbert, J.T.Cleveland, L.J.Degenhardt, Reliability of Lightning Resistant Overhead Distribution Lines, IEEE Industrial Commercial Power System Conferences, San Antonio, May 1995. L.Prikler, H.K.Hoidalen, ATPDraw,version November, 2009, Norway 5.6,Users’ Manual,
386 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza L.van der Sluis, Transients in Power Systems, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, 2001 Μ. M.F.Saba, O.Pinto Jr., M.G.Ballarotti, Relation between lightning return stroke peak current and following continuing current, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 2006. M.A.Omidiora, M.Lehtonen, Simulation of combined shield wire and MOV protection on distribution lines in severe lightning areas, WCECS, 2007, San Francisco, USA. M.A.Uman, D.K.McLain, E.P.Krider, The electromagnetic radiation from a finite antenna, Am. J. Phys., 43 (1), 33-38, 1975. M.A.Uman, D.K.Mclain, Magnetic field of lightning return stroke, Journal of Geophysics Research, Vol. 74, 1969. M.A.Uman, The lightning Discharge, Gainesville, Florida, 1987 M.A.Uman, The Lightning Discharge, vol. 39, 377 pp., Academic, Orlando, Fla., USA, 1987. M.Darveniza, D.Roby, L.Tumma, Laboratory and analytical studies of the effects of multipulse lightning current on metal oxide arresters, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1994; 9:764-771. M.Darveniza, L.Tumma, B.Richter, D.Roby, Multi pulse lightning currents and metal-oxide arresters, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1997; 12:1168-1175. M.H.Shwehdi, Reliable Maps of Lightning Thunderstorms for Saudi Arabia, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.21 .No.3, July 2006 M.J.Master, M.A.Uman, Y.T.Lin, R.B.Standler, Calculations of lightning return stroke electric and magnetic fields above ground, Journal of Geophysics Research, Vol. 86, No. C12, Dec. 1981. M.Jaroszewski, J.Pospieszna, P.Ranachowski, F.Rejmund, Modeling of overhead
transmission lines with line surge arresters for lightning overvoltages, Application of Line Surge Arresters in Power Distribution and Transmission Systems, Cigre, Cavtat, 2008 M.K.Hadlar, A.C.Liew, Alternative solution for the Chowdhuri-Gross model of lightning-induced voltages on power lines, Proc.IEE, 135, 1998, U.K. M.Magro, M.Giannetoni, P.Pinceti, Validation of ZnO surge arresters model for overvoltage studies, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2004; 19:1692-1695. M.Miki, V.A.Rakov, T.Shindo, G.Diendorfer, M.Mair, F.Heidler, W.Zischank, M.A.Uman, R.Thottappillil, D.Wang, Initial stage in
387 Zbrazjet atmosferike lightning initiated from tall objects and in rocket-triggered lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D02109, 2005. M.S.Naidu, V.Kamaraju, High voltage engineering, Second Edition, Me Graw-Hil, 1996 M.S.Naidu, V.Kamaraiu, High Voltage Engineering, second edition, Me Graw Hill, 1995. M.Savić, Z.Stojkovič, Tehnika prenaponi, Beograd, 1996. Visokog napona, Atmosferski O.Pauluis, Sources and Sinks ofAvailable Potential Energy in a Moist Atmosphere, New York University, New York, 2007 P.Chowdhuri, E.T.B.Gross, Voltages induced on overhead multiconductor lines by lightning strokes, Proc.IEE, 116,1969, U.K. P.Chowdhuri, Electromagnetic transients in power systems, Research Studies Press, 2004, U.K. P.Chowdhuri, Lightning-induced voltages on multiconductor overhead lines, IEEE Trans.Power Delivery,5,1990. P.Chowdhuri, Parameters of lightning strokes and their effects on power systems, IEEE/PES, Conference and exposition transmission and distribution, Atlanta, Georgia, 2001. P.E.Munhoz Rojas, C.L.da Silva Pinto, Calculations of lightninginduced voltages in medium voltage distribution lines, IX International Symposium on Lightning Protection, November 2007, Foz do Iguaqu, Brazil P.P.Barker, T.A.Short, A.R.Eybert-Berard, J.P.Berlandis, Induced voltage measurements on an experimental distribution line during nearby rocket triggered lightning flashes, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1996. P.Pinceti, M.Giannetoni, A simplified modelfor zinc oxide surge arresters, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 1999; 14(2):393-398. Protective equipment update,
May 1989, Olean New York, Issue 9 R.A.Houze Jr, Cloud dynamics, Academic Press, Inc, 1993, USA. R.B.Anderson, A.J.Eriksson, Lightning parameters for engineering applications, Electra, 69, 65-102, March, 1980. R.H.T.Chamie Filho, R.M.S.de Oliveira, C.L.da S.S.Sobrinho, Simulations of Lightning Strokes near Transmission Lines in Urban Environments by Using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain
388 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza Method, Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics Electromagnetic Appliances, Vol.8,No.l,June 2009 and R.Orville, K. Berger, An unusual lightning flash initiated by an upward-propagating leader, J. Geophys. Res., 78(21), 1973. R.Thottappillil, Μ. A.Uman, N. Theethayi, Electric and magnetic fields from a semi-infinite antenna above a conducting plane, J. Electrostatics, 61, 209-221, 2005. R.Thottappillil, V. A. Rakov, Review of three equivalent approaches for computing electromagnetic fields from an extending lightning discharge, J. Lightning Res., 1, 90֊ 110, 2007. R.Thottappillil, V.A.Rakov, M.A.Uman, К and Μ changes in close lightning ground flashes in Florida, J. Geophys. Res., 95(D11), 631-640, 1990. Rëniet e SEE të Kosovës 2007-2012, KOSTT, 2012, Prishtinë S.A.Nemdoh, Lightning-induced overvoltages in medium voltage distribution systems and customer experienced voltage spikes, Doctoral Dissertation, Aalto University, Espoo, S.K.Omar Dau, Modelling of lightning overvoltages for the protection of transmission lines by means of shielding wires and surge arresters, Poland, 2008 S.Rusek, Induced lightning overvoltages on power transmission lines with special reference to the overvoltage protection of low voltage networks, Transactions of the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, No. 120, 1958. S.Rusck, Protection of Distribution Lines in Lightning, Vol. 2, Academic Press, London, 1977. S.Yoshida, et al., The initial stage processes of rocket-and-wire triggered lightning as observed by VHF interferometry, J. Geophys. Res., 117,D09119,
doi:10.1029,2012. Siemens, Station class surge arresters, Product overview. T.A.Wamer, K.L.Cummins, and R.E.Orville, Upward lightning observations from towers in Rapid City, South Dakota and comparison with National Lightning Detection Network data, 2004-2010, J. Geophys. Res., 117, 2012. T.A.Wamer, Observations of simultaneous multiple upward leaders from tall structures, paper presented at 30th International Conference on Lightning Protection, University of Bologna, Cagliari, Italy, 2010.
Zbrazjet atmosferïke 389 T.Hayashi, Y.Mizuno, K.Naito, Study on transmission-line arresters for tower with high footing resistance, IEEE Trans-actions on Power Delivery 2008; 23:2456-2460. T.Hirai, Sh.Okabe, T.Takinami, T.Chindo, Statistical Analysis of lightning performance based in observation infields, Tokio, 2006 T.Horvath, Understanding lightning and lightning protection, A multimedia teaching guide, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary, 2006 T.Saengsuwan, W.Thipprasert, The lightning arrester modeling using ATP-EMTP, Kasetsart J.(Nat.Sci) 42:156-164, 2008. V. A.Rakov, A.A.Dulzon, Calculated electromagnetic fields of lightning return strokes, Russia, Teknicheskaya Electrodinamika, 1987. V. Cooray, The Lightning Flash, Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, U.K., 2003. V.A.Rakov, C.T.Mata, M.A.Uman, K.J.Rambo, A.G.Mata, Review of triggered-lightning experiments at the ICLRT at Camp Blanding, Florida, IEEE Bologne Power Tech Conference, June 23-26, Bologna, Italy,2003 V.A.Rakov, D. E.Crawford, K. J.Rambo, G. H.Schnetzer, Μ. A.Uman, R.Thottappillil, M-component mode of charge transfer to ground in lightning discharges, J. Geophys. Res., 106(D19), 22,817-831,2001. V.A.Rakov, Lightning electromagnetic fields: modeling and measurments, paper presented at 12th International Zurich symposium and Technical Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zurich, 1997. V.A.Rakov, Lightning flashes transporting both negative and positive charges to ground, Recent Progress in Lightning Physics, edited by C. Pontikis, pp. 9-21, Research Signpost, Kerala,
India, 2005. V.A.Rakov, M.A.Uman, Lightning: Physics and effects, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2003 V.A.Rakov, M.A.Uman, Review and evaluation of lightning return stroke models including some aspects of their application, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 403-426, November 1998. V.A.Rakov, Positive and bipolar lightning discharges: A review, University of Florida, 2005, USA
390 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza V.A.Rakov, R.Thottappillil, M.A.Uman, P.P.Barker, Mechanism of the lightning Μ component, J. Geophys. Res., 100(D12), 25,701710, 1995. V.Chis, C.Bala, M.D.Crăciun, Simulation of lightning overvoltages with ATP-EMTP and PSCAD/EMTDC, ACTA Universitatis Apulensis, Special Issue, 453-460. V. Jankov, Estimation of the maximal voltage induced on an overhead line due to the nearby lightning, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1997. V.M.Martinez, E.A.Uzcategui, P.RJimenez, Study of lightning overvoltages in Valcor-Guanta II 230kV overhead transmission line, IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Latin America, Venezuela, 2006 V.P.Idone, R.E.Orville, Lightning return stroke velocities in the thunderstorm research international program, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 87, 1982. W.Schmidt, J.Meppelink, B.Richter, K.Feser, L.Kehl, D.Qiu, Behaviour of МО-surge arrester blocks to fast transients, IEEE Trans.on power delivery, Vol.4, 1989. W.Schulz, G.Diendorfer, Bipolar flashes detected with lightning location systems and measured on an instrumented tower, paper presented at VII International Symposium on Lightning Protection, pp. 6-9, Curitiba, Brazil, 2003. Y.Baba, V.A.Rakov, On the use of lumped sources in lightning return stroke models, J. Geophys. Res.,110, D03101, doi:10.1029, 2005. Y.Baba, V.Rakov, Lightning electromagnetic environment in the presence of a tall grounded strike object, Journal of geophysical research-Atmospheres, John Wiley sons, Y.C.J.Liu, H.G.P.Hunt, M.D.Grant, K.J.Nixon,
Observations of lightning discharges on Brixton tower, paper presented at 30th International Conference on Lightning Protection, University of Bologna, Cagliari, Italy, 2010. Y.Hase, Handbook ofPower System Engineering, 2007
LISTA EINDEKSEVE bubullimat ■ 79 A ABB ■ 194, 197, 202, 204, 205, 210, 211, 227,230, 362, 376,381 admitansa -327 ANP - Aeroporti Ndërkombëtar і Prishtinës - Kontrolli Ajror ”Adem Jashari” · 12, 80, 82, 83, 87, 90, 93, 95,104 ajri i ftoftë · 47 ajri i nxehtë · 22, 23, 24, 25, 47 aktiviteti frontal · 48 ALARM ■ 12, 80, 87 altostratus · 28 amplituda e rrymave goditëse ■ 13 amplitudes së rrymës · 42, 324 Anderson ■ 62, 321, 322, 385, 387 Appleton · 62 atmosfera · 22, 25, 26, 27,28, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 53, 73, 231 АТР-ЕМТР ■ 11, 18, 191,194, 196, 197, 211, 213, 214, 215, 220, 221, 351, 356, 361, 362, 364, 366, 370, 375, 376, 378, 385, 389, 390 Austin · 62 avullimi · 26, 27, 28, 45, 46 В Bak-Jensen · 187 Balli i valës së rrymës · 60, 61, 76, 77, 138, 140, 172, 264 Benjamin Franklin · 15, 21, 43 bërthama kondenzuese · 25 BIL ■ 120, 170, 172, 173,174 Bishti i valës së rrymës ■ 77 bloza · 26 Boehne · 303, 363, 377 c C.T.R. Wilson · 62 Chapman · 62 Chowdhuri ■ 134, 149,150, 165, 360, 375, 386, 387 ČIGRE ■ 304, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317,318,319, 320, 321,322 ciklit global i ujit · 43 Cinieri ■ 134, 165, 383 cirrostratus ■ 28 cirrus ՛ 27 cumulus congestus · 45 D Dahle ՛ 63 Davis · 62 dendësia ditore e zbrazjeve · 85 detektorét satelitorë të rrufeve · 79 devijimi standard logaritmik ■ 61 diagrami rrjetë (grilë) · 255 dipol elektrik · 32 distanca goditëse · 161, 162 distanca ndarëse · 271 distanca mbrojtëse · 183 Divizioni i Meteorologi isë · 12 Duhamel ■ 129, 132, 133 dukshmëria ■ 45 E elektriciteti negativ · 48, 49 elektronet e lira · 34, 35, 180 elektrosfera · 43 energji e
nxehtësisë · 36, 46, 47, 200
392 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza energji kinetike · 34 erërat · 45, 48 Eriksson · 88, 356, 370, 381, 387 EXCOUNT-II · 228 EXLIM · 198, 202, 203, 227, 228 F faktorét lokal · 81 faktori i tokëzimit · 201 faktori ndërlidhës ■ 292, 293, 294, 321 fenomenet fizike -108 ferorezonanca · 57 Fesser · 189 filtri ■ 192 forca e gravitetit të tokës ■ 26 forma valore e rrymës së rrafesë · 13, 343, 358 frekuenca e rrufeve në tokë · 82 frontet · 23, 48, 271 Fumi · 134, 165, 383 funksionet shpërndarëse ■ 73 fiinksioni i Green-it · 126, 127, 128 funksioni i Heidler-it ■ 342 funksioni i modifikuar i Bessel-it ■ 332 fusha elektrike · 21, 29, 34, 35, 49, 51, 53, 56, 63, 67, 68, 69, 72, 103, 108, 109, 125, 139, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149, 150, 299, 300, 301, 332, 336 fusha kritike ■ 34, 36 fushave elektromagnetike · 33, 63 foshë elektrostatike · 124 fushë tranziente elektromagnetike · 22, 69 G Giannetoni ■ 196, 197, 212, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 351, 362, 366, 376, 386, 387 gjeneratori goditës · 206 goditja indirekte · 123 goditja e rrufesë · 22 goditjen direkte · 112, 119 goditja kthyese · 78, 120, 121, 124, 126, 131, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 169, 170, 171 goditja e pare ■ 41, 48, 54, 63, 163 goditjet e shumëfishta ■ 39 gradienti kritik -318 Gross ■ 134, 149, 150, 165, 317, 386, 387 H H. Zhou · 68, 69 Hagenguth ■ 62 harta e analizēs · 105 harta e vrojtimeve meteorologjike ■ 106 harta izokeraunike · 78, 79, 80, 103 Helmholtz -334 hidroskopike · 26 hipoteza · 13 / IEEE · 89, 191, 192,193, 194,196, 197, 200, 202, 206, 211, 212, 217, 220, 305, 307, 310, 351, 356, 361, 362, 366,
370, 375, 376, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 389, 390 IHMK· 12 imazhi satelitor i Hojit visibel · 104 impedanca e jashtme e përçuesve · 335 impedanca karakteristike · 116, 121, 144, 165, 243, 246, 252, 253, 254, 259, 263, 264, 268, 291, 292, 294, 301, 302,311,318,319, 320,321,327 impulset rrymore · 34, 70 impulsi i nxehtësisë · 41 impulsi Standard i tensioni! · 120, 239 induksioni elektrostatik · 29 induktiviteti · 116, 117,120, 121,144, 186, 188, 190, 192, 193, 222, 243, 244, 261, 268, 269, 303, 310, 325, 332,363 intensiteti i lushes · 34, 35, 332 intensiteti i rrymës · 35, 38, 141 interkoneksioni ■ 22 izolátorét e linjës · 121, 168, 177 izolimi i jashtëm · 57, 204 J.C.Maxwell · 16 jonet negative · 29 jonet pozitive · 29, 30 jonizimi · 36, 47 jonizim termik ■ 36 jonizimi i ajrit · 34 jonosfera · 29, 35 jostabiliteti i ajrit · 22
Zbrazjet atmosferike К K.Berger ■ 62, 385 kabllot ■ 246 kafazi i Faraday-it · 16 kanali perçues · 70, 323, 358 kanali i rrufesë · 20, 37, 38, 39, 40, 63, 70, 121, 122, 137, 138, 145 kanalit jonizues · 36 kanali jonizues ■ 36 kapaciteti · 112, 118, 120, 144, 202, 217, 238, 243, 244, 271, 306, 311, 319, 320, 325, 327, 362 kapaciteti energjetik ■ 202 kapërcimi · 20, 51, 114, 119,120, 151, 160,165,234, 238, 299, 354, 360, 361 karakteristika rrymë-tension · 176, 178 karakteristikat stokastike · 169 KEK - 12 kendi mbrojtjes · 89, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162,164, 168, 361 klasa e shkarkimit · 199, 202, 3 62 klima · 43 koeficientët e reflektimit · 121, 261 koeficientët e transmetimit · 274 koeficienti i korrelációnk · 170 koha e ballīt të rrymës · 172 Komisioni rregullativ nuklear (NRC) · 87 kondenzimi · 25, 45, 46 kondenzimi · 25, 46 konduksioni · 46 konveksioni · 47 koordinimi i izolimit · 11, 17, 82, 203, 228, 236, 238 KOSTT · 12, 80, 83, 88, 93, 95, 197, 345, 359,373,385,388 kristalet e akullit · 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 35 kumulonimbus · 28, 45, 82 kumulus · 27, 45 kurora · 34, 108, 140, 141, 142, 231, 303, 304, 305, 308, 309, 311, 312, 314, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 326, 363, 364 L lagështia · 45 lartësia efektive · 68 lartësia fizike ■ 68 lider i shkallëzuar ■ 56, 124 lider lidhës ■ 37 lideri dales · 37, 64 393 lideri fillestar · 63, 64, 65 lideri hyrës ■ 37 lideri kërcyes · 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 64, 240 Lin · 139 ՜ Linjat · 12, 21, 133, 244, 289, 324, 326, 327, 352, 356, 359 linjat e distribucionit · 81, 88, 89 linjat e transmisionit · 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19,20, 21, 22, 51,
58, 59, 60, 72, 73, 78, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 95, 102, 111, 119, 121, 123, 136, 137, 143, 145, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 167, 224, 229, 231, 233, 243, 306, 323, 324, 326, 327, 330, 338, 340, 342, 351, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 364, 365 linjat multipërçuese · 133 litari mbrojtës · 13, 20, 112,115,116, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159,160, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 232, 238, 240, 241, 259, 263, 268, 296, 343, 345, 346, 354, 355, 361, 364, 356 llojet e reve ՛ 27 Luke Howard · 27 M maja e Gaisberg-ut · 68 maksimumi i pare i rrymës · 60, 61 margjina mbrojtëse · 204 masat eñkase mbrojtëse · 11, 12 materiali izolues solid · 75 MATLAB · 11, 191, 196,197,207,219, 361,375,382 Master -139 matricen e induktiviteteve · 166 mbitensioni i komutimit · 57, 58, 202 mbitensionet atmosferike ■ 11, 12, 13, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 47, 48, 51, 64, 74, 75, 82, 91, 120, 123, 136, 150, 151, 175, 176, 183, 184, 187, 193, 200, 203, 204, 222, 224, 225, 226, 228, 233, 234, 236, 237, 255, 282, 291, 304, 323, 342, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 359, 360, 362, 364, 365, 384 mbitensione kalimtare ■ 62, 200, 201, 202 mbitensione të brendshme · 16 mbitensione të induktuara ■ 16, 20, 74, 123, 136, 137, 323, 345, 350, 359, 360 mbrojtja · 13, 17, 20, 89, 153, 154, 158, 160,161, 167,358 mbrojtja efektive · 153
394 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza mbrojtja jo efektive · 153 mekanizmi ngarkues ■ 48 mekanizmi i kapërcimit ■ 108 meteorologia · 47,103 M-komponentet · 71 modelet inxhinerike · 137 modelet ndërlidhëse ■ 143 modeli Agrawal · 146 modeli Chowdhuri · 149 modeli elektromagnetik · 170 modeli i Bruce-Golde 137 modeli i thjeshtë elektrogjeometrik ■ 161 modeli Rachidi · 148 modeli Rusek ■ 143 modeli Taylor ■ 145 modelimi · 11, 175, 351, 361 modelit elektromagnetik 171 molekulát e ajrit · 47 Monte San Salvatore në · 62 mullinjët elektrik · 69 N NASA · 84 ndarësit · 58, 136, 223, 273, 274 ndërprerjet e energjisë elektrike · 11, 15, 355, 357 ndryshimi i potencialit · 48, 114 Neil · 62 ngakesat negative ■ 28 ngarkesat e induktuara · 50,118 ngarkesatpozitive ■ 28, 35, 48, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 65, 357 ngarkesat elektrike · 21,28,29, ЗО, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69, 71, 73, 74, 124, 126, 154, 182, 306, 357 nimbostratus · 28 nivelet mbrojtëse · 203 niveli i izolimit ■ 16, 120, 353, 354 niveli keraunik · 85, 241 Norinder ■ 62 numri keraunik · 79 nxehtësia · 36, 45, 47 P paramétrât elektrik ■ 40 paramétrai meteorologjik · 84 paramétrai rrymorë · 59 parametri i pjerrtësisë · 61 parashikimi meteorologjik · 104,107 Petersen ■ 327 përçueshmëria elektrike · 30 përçuesi i tokëzuar · 89,112,117,119, 134,151, 157, 160,173,264, 270 përçuesit fazorë · 18, 114,121, 151, 152, 154,156, 159,160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 173,293,299, 323, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 354, 355, 359, 361, 364 përçuesit neutral ■ 134 performanca e sistemit 112
performanca ekonomike · 15, 357 performanca e linjave ■ 11,12,20, 82, 351, 362 permitivitet dielektrik · 246 PEXLIM · 198, 202, 203, 204, 210, 211, 227, 228, 229, 230 PEXLINK · 229, 230 pikat e ndërprerjes · 294 pikat e shiut ■ 26, 27 pikat e ujit · 25, 35 pikëzat e reve ■ 26,27 Pinceti · 196, 197, 212, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 351, 362, 366, 376, 386, 387 pjerrtësia · 61, 73, 75, 76, 77, 281, 304, 316, 364 Pockels ■ 62 polaritet · 35, 48, 60, 64, 72, 75, 82, 108, 165,317 Prinz · 15 probabiliteti · 73, 234, 235, 237 proceset dinamike ■ 43 profili vertikal i temperatures ■ 44 Q qendrat e elektrizimeve · 40 О objektet e larta · 12, 59, 65, 67, 68 objektet natyrore mbrojtëse · 13, 87 oksidi i zinkut ■ 180, 186 orteku · 34, 35, 36 rangu i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit 198 retë konvektive ■ 90, 96, 102 197,
Zbrazjet atmosferike reletë mbrojtëse · 136 rënia e tensionit · 121, 261 resë së stuhisë · 33, 52 reshjet · 45 Retë · 15, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 35, 43, 45, 49,51,62, 66, 112, 113,360 Reynolds · 62 rezistenca e tokëzimit · 114, 120, 261 rezistenca jolineare · 213 rezonanca · 57 rrezatimi kozmik · 47 rrufeja · 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 102, 103, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124,125, 127, 130, 131, 136,137, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157,158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165,168,169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 182, 186, 203, 205, 206, 215, 222, 231, 232, 238, 239, 240, 243, 301, 323, 324, 342, 343, 345, 352, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 363, 365 rrufepritësi · 15, 43, 47, 169 rrufetë bipolare ■ 64 rrufetë negative · 59, 64, 71 rrufetë pozitive · 56, 64 nyma e nxehtë ajrore ■ 23 nyma e ftoftë ajrore · 23 nyma e goditjes · 13,75,113, 119, 120, 121, 124, 128, 130, 136, 137, 209, 210,215,216, 360 nyma fillestare e vazhdueshme · 67, 68, 70 nymabredhëse · 124, 140, 360 nyma maksimale ■ 50, 62, 75, 163, 164, 170 rrymim hyrës · 22 rrymimi lartë · 24, 25 sasia e elektricitetit · 41 SCALAR · 12, 80, 88, 94, 95 Scrase · 62 sforcimet · 16, 18, 223, 231, 353, 354 shkalla e rritjes së rrymës ■ 61 shkalla e izolimit · 228 395 shkarkimet re-tokë · 51 shkarkimet pozitive · 56 shkarkimet ■ 40, 53, 142 shkarkimit elektrostatik · 51 shkarkuesit e
mbitensioneve · 11, 12, 17, 18,19, 21, 22, 57,175, 176,177, 180, 182, 183,184, 185, 186,187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 204, 211, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 231, 345, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 356, 358, 362, 364, 365 shkarkuesit e mbitensionit ABB · 203 shkarkuesit gypor të mbitensionit -175 shkarkuesit metal oksid të mbitensionit · 11, 18, 89, 175, 176, 189 shkarkuesit ventil të mbitensionit -175 shkriga · 32 shpimi · 49, 56, 75,108,109, 175, 179, 234, 354 shpimi i ajrit · 49 shpimit të izolimit. · 17 shtresa ndarëse planetare ■ 43 shtylla e lartë · 35 shtypja e ajrit ■ 45 shtypja atmosferike · 25, 234 siguria e sistemit elektroenergjetik -11, 21,236 Simpson · 28, 30, 31, 32, 62 sistemei elektroenergjetike · 11,12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 43, 51, 56, 57, 5 8, 73,80, 82, 93, 102,119,123, 233, 236, 237, 326, 351, 353, 356, 357, 359, 360, 362, 364, 365 Sistemi Elektroenergjetik i Kosovës · 12, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 80, 83, 92, 93, 95, 197, 227, 352, 354, 356, 357, 359 sistemi mbrojtës · 11, 21, 80, 236, 351, 352 Standring · 62 Stekolnikov · 62 stratokumulus · 27 stratus · 27 strimerët · 36, 37, 39, 40, 50, 63, 64, 108, 303,363 stuhitë · 48 sublimimi · 46 T temperatura e ajrit · 44 temperaturen e ngrirjes · 30 temperaturen e shkrirjes ■ 32 tensionet tranziente · 123,184, 360
396 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza tensioni dunies · 175, 210, 211, 233, 234, 354, 362 tensioni i induktuar · 12, 114,123,127, 128, 129, 133, 166, 169, 172 tensioni i izolatorii · 121, 238 tensioni induktues ■ 125, 127, 129, 136 tensioni kritik i kapërcimit · 120,235 tensioni nominal i shkarkuesit · 200, 362 tensioni i lartë · 11, 13,16, 17, 18, 58, 59, 92, 119, 151, 157, 158, 159, 183, 224, 225, 233, 306, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 358, 359, 361 tensioni i mesēm · 12 Thevenin · 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 285 towering cumulus · 45 transformatori · 20, 58, 225, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279,280, 282, 284, 285, 288 transformimi i Laplace-it · 125, 129 tropopauza ■ 43 troposfera · 43 U Uman · 62, 63, 80, 139, 142, 360, 374, 383, 384, 386, 388, 389, 390 1Հ vala rrymore · 59, 200 vala e mbitensionit -118 Valeev · 62 valët bredhëse · 123, 243, 248, 304, 305, 353, 363 varistori · 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 187, 361 viera maksimale e rrymës ■ 59, 60, 75, 76, 168, 171, 179,355 vrojtimet meteorologi ike · 107 И/ Wagner · 304, 306, 311, 317, 322 Wattson-Watt · 62 Week · 304, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 322 Wilson · 28, 30 Workman · 28, 32, 33 Z zbrazja atmosferike · 11,12, 13,15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 33, 34, 39, 40, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 68, 70, 71, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 102,103, 104, 111, 119,123,151, 183, 197, 206, 239, 240, 241, 242, 342, 351, 352, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360 zbrazja e pjesërishme · 37 zbrazja fayesore · 37, 38, 40, 41, 54, 64 zbrazja kthyese · 50, 55, 56, 59, 61,
63, 67, 69,71,72, 120, 137, 154, 323 Zbrazja pikësore · 34, 35, 36 Zbrazjet e mëvonshme · 57 zbrazjet re-tokë ■ 55 zgjerimi adiabatik · 25 zhurma · 103 zingjiri i izolatorii · 120 zona e shpimit 179 zona mbrojtëse ■ 156 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Krasniqi, Isuf F. 1948- Prebreza, Bahri M. 1969- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1272792447 (DE-588)127279248X |
| author_facet | Krasniqi, Isuf F. 1948- Prebreza, Bahri M. 1969- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Krasniqi, Isuf F. 1948- |
| author_variant | i f k if ifk b m p bm bmp |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048493248 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1347215852 (DE-599)BVBBV048493248 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02961nam a2200553 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV048493248</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20221115 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">220930s2017 a||| |||| 00||| alb d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789951615723</subfield><subfield code="9">978-9951-615-72-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1347215852</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV048493248</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">alb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Krasniqi, Isuf F.</subfield><subfield code="d">1948-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1272792447</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Zbrazjet atmosferike</subfield><subfield code="b">= Atmospheric discharges</subfield><subfield code="c">Isuf F. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Atmospheric discharges</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Prishtinë</subfield><subfield code="b">Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës</subfield><subfield code="c">2017</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">396 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten</subfield><subfield code="c">25 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Botime të veçanta</subfield><subfield code="v">libri 164</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës</subfield><subfield code="v">libri 29</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Hochspannungsleitung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4160246-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Blitz</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4124914-8</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Luftelektrizität</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4168236-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Überspannungsschutz</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4128083-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Kosovo</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4032571-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Kosovo</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4032571-4</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Luftelektrizität</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4168236-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Blitz</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4124914-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Hochspannungsleitung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4160246-8</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Überspannungsschutz</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4128083-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Prebreza, Bahri M.</subfield><subfield code="d">1969-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)127279248X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Botime të veçanta</subfield><subfield code="v">libri 164</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV011748946</subfield><subfield code="9">164</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës</subfield><subfield code="v">libri 29</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV021576880</subfield><subfield code="9">29</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Literaturverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Register // Gemischte Register</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSB_NED_20221115</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033870676</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">609</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090512</subfield><subfield code="g">4975</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">509</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090512</subfield><subfield code="g">4975</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kosovo |
| id | DE-604.BV048493248 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:42:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:39:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789951615723 |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033870676 |
| oclc_num | 1347215852 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 396 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 25 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221115 |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Botime të veçanta Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës |
| series2 | Botime të veçanta Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës |
| spelling | Krasniqi, Isuf F. 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)1272792447 aut Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges Isuf F. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza Atmospheric discharges Prishtinë Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës 2017 396 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Botime të veçanta libri 164 Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës libri 29 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Hochspannungsleitung (DE-588)4160246-8 gnd rswk-swf Blitz (DE-588)4124914-8 gnd rswk-swf Luftelektrizität (DE-588)4168236-1 gnd rswk-swf Überspannungsschutz (DE-588)4128083-0 gnd rswk-swf Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 gnd rswk-swf Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 g Luftelektrizität (DE-588)4168236-1 s Blitz (DE-588)4124914-8 s Hochspannungsleitung (DE-588)4160246-8 s Überspannungsschutz (DE-588)4128083-0 s DE-604 Prebreza, Bahri M. 1969- Verfasser (DE-588)127279248X aut Botime të veçanta libri 164 (DE-604)BV011748946 164 Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës libri 29 (DE-604)BV021576880 29 Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Krasniqi, Isuf F. 1948- Prebreza, Bahri M. 1969- Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges Botime të veçanta Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës Hochspannungsleitung (DE-588)4160246-8 gnd Blitz (DE-588)4124914-8 gnd Luftelektrizität (DE-588)4168236-1 gnd Überspannungsschutz (DE-588)4128083-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4160246-8 (DE-588)4124914-8 (DE-588)4168236-1 (DE-588)4128083-0 (DE-588)4032571-4 |
| title | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges |
| title_alt | Atmospheric discharges |
| title_auth | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges |
| title_exact_search | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges |
| title_full | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges Isuf F. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza |
| title_fullStr | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges Isuf F. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges Isuf F. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza |
| title_short | Zbrazjet atmosferike |
| title_sort | zbrazjet atmosferike atmospheric discharges |
| title_sub | = Atmospheric discharges |
| topic | Hochspannungsleitung (DE-588)4160246-8 gnd Blitz (DE-588)4124914-8 gnd Luftelektrizität (DE-588)4168236-1 gnd Überspannungsschutz (DE-588)4128083-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Hochspannungsleitung Blitz Luftelektrizität Überspannungsschutz Kosovo |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV011748946 (DE-604)BV021576880 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT krasniqiisuff zbrazjetatmosferikeatmosphericdischarges AT prebrezabahrim zbrazjetatmosferikeatmosphericdischarges AT krasniqiisuff atmosphericdischarges AT prebrezabahrim atmosphericdischarges |