Zbrazjet atmosferike: = Atmospheric discharges
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Albanian |
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Prishtinë
Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës
2017
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| Schriftenreihe: | Botime të veçanta
libri 164 Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës libri 29 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 396 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789951615723 |
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MARC
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| 264 | 1 | |a Prishtinë |b Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës |c 2017 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804184455096565760 |
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| adam_text | PËRMBAJTJA PARATHËNIE.............................................................................................11 KAPITULLII PARË NJOHURI TÊ PËRGJITHSHME PËR ZBRAZJET ATMOSFERİKLE...... 15 1.1. Formimi i zbrazjeve atmosferike..................................................... 22 1.2. Procesi i formimit të reve..................................................................25 1.3. Llojet e reve..................................................................................... 27 1.4. Krijimi i ngarkesave në re............................................................... 28 1.4.1. Teoria e Wilson-it...................................................................... 28 1.4.2. Teoria e Simpson-it.................................................................... 30 1.4.3. Teoria e Workman-it.................................................................. 32 1.5. Veçoritë e zbrazjeve atmosferike...................................................... 33 1.5.1. Faza e pare: Zbrazja pikësore.................................................... 34 1.5.2. Faza e dytë: lideri kërcyes......................................................... 36 1.5.3. Faza e trete: Zbrazja kryesore.................................................... 37 1.5.4. Faza e katërtë: Goditjet e shuměfíshta....................................... 39 1.6. Parametrai e zbrazjeve atmosferike................................................... 40 1.6.1. Parametrai elektrik.....................................................................40 KAPITULLI I DYTË NDIKIMII ZBRAZJEVE ATMOSFERIKE NË SISTEMET
ELEKTROENERGJETIKE ........................................................................ 43 2.1. Zbrazjet atmosferike (rrufetë)............................................... 43 2.2. Mekanizmi i formimit të zbrazjeve atmosferike............................... 48 2.2.1. Goditjet e para............................................................................ 48 2.2.2. Lideri i shkallëzuar.................................................................... 56 2.2.3. Zbrazja kthyese.......................................................................... 56 2.2.4. Lideri shigjetë - strimeri............................................................ 56 2.2.5. Zbrazjet e mëvonshme............................................................... 57 2.3. Mbitensionet e tjera në sistemei elektroenergetike.......................... 57 2.4. Karakteristikat elektrike të zbrazjeve atmosferike............................ 58 2.5. Paraqitja analitike e impulsii rrymor të rrufesë................................. 59 2.5.1. Forma valore e rrymës së rrufesë............................................... 59 2.5.2. Parametrai e goditjes së rrufesë................................................. 61 2.5.3. Karakteristikat dhe parametrai e gödrijévé të rrufesë............... 62
6 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza 2.5.4. Tipet e zbrazjeve atmosferike.................................................... 63 2.5.5. Paraqitja analitike e formes valore të rrymës............................. 75 2.5.5.1. Balli i valës së rrymës............................................................. 76 2.5.5.2. Bishti i valës së rrymës........................................................... 77 2.6. Hartat izokeraunike........................................................................... 78 2.7. Burimet e të dhënave për zbrazjet atmosferike në Kosově.............. 82 2.8. Paramétrât meteorologjik të zbrazjeve atmosferike......................... 84 2.8.1. Parametrai e përgjithshëm meteorologjik të zbrazjeve atmosferike...................................................................... 85 2.9. Niveli i goditjeve të rrufesë në linjat e transmisionit........................ 88 2.10. Metoda e zhvillimit të liderit për mekanizmin e kapërcimit........ 108 KAPITULU I TRETE GODITJET E DREJTPËRDREJTA DHE TË TËRTHORTA TË RRUFESË NË LINJAT E TRANSMISIONIT.......................................... 111 3.1. Problemet që shkaktojnë rrufetë në linjat e transmisionit.............. 111 3.2. Efektet e rrufesë në një linjë të transmisionit.................................. 112 3.3. Goditja në përçuesin fazor.............................................................. 113 3.4. Goditjet në shtyllë paperçues të tokëzuar...................................... 114 3.5. Goditja në përçuesin e tokëzuar...................................................... 115 3.6. Goditjet në
objektet e afërta (goditjet e tërthorta)........................... 117 3.7. Mbitensionet e shkaktuara nga goditjet e drejtpërdrejta të rrufesë....................................................................................... 119 3.8. Mbitensionet e shkaktuara nga goditjet e tërthorta të rrufesë........ 123 3.8.1. Funksioni Green....................................................................... 126 3.9. Tensioni i induktuar i një linje përçuese të vetrne të dyfishtë të kufizuar....................................................................................... 127 3.9.1. Evaluimi i funksionit tëGreen-it.............................................. 128 3.10. Tensioni i induktuar i shkaktuar nga rryma e goditjes kthyese e formes së çfarëdoshme...................................................... 128 3.11. Tensionet e induktuara në linjatmultipërçuese.............................. 134 3.12. Dallimi ndërmjet goditjes së drejtpërdrejtë dhe të tërthortë të rrufesë................................................................................... 136 3.13. Modelet e zbrazjes kthyese të rrufesë........................................... 137 3.14. Modelet inxhinerike...................................................................... 137 3.14.1. Modeli i Bruce-Golde............................................................ 138 3.14.2. Modeli i linjës së transmisionit.............................................. 139 3.14.3. Modeli i Master, Uman, Lin dhe Standler (MULS).............. 140 3.14.4. Modeli i burimit të rrymës
bredhëse...................................... 141 3.14.5. Modeli i modifikuar i linjës së transmisionit......................... 141 3.14.6. Modeli i modifikuar i linjës së transmisionit me zvogëlim eksperimental............................................................ 141 3.14.7. Modeli i modifikuar i linjës së transmisionit me zvogëlim linear të rrymës......................................................... 142
Zbrazjet atmosferike 7 3.14.8. Modeli i Diendorfer-Uman....................................................142 3.15. Përgjithësimi i modeleve inxhinierike........................................... 142 3.16. Modelet ndërlidhëse...................................................................... 143 3.16.1. Modeli Rusek......................................................................... 144 3.16.2. Modeli Taylor........................................................................ 146 3.16.3. Modeli Agrawal..................................................................... 147 3.16.4. Modeli Rachidi...................................................................... 148 3.16.5. Modeli Chowdhuri................................................................. 149 KAPITULU I KATËRT ANALIZA E MBROJTJES SË LINJAVE TË TRANSMISIONIT ME ANË TË PËRÇUESVE MBROJTËS......................................................... 151 4.1. Përçuesi mbrojtës............................................................................ 151 4.2. Llogaritja e këndit mbrojtës të litarit mbrojtës................................ 153 4.3. Hapësira e tërheqjes së rrufesë në sistemin e transmisionit........... 155 4.3.1. Zona mbrojtëse e përcjellësit të rrufesë................................... 155 4.4. Modeli i thjeshtë elektrogjeometrik (EGM).................................... 161 4.5. Efektet e litarit mbrojtës në tensionet e induktuara......................... 165 4.6. Analiza e mbrojtjes nga rrufetë të linjës së transmisionit 1 lOkV me përdorimin e litarit
mbrojtës............................................... 167 4.7. Karakteristikat stokastike të goditjes së rrufesë.............................. 169 4.8. Llogaritja e shkallës së ndërprerjeve të shkaktuara nga goditjet e aferta të rrufesë...................................................................... 170 4.9. Llogaritja e shkallës së ndërprerjeve............................................... 173 KAPITULLII PESTE MODELİMİ DHE SIMULIMI I SHKARKUESVE TË MBITENSIONIT SI ELEMENTE TË SISTEMIT MBROJTËS NGA MBITENSIONET...................................................................................... 175 5.1. Shkarkuesit e mbitensionit............................................................. 175 5.2. Karakteristika Volt-Ampere e shkarkuesve të mbitensionit ZnO... 177 5.3. Mikrostruktura e varistorëve dhe mekanizmi i përçuarjes së rrymës....................................................................................... 180 5.4. Testimi dhe klasifíkimi i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit ZnO........... 182 5.5. Përcaktimi i distances mbrojtëse..................................................... 183 5.6. Ndikimi i papastërtisë industriale në punën e shkarkuesve të mbitensioneve.......................................................................... 183 5.7. Struktura dhe parametrai e modeleve të shkarkuesve metal oksid të mbitensioneve............................................................. 184 5.8. Modelet e shkarkuesve të mbitensionit........................................... 186 5.8.1. Modeli i Bak-Jansen-
it............................................................. 187 5.8.2. Modeli i Feser-it....................................................................... 189 5.8.3. Modeli i rekomanduar nga grupi punues IEEE 3.4.11............. 191
8 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza 5.8.3.1. Caktimi i karakteristikave të elementeve jolineare АО dhe Al............................................................................. 194 5.9. Modelimi i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit ZnO në MATLAB dhe simulimi i performances së tyre.................................................... 196 5.9.1. Modeli i shkarkuesve ZnO............................................................ 196 5.9.2. Rangu i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit të prodhuesit ABB........ 197 5.9.3. Procedura e zgjedhjes së shkarkuesve të mbitensionit............. 199 5.9.4. Paramétrai sistem/shkarkues......................................................... 199 5.10. Zgjedhja e karakteristikave të sistemit.............................................. 200 5.10.1. Tensioni nominal i shkarkuesit (Ur)...........................................200 5.10.2. Kapaciteti energjetik dhe klasa e shkarkimit........................... 202 5.10.3. Nivelet mbrojtëse (Up։ dhe Ups)................................................. 203 5.10.4. Margjina mbrojtëse...................................................................... 204 5.11. Modeli i valës goditëse rrymore dhe simulimi i veprimit të shkarkuesit ZnO në fushat e linj ave të nivelit 1 lOkV........... 205 5.12. Modeli i kompletuar për simulim...................................................... 207 5.12.1. Modelimi i rezistencave j о lineare Ao dhe Ai......................... 208 5.12.2. Rezultatei e simulimeve në Matlab.......................................... 209 5.13. Modeli IEEE në ATP-
EMTP............................................................. 211 5.14. Modeli i thjeshtuar i rekomanduar nga Pinceti dhe Giannetoni.... 217 5.15. Modeli i thjeshtuar i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit nē programın ATP-EMTP............................................................. 220 5.16. Shkarkuesit e mbitensioneve dhe furnizimi i sigurt me energji elektrike...................................................................................... 222 5.17. Elemente të dizajnimit të shkarkuesve të mbitensionit me shtëpizë të porcelanit................................................................. 222 5.18. Zbatimi i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit në linjat e transmisionit të tensionit të lartë...................................................................... 223 5.19. Zgjedhjae shkarkuesve tëmbitensionit............................................ 224 5.20. Mënyra e instalimit të shkarkuesve të mbitensionit........................ 226 5.21. Shkarkuesit e linjave të transmisionit PEXLINK............................ 228 5.22. Rritja e efektivitetit të linjës............................................................... 232 5.23. Tensioni dûmes i sistemeve të izolimit............................................. 233 5.24. Parimét e koordinimit të izolimit dhe metodai e tij......................... 236 5.25. Modeli i izolimit të linjave..................................................................238 5.26. Varësia tension-kohë e izolatorëve................................................... 238 5.27. Numri i zbrazjeve në objektet
elektroenergjetike.............................239 KAPITULLII GJASHTË VALËT BREDHËSE TË TENSIONIT........................................................... 243 6.1. Një rishikim i valëve bredhëse............................................................. 243 6.1.2. Linjat Ajrore................................................................................... 244 6.1.3. Kabllot............................................................................................. 246 6.1.4. Kabllot me SF6................................................................................ 246
Zbrazjet atmosferike 9 6.1.5. Mikro-sistemi........................................................................... 246 6.2. Valët bredhëse në pikën e ndërprerjes............................................. 247 6.3. Përdorimi i teoremës së Thevenin-it............................................... 249 6.4. Një rast i veçantë: Linja me dy perçues.......................................... 251 6.5. Stacioni me n-linja.......................................................................... 251 6.6. Nyja linjë - kablio............................................................................ 254 6.7. Një metodē e llogaritjes: Diagrami rrjetë (grilë)............................. 255 6.8. Goditja në shtyllë............................................................................ 259 6.9. Goditja në shtyllë: Efekti i reflektimit nga shtyllat fqinje............... 264 6.9.1. Reduktimi i tensionit maksimal në shtyllën e goditur............. 264 6.9.2. Reduktimi i bishtit të valës...................................................... 268 6.10. Distanca ndarëse tek shkarkuesit e mbitensionit........................... 271 6.11. Tensioni në transformator për një stáción me n-linja.................... 274 6.12. Tensioni Ußper një stáción me n-linja.......................................... 278 6.13. Gjatësia mbrojtëse e shkarkuesit të mbitensionit.......................... 279 6.14. Rryma e shkarkuesit të mbitensionit............................................. 285 6.15. Linjat me perçues të shumëfishtë.................................................. 289 6.16. Impedanca
ekuivalente karakteristike........................................... 291 6.17. Faktori ndërlidhës.......................................................................... 292 6.18. Faktori ndërlidhës ndërmjet dy litarëve të tokëzuar dhe një përçuesi fazor....................................................................... 293 6.19. Përçuesit e shumëfishtë: Pikat e ndërprerjes................................. 294 6.20. Impedanca karakteristike e shtyllës............................................... 299 KAPITULLII SHTATË EFEKTI I KURORËS NË VALËT BREDHËSE...................................... 303 7.1. Hyrje.......................................................................................... 303 7.2. Dobësimi dhe shtrembërimi i valëve bredhëse............................... 305 7.3. Gjatë tensionit fillestar të kurorës................................................... 314 7.4. Mbi tensionin fillestar të kurorës.................................................... 315 7.5. Viera e Parametrave........................................................................ 317 7.6. Tensioni fillestar i kurorës.............................................................. 318 Ί.Ί. Impedanca karakteristike................................................................ 319 7.8. Faktori ndërlidhës............................................................................ 321 KAPITULLI I TETE ANALIZA E MBITENSIONEVE ATMOSFERIKE NË LINJAT E TRANSMISIONIT NË SİSTEMİN ELEKTROENERGJETIK TË
KOSOVËS.................................................................................................. 323 8.1. Modeli i përçuesve linjorë............................................................... 324 8.1.1. Ekuacionet themelore.............................................................. 324 8.2. Rregulla e Petersen-it...................................................................... 327 8.3. Modeli i linjave të transmisionit pa humbje.................................... 330 8.4. Impedanca karakteristike e përçuesve të linjës sipërfaqësore........ 332
10 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza 8.5. Impedanca e jashtme e përçuesve (Impedanca kthyese tokësore)................................................................................... 335 8.6. Analiza e parametrave valorë të linjës ajrore në domenin e komponenteve simetrike.................................................................337 8.7. Karakteristikat e linjave në domenin e regjimit punues.................. 340 8.8. Rezultatei nga simulimet kompjuterike të zbrazjeve atmosferike......................................................................................342 PËRMBLEDHJE....................................................................................... 351 SUMMARY.............................................................................................. 366 LITERATURA.......................................................................................... 381 LISTA E INDEKSEVE............................................................................. 391
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LISTA EINDEKSEVE bubullimat ■ 79 A ABB ■ 194, 197, 202, 204, 205, 210, 211, 227,230, 362, 376,381 admitansa -327 ANP - Aeroporti Ndërkombëtar і Prishtinës - Kontrolli Ajror ”Adem Jashari” · 12, 80, 82, 83, 87, 90, 93, 95,104 ajri i ftoftë · 47 ajri i nxehtë · 22, 23, 24, 25, 47 aktiviteti frontal · 48 ALARM ■ 12, 80, 87 altostratus · 28 amplituda e rrymave goditëse ■ 13 amplitudes së rrymës · 42, 324 Anderson ■ 62, 321, 322, 385, 387 Appleton · 62 atmosfera · 22, 25, 26, 27,28, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 53, 73, 231 АТР-ЕМТР ■ 11, 18, 191,194, 196, 197, 211, 213, 214, 215, 220, 221, 351, 356, 361, 362, 364, 366, 370, 375, 376, 378, 385, 389, 390 Austin · 62 avullimi · 26, 27, 28, 45, 46 В Bak-Jensen · 187 Balli i valës së rrymës · 60, 61, 76, 77, 138, 140, 172, 264 Benjamin Franklin · 15, 21, 43 bërthama kondenzuese · 25 BIL ■ 120, 170, 172, 173,174 Bishti i valës së rrymës ■ 77 bloza · 26 Boehne · 303, 363, 377 c C.T.R. Wilson · 62 Chapman · 62 Chowdhuri ■ 134, 149,150, 165, 360, 375, 386, 387 ČIGRE ■ 304, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317,318,319, 320, 321,322 ciklit global i ujit · 43 Cinieri ■ 134, 165, 383 cirrostratus ■ 28 cirrus ՛ 27 cumulus congestus · 45 D Dahle ՛ 63 Davis · 62 dendësia ditore e zbrazjeve · 85 detektorét satelitorë të rrufeve · 79 devijimi standard logaritmik ■ 61 diagrami rrjetë (grilë) · 255 dipol elektrik · 32 distanca goditëse · 161, 162 distanca ndarëse · 271 distanca mbrojtëse · 183 Divizioni i Meteorologi isë · 12 Duhamel ■ 129, 132, 133 dukshmëria ■ 45 E elektriciteti negativ · 48, 49 elektronet e lira · 34, 35, 180 elektrosfera · 43 energji e
nxehtësisë · 36, 46, 47, 200
392 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza energji kinetike · 34 erërat · 45, 48 Eriksson · 88, 356, 370, 381, 387 EXCOUNT-II · 228 EXLIM · 198, 202, 203, 227, 228 F faktorét lokal · 81 faktori i tokëzimit · 201 faktori ndërlidhës ■ 292, 293, 294, 321 fenomenet fizike -108 ferorezonanca · 57 Fesser · 189 filtri ■ 192 forca e gravitetit të tokës ■ 26 forma valore e rrymës së rrafesë · 13, 343, 358 frekuenca e rrufeve në tokë · 82 frontet · 23, 48, 271 Fumi · 134, 165, 383 funksionet shpërndarëse ■ 73 fiinksioni i Green-it · 126, 127, 128 funksioni i Heidler-it ■ 342 funksioni i modifikuar i Bessel-it ■ 332 fusha elektrike · 21, 29, 34, 35, 49, 51, 53, 56, 63, 67, 68, 69, 72, 103, 108, 109, 125, 139, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149, 150, 299, 300, 301, 332, 336 fusha kritike ■ 34, 36 fushave elektromagnetike · 33, 63 foshë elektrostatike · 124 fushë tranziente elektromagnetike · 22, 69 G Giannetoni ■ 196, 197, 212, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 351, 362, 366, 376, 386, 387 gjeneratori goditës · 206 goditja indirekte · 123 goditja e rrufesë · 22 goditjen direkte · 112, 119 goditja kthyese · 78, 120, 121, 124, 126, 131, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 169, 170, 171 goditja e pare ■ 41, 48, 54, 63, 163 goditjet e shumëfishta ■ 39 gradienti kritik -318 Gross ■ 134, 149, 150, 165, 317, 386, 387 H H. Zhou · 68, 69 Hagenguth ■ 62 harta e analizēs · 105 harta e vrojtimeve meteorologjike ■ 106 harta izokeraunike · 78, 79, 80, 103 Helmholtz -334 hidroskopike · 26 hipoteza · 13 / IEEE · 89, 191, 192,193, 194,196, 197, 200, 202, 206, 211, 212, 217, 220, 305, 307, 310, 351, 356, 361, 362, 366,
370, 375, 376, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 389, 390 IHMK· 12 imazhi satelitor i Hojit visibel · 104 impedanca e jashtme e përçuesve · 335 impedanca karakteristike · 116, 121, 144, 165, 243, 246, 252, 253, 254, 259, 263, 264, 268, 291, 292, 294, 301, 302,311,318,319, 320,321,327 impulset rrymore · 34, 70 impulsi i nxehtësisë · 41 impulsi Standard i tensioni! · 120, 239 induksioni elektrostatik · 29 induktiviteti · 116, 117,120, 121,144, 186, 188, 190, 192, 193, 222, 243, 244, 261, 268, 269, 303, 310, 325, 332,363 intensiteti i lushes · 34, 35, 332 intensiteti i rrymës · 35, 38, 141 interkoneksioni ■ 22 izolátorét e linjës · 121, 168, 177 izolimi i jashtëm · 57, 204 J.C.Maxwell · 16 jonet negative · 29 jonet pozitive · 29, 30 jonizimi · 36, 47 jonizim termik ■ 36 jonizimi i ajrit · 34 jonosfera · 29, 35 jostabiliteti i ajrit · 22
Zbrazjet atmosferike К K.Berger ■ 62, 385 kabllot ■ 246 kafazi i Faraday-it · 16 kanali perçues · 70, 323, 358 kanali i rrufesë · 20, 37, 38, 39, 40, 63, 70, 121, 122, 137, 138, 145 kanalit jonizues · 36 kanali jonizues ■ 36 kapaciteti · 112, 118, 120, 144, 202, 217, 238, 243, 244, 271, 306, 311, 319, 320, 325, 327, 362 kapaciteti energjetik ■ 202 kapërcimi · 20, 51, 114, 119,120, 151, 160,165,234, 238, 299, 354, 360, 361 karakteristika rrymë-tension · 176, 178 karakteristikat stokastike · 169 KEK - 12 kendi mbrojtjes · 89, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162,164, 168, 361 klasa e shkarkimit · 199, 202, 3 62 klima · 43 koeficientët e reflektimit · 121, 261 koeficientët e transmetimit · 274 koeficienti i korrelációnk · 170 koha e ballīt të rrymës · 172 Komisioni rregullativ nuklear (NRC) · 87 kondenzimi · 25, 45, 46 kondenzimi · 25, 46 konduksioni · 46 konveksioni · 47 koordinimi i izolimit · 11, 17, 82, 203, 228, 236, 238 KOSTT · 12, 80, 83, 88, 93, 95, 197, 345, 359,373,385,388 kristalet e akullit · 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 35 kumulonimbus · 28, 45, 82 kumulus · 27, 45 kurora · 34, 108, 140, 141, 142, 231, 303, 304, 305, 308, 309, 311, 312, 314, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 326, 363, 364 L lagështia · 45 lartësia efektive · 68 lartësia fizike ■ 68 lider i shkallëzuar ■ 56, 124 lider lidhës ■ 37 lideri dales · 37, 64 393 lideri fillestar · 63, 64, 65 lideri hyrës ■ 37 lideri kërcyes · 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 64, 240 Lin · 139 ՜ Linjat · 12, 21, 133, 244, 289, 324, 326, 327, 352, 356, 359 linjat e distribucionit · 81, 88, 89 linjat e transmisionit · 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19,20, 21, 22, 51,
58, 59, 60, 72, 73, 78, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 95, 102, 111, 119, 121, 123, 136, 137, 143, 145, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 167, 224, 229, 231, 233, 243, 306, 323, 324, 326, 327, 330, 338, 340, 342, 351, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 364, 365 linjat multipërçuese · 133 litari mbrojtës · 13, 20, 112,115,116, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159,160, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 232, 238, 240, 241, 259, 263, 268, 296, 343, 345, 346, 354, 355, 361, 364, 356 llojet e reve ՛ 27 Luke Howard · 27 M maja e Gaisberg-ut · 68 maksimumi i pare i rrymës · 60, 61 margjina mbrojtëse · 204 masat eñkase mbrojtëse · 11, 12 materiali izolues solid · 75 MATLAB · 11, 191, 196,197,207,219, 361,375,382 Master -139 matricen e induktiviteteve · 166 mbitensioni i komutimit · 57, 58, 202 mbitensionet atmosferike ■ 11, 12, 13, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 47, 48, 51, 64, 74, 75, 82, 91, 120, 123, 136, 150, 151, 175, 176, 183, 184, 187, 193, 200, 203, 204, 222, 224, 225, 226, 228, 233, 234, 236, 237, 255, 282, 291, 304, 323, 342, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 359, 360, 362, 364, 365, 384 mbitensione kalimtare ■ 62, 200, 201, 202 mbitensione të brendshme · 16 mbitensione të induktuara ■ 16, 20, 74, 123, 136, 137, 323, 345, 350, 359, 360 mbrojtja · 13, 17, 20, 89, 153, 154, 158, 160,161, 167,358 mbrojtja efektive · 153
394 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza mbrojtja jo efektive · 153 mekanizmi ngarkues ■ 48 mekanizmi i kapërcimit ■ 108 meteorologia · 47,103 M-komponentet · 71 modelet inxhinerike · 137 modelet ndërlidhëse ■ 143 modeli Agrawal · 146 modeli Chowdhuri · 149 modeli elektromagnetik · 170 modeli i Bruce-Golde 137 modeli i thjeshtë elektrogjeometrik ■ 161 modeli Rachidi · 148 modeli Rusek ■ 143 modeli Taylor ■ 145 modelimi · 11, 175, 351, 361 modelit elektromagnetik 171 molekulát e ajrit · 47 Monte San Salvatore në · 62 mullinjët elektrik · 69 N NASA · 84 ndarësit · 58, 136, 223, 273, 274 ndërprerjet e energjisë elektrike · 11, 15, 355, 357 ndryshimi i potencialit · 48, 114 Neil · 62 ngakesat negative ■ 28 ngarkesat e induktuara · 50,118 ngarkesatpozitive ■ 28, 35, 48, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 65, 357 ngarkesat elektrike · 21,28,29, ЗО, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69, 71, 73, 74, 124, 126, 154, 182, 306, 357 nimbostratus · 28 nivelet mbrojtëse · 203 niveli i izolimit ■ 16, 120, 353, 354 niveli keraunik · 85, 241 Norinder ■ 62 numri keraunik · 79 nxehtësia · 36, 45, 47 P paramétrât elektrik ■ 40 paramétrai meteorologjik · 84 paramétrai rrymorë · 59 parametri i pjerrtësisë · 61 parashikimi meteorologjik · 104,107 Petersen ■ 327 përçueshmëria elektrike · 30 përçuesi i tokëzuar · 89,112,117,119, 134,151, 157, 160,173,264, 270 përçuesit fazorë · 18, 114,121, 151, 152, 154,156, 159,160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 173,293,299, 323, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 354, 355, 359, 361, 364 përçuesit neutral ■ 134 performanca e sistemit 112
performanca ekonomike · 15, 357 performanca e linjave ■ 11,12,20, 82, 351, 362 permitivitet dielektrik · 246 PEXLIM · 198, 202, 203, 204, 210, 211, 227, 228, 229, 230 PEXLINK · 229, 230 pikat e ndërprerjes · 294 pikat e shiut ■ 26, 27 pikat e ujit · 25, 35 pikëzat e reve ■ 26,27 Pinceti · 196, 197, 212, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 351, 362, 366, 376, 386, 387 pjerrtësia · 61, 73, 75, 76, 77, 281, 304, 316, 364 Pockels ■ 62 polaritet · 35, 48, 60, 64, 72, 75, 82, 108, 165,317 Prinz · 15 probabiliteti · 73, 234, 235, 237 proceset dinamike ■ 43 profili vertikal i temperatures ■ 44 Q qendrat e elektrizimeve · 40 О objektet e larta · 12, 59, 65, 67, 68 objektet natyrore mbrojtëse · 13, 87 oksidi i zinkut ■ 180, 186 orteku · 34, 35, 36 rangu i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit 198 retë konvektive ■ 90, 96, 102 197,
Zbrazjet atmosferike reletë mbrojtëse · 136 rënia e tensionit · 121, 261 resë së stuhisë · 33, 52 reshjet · 45 Retë · 15, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 35, 43, 45, 49,51,62, 66, 112, 113,360 Reynolds · 62 rezistenca e tokëzimit · 114, 120, 261 rezistenca jolineare · 213 rezonanca · 57 rrezatimi kozmik · 47 rrufeja · 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 102, 103, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124,125, 127, 130, 131, 136,137, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157,158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165,168,169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 182, 186, 203, 205, 206, 215, 222, 231, 232, 238, 239, 240, 243, 301, 323, 324, 342, 343, 345, 352, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 363, 365 rrufepritësi · 15, 43, 47, 169 rrufetë bipolare ■ 64 rrufetë negative · 59, 64, 71 rrufetë pozitive · 56, 64 nyma e nxehtë ajrore ■ 23 nyma e ftoftë ajrore · 23 nyma e goditjes · 13,75,113, 119, 120, 121, 124, 128, 130, 136, 137, 209, 210,215,216, 360 nyma fillestare e vazhdueshme · 67, 68, 70 nymabredhëse · 124, 140, 360 nyma maksimale ■ 50, 62, 75, 163, 164, 170 rrymim hyrës · 22 rrymimi lartë · 24, 25 sasia e elektricitetit · 41 SCALAR · 12, 80, 88, 94, 95 Scrase · 62 sforcimet · 16, 18, 223, 231, 353, 354 shkalla e rritjes së rrymës ■ 61 shkalla e izolimit · 228 395 shkarkimet re-tokë · 51 shkarkimet pozitive · 56 shkarkimet ■ 40, 53, 142 shkarkimit elektrostatik · 51 shkarkuesit e
mbitensioneve · 11, 12, 17, 18,19, 21, 22, 57,175, 176,177, 180, 182, 183,184, 185, 186,187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 204, 211, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 231, 345, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 356, 358, 362, 364, 365 shkarkuesit e mbitensionit ABB · 203 shkarkuesit gypor të mbitensionit -175 shkarkuesit metal oksid të mbitensionit · 11, 18, 89, 175, 176, 189 shkarkuesit ventil të mbitensionit -175 shkriga · 32 shpimi · 49, 56, 75,108,109, 175, 179, 234, 354 shpimi i ajrit · 49 shpimit të izolimit. · 17 shtresa ndarëse planetare ■ 43 shtylla e lartë · 35 shtypja e ajrit ■ 45 shtypja atmosferike · 25, 234 siguria e sistemit elektroenergjetik -11, 21,236 Simpson · 28, 30, 31, 32, 62 sistemei elektroenergjetike · 11,12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 43, 51, 56, 57, 5 8, 73,80, 82, 93, 102,119,123, 233, 236, 237, 326, 351, 353, 356, 357, 359, 360, 362, 364, 365 Sistemi Elektroenergjetik i Kosovës · 12, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 80, 83, 92, 93, 95, 197, 227, 352, 354, 356, 357, 359 sistemi mbrojtës · 11, 21, 80, 236, 351, 352 Standring · 62 Stekolnikov · 62 stratokumulus · 27 stratus · 27 strimerët · 36, 37, 39, 40, 50, 63, 64, 108, 303,363 stuhitë · 48 sublimimi · 46 T temperatura e ajrit · 44 temperaturen e ngrirjes · 30 temperaturen e shkrirjes ■ 32 tensionet tranziente · 123,184, 360
396 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza tensioni dunies · 175, 210, 211, 233, 234, 354, 362 tensioni i induktuar · 12, 114,123,127, 128, 129, 133, 166, 169, 172 tensioni i izolatorii · 121, 238 tensioni induktues ■ 125, 127, 129, 136 tensioni kritik i kapërcimit · 120,235 tensioni nominal i shkarkuesit · 200, 362 tensioni i lartë · 11, 13,16, 17, 18, 58, 59, 92, 119, 151, 157, 158, 159, 183, 224, 225, 233, 306, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 358, 359, 361 tensioni i mesēm · 12 Thevenin · 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 285 towering cumulus · 45 transformatori · 20, 58, 225, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279,280, 282, 284, 285, 288 transformimi i Laplace-it · 125, 129 tropopauza ■ 43 troposfera · 43 U Uman · 62, 63, 80, 139, 142, 360, 374, 383, 384, 386, 388, 389, 390 1Հ vala rrymore · 59, 200 vala e mbitensionit -118 Valeev · 62 valët bredhëse · 123, 243, 248, 304, 305, 353, 363 varistori · 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 187, 361 viera maksimale e rrymës ■ 59, 60, 75, 76, 168, 171, 179,355 vrojtimet meteorologi ike · 107 И/ Wagner · 304, 306, 311, 317, 322 Wattson-Watt · 62 Week · 304, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 322 Wilson · 28, 30 Workman · 28, 32, 33 Z zbrazja atmosferike · 11,12, 13,15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 33, 34, 39, 40, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 68, 70, 71, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 102,103, 104, 111, 119,123,151, 183, 197, 206, 239, 240, 241, 242, 342, 351, 352, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360 zbrazja e pjesërishme · 37 zbrazja fayesore · 37, 38, 40, 41, 54, 64 zbrazja kthyese · 50, 55, 56, 59, 61,
63, 67, 69,71,72, 120, 137, 154, 323 Zbrazja pikësore · 34, 35, 36 Zbrazjet e mëvonshme · 57 zbrazjet re-tokë ■ 55 zgjerimi adiabatik · 25 zhurma · 103 zingjiri i izolatorii · 120 zona e shpimit 179 zona mbrojtëse ■ 156
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PËRMBAJTJA PARATHËNIE.11 KAPITULLII PARË NJOHURI TÊ PËRGJITHSHME PËR ZBRAZJET ATMOSFERİKLE. 15 1.1. Formimi i zbrazjeve atmosferike. 22 1.2. Procesi i formimit të reve.25 1.3. Llojet e reve. 27 1.4. Krijimi i ngarkesave në re. 28 1.4.1. Teoria e Wilson-it. 28 1.4.2. Teoria e Simpson-it. 30 1.4.3. Teoria e Workman-it. 32 1.5. Veçoritë e zbrazjeve atmosferike. 33 1.5.1. Faza e pare: Zbrazja pikësore. 34 1.5.2. Faza e dytë: lideri kërcyes. 36 1.5.3. Faza e trete: Zbrazja kryesore. 37 1.5.4. Faza e katërtë: Goditjet e shuměfíshta. 39 1.6. Parametrai e zbrazjeve atmosferike. 40 1.6.1. Parametrai elektrik.40 KAPITULLI I DYTË NDIKIMII ZBRAZJEVE ATMOSFERIKE NË SISTEMET
ELEKTROENERGJETIKE . 43 2.1. Zbrazjet atmosferike (rrufetë). 43 2.2. Mekanizmi i formimit të zbrazjeve atmosferike. 48 2.2.1. Goditjet e para. 48 2.2.2. Lideri i shkallëzuar. 56 2.2.3. Zbrazja kthyese. 56 2.2.4. Lideri shigjetë - strimeri. 56 2.2.5. Zbrazjet e mëvonshme. 57 2.3. Mbitensionet e tjera në sistemei elektroenergetike. 57 2.4. Karakteristikat elektrike të zbrazjeve atmosferike. 58 2.5. Paraqitja analitike e impulsii rrymor të rrufesë. 59 2.5.1. Forma valore e rrymës së rrufesë. 59 2.5.2. Parametrai e goditjes së rrufesë. 61 2.5.3. Karakteristikat dhe parametrai e gödrijévé të rrufesë. 62
6 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza 2.5.4. Tipet e zbrazjeve atmosferike. 63 2.5.5. Paraqitja analitike e formes valore të rrymës. 75 2.5.5.1. Balli i valës së rrymës. 76 2.5.5.2. Bishti i valës së rrymës. 77 2.6. Hartat izokeraunike. 78 2.7. Burimet e të dhënave për zbrazjet atmosferike në Kosově. 82 2.8. Paramétrât meteorologjik të zbrazjeve atmosferike. 84 2.8.1. Parametrai e përgjithshëm meteorologjik të zbrazjeve atmosferike. 85 2.9. Niveli i goditjeve të rrufesë në linjat e transmisionit. 88 2.10. Metoda e zhvillimit të liderit për mekanizmin e kapërcimit. 108 KAPITULU I TRETE GODITJET E DREJTPËRDREJTA DHE TË TËRTHORTA TË RRUFESË NË LINJAT E TRANSMISIONIT. 111 3.1. Problemet që shkaktojnë rrufetë në linjat e transmisionit. 111 3.2. Efektet e rrufesë në një linjë të transmisionit. 112 3.3. Goditja në përçuesin fazor. 113 3.4. Goditjet në shtyllë paperçues të tokëzuar. 114 3.5. Goditja në përçuesin e tokëzuar. 115 3.6. Goditjet në
objektet e afërta (goditjet e tërthorta). 117 3.7. Mbitensionet e shkaktuara nga goditjet e drejtpërdrejta të rrufesë. 119 3.8. Mbitensionet e shkaktuara nga goditjet e tërthorta të rrufesë. 123 3.8.1. Funksioni Green. 126 3.9. Tensioni i induktuar i një linje përçuese të vetrne të dyfishtë të kufizuar. 127 3.9.1. Evaluimi i funksionit tëGreen-it. 128 3.10. Tensioni i induktuar i shkaktuar nga rryma e goditjes kthyese e formes së çfarëdoshme. 128 3.11. Tensionet e induktuara në linjatmultipërçuese. 134 3.12. Dallimi ndërmjet goditjes së drejtpërdrejtë dhe të tërthortë të rrufesë. 136 3.13. Modelet e zbrazjes kthyese të rrufesë. 137 3.14. Modelet inxhinerike. 137 3.14.1. Modeli i Bruce-Golde. 138 3.14.2. Modeli i linjës së transmisionit. 139 3.14.3. Modeli i Master, Uman, Lin dhe Standler (MULS). 140 3.14.4. Modeli i burimit të rrymës
bredhëse. 141 3.14.5. Modeli i modifikuar i linjës së transmisionit. 141 3.14.6. Modeli i modifikuar i linjës së transmisionit me zvogëlim eksperimental. 141 3.14.7. Modeli i modifikuar i linjës së transmisionit me zvogëlim linear të rrymës. 142
Zbrazjet atmosferike 7 3.14.8. Modeli i Diendorfer-Uman.142 3.15. Përgjithësimi i modeleve inxhinierike. 142 3.16. Modelet ndërlidhëse. 143 3.16.1. Modeli Rusek. 144 3.16.2. Modeli Taylor. 146 3.16.3. Modeli Agrawal. 147 3.16.4. Modeli Rachidi. 148 3.16.5. Modeli Chowdhuri. 149 KAPITULU I KATËRT ANALIZA E MBROJTJES SË LINJAVE TË TRANSMISIONIT ME ANË TË PËRÇUESVE MBROJTËS. 151 4.1. Përçuesi mbrojtës. 151 4.2. Llogaritja e këndit mbrojtës të litarit mbrojtës. 153 4.3. Hapësira e tërheqjes së rrufesë në sistemin e transmisionit. 155 4.3.1. Zona mbrojtëse e përcjellësit të rrufesë. 155 4.4. Modeli i thjeshtë elektrogjeometrik (EGM). 161 4.5. Efektet e litarit mbrojtës në tensionet e induktuara. 165 4.6. Analiza e mbrojtjes nga rrufetë të linjës së transmisionit 1 lOkV me përdorimin e litarit
mbrojtës. 167 4.7. Karakteristikat stokastike të goditjes së rrufesë. 169 4.8. Llogaritja e shkallës së ndërprerjeve të shkaktuara nga goditjet e aferta të rrufesë. 170 4.9. Llogaritja e shkallës së ndërprerjeve. 173 KAPITULLII PESTE MODELİMİ DHE SIMULIMI I SHKARKUESVE TË MBITENSIONIT SI ELEMENTE TË SISTEMIT MBROJTËS NGA MBITENSIONET. 175 5.1. Shkarkuesit e mbitensionit. 175 5.2. Karakteristika Volt-Ampere e shkarkuesve të mbitensionit ZnO. 177 5.3. Mikrostruktura e varistorëve dhe mekanizmi i përçuarjes së rrymës. 180 5.4. Testimi dhe klasifíkimi i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit ZnO. 182 5.5. Përcaktimi i distances mbrojtëse. 183 5.6. Ndikimi i papastërtisë industriale në punën e shkarkuesve të mbitensioneve. 183 5.7. Struktura dhe parametrai e modeleve të shkarkuesve metal oksid të mbitensioneve. 184 5.8. Modelet e shkarkuesve të mbitensionit. 186 5.8.1. Modeli i Bak-Jansen-
it. 187 5.8.2. Modeli i Feser-it. 189 5.8.3. Modeli i rekomanduar nga grupi punues IEEE 3.4.11. 191
8 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza 5.8.3.1. Caktimi i karakteristikave të elementeve jolineare АО dhe Al. 194 5.9. Modelimi i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit ZnO në MATLAB dhe simulimi i performances së tyre. 196 5.9.1. Modeli i shkarkuesve ZnO. 196 5.9.2. Rangu i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit të prodhuesit ABB. 197 5.9.3. Procedura e zgjedhjes së shkarkuesve të mbitensionit. 199 5.9.4. Paramétrai sistem/shkarkues. 199 5.10. Zgjedhja e karakteristikave të sistemit. 200 5.10.1. Tensioni nominal i shkarkuesit (Ur).200 5.10.2. Kapaciteti energjetik dhe klasa e shkarkimit. 202 5.10.3. Nivelet mbrojtëse (Up։ dhe Ups). 203 5.10.4. Margjina mbrojtëse. 204 5.11. Modeli i valës goditëse rrymore dhe simulimi i veprimit të shkarkuesit ZnO në fushat e linj ave të nivelit 1 lOkV. 205 5.12. Modeli i kompletuar për simulim. 207 5.12.1. Modelimi i rezistencave j о lineare Ao dhe Ai. 208 5.12.2. Rezultatei e simulimeve në Matlab. 209 5.13. Modeli IEEE në ATP-
EMTP. 211 5.14. Modeli i thjeshtuar i rekomanduar nga Pinceti dhe Giannetoni. 217 5.15. Modeli i thjeshtuar i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit nē programın ATP-EMTP. 220 5.16. Shkarkuesit e mbitensioneve dhe furnizimi i sigurt me energji elektrike. 222 5.17. Elemente të dizajnimit të shkarkuesve të mbitensionit me shtëpizë të porcelanit. 222 5.18. Zbatimi i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit në linjat e transmisionit të tensionit të lartë. 223 5.19. Zgjedhjae shkarkuesve tëmbitensionit. 224 5.20. Mënyra e instalimit të shkarkuesve të mbitensionit. 226 5.21. Shkarkuesit e linjave të transmisionit PEXLINK. 228 5.22. Rritja e efektivitetit të linjës. 232 5.23. Tensioni dûmes i sistemeve të izolimit. 233 5.24. Parimét e koordinimit të izolimit dhe metodai e tij. 236 5.25. Modeli i izolimit të linjave.238 5.26. Varësia tension-kohë e izolatorëve. 238 5.27. Numri i zbrazjeve në objektet
elektroenergjetike.239 KAPITULLII GJASHTË VALËT BREDHËSE TË TENSIONIT. 243 6.1. Një rishikim i valëve bredhëse. 243 6.1.2. Linjat Ajrore. 244 6.1.3. Kabllot. 246 6.1.4. Kabllot me SF6. 246
Zbrazjet atmosferike 9 6.1.5. Mikro-sistemi. 246 6.2. Valët bredhëse në pikën e ndërprerjes. 247 6.3. Përdorimi i teoremës së Thevenin-it. 249 6.4. Një rast i veçantë: Linja me dy perçues. 251 6.5. Stacioni me n-linja. 251 6.6. Nyja linjë - kablio. 254 6.7. Një metodē e llogaritjes: Diagrami rrjetë (grilë). 255 6.8. Goditja në shtyllë. 259 6.9. Goditja në shtyllë: Efekti i reflektimit nga shtyllat fqinje. 264 6.9.1. Reduktimi i tensionit maksimal në shtyllën e goditur. 264 6.9.2. Reduktimi i bishtit të valës. 268 6.10. Distanca ndarëse tek shkarkuesit e mbitensionit. 271 6.11. Tensioni në transformator për një stáción me n-linja. 274 6.12. Tensioni Ußper një stáción me n-linja. 278 6.13. Gjatësia mbrojtëse e shkarkuesit të mbitensionit. 279 6.14. Rryma e shkarkuesit të mbitensionit. 285 6.15. Linjat me perçues të shumëfishtë. 289 6.16. Impedanca
ekuivalente karakteristike. 291 6.17. Faktori ndërlidhës. 292 6.18. Faktori ndërlidhës ndërmjet dy litarëve të tokëzuar dhe një përçuesi fazor. 293 6.19. Përçuesit e shumëfishtë: Pikat e ndërprerjes. 294 6.20. Impedanca karakteristike e shtyllës. 299 KAPITULLII SHTATË EFEKTI I KURORËS NË VALËT BREDHËSE. 303 7.1. Hyrje. 303 7.2. Dobësimi dhe shtrembërimi i valëve bredhëse. 305 7.3. Gjatë tensionit fillestar të kurorës. 314 7.4. Mbi tensionin fillestar të kurorës. 315 7.5. Viera e Parametrave. 317 7.6. Tensioni fillestar i kurorës. 318 Ί.Ί. Impedanca karakteristike. 319 7.8. Faktori ndërlidhës. 321 KAPITULLI I TETE ANALIZA E MBITENSIONEVE ATMOSFERIKE NË LINJAT E TRANSMISIONIT NË SİSTEMİN ELEKTROENERGJETIK TË
KOSOVËS. 323 8.1. Modeli i përçuesve linjorë. 324 8.1.1. Ekuacionet themelore. 324 8.2. Rregulla e Petersen-it. 327 8.3. Modeli i linjave të transmisionit pa humbje. 330 8.4. Impedanca karakteristike e përçuesve të linjës sipërfaqësore. 332
10 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza 8.5. Impedanca e jashtme e përçuesve (Impedanca kthyese tokësore). 335 8.6. Analiza e parametrave valorë të linjës ajrore në domenin e komponenteve simetrike.337 8.7. Karakteristikat e linjave në domenin e regjimit punues. 340 8.8. Rezultatei nga simulimet kompjuterike të zbrazjeve atmosferike.342 PËRMBLEDHJE. 351 SUMMARY. 366 LITERATURA. 381 LISTA E INDEKSEVE. 391
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LISTA EINDEKSEVE bubullimat ■ 79 A ABB ■ 194, 197, 202, 204, 205, 210, 211, 227,230, 362, 376,381 admitansa -327 ANP - Aeroporti Ndërkombëtar і Prishtinës - Kontrolli Ajror ”Adem Jashari” · 12, 80, 82, 83, 87, 90, 93, 95,104 ajri i ftoftë · 47 ajri i nxehtë · 22, 23, 24, 25, 47 aktiviteti frontal · 48 ALARM ■ 12, 80, 87 altostratus · 28 amplituda e rrymave goditëse ■ 13 amplitudes së rrymës · 42, 324 Anderson ■ 62, 321, 322, 385, 387 Appleton · 62 atmosfera · 22, 25, 26, 27,28, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 53, 73, 231 АТР-ЕМТР ■ 11, 18, 191,194, 196, 197, 211, 213, 214, 215, 220, 221, 351, 356, 361, 362, 364, 366, 370, 375, 376, 378, 385, 389, 390 Austin · 62 avullimi · 26, 27, 28, 45, 46 В Bak-Jensen · 187 Balli i valës së rrymës · 60, 61, 76, 77, 138, 140, 172, 264 Benjamin Franklin · 15, 21, 43 bërthama kondenzuese · 25 BIL ■ 120, 170, 172, 173,174 Bishti i valës së rrymës ■ 77 bloza · 26 Boehne · 303, 363, 377 c C.T.R. Wilson · 62 Chapman · 62 Chowdhuri ■ 134, 149,150, 165, 360, 375, 386, 387 ČIGRE ■ 304, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317,318,319, 320, 321,322 ciklit global i ujit · 43 Cinieri ■ 134, 165, 383 cirrostratus ■ 28 cirrus ՛ 27 cumulus congestus · 45 D Dahle ՛ 63 Davis · 62 dendësia ditore e zbrazjeve · 85 detektorét satelitorë të rrufeve · 79 devijimi standard logaritmik ■ 61 diagrami rrjetë (grilë) · 255 dipol elektrik · 32 distanca goditëse · 161, 162 distanca ndarëse · 271 distanca mbrojtëse · 183 Divizioni i Meteorologi isë · 12 Duhamel ■ 129, 132, 133 dukshmëria ■ 45 E elektriciteti negativ · 48, 49 elektronet e lira · 34, 35, 180 elektrosfera · 43 energji e
nxehtësisë · 36, 46, 47, 200
392 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza energji kinetike · 34 erërat · 45, 48 Eriksson · 88, 356, 370, 381, 387 EXCOUNT-II · 228 EXLIM · 198, 202, 203, 227, 228 F faktorét lokal · 81 faktori i tokëzimit · 201 faktori ndërlidhës ■ 292, 293, 294, 321 fenomenet fizike -108 ferorezonanca · 57 Fesser · 189 filtri ■ 192 forca e gravitetit të tokës ■ 26 forma valore e rrymës së rrafesë · 13, 343, 358 frekuenca e rrufeve në tokë · 82 frontet · 23, 48, 271 Fumi · 134, 165, 383 funksionet shpërndarëse ■ 73 fiinksioni i Green-it · 126, 127, 128 funksioni i Heidler-it ■ 342 funksioni i modifikuar i Bessel-it ■ 332 fusha elektrike · 21, 29, 34, 35, 49, 51, 53, 56, 63, 67, 68, 69, 72, 103, 108, 109, 125, 139, 142, 143, 144, 147, 149, 150, 299, 300, 301, 332, 336 fusha kritike ■ 34, 36 fushave elektromagnetike · 33, 63 foshë elektrostatike · 124 fushë tranziente elektromagnetike · 22, 69 G Giannetoni ■ 196, 197, 212, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 351, 362, 366, 376, 386, 387 gjeneratori goditës · 206 goditja indirekte · 123 goditja e rrufesë · 22 goditjen direkte · 112, 119 goditja kthyese · 78, 120, 121, 124, 126, 131, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 145, 169, 170, 171 goditja e pare ■ 41, 48, 54, 63, 163 goditjet e shumëfishta ■ 39 gradienti kritik -318 Gross ■ 134, 149, 150, 165, 317, 386, 387 H H. Zhou · 68, 69 Hagenguth ■ 62 harta e analizēs · 105 harta e vrojtimeve meteorologjike ■ 106 harta izokeraunike · 78, 79, 80, 103 Helmholtz -334 hidroskopike · 26 hipoteza · 13 / IEEE · 89, 191, 192,193, 194,196, 197, 200, 202, 206, 211, 212, 217, 220, 305, 307, 310, 351, 356, 361, 362, 366,
370, 375, 376, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 389, 390 IHMK· 12 imazhi satelitor i Hojit visibel · 104 impedanca e jashtme e përçuesve · 335 impedanca karakteristike · 116, 121, 144, 165, 243, 246, 252, 253, 254, 259, 263, 264, 268, 291, 292, 294, 301, 302,311,318,319, 320,321,327 impulset rrymore · 34, 70 impulsi i nxehtësisë · 41 impulsi Standard i tensioni! · 120, 239 induksioni elektrostatik · 29 induktiviteti · 116, 117,120, 121,144, 186, 188, 190, 192, 193, 222, 243, 244, 261, 268, 269, 303, 310, 325, 332,363 intensiteti i lushes · 34, 35, 332 intensiteti i rrymës · 35, 38, 141 interkoneksioni ■ 22 izolátorét e linjës · 121, 168, 177 izolimi i jashtëm · 57, 204 J.C.Maxwell · 16 jonet negative · 29 jonet pozitive · 29, 30 jonizimi · 36, 47 jonizim termik ■ 36 jonizimi i ajrit · 34 jonosfera · 29, 35 jostabiliteti i ajrit · 22
Zbrazjet atmosferike К K.Berger ■ 62, 385 kabllot ■ 246 kafazi i Faraday-it · 16 kanali perçues · 70, 323, 358 kanali i rrufesë · 20, 37, 38, 39, 40, 63, 70, 121, 122, 137, 138, 145 kanalit jonizues · 36 kanali jonizues ■ 36 kapaciteti · 112, 118, 120, 144, 202, 217, 238, 243, 244, 271, 306, 311, 319, 320, 325, 327, 362 kapaciteti energjetik ■ 202 kapërcimi · 20, 51, 114, 119,120, 151, 160,165,234, 238, 299, 354, 360, 361 karakteristika rrymë-tension · 176, 178 karakteristikat stokastike · 169 KEK - 12 kendi mbrojtjes · 89, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162,164, 168, 361 klasa e shkarkimit · 199, 202, 3 62 klima · 43 koeficientët e reflektimit · 121, 261 koeficientët e transmetimit · 274 koeficienti i korrelációnk · 170 koha e ballīt të rrymës · 172 Komisioni rregullativ nuklear (NRC) · 87 kondenzimi · 25, 45, 46 kondenzimi · 25, 46 konduksioni · 46 konveksioni · 47 koordinimi i izolimit · 11, 17, 82, 203, 228, 236, 238 KOSTT · 12, 80, 83, 88, 93, 95, 197, 345, 359,373,385,388 kristalet e akullit · 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 35 kumulonimbus · 28, 45, 82 kumulus · 27, 45 kurora · 34, 108, 140, 141, 142, 231, 303, 304, 305, 308, 309, 311, 312, 314, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 326, 363, 364 L lagështia · 45 lartësia efektive · 68 lartësia fizike ■ 68 lider i shkallëzuar ■ 56, 124 lider lidhës ■ 37 lideri dales · 37, 64 393 lideri fillestar · 63, 64, 65 lideri hyrës ■ 37 lideri kërcyes · 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 64, 240 Lin · 139 ՜ Linjat · 12, 21, 133, 244, 289, 324, 326, 327, 352, 356, 359 linjat e distribucionit · 81, 88, 89 linjat e transmisionit · 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19,20, 21, 22, 51,
58, 59, 60, 72, 73, 78, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 95, 102, 111, 119, 121, 123, 136, 137, 143, 145, 150, 151, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 167, 224, 229, 231, 233, 243, 306, 323, 324, 326, 327, 330, 338, 340, 342, 351, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 364, 365 linjat multipërçuese · 133 litari mbrojtës · 13, 20, 112,115,116, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159,160, 162, 163, 165, 167, 168, 232, 238, 240, 241, 259, 263, 268, 296, 343, 345, 346, 354, 355, 361, 364, 356 llojet e reve ՛ 27 Luke Howard · 27 M maja e Gaisberg-ut · 68 maksimumi i pare i rrymës · 60, 61 margjina mbrojtëse · 204 masat eñkase mbrojtëse · 11, 12 materiali izolues solid · 75 MATLAB · 11, 191, 196,197,207,219, 361,375,382 Master -139 matricen e induktiviteteve · 166 mbitensioni i komutimit · 57, 58, 202 mbitensionet atmosferike ■ 11, 12, 13, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 47, 48, 51, 64, 74, 75, 82, 91, 120, 123, 136, 150, 151, 175, 176, 183, 184, 187, 193, 200, 203, 204, 222, 224, 225, 226, 228, 233, 234, 236, 237, 255, 282, 291, 304, 323, 342, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 359, 360, 362, 364, 365, 384 mbitensione kalimtare ■ 62, 200, 201, 202 mbitensione të brendshme · 16 mbitensione të induktuara ■ 16, 20, 74, 123, 136, 137, 323, 345, 350, 359, 360 mbrojtja · 13, 17, 20, 89, 153, 154, 158, 160,161, 167,358 mbrojtja efektive · 153
394 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri Μ. Prebreza mbrojtja jo efektive · 153 mekanizmi ngarkues ■ 48 mekanizmi i kapërcimit ■ 108 meteorologia · 47,103 M-komponentet · 71 modelet inxhinerike · 137 modelet ndërlidhëse ■ 143 modeli Agrawal · 146 modeli Chowdhuri · 149 modeli elektromagnetik · 170 modeli i Bruce-Golde 137 modeli i thjeshtë elektrogjeometrik ■ 161 modeli Rachidi · 148 modeli Rusek ■ 143 modeli Taylor ■ 145 modelimi · 11, 175, 351, 361 modelit elektromagnetik 171 molekulát e ajrit · 47 Monte San Salvatore në · 62 mullinjët elektrik · 69 N NASA · 84 ndarësit · 58, 136, 223, 273, 274 ndërprerjet e energjisë elektrike · 11, 15, 355, 357 ndryshimi i potencialit · 48, 114 Neil · 62 ngakesat negative ■ 28 ngarkesat e induktuara · 50,118 ngarkesatpozitive ■ 28, 35, 48, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56, 65, 357 ngarkesat elektrike · 21,28,29, ЗО, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69, 71, 73, 74, 124, 126, 154, 182, 306, 357 nimbostratus · 28 nivelet mbrojtëse · 203 niveli i izolimit ■ 16, 120, 353, 354 niveli keraunik · 85, 241 Norinder ■ 62 numri keraunik · 79 nxehtësia · 36, 45, 47 P paramétrât elektrik ■ 40 paramétrai meteorologjik · 84 paramétrai rrymorë · 59 parametri i pjerrtësisë · 61 parashikimi meteorologjik · 104,107 Petersen ■ 327 përçueshmëria elektrike · 30 përçuesi i tokëzuar · 89,112,117,119, 134,151, 157, 160,173,264, 270 përçuesit fazorë · 18, 114,121, 151, 152, 154,156, 159,160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 173,293,299, 323, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 354, 355, 359, 361, 364 përçuesit neutral ■ 134 performanca e sistemit 112
performanca ekonomike · 15, 357 performanca e linjave ■ 11,12,20, 82, 351, 362 permitivitet dielektrik · 246 PEXLIM · 198, 202, 203, 204, 210, 211, 227, 228, 229, 230 PEXLINK · 229, 230 pikat e ndërprerjes · 294 pikat e shiut ■ 26, 27 pikat e ujit · 25, 35 pikëzat e reve ■ 26,27 Pinceti · 196, 197, 212, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 351, 362, 366, 376, 386, 387 pjerrtësia · 61, 73, 75, 76, 77, 281, 304, 316, 364 Pockels ■ 62 polaritet · 35, 48, 60, 64, 72, 75, 82, 108, 165,317 Prinz · 15 probabiliteti · 73, 234, 235, 237 proceset dinamike ■ 43 profili vertikal i temperatures ■ 44 Q qendrat e elektrizimeve · 40 О objektet e larta · 12, 59, 65, 67, 68 objektet natyrore mbrojtëse · 13, 87 oksidi i zinkut ■ 180, 186 orteku · 34, 35, 36 rangu i shkarkuesve të mbitensionit 198 retë konvektive ■ 90, 96, 102 197,
Zbrazjet atmosferike reletë mbrojtëse · 136 rënia e tensionit · 121, 261 resë së stuhisë · 33, 52 reshjet · 45 Retë · 15, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 35, 43, 45, 49,51,62, 66, 112, 113,360 Reynolds · 62 rezistenca e tokëzimit · 114, 120, 261 rezistenca jolineare · 213 rezonanca · 57 rrezatimi kozmik · 47 rrufeja · 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 102, 103, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124,125, 127, 130, 131, 136,137, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157,158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165,168,169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 182, 186, 203, 205, 206, 215, 222, 231, 232, 238, 239, 240, 243, 301, 323, 324, 342, 343, 345, 352, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 363, 365 rrufepritësi · 15, 43, 47, 169 rrufetë bipolare ■ 64 rrufetë negative · 59, 64, 71 rrufetë pozitive · 56, 64 nyma e nxehtë ajrore ■ 23 nyma e ftoftë ajrore · 23 nyma e goditjes · 13,75,113, 119, 120, 121, 124, 128, 130, 136, 137, 209, 210,215,216, 360 nyma fillestare e vazhdueshme · 67, 68, 70 nymabredhëse · 124, 140, 360 nyma maksimale ■ 50, 62, 75, 163, 164, 170 rrymim hyrës · 22 rrymimi lartë · 24, 25 sasia e elektricitetit · 41 SCALAR · 12, 80, 88, 94, 95 Scrase · 62 sforcimet · 16, 18, 223, 231, 353, 354 shkalla e rritjes së rrymës ■ 61 shkalla e izolimit · 228 395 shkarkimet re-tokë · 51 shkarkimet pozitive · 56 shkarkimet ■ 40, 53, 142 shkarkimit elektrostatik · 51 shkarkuesit e
mbitensioneve · 11, 12, 17, 18,19, 21, 22, 57,175, 176,177, 180, 182, 183,184, 185, 186,187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 204, 211, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 228, 231, 345, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 356, 358, 362, 364, 365 shkarkuesit e mbitensionit ABB · 203 shkarkuesit gypor të mbitensionit -175 shkarkuesit metal oksid të mbitensionit · 11, 18, 89, 175, 176, 189 shkarkuesit ventil të mbitensionit -175 shkriga · 32 shpimi · 49, 56, 75,108,109, 175, 179, 234, 354 shpimi i ajrit · 49 shpimit të izolimit. · 17 shtresa ndarëse planetare ■ 43 shtylla e lartë · 35 shtypja e ajrit ■ 45 shtypja atmosferike · 25, 234 siguria e sistemit elektroenergjetik -11, 21,236 Simpson · 28, 30, 31, 32, 62 sistemei elektroenergjetike · 11,12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 43, 51, 56, 57, 5 8, 73,80, 82, 93, 102,119,123, 233, 236, 237, 326, 351, 353, 356, 357, 359, 360, 362, 364, 365 Sistemi Elektroenergjetik i Kosovës · 12, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 80, 83, 92, 93, 95, 197, 227, 352, 354, 356, 357, 359 sistemi mbrojtës · 11, 21, 80, 236, 351, 352 Standring · 62 Stekolnikov · 62 stratokumulus · 27 stratus · 27 strimerët · 36, 37, 39, 40, 50, 63, 64, 108, 303,363 stuhitë · 48 sublimimi · 46 T temperatura e ajrit · 44 temperaturen e ngrirjes · 30 temperaturen e shkrirjes ■ 32 tensionet tranziente · 123,184, 360
396 IsufF. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza tensioni dunies · 175, 210, 211, 233, 234, 354, 362 tensioni i induktuar · 12, 114,123,127, 128, 129, 133, 166, 169, 172 tensioni i izolatorii · 121, 238 tensioni induktues ■ 125, 127, 129, 136 tensioni kritik i kapërcimit · 120,235 tensioni nominal i shkarkuesit · 200, 362 tensioni i lartë · 11, 13,16, 17, 18, 58, 59, 92, 119, 151, 157, 158, 159, 183, 224, 225, 233, 306, 351, 352, 353, 354, 356, 358, 359, 361 tensioni i mesēm · 12 Thevenin · 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 285 towering cumulus · 45 transformatori · 20, 58, 225, 271, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279,280, 282, 284, 285, 288 transformimi i Laplace-it · 125, 129 tropopauza ■ 43 troposfera · 43 U Uman · 62, 63, 80, 139, 142, 360, 374, 383, 384, 386, 388, 389, 390 1Հ vala rrymore · 59, 200 vala e mbitensionit -118 Valeev · 62 valët bredhëse · 123, 243, 248, 304, 305, 353, 363 varistori · 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 187, 361 viera maksimale e rrymës ■ 59, 60, 75, 76, 168, 171, 179,355 vrojtimet meteorologi ike · 107 И/ Wagner · 304, 306, 311, 317, 322 Wattson-Watt · 62 Week · 304, 311, 312, 313, 314, 316, 317, 322 Wilson · 28, 30 Workman · 28, 32, 33 Z zbrazja atmosferike · 11,12, 13,15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 33, 34, 39, 40, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 68, 70, 71, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 102,103, 104, 111, 119,123,151, 183, 197, 206, 239, 240, 241, 242, 342, 351, 352, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360 zbrazja e pjesërishme · 37 zbrazja fayesore · 37, 38, 40, 41, 54, 64 zbrazja kthyese · 50, 55, 56, 59, 61,
63, 67, 69,71,72, 120, 137, 154, 323 Zbrazja pikësore · 34, 35, 36 Zbrazjet e mëvonshme · 57 zbrazjet re-tokë ■ 55 zgjerimi adiabatik · 25 zhurma · 103 zingjiri i izolatorii · 120 zona e shpimit 179 zona mbrojtëse ■ 156 |
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| author | Krasniqi, Isuf F. 1948- Prebreza, Bahri M. 1969- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1272792447 (DE-588)127279248X |
| author_facet | Krasniqi, Isuf F. 1948- Prebreza, Bahri M. 1969- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Krasniqi, Isuf F. 1948- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048493248 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1347215852 (DE-599)BVBBV048493248 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kosovo |
| id | DE-604.BV048493248 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:42:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:39:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789951615723 |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033870676 |
| oclc_num | 1347215852 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 396 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 25 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221115 |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Botime të veçanta Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës |
| series2 | Botime të veçanta Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës |
| spelling | Krasniqi, Isuf F. 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)1272792447 aut Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges Isuf F. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza Atmospheric discharges Prishtinë Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës 2017 396 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Botime të veçanta libri 164 Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës libri 29 Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Hochspannungsleitung (DE-588)4160246-8 gnd rswk-swf Blitz (DE-588)4124914-8 gnd rswk-swf Luftelektrizität (DE-588)4168236-1 gnd rswk-swf Überspannungsschutz (DE-588)4128083-0 gnd rswk-swf Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 gnd rswk-swf Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 g Luftelektrizität (DE-588)4168236-1 s Blitz (DE-588)4124914-8 s Hochspannungsleitung (DE-588)4160246-8 s Überspannungsschutz (DE-588)4128083-0 s DE-604 Prebreza, Bahri M. 1969- Verfasser (DE-588)127279248X aut Botime të veçanta libri 164 (DE-604)BV011748946 164 Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës libri 29 (DE-604)BV021576880 29 Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 25 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Krasniqi, Isuf F. 1948- Prebreza, Bahri M. 1969- Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges Botime të veçanta Botime të veçanta. Seksioni i Shkencave të Natyrës Hochspannungsleitung (DE-588)4160246-8 gnd Blitz (DE-588)4124914-8 gnd Luftelektrizität (DE-588)4168236-1 gnd Überspannungsschutz (DE-588)4128083-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4160246-8 (DE-588)4124914-8 (DE-588)4168236-1 (DE-588)4128083-0 (DE-588)4032571-4 |
| title | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges |
| title_alt | Atmospheric discharges |
| title_auth | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges |
| title_exact_search | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges |
| title_full | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges Isuf F. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza |
| title_fullStr | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges Isuf F. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zbrazjet atmosferike = Atmospheric discharges Isuf F. Krasniqi, Bahri M. Prebreza |
| title_short | Zbrazjet atmosferike |
| title_sort | zbrazjet atmosferike atmospheric discharges |
| title_sub | = Atmospheric discharges |
| topic | Hochspannungsleitung (DE-588)4160246-8 gnd Blitz (DE-588)4124914-8 gnd Luftelektrizität (DE-588)4168236-1 gnd Überspannungsschutz (DE-588)4128083-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Hochspannungsleitung Blitz Luftelektrizität Überspannungsschutz Kosovo |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033870676&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV011748946 (DE-604)BV021576880 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT krasniqiisuff zbrazjetatmosferikeatmosphericdischarges AT prebrezabahrim zbrazjetatmosferikeatmosphericdischarges AT krasniqiisuff atmosphericdischarges AT prebrezabahrim atmosphericdischarges |