Es, karā aiziedams, cirvi cirtu ozolā ...: latgalieši, kurzemnieki un citi latviešu karavīri Eiropas karalaukos 17. gadsimta beigās un 18. gadsimta sākumā
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2022
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Schriftenreihe: | Scripta bellica lettica
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Beschreibung: | 246 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts, Karten |
ISBN: | 9789934095641 |
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Satura rādītājs Pateicības. 7 Autora priekšvārds.9 Kurzemes un Latgales karavīri poļu-turku karos (1672-1699). 13 Kurzemes kirasieri un gvardes musketieri Saksijas kūrfirsta valsts armijā. 41 Kurzemes-Zemgales hercogistes jātnieku dienesta (rossdienst) un citas kavalērijas vienības sakšu dienestā.63 J. Stakles vienība Saksijas kūrfirsta dienestā.73 Poļu Inflantijas (Latgales) un Kurzemes-Zemgales karavīri Lielā Ziemeļu kara gados (1700-1721). 81 Livornesi un kurzemnieki Saksijas armijas krievu palīgkorpusa rindās (1704-1707).101 Kurzemes kavalēristi Saksijas-Meiningenes hercogistes pulkos. 115 Kurzemes karavīri Dānijas palīgkorpusa pulkos Saksijas kūrfirsta dienestā. 125 Daži vārdi par dienestu Austrijas Habsburgu armijā. 133 Nobeiguma vietā (atgriežoties pie
latviešu karavīru ֊ Kurzemes kolonistu - dienesta Norvēģijas karalistes armijā). 141 Pielikumi. 149 Bibliogrāfija. 235 Summary. 244
Summary In 17th and 18th century, continental countries and national coalitions were engaged in intense warfare. The Ottoman Empire which controlled large parts of southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, was actively engaged in hostilities during the second half of the 17th and early 18th century. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodow) acted as one of its major political and military opponents, although it was slowly losing its superpower status. For several centuries, the territory of Latvia, today known as the Republic of Latvia, was inextricably linked to the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Latgale, for a long time part of Polish Livonia or Inflanty Polskie, has a special place in this respect. The historical fates of Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia-Estonia (Livonia) were quite similar, though often different in some respects, but historical events were equally cruel to us. Thus, Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Germans and Estonians were united by surprisingly close historical ties. In the 1970s, while studying at the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the University of Latvia (then LVU), as part of my coursework, I carried out research on thematic stands and so-called “red corners” in schools and houses of culture in various regions of Latvia (mainly Latgale) dedicated to World War II (in the terminology of the time, it was called the Great Patriotic War), and was surprised by the peculiarities of their content. In particular, in Latgale there were very few photographs of participants of World War II wearing Red Army
uniforms, but photographs of men and young people wearing Wojsko Polskie uniforms predominated. Of course, the interpretation of the history of the war at that time did not deny the contribution of the Polish army, fighting side by side with the USSR, to the destruction of Nazism, however, it was not particularly emphasized and it was always stressed that only the USSR and its “invincible Red Army” was the “main” victor. The Polish accent on these commemorative stands really impressed me. The gracious and genuine responsiveness of grandchildren bringing pictures of their grandfathers and other relatives dressed in “Polish uniforms” to school, revealed an aspect of the Latvian and Polish arms fraternity that has been little studied until today - how many Latvian soldiers fought in the Polish army during World War II, because they were considered ethnic Poles, Belarussians, Latgalians or Ukrainians who had a historical link to Poland and knew or at least understood Polish. My work on my previous books Under the Charles XII Flags and Vigilanter et Constanter led me to a natural conclusion that soldiers from the territory we know today as Latvia, who served in the Armed Forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and other states (Electorate of Saxony, Saxe-Meiningen and etc.) related to it, deserve special research. Already during the work on these two books, materials were collected on soldiers from Courland, Latgale and Livonia serving in numerous Polish, Saxon, and Prussian units as well as in the forces of Duchy of Courland related 244
ЅСРфСЛ ЬєШСД íeCClCA į Ж to them. Estonians also fought alongside them, as the southern part of the territory of Estonia was part of Livonia, which was included into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The officers and non-commissioned officers of these units were mainly of German-Baltic origin. The names of Courlands soldiers can be found alongside the names of Polish soldiers in the lists of many 17th and 18th century armies, including units in such remote colonies as the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and elsewhere. In the course of endless wars during 17th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or Rzeczpospolita (Rzeczpospolita or Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodow) fought long wars against the Turks, Tatars and Cossacks. The most significant, the most ambitious, and the bloodiest was the Polish-Turkish or the Second Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676), which was followed by the next war taking place from 1683 until 1699 within events of the Great Turkish War. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, as a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, sent its troops to the joint army. German-Baltic officers serving in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth army recruited soldiers in their home countries to replenish their units with trustworthy and experienced men. The same was also true of the German-Baltic noblemen from Latgale or Polish Livonia (Inflanty polskie, Księstwo Inflantskie), who served in significant numbers in the army of Poland, but especially of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Military contingents from Polish Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
periodically served in the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1633 to 1640, several units from Courland, Livonia, and Polish Livonia were formed in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army: two cavalry units (kompania) of 100 men and 200 men led by Henryk Szmeling, 120 men led by Wilhelm Tyzenhaus, 120 men led by Ewald Sacken, and three units of 120 soldiers each commanded by Reinhold Rosen. Along with German and Latvian soldiers, Estonians, Poles, Lithuanians and Prussian Germans also served in these units. Some of these units fought as early as 1621, others from 1625 to 1629. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army, which fought against the Turkish Ottoman Empire from 1672 to 1676, a large number of Polish Livonia and Courland landlords, together with their peasants, served in the units of the nobleman Michal Kazimierz Pac and other members of the Pac family - 18 dragoon flags (choragwe). Soldiers from Courland, Semigallia, and Polish Livonia served in the cavalry units and other military formations commanded by Michal Radziwill. In the 17th century, a cavalry unit of von Plater (Jan Andrdzej Plater), the Starosta of Dyneburg, which was formed of 60-120 men in Polish Livonia, was included in several Polish army lists. In 1683-1696, the landlords of Polish Livonia, Courland and Semigallia, as well as the peasants under their command, served in dragoon and infantry units commanded by Radziwiłł and Sapieha, Polish-Lithuanian Hetmans, as well as in units led by Lithuanian Chancellor Pac and other members of their families. In 17th century, Polish Government
deployed a small regular army corps, so called wojsko kwarciane v Inflantah, that was supplemented by local landlords and, when necessary, also by local inhabitants from various social groups. This unit existed from the early 17th century until 1652. Thus, the military service of the inhabitants of Latgale in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army had its own history long before the Great Northern War. It can be concluded that the nobles of Latgale and their peasants, like the peasants of the royal lands, had sufficient military experience and often also armaments, which in turn allowed them to participate actively in the hostilities during the Great Northern War. They often fought side by side with the soldiers of Courland and Semigallia, either in joint units or in separate military formations: the Cavalry Regiment led by Polish Livonia Khorunzhyi Fabian von der Borch, the Infantry Regiment led by Fabian von der Borch, the Cavalry Regiment led by Colonel Z. fon Bandemer etc. Scrupulous researchers of the wars of Charles XII, such as the 19th century well known author Andreas Fryxell who was a recognised expert in the field, wrote that during the Battle 245
Summary_ of Spilve on July 9, 1701 (according to the Swedish calendar), the Courlands cuirassiers attacked the flank of the Swedish army and forced the Swedes to flee. The Swedish army was saved from defeat only by a counterattack by the Life Guards and the Life Grenadiers, led by Charles XII, who were able to stop the Courlands cavalry. The Courlanders also offered the strongest resistance to the Swedish army throughout the battle, and it was only the Saxon’s retreat and Ferdinand Kettler’s injury that forced them to leave the battlefield (as one of the last troops). During the Great Northern War, not only Courlands cuirassiers, guard musketeers, and cavalry units led by nobles fought within ranks of Saxon army and its allies, but also Latvian sailors took part in warfare. In 1700, the most significant influence in military history was the commander of the PolishSaxon warship Jānis Stakle (Captain in some sources), who was under the direct command of the Saxon general Jacob Heinrich Reichsgraf von Fleming. Auxiliary Corps of the Russian Army (Русский вспомогательный корпус на польско-саксонской службе), commanded by General Johann Reinhold Patkul, German-Baltic landlord and Livonia’s landlord rights defender, personal enemy of the Swedish Crown and one of the main organizers of the Great Northern War, was in the Polish-Saxon Army from 1704 to 1706. As an officer he was declared a deserter and traitor in Sweden and Livonia. The corps consisted of seven regiments, including the old-style Streltsy regiments of the 17th century, as well
as a regiment (later regiments) formed and commanded by J. R. von Patkul himself. A significant number of landowners-officers from Courland and Semigallia and Livonia, together with their peasants, served in this regiment. As we approach the centenary of our country, we will always remember those Polish soldiers who fell together with the men of the Latvian army during the liberation of Latgale. The year 1918 also marks the beginning of the creation of the new Polish state after the long-lasting division of the old Polish state among Germany (Prussia), Austria-Hungary and Russia. Whatever the relations between the peoples and nations of the Baltic region and Poland, the blood shed together creates a historical perspective, even a feeling of togetherness and understanding of the difficult path taken by our nations. Polish has been spoken in Latvia since at least the 16th and 17th century. Today, we have tens of thousands of Poles among us - they are emigrants from Poland, as well as Belarus and Ukraine, which were once part of the Polish state. Lithuanians, for their part, are our brothers and long-standing (though not always friendly) neighbours. Many GermanBaltic families living in Latvia and Estonia also have their roots in Poland, Prussia and Lithuania (especially in Samogitia), and we share a common history in this region. In 17th century, the Latvian nation already existed as a conscientious, distinct cultural entity in all the lands inhabited by Latvians. This was the very beginning of nation-building process, when Latvians didn’t yet fully see themselves as a full-
fledged nation, but undoubtedly considered themselves a separate ethnic community, despite dialects, ethnographic differences between regions, and various political powers ruling those regions. There was already a common understanding of a common language, a common territory, customs, beliefs, social traditions and folklore (folk songs). Latvians were on their way to complete ethnic and cultural unity. Also due to historical circumstances (plague, famine, war), Finns, Estonians (from Saaremaa), Votes who had settled in the territory of Latvia at that time, the Swedish, Polish, Lithuanian and Byelorussian immigrants assimilated relatively quickly (often within one generation) into the Latvian environment, preserving their traditions and language, thus contributing to the formation of a common nation. We, non-Germans and Baltic-Germans, though so different, have been together in this country for centuries and fought many, many wars together. In the context of world military history, a Latvian soldier is a soldier of any nationality who belongs to the country we know today as Latvia, whether he was born and raised in Latvia or came to Latvia and fought in military units made up of men from that country. 246
ƒ SCgipCA feeLLiCĀ ІЄССІСА І ж Many Baltic German officers who fought in the armies of countless European countries had expressed their wish to be buried in their homeland, wherever they had fallen on the battlefields. Most Latvian soldiers were unable to return to their homeland, and our ancestors were buried in almost all European countries and even on other continents. It is important to remember them and to know when, why, where and how they fought and fell, because these men and young people are part of our nations history. Military history is part of our nations history. Brutal, cruel, not always crowned with glory and victory, but always worth remembering. Since a significant part of the book is dedicated to the military struggle of our ancestors in the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, I would like to quote the words said by Monika Michaliszyn, the Ambassador of the Republic of Poland to Latvia, from an article published in Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze on March 6, 2019: “I like that we have a similar attitude towards our common history. It is worth mentioning that we Poles came to Latvia as friends, defending the country from the troops of Ivan the Terrible. Polish noblemen who stayed in Latgale promoted cultural growth and took care of Latvians. The first schools for the children of Latvian peasants were founded by Jesuits who were invited to Riga by King Stephen Báthory of Poland in the late 16th century. The Jesuits were the first ones to study the language of the local population. Stefania Ulanowska and Gustav von Manteuffel were among the first to collect
Latgalian folklore in the 19th century. Poles have lived in Latvia for many centuries. During the Soviet period, they were subjected to severe Russification, but Poles still feel a strong connection to Latvia. Poles are patriots of Latvia. When I recently attended a Polish event in Daugavpils, I was speaking in both Polish and Latvian, and then an old woman came up to me. She thanked me for speaking Latvian: “It means that you understand the soul of the Polish people of Latvia.” Moreover, the Latvian state supports the Polish minority, as evidenced by the very good cooperation between Polish schools and the Ministry of Education and Science of Latvia during the education reform. And there are many such good examples.”
Bibliogrāfija Arhīvu un muzeju materiāli Dānijas Nacionālais arhīvs (Rigsarkivet) Krigskollegiet, Krigskancelliet: Hjælpetropperne i kejserlig tjeneste (1695-1709) Reviderte Regnskaper, Militære Regnskaber: Regnskab af kejserlig Råd G. C. von Schreyvogel for Kongens fordring for de danske tropper i Kejserens tjeneste (1701-1709) Latvijas Valsts vēstures arhivs (LWA) LWA 554. f. Kurzemes hercogu arhīvs LVVA 640. f. Kurzemes bruņniecības arhīvs LVVA 673. f. Rīgas rātes ārējais arhīvs LVVA 712. f. Daugavpils apriņķa tiesa LVVA 1110. f. Kurzemes muižnieku dzimtu arhīvi LVVA 2598. f. Grāfu Borhu dzimtas arhīvs LVVA 4060. f. Latvijas vēstures institūta dokumentu kolekcija LVVA 7349. f. Vidzemes ģenerālgubernators LVVA 73491. f. (Vidzemes* zviedru* Ģenerālgubernatora kanceleja (Rīga)) Latvijas Kara muzeja kolekciju materiāli Latvijas Nacionālā Vēstures muzeja kolekciju materiāli Grāmatas Andersons, Edgars. Latvijas bruņotie spēki un to priekšvēsture. Toronto : Daugavas Vanagu apgāds, 1983. 832 Ipp. Anker, Carl Johan. Biografiske Data От 330 Norske, Norskfodte Ellerfor Nogen Tid I Den Norske Arme Ansatte Generalspersoner 1628-1885. Kristiania : Forlagt af Alb. Cammer meyer, 1885. 413 s. Apinis, К. Latvijas pilsētu vēsture : [Vidzemes, Kurzemes un Zemgales pilsētu vēsturi rediģējis L. Arbusovs ; Latgales pilsētu vēsturi sastādījis B. Brežgo], Rīgā : A. Gulbis, 1931. 280 Ipp. Arbusow, Leonid. Grundriß der Geschichte Liv-, Est- und Kurlands. Riga : Jonck Poliewsky, 1918. 372 s. Balodis, Agnis. Latvijas un latviešu tautas vēsture. Rīga : Neatkarīgā teātra “Kabata” grāmatu apgāds, 1991.
429 Ipp. Baltischer biographischer Index: [bd. 3]. München : K.G. Saur, 1999. Baltisches historisches Ortslexikon : Band 2 Lettland : Südlivland und Kurland. Köln; Wien : Böhlau, 1985-1990. Baltisches Wappenbuch. Alling : P.v. Glasenapp, 1980. 199 s. Baltisches Wappenbuch : Wappen sämmtlicher, den Ritterschaften von Livland, Estland, Kurland und Oesel zugehöriger Adelsgeschlechter. Stockholm : F G. Beijer, 1882. 97 s. Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas : [Herausgegeben von Mathias Bernath und Felix v. Schroeder], München : Oldenbourg, 1981, band 4 (R-Z). 596 s. Belaubre, Jean, Goldberg, Claus Peter. Les armées qui combattirent Louis XIV. Paris : [s.n.], 1973. 130 p. Berkis, Alexander V. The history of the Duchy of Courland (1561-1795). Towson : Md. Harrod, 1969. 336 p. Black, Jeremy. A Military Revolution : Military Change and European Society 1550-1800. Basingstoke : Macmillan Education, 1991. 128 p. 235
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de Saxe : 1685-1772. Pieejams: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/ btvlb84274005.r=Uniformes+de+l’Electorat+de +Saxe.langEN Bibliothèque nationale de France. Département Estampes et photographie: 4-OD-5 Costumes de la Cour du Grand Seigneur : [dessin]. Pieej ams: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/ btvlb525057428.r=costumes?rk= 1201722;4 Bidrag til den store nordiske Krigs Historie : [udgivne af Generalstaben], Pieejams: http://marinehist.dk/?page_id=2845 Dansk biografisk lexikon. Pieejams: http://runeberg.org/dbl/ Dr. V. Ģinters. Latviešu tērps. No: Latviešu Tautas Dziesmas (Latvian Dainas). Pieejams: https://latviandainas.lib.virginia.edu/ Forums. Historia powszechna. Pieejams: http://grafika.ru/cat/46 Genealogy. Pieejams: https://www.geni.com/ Johana Krištofa Broces kolekcija “Sammlung verschiedner Liefländischer Monument.”. Pieejams: https://www.acadlib.lu.lv/broce/ Knötel, Richard. Uniformenkunde. Pieejams: http://www.grossergeneralstab.de/tafeln/ knoetel.html Kommanderende general (KG I) med Det norske krigsdirektorium, E/Ea/L0485: Akershusiske regiment, 1697-1706, s. 376. Pieejams: https://media.digitalarkivet.no/view/ 51340/376 Krišjāņa Barona Dainu skapis. Pieejams: http://www.dainuskapis.lv/ Latvijas Nacionālais arhīvs. Pieejams: http://arhivi.lv/ Latvijas Universitātes: Latvijas Vēstures institūts. Pieejams: https://www.lvi.lu.lv/ Latvijas Vēstures Institūta žurnāls, Nr. 2, 1940, l.apr. Pieejams: http:// periodika.lv/periodika2-viewer/view/ index-dev.html?lang=fr#issue:/p_001_ lavi 1940n021 issueType:P National Museums Northern Ireland : Historical artworks :
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SCpjpCÅ ЅСШСА teCCíCA Orderint dum probent : A blog dedicated to the Russian Military History 1650-1730s and related topics. Pieejams: http://rusmilhist.blogspot.com/ Polands Archival Resources Online. Pieejams: https://szukajwarchiwach.pl/ Rålamb Costume Book. Pieejams: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Category:R%C3%A51amb_Costume_Book Rigsarkivet : Danish National Archives. Pieejams: https://www.sa.dk/en/ Rigsarkivet : Denmarks Historie. Pieejams: https://www.sa.dk/da/moed-danmarks-historie/ Rigsarkivet. Pieejams: https://wikiwand.com/da/ Rigsarkivet Rugendas, G. P. Reiterstudien und Reitergefechte, 1693-1710: [folgen A-D], published by Jeremias Wolf. Pieejams: https://yadi.sk/a/ OocRxcLD3ZRyQF Sächsische Landesbibliothek ֊ Staats und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB). Pieej ams : https://www. slub- dresden. de/ Startseite/ Schorr, D. A. Notes on the Saxon army 1700-1716 : [Web published, 2008]. Pieejams: https://app. box.com/s/hwqsyj qwxyew6f7i 113 7 ajlvowdu8uka Selskabet for Københavns Historie. Pieejams: http:// kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/gtkb/index.html Skeel and Kannegaard Genealogy : Karl Christian Joseph von Sachsen, Herzog von Kurland. Pieejams: http://www.skeel.info/getperson. php?personID=I19991 tree=ks Svensk Wapencd. Pieejams: https://www. adelsvapen.com/ Swedish National Archives : Riksarkivet. Pieejams: https://riksarkivet.se/ Tacitus Historical Atlas. Pieejams: http://tacitus.nu/ The New York Public Library. Digital Collections: 8-MMEH The Vinkhuijzen collection of military uniforms. Pieejams: https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/ the-
vinkhuijzen-collection-of-militaryuniforms#/?tab=about scroll=5 The Seven Years War : 1756-1763 : Notes on the Formation of the Grün-Loudon-Grenadiere : 1758. Pieejams: http://syw2.tripod.com/ loudongren.html Total War Center. Pieejams: https://www.twcenter. net/ Zentrales Verzeichnis Antiquarischer Bücher. Pieejams: https://www.zvab.com/ Библиотека В.И. Егорова. Pieejams: https:// quadrimanus.livej ournal.com/152784.html Военно-исторический Форум: XV, XVII-XVIIIXIX век. Pieejams: http://www.reenactor.ru/ Интернет-магазин и виртуальный музей графики. Pieejams: http://grafika.ru/cat/46 История Военного Дела : исследования и источники. Pieejams: http://www.milhist.info/ Семилетняя война : 1756-1763 : Корпус гренадер Лаудона (1759-1761). Pieejams: http : //syw- cwg. narod. ru/laud_gr.html Тихомиров, А. Международное положение и дипломатия Речи Посполитой и Великого Княжества Литовского в 1569-1764. История Беларуси : [Сборник рефератов]. 2006. Pieejams: https://library.by/portalus/ modules/belarus/readme.php?subaction=show full id=1148584509 archive=1291800676 st art_from= ucat= |
adam_txt |
Satura rādītājs Pateicības. 7 Autora priekšvārds.9 Kurzemes un Latgales karavīri poļu-turku karos (1672-1699). 13 Kurzemes kirasieri un gvardes musketieri Saksijas kūrfirsta valsts armijā. 41 Kurzemes-Zemgales hercogistes jātnieku dienesta (rossdienst) un citas kavalērijas vienības sakšu dienestā.63 J. Stakles vienība Saksijas kūrfirsta dienestā.73 Poļu Inflantijas (Latgales) un Kurzemes-Zemgales karavīri Lielā Ziemeļu kara gados (1700-1721). 81 Livornesi un kurzemnieki Saksijas armijas krievu palīgkorpusa rindās (1704-1707).101 Kurzemes kavalēristi Saksijas-Meiningenes hercogistes pulkos. 115 Kurzemes karavīri Dānijas palīgkorpusa pulkos Saksijas kūrfirsta dienestā. 125 Daži vārdi par dienestu Austrijas Habsburgu armijā. 133 Nobeiguma vietā (atgriežoties pie
latviešu karavīru ֊ Kurzemes kolonistu - dienesta Norvēģijas karalistes armijā). 141 Pielikumi. 149 Bibliogrāfija. 235 Summary. 244
Summary In 17th and 18th century, continental countries and national coalitions were engaged in intense warfare. The Ottoman Empire which controlled large parts of southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, was actively engaged in hostilities during the second half of the 17th and early 18th century. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodow) acted as one of its major political and military opponents, although it was slowly losing its superpower status. For several centuries, the territory of Latvia, today known as the Republic of Latvia, was inextricably linked to the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Latgale, for a long time part of Polish Livonia or Inflanty Polskie, has a special place in this respect. The historical fates of Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia-Estonia (Livonia) were quite similar, though often different in some respects, but historical events were equally cruel to us. Thus, Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Germans and Estonians were united by surprisingly close historical ties. In the 1970s, while studying at the Faculty of History and Philosophy of the University of Latvia (then LVU), as part of my coursework, I carried out research on thematic stands and so-called “red corners” in schools and houses of culture in various regions of Latvia (mainly Latgale) dedicated to World War II (in the terminology of the time, it was called the Great Patriotic War), and was surprised by the peculiarities of their content. In particular, in Latgale there were very few photographs of participants of World War II wearing Red Army
uniforms, but photographs of men and young people wearing Wojsko Polskie uniforms predominated. Of course, the interpretation of the history of the war at that time did not deny the contribution of the Polish army, fighting side by side with the USSR, to the destruction of Nazism, however, it was not particularly emphasized and it was always stressed that only the USSR and its “invincible Red Army” was the “main” victor. The Polish accent on these commemorative stands really impressed me. The gracious and genuine responsiveness of grandchildren bringing pictures of their grandfathers and other relatives dressed in “Polish uniforms” to school, revealed an aspect of the Latvian and Polish arms fraternity that has been little studied until today - how many Latvian soldiers fought in the Polish army during World War II, because they were considered ethnic Poles, Belarussians, Latgalians or Ukrainians who had a historical link to Poland and knew or at least understood Polish. My work on my previous books Under the Charles XII Flags and Vigilanter et Constanter led me to a natural conclusion that soldiers from the territory we know today as Latvia, who served in the Armed Forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and other states (Electorate of Saxony, Saxe-Meiningen and etc.) related to it, deserve special research. Already during the work on these two books, materials were collected on soldiers from Courland, Latgale and Livonia serving in numerous Polish, Saxon, and Prussian units as well as in the forces of Duchy of Courland related 244
ЅСРфСЛ ЬєШСД íeCClCA į Ж to them. Estonians also fought alongside them, as the southern part of the territory of Estonia was part of Livonia, which was included into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The officers and non-commissioned officers of these units were mainly of German-Baltic origin. The names of Courlands soldiers can be found alongside the names of Polish soldiers in the lists of many 17th and 18th century armies, including units in such remote colonies as the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and elsewhere. In the course of endless wars during 17th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or Rzeczpospolita (Rzeczpospolita or Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodow) fought long wars against the Turks, Tatars and Cossacks. The most significant, the most ambitious, and the bloodiest was the Polish-Turkish or the Second Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676), which was followed by the next war taking place from 1683 until 1699 within events of the Great Turkish War. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, as a vassal state of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, sent its troops to the joint army. German-Baltic officers serving in the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth army recruited soldiers in their home countries to replenish their units with trustworthy and experienced men. The same was also true of the German-Baltic noblemen from Latgale or Polish Livonia (Inflanty polskie, Księstwo Inflantskie), who served in significant numbers in the army of Poland, but especially of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Military contingents from Polish Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
periodically served in the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1633 to 1640, several units from Courland, Livonia, and Polish Livonia were formed in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army: two cavalry units (kompania) of 100 men and 200 men led by Henryk Szmeling, 120 men led by Wilhelm Tyzenhaus, 120 men led by Ewald Sacken, and three units of 120 soldiers each commanded by Reinhold Rosen. Along with German and Latvian soldiers, Estonians, Poles, Lithuanians and Prussian Germans also served in these units. Some of these units fought as early as 1621, others from 1625 to 1629. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army, which fought against the Turkish Ottoman Empire from 1672 to 1676, a large number of Polish Livonia and Courland landlords, together with their peasants, served in the units of the nobleman Michal Kazimierz Pac and other members of the Pac family - 18 dragoon flags (choragwe). Soldiers from Courland, Semigallia, and Polish Livonia served in the cavalry units and other military formations commanded by Michal Radziwill. In the 17th century, a cavalry unit of von Plater (Jan Andrdzej Plater), the Starosta of Dyneburg, which was formed of 60-120 men in Polish Livonia, was included in several Polish army lists. In 1683-1696, the landlords of Polish Livonia, Courland and Semigallia, as well as the peasants under their command, served in dragoon and infantry units commanded by Radziwiłł and Sapieha, Polish-Lithuanian Hetmans, as well as in units led by Lithuanian Chancellor Pac and other members of their families. In 17th century, Polish Government
deployed a small regular army corps, so called wojsko kwarciane v Inflantah, that was supplemented by local landlords and, when necessary, also by local inhabitants from various social groups. This unit existed from the early 17th century until 1652. Thus, the military service of the inhabitants of Latgale in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army had its own history long before the Great Northern War. It can be concluded that the nobles of Latgale and their peasants, like the peasants of the royal lands, had sufficient military experience and often also armaments, which in turn allowed them to participate actively in the hostilities during the Great Northern War. They often fought side by side with the soldiers of Courland and Semigallia, either in joint units or in separate military formations: the Cavalry Regiment led by Polish Livonia Khorunzhyi Fabian von der Borch, the Infantry Regiment led by Fabian von der Borch, the Cavalry Regiment led by Colonel Z. fon Bandemer etc. Scrupulous researchers of the wars of Charles XII, such as the 19th century well known author Andreas Fryxell who was a recognised expert in the field, wrote that during the Battle 245
Summary_ of Spilve on July 9, 1701 (according to the Swedish calendar), the Courlands cuirassiers attacked the flank of the Swedish army and forced the Swedes to flee. The Swedish army was saved from defeat only by a counterattack by the Life Guards and the Life Grenadiers, led by Charles XII, who were able to stop the Courlands cavalry. The Courlanders also offered the strongest resistance to the Swedish army throughout the battle, and it was only the Saxon’s retreat and Ferdinand Kettler’s injury that forced them to leave the battlefield (as one of the last troops). During the Great Northern War, not only Courlands cuirassiers, guard musketeers, and cavalry units led by nobles fought within ranks of Saxon army and its allies, but also Latvian sailors took part in warfare. In 1700, the most significant influence in military history was the commander of the PolishSaxon warship Jānis Stakle (Captain in some sources), who was under the direct command of the Saxon general Jacob Heinrich Reichsgraf von Fleming. Auxiliary Corps of the Russian Army (Русский вспомогательный корпус на польско-саксонской службе), commanded by General Johann Reinhold Patkul, German-Baltic landlord and Livonia’s landlord rights defender, personal enemy of the Swedish Crown and one of the main organizers of the Great Northern War, was in the Polish-Saxon Army from 1704 to 1706. As an officer he was declared a deserter and traitor in Sweden and Livonia. The corps consisted of seven regiments, including the old-style Streltsy regiments of the 17th century, as well
as a regiment (later regiments) formed and commanded by J. R. von Patkul himself. A significant number of landowners-officers from Courland and Semigallia and Livonia, together with their peasants, served in this regiment. As we approach the centenary of our country, we will always remember those Polish soldiers who fell together with the men of the Latvian army during the liberation of Latgale. The year 1918 also marks the beginning of the creation of the new Polish state after the long-lasting division of the old Polish state among Germany (Prussia), Austria-Hungary and Russia. Whatever the relations between the peoples and nations of the Baltic region and Poland, the blood shed together creates a historical perspective, even a feeling of togetherness and understanding of the difficult path taken by our nations. Polish has been spoken in Latvia since at least the 16th and 17th century. Today, we have tens of thousands of Poles among us - they are emigrants from Poland, as well as Belarus and Ukraine, which were once part of the Polish state. Lithuanians, for their part, are our brothers and long-standing (though not always friendly) neighbours. Many GermanBaltic families living in Latvia and Estonia also have their roots in Poland, Prussia and Lithuania (especially in Samogitia), and we share a common history in this region. In 17th century, the Latvian nation already existed as a conscientious, distinct cultural entity in all the lands inhabited by Latvians. This was the very beginning of nation-building process, when Latvians didn’t yet fully see themselves as a full-
fledged nation, but undoubtedly considered themselves a separate ethnic community, despite dialects, ethnographic differences between regions, and various political powers ruling those regions. There was already a common understanding of a common language, a common territory, customs, beliefs, social traditions and folklore (folk songs). Latvians were on their way to complete ethnic and cultural unity. Also due to historical circumstances (plague, famine, war), Finns, Estonians (from Saaremaa), Votes who had settled in the territory of Latvia at that time, the Swedish, Polish, Lithuanian and Byelorussian immigrants assimilated relatively quickly (often within one generation) into the Latvian environment, preserving their traditions and language, thus contributing to the formation of a common nation. We, non-Germans and Baltic-Germans, though so different, have been together in this country for centuries and fought many, many wars together. In the context of world military history, a Latvian soldier is a soldier of any nationality who belongs to the country we know today as Latvia, whether he was born and raised in Latvia or came to Latvia and fought in military units made up of men from that country. 246
ƒ SCgipCA feeLLiCĀ ІЄССІСА І ж Many Baltic German officers who fought in the armies of countless European countries had expressed their wish to be buried in their homeland, wherever they had fallen on the battlefields. Most Latvian soldiers were unable to return to their homeland, and our ancestors were buried in almost all European countries and even on other continents. It is important to remember them and to know when, why, where and how they fought and fell, because these men and young people are part of our nations history. Military history is part of our nations history. Brutal, cruel, not always crowned with glory and victory, but always worth remembering. Since a significant part of the book is dedicated to the military struggle of our ancestors in the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, I would like to quote the words said by Monika Michaliszyn, the Ambassador of the Republic of Poland to Latvia, from an article published in Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze on March 6, 2019: “I like that we have a similar attitude towards our common history. It is worth mentioning that we Poles came to Latvia as friends, defending the country from the troops of Ivan the Terrible. Polish noblemen who stayed in Latgale promoted cultural growth and took care of Latvians. The first schools for the children of Latvian peasants were founded by Jesuits who were invited to Riga by King Stephen Báthory of Poland in the late 16th century. The Jesuits were the first ones to study the language of the local population. Stefania Ulanowska and Gustav von Manteuffel were among the first to collect
Latgalian folklore in the 19th century. Poles have lived in Latvia for many centuries. During the Soviet period, they were subjected to severe Russification, but Poles still feel a strong connection to Latvia. Poles are patriots of Latvia. When I recently attended a Polish event in Daugavpils, I was speaking in both Polish and Latvian, and then an old woman came up to me. She thanked me for speaking Latvian: “It means that you understand the soul of the Polish people of Latvia.” Moreover, the Latvian state supports the Polish minority, as evidenced by the very good cooperation between Polish schools and the Ministry of Education and Science of Latvia during the education reform. And there are many such good examples.”
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Bibliografij a_ Tepfers, V. Kurzemes trofejas Zviedrijā. Senatne un Māksla, Nr. 4, 1936, l.dec., 143.-147. Ipp. Zeids, Teodors. Kurzemes hercogiste historiogrāfijā. Latvijas Vēstures Institūta Žurnāls, Nr. 2, 1994, 16.-26. Ipp. Elektroniskie resursi Archiwum Skarbu Koronnego: ASK 82 Zbiór pism rozmaitych wydziału wojskowego dotyczących. Pieejams: https://szukajwarchiwach.pl/1 /7/0/12#tabSerie Archiwum Skarbu Koronnego: ASK 84 Księgi addytamentów wojskowych. Pieejams: https://szukajwarchiwach.p1/l/7/0/12#tabSerie Archiwum Skarbu Koronnego: ASK 85 Rejestry Popisowe Wojska Koronnego. Pieejams https://szukajwarchiwach.p1/l/7/0/12#tabSerie Arkivverket : National Archives ofNorway. Pieejams: https://www.arkiwerket.no/ Arkiwerket : Digitalarkivet. Pieejams: https://www.digitalarkivet.no/ Arkivverket : Digitalarkivet : Digital collections of National Archives of Norway. Pieejams: https://media.digitalarkivet.no/ Bertram, Carl. Vorstellung der sämtlichen Königl. Dänischen Armee : worinnen zur eigentlichen Kenntniß der Uniform von jedem Regimente ein Officier und Gemeiner in völliger Mondirung abgebildet sind, nebst beygefügter Nachricht, 1 von den Chefs, 2 der Stärke, und 3 der habenden Garnison eines jeden Regiments. Kopenhagen, 1763. Pieejams: https://www. nb.no/nbsok/nb/a33fa81565baebe59c41f8b829 560bfb?lang=no#0 Bibliothèque nationale de France: Gustave de Ridder (1861-1945). Pieejams: https://data.bnf. fr/fr/14979459/gustave_de_ridder/ Bibliothèque nationale de France. Departement Estampes et photographie: 4-OB-325 Uniformes de l’Electorat
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SCpjpCÅ ЅСШСА teCCíCA Orderint dum probent : A blog dedicated to the Russian Military History 1650-1730s and related topics. Pieejams: http://rusmilhist.blogspot.com/ Polands Archival Resources Online. Pieejams: https://szukajwarchiwach.pl/ Rålamb Costume Book. Pieejams: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Category:R%C3%A51amb_Costume_Book Rigsarkivet : Danish National Archives. Pieejams: https://www.sa.dk/en/ Rigsarkivet : Denmarks Historie. Pieejams: https://www.sa.dk/da/moed-danmarks-historie/ Rigsarkivet. Pieejams: https://wikiwand.com/da/ Rigsarkivet Rugendas, G. P. Reiterstudien und Reitergefechte, 1693-1710: [folgen A-D], published by Jeremias Wolf. Pieejams: https://yadi.sk/a/ OocRxcLD3ZRyQF Sächsische Landesbibliothek ֊ Staats und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB). Pieej ams : https://www. slub- dresden. de/ Startseite/ Schorr, D. A. Notes on the Saxon army 1700-1716 : [Web published, 2008]. Pieejams: https://app. box.com/s/hwqsyj qwxyew6f7i 113 7 ajlvowdu8uka Selskabet for Københavns Historie. Pieejams: http:// kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/gtkb/index.html Skeel and Kannegaard Genealogy : Karl Christian Joseph von Sachsen, Herzog von Kurland. Pieejams: http://www.skeel.info/getperson. php?personID=I19991 tree=ks Svensk Wapencd. Pieejams: https://www. adelsvapen.com/ Swedish National Archives : Riksarkivet. Pieejams: https://riksarkivet.se/ Tacitus Historical Atlas. Pieejams: http://tacitus.nu/ The New York Public Library. Digital Collections: 8-MMEH The Vinkhuijzen collection of military uniforms. Pieejams: https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/ the-
vinkhuijzen-collection-of-militaryuniforms#/?tab=about scroll=5 The Seven Years War : 1756-1763 : Notes on the Formation of the Grün-Loudon-Grenadiere : 1758. Pieejams: http://syw2.tripod.com/ loudongren.html Total War Center. Pieejams: https://www.twcenter. net/ Zentrales Verzeichnis Antiquarischer Bücher. Pieejams: https://www.zvab.com/ Библиотека В.И. Егорова. Pieejams: https:// quadrimanus.livej ournal.com/152784.html Военно-исторический Форум: XV, XVII-XVIIIXIX век. Pieejams: http://www.reenactor.ru/ Интернет-магазин и виртуальный музей графики. Pieejams: http://grafika.ru/cat/46 История Военного Дела : исследования и источники. Pieejams: http://www.milhist.info/ Семилетняя война : 1756-1763 : Корпус гренадер Лаудона (1759-1761). Pieejams: http : //syw- cwg. narod. ru/laud_gr.html Тихомиров, А. Международное положение и дипломатия Речи Посполитой и Великого Княжества Литовского в 1569-1764. История Беларуси : [Сборник рефератов]. 2006. Pieejams: https://library.by/portalus/ modules/belarus/readme.php?subaction=show full id=1148584509 archive=1291800676 st art_from= ucat= |
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geographic | Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 gnd |
geographic_facet | Lettland |
id | DE-604.BV048470125 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-03T20:36:40Z |
indexdate | 2025-01-07T13:08:14Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9789934095641 |
language | Latvian |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033847936 |
oclc_num | 1369550787 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | 246 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts, Karten |
psigel | BSB_NED_20230627 |
publishDate | 2022 |
publishDateSearch | 2022 |
publishDateSort | 2022 |
publisher | Zvaigzne |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Scripta bellica lettica |
spelling | Kohs Jumītis, Arnis Verfasser (DE-588)118943959X aut Es, karā aiziedams, cirvi cirtu ozolā ... latgalieši, kurzemnieki un citi latviešu karavīri Eiropas karalaukos 17. gadsimta beigās un 18. gadsimta sākumā Arnis Kohs Jumītis Rīgā Zvaigzne 2022 246 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts, Karten txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Scripta bellica lettica Geschichte 1672-1721 gnd rswk-swf Soldat (DE-588)4055409-0 gnd rswk-swf Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd rswk-swf Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd rswk-swf Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 gnd rswk-swf Lettland (DE-588)4074187-4 g Soldat (DE-588)4055409-0 s Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 s Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 s Geschichte 1672-1721 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033847936&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033847936&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033847936&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Kohs Jumītis, Arnis Es, karā aiziedams, cirvi cirtu ozolā ... latgalieši, kurzemnieki un citi latviešu karavīri Eiropas karalaukos 17. gadsimta beigās un 18. gadsimta sākumā Soldat (DE-588)4055409-0 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4055409-0 (DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4033114-3 (DE-588)4074187-4 |
title | Es, karā aiziedams, cirvi cirtu ozolā ... latgalieši, kurzemnieki un citi latviešu karavīri Eiropas karalaukos 17. gadsimta beigās un 18. gadsimta sākumā |
title_auth | Es, karā aiziedams, cirvi cirtu ozolā ... latgalieši, kurzemnieki un citi latviešu karavīri Eiropas karalaukos 17. gadsimta beigās un 18. gadsimta sākumā |
title_exact_search | Es, karā aiziedams, cirvi cirtu ozolā ... latgalieši, kurzemnieki un citi latviešu karavīri Eiropas karalaukos 17. gadsimta beigās un 18. gadsimta sākumā |
title_exact_search_txtP | Es, karā aiziedams, cirvi cirtu ozolā ... latgalieši, kurzemnieki un citi latviešu karavīri Eiropas karalaukos 17. gadsimta beigās un 18. gadsimta sākumā |
title_full | Es, karā aiziedams, cirvi cirtu ozolā ... latgalieši, kurzemnieki un citi latviešu karavīri Eiropas karalaukos 17. gadsimta beigās un 18. gadsimta sākumā Arnis Kohs Jumītis |
title_fullStr | Es, karā aiziedams, cirvi cirtu ozolā ... latgalieši, kurzemnieki un citi latviešu karavīri Eiropas karalaukos 17. gadsimta beigās un 18. gadsimta sākumā Arnis Kohs Jumītis |
title_full_unstemmed | Es, karā aiziedams, cirvi cirtu ozolā ... latgalieši, kurzemnieki un citi latviešu karavīri Eiropas karalaukos 17. gadsimta beigās un 18. gadsimta sākumā Arnis Kohs Jumītis |
title_short | Es, karā aiziedams, cirvi cirtu ozolā ... |
title_sort | es kara aiziedams cirvi cirtu ozola latgaliesi kurzemnieki un citi latviesu karaviri eiropas karalaukos 17 gadsimta beigas un 18 gadsimta sakuma |
title_sub | latgalieši, kurzemnieki un citi latviešu karavīri Eiropas karalaukos 17. gadsimta beigās un 18. gadsimta sākumā |
topic | Soldat (DE-588)4055409-0 gnd Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd |
topic_facet | Soldat Militär Krieg Lettland |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033847936&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033847936&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033847936&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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