Historical memory in Greece, 1821-1930: performing the past in the present
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New York ; London
Routledge
2023
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge studies in cultural history
118 |
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| Beschreibung: | xvi, 398 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9780367501037 0367501031 9780367501051 |
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Contents List of illustrations Preface and acknowledgments Chronology viii x xiv 1 Introduction Revisiting the social and cultural history of memory Memory and history 3 Visualizing and performing history 7 Memory and identity 10 Structure of the book 13 Notes 20 1 1 24 Images The present becomes history 24 The philhellenic gaze 30 Missolonghi as a realm of memory 32 Depicting the beginning of the revolution 35 The Bavarian visual canon 38 The need for a historical picture gallery 43 The “great men” 46 The visual canon of national memory 49 Popularization 52 Popular images and traditional painting 55 Notes 58 2 Monuments The first hero 64 Mnemonic strategies and the heyday of Kolettis 68 Monuments to foreigners and non-autochthonous Greeks Claiming the memory of the revolution 78 The university and official memory 83 64 72
vi Contents An odd trinity 87 Literary "great men” 95 Byron: romantic hero or symbol of English influence? Kapodistrias and the politics of forgetting 103 “National memories” set in stone 107 Notes 112 3 99 120 Panoramas History comes alive 120 The Naval Battle of Navarino 122 An “eyewitness” visual account 124 Textbooks of historical “scenography” 131 The panorama at the Olympic Games of 1896 135 The “unfortunate war” of 1897: commemorating defeat 141 Notes 145 4 The new past The monarchy 150 New heroes and the anonymous fallen 155 Pavlos Melas, a “mythogenic” figure 160 The Balkan Wars and war art 163 The Asia Minor Catastrophe and traumatic memory The army, war memory and the national past 175 Notes 180 5 The old past 150 167 185 Present antiquity 185 Nationalization of antiquity 189 Images for tourists 198 When churches became monuments 202 The familiar past 206 The Byzantine Empire regenerated, Constantinople “reconquered” 209 The royal past and the last emperor 215 Notes 222 6 Revivals Spectacular history 232 Wax displays and tableaux vivants 234 Revival as rebirth and continuity 239 Authenticity, forgery, replication 242 Revival of ancient games 245 232
Contents vii Staging antiquity 253 The Delphic Festivals 261 Notes 267 7 275 FustaneJlas Clothing and identity 275 Evzones and “Amalias” 277 “Traditional costume”, a transnational tradition 287 The fustanella’s journey from historical drama to the popular shadow theater 292 Notes 300 8 Traditional ceremonies and modern civic festivals National anniversaries and parades 314 Historical pageants in Western cities 320 “Historical liturgies” 323 Notes 329 9 306 Pageants Centennials 306 335 Celebrating regeneration in turbulent times 335 Local centennials and the geography of historical memory 338 A “celebratory year”: local anniversaries and monuments 346 “Feminism of the Greek Revolution”: the women’s movement and female memory 354 Historical pageants and reenactments of national history 359 Notes 367 Epilogue 372 One hundred years of memory 372 Images and monuments 373 Memory politics 374 War memory 376 The spectacle of history 378 Regeneration and revival 379 Antiquity and Byzantium 381 Unequal pasts 382 Clio’s clothing 383 Notes 385 Index 386
Index Page numbers followed by n indicate notes. Page numbers in italic refers to figures and bold refers to tables. About, Edmond 256,277-278 Academy of Athens 97,200 Acropolis 74, 78,112,112n8,122, 133, 186,188,191-192,195, 200, 201, 204,223nll, 226n69, 238, 243,244,248,262,279, 291, 342, 360, 361, 381; siege of 51, 53, 65, 67,158, 344 Acropolis newspaper 250 Agia Lavra, Monastery 14,37, 37, 38, 52,53,112n5,168,180, 340, 348, 352, 368n26, 374 Albania, Albanian 278,279,297, 301Ո14,368n23; “Albanian costume” 100, 30ІПІ7 Alexander the Great 54,298 Ali Pasha 295-296,298 Amalia, Queen of Greece 44, 75,151, 218,238,280,282, 362, 384; “Amalia” dress 18,277,280, 282-283, 302n35, 302n36; portraits, depictions 130,153, 18ІПІ0,238 American, Americans 13,201, 228nl08,249,259, 265,292, 343, 344, 346,384; American athletes 249; American Revolution 10, 309; AHEPA 325; American School of Classical Studies at Athens 252; Pan-American Exhibition 253 Anatolia, see Asia Minor Anderson, Benedict 179 Androutsos, Odysseas 53, 56, 297, 300, 366; statue, monument 109, 118n99; tomb 337 anniversaries x, 19, 51,132,176, 233, 321, 322, 347, 348, 359; of “great men” 96, 97; of military units 177; royal 114n39, 313, 374; of the Sultan’s enthronement 310; see also centennials; national anniversaries anniversary of the Greek Revolution: fiftieth 51, 52, 80-81, 87,106,108, 109, 314, 335, 373; hundredth 168, 336-337; Bicentennial x; see also Centennial of Greek Independence antiquarianism 28,187, 242, 255, 261,321 antiquities 186,192,196,198-200, 202,222n2, 244,262, 381; collections, museums 188,190, 195,
207; forgery 243; landscape 41,194,196,199; nationalization 189-191,192-193; paintings 151, 191,279; photographs 198,199, 283,284; preservation and looting 189,197, 204,205,227n99; publications 187 antiquity xii, xiii, 6,16, 24, 26-28, 34, 63n97, 81, 97, 111, 120,134,152, 173,180,183n59,185,187-191, 193,197-199,201-204,206, 209-211, 218,226n67,228nl05, 237-239,245,246, 253,254,256, 258,259, 262, 287,290,291,295, 298,309, 311, 315, 325, 361,380, 381, 383, 384; see also revival Apollo 1,116n67,186,253,256, 265, 309 archaeology 173,185,188,190,192, 194,195, 243, 255,262, 326; excavations 188,195, 381;
Index 387 legislation 191,195,204, 228nl09,381 Argos 64,127,192, 302ո39 Armansperg, Joseph von 71-72, 113nl0,131 army 175-177,285,317; and collective memory 178; and national anniversaries 314-317, 320,331n49,344,364,378,379 Asia 237,243, 250 Asia Minor 168,170,172-174, 346, 365 Asia Minor Campaign 7,107,170, 171,176,177,178,180,183n57, 215,221,336,375 Asia Minor Catastrophe x, xiii, 3, 167,168-169,183n57, 338; commemoration of 170-172,174, 175,178,375-376 Assmann, Aleida 64, 380 Assmann, Jan xi, 4,252,384 Athena 89,116ո67,130,147ո51, 200, 240, 243, 360 Athena newspaper 279 Athens 48, 62n83,62n89, 66, 71,76, 91,97,113n20,138,151,153,154, 190,193,195,198,202,204,205, 216,223nl0,246-248,250,252, 256,266,284,285,324,345,361, 378,380,381, 383,384; ancient 239,240; ancient monuments 187-188,204; ceremonies 19,101, 112n8,161,217,224n32, 313, 316,318, ЗЗІпЗб, 337,338,341, 342,344,345,347; monuments 15, 16,54,69, 75, 76,78, 82,82, 83, 99,101,107,108,158,171,179, 180,215,300,349,355,373,374, 376, 381; municipality of 79,99, 202,221, 329, 342; panorama of 123,136; spectacles 33,136,137, 140,141,206,217,259,262,266, 286,295,296, 323,328,336 athletic contests 2,14,138,245,247, 264, 267, 306, 323, 344, 361; see also Olympic Games Attica 25,283,289,360, 361 Austria 33,60n51,137,152 authenticity xii, 188,209, 235, 236, 240,242-245,263; historical reenactments and revivals 17,18, 233, 234,235,239,254,257,260, 321, 361; (historical) painting 30, 31, 35,36,41,120,144,254; narrating the past 46, 242; Greek folk culture 56,286,289; theater 77,255,258,276,295,300; Byzantine art 203,209;
national identity 125,194,243,261,276, 280,291,292,359 Averof, Georgios 85, 87, 90-92, 323,374 Balkan Wars 7, 8,17, 56,145,160, 163,170,171,176,177,180,200, 208,220,221,283,286, 340, 347, 351, 382; commemoration 164, 165,169,182n30,349, 375 Bann, Stephen 242 Barker, Robert 120-121,145n2 Barthélemy, Abbé 45,62ո76 Bartholdy, J.L.S. 356 Basil II, emperor 220, 229nl32,230Ո155 Bavaria, Bavarians 33, 35, 36, 38-41, 43,48,51,56,60n47,60n51, 61ո68,67, 70, 71, 73-74, 75, 76, 80, 86,91,96,104,105, 112ո8, ПЗпІО, 113ո19, 115ո42, 131, 150,153,155,190—193, 203, 217, 218, 278, 280, 283, 310, 311, 315, 321, 331ո45, 375, 381, 382; artists and architects 36, 39,41,43, 51, 56, 61ո68, 67, 76, 96, 116ո67, 127,151, 153, 204, 373; Lion of Bavaria 73-74, 75, 76,157; see also Ludwig I, King of Bavaria Berlin 135,137,139,228nl01,237; Berlin Congress 137 Billig, Michael 132 Bismarck 110,137 Bodmer, Gottlieb 181n7 Boggi, Giovanni 43, 53, 61n67 Boissonnas, Fred 200,227n83 Bonanos, Georgios 68,69,99, 106-107,163 Bonirote, Pierre 44, 61n68,61n70 Botsaris, Markos 41,45,47, 57,67, 80,100, 337; monuments 68,69, 71, 96,101, 339,349,367n4,374; portraits, depictions 44, 46, 51, 57, 59n21,294 Bouboulina, Laskarina 29,50,52, 62n91,355,356-357,358,366 Bourdieu, Pierre 225n60,275 Budapest 322
388 Index Bulgaria 103,144,156,163,220, 230nl55, 349, 368ո23 Burke, Peter 9,171 Byron, Lord George Gordon 99-103, 279; Byronomania 100; centennial of his birth 101; centennial of his death 9,19,100, 341-344; The Giaour 28, 242; portraits 41,100, 30ІПІ7; statue in Athens 101-103, 102, 320, 337, 342; statue in Missolonghi 101,103,109 Byzantine art 17,202-204, 206-209, 222,227n89,258, 264,291, 381 Byzantine Museum of Athens 208, 227n99, 381 Byzantium, Byzantine empire xii, xiii, 6,17,173,174,182n33,201,204, 206,207,209-215, 217, 218,220, 222,230Ո142,265, 299, 311, 325, 381, 382, 383, 384; historiography 133,208,210; reenactment 168, 324-327, 328-329, 333n88, 360, 361,382,383 Canning, George 345 Carlyle, Thomas 267n4 carnival 18,256,257, 261,276,279, 283, 284,293, 304n71,307, 311, 320, 383 Çelebi, Evliya 222ո2, 223nll cemeteries 118nl00,158,165; military 158-159, 337 cenotaphs 92,157-158,162,166,168, 171,179-180,181n20,217 Centennial of Greek Independence, of the Greek Revolution xii, 3,19, 178,262, 323,335-371, 377, 384 centennials in Europe 322; in Greece 344-346; see also anniversaries Chapu, Henri 101,102 Charitakis, Georgios 111, 323, 336-338,341, 347, 367n7, 368n23 Charlemagne 310, 320-321 Charles V 40 Chateaubriand, François-René de 239 Chatzimichail, Theofilos, see Theofilos, Chatzimichail Chicago 139, 200, 287 Chios 27, 30-32, 35,46,59n36, 85, 122,157,158,181Ո19,337, 338, 341, 355, 369n49; see also Delacroix, Eugène Choiseul-Gouffier, Auguste de 28 Christianity 26-28,30, 33, 34,70, 86, 112n6,167,203,204,207,209-214, 220,222n2,224n40,241,242,246, 307,311,315,
379,381,383 Chrysostomos, Metropolitan of Smyrna 169,171,178, 376 Church 21n38,114n38; Catholic 306, 309, 310; Greek Orthodox 37, 40, 86, 89, 92,113nl5,171,205,207, 212,219,236, 344 cinema 121,136,141,182n44,233, 266,299, 335, 336 Civil War, Greek x, xi, 3,4,126 Clark, Ellery Harding 249 Clarke, Edward Daniel 185-186 Codrington, Sir Edward 123, 345 commemorations 2, 6,10,11,15,18, 105,107,110,145,153,159,168, 169,171,174,176,177-178,179, 180,216-217,260,276,282, 307-309,313,314,316,318, 321-322, 325, 373-379; see also Centennial of Greek Independence Connerton, Paul 10,212,322 Connolly, James B. 249 Constantine, Crown Prince 82,143, 216,219,220,230nl41,230nl52, 248,257,382; see also Constantine I, King of Greece Constantine I, King of Greece 17,150, 183n57, 220,221,375, 23ІПІ56, 23ІПІ57, 332n63, 335-337, 375 Constantine the Great, Saint Constantine 213,217,219, 220,229nl32 Constantine XI, Palaiologos 17,133, 181Ո20,213,215-217,219, 220, 229nl40, 381, 383 Constantinople 76, 77,93,114n23, 118n96,163,167,204,209,213, 216,218-220, 229nl32,229nl40, 230ПІ45,237, 310, 311, 324, 340, 375, 382; Fall of 17,27,129,130, 131,133,170,173,186,210-215, 216,217, 222,298,383 Cook, George Cram 265 Cook, Thomas 198 cosmorama 122,146n8 costume(s) 17,18, 35,162,259,276, 294,325, 383; Albanian 100, 301Ո17; archaic 2,18,257,259, 260,264-266, 283,295, 324, 372, 380, 383, 384; folk, local 1,18,
Index 389 262,282, 324, 351, 353, 354, 361; historical 255,256,272nll8,276, 280,283, 320-322, 326, 327, 332ո68, 333ո88, 384; military 285; national 260,277,279-287, 291,292, 301ո24, 302ո39, 384; royal 18,151, 279, 282, 286, 384; traditional 41,237,260, 276-278, 283-286,287-292, ЗОЗпбІ, 354, 359, 365, 384; see also Amalia dress; carnival; fustanella(s); Lyceum Club of Greek Women Crary, Jonathan 8 Cretan Question 103,142,150, 219 Crete, Cretan 56,158,168,178,200, 201,286, 325, 327, 328, 340-341, 348, 353, 369n36 Crimean War 28,121,124,156,158, 214,272nin, 285,294 cultural transfers 278, 315, 378 Curtius, Philippe 234-235, 268nl9 Cyprus 172, 350, 351 D’Angers, David 68, 68, 96,113nl2, 339, 374 Dalisson, Rémi 144,181n23 Damvergis, Ioannis 336, 338, 349, 351-352, 353, 360, 370n65 dance(s), dancer(s) 201, 255, 259262, 264,266,267,273Ո136, 274nl69,292, 316, 325, 328, 329, 333n88, 341,352, 354, 356, 357, 359,365, 369n52,380,383; see also Lyceum Club of Greek Women Dante 96 Darnton, Robert 306 David, Jacques-Louis 100, 232, 235 Delacroix, Eugène 28, 30-32, 35, 57, 59n30, 59n36, 232, 373; Massacres of Chios 30-31, 32, 35, 59n36; Hellas on the ruins of Missolonghi 31-32 Delaroche, Paul 31 Delphi 1,256,264-267, 345 Delphic Festivals 1-2,17, 201, 244, 253,259, 261-267, 292, 380 Demeter 185,262 Demosthenes 240 Dervenakia 25, 80, 83, 340, 344,352 Deschamps, Gaston 55,294, 302n39 Diakos, Athanasios 41, 56, 57,293, 299; bust 349, 352; depictions 51, 54,55,131,297, 300, 366, 371n76 Diehl, Charles 227n89 Diligiannis, Theodoros 156, 248 Dimitriadis, Konstantinos 118n97, 171,221 Dionysos 257;
Theater of 262 diorama 28,146n8 Dodecanese 172, 351 Donnat, Chevalier de 187 Dragoumis, Ion 160,182n41,221 Dragoumis, Nikolaos 25,213 Drama 178, 354 Dramalis 299 Drinkwater, John 342 Drosis, Leonidas 74, 81,97,106, 116n67,200 Dublin 123 Duchess of Plaisance, Sophie de Marbots 43,44 Ducrow, Andrew 237 Dumas, Alexandre 232, 267n7 Duncan, Isadora 259,262, 273nl36, 292, 384 Duncan, Raymond 265,292, 384 Dupre, Louis 296,304n74 Durkheim, Emile 10 East Rumelia 103,156 Eastern Question 101,155,156,214, 215,250 Eleusis 108,185-186,262 Elgin, Lord Thomas Bruce 188 England, English 31, 65, 99-101, 103,104,139,117n84,120,122, 136,144,145n2,146n25,179, 199, 203, 218, 234, 235, 237, 243-245, 247,249, 253-256, 268n29, 270n75, 274nl69,278, 302n41, 309, 321, 322, 330n22, 342, 343, 345; “English party” 92, 112n6 Enlightenment 88, 89,92, 95,96,189, 194,209,210,212,213,239, 254, 382 Epidaurus: ancient 24; new 24, 37, 61n61,340, 364, 372 Ermoupolis (Syros) 62n83,109-110, 119Ո116,157-158,181Ո19 Evans, Arthur 326, 348 Fabvier, Charles Nicolas 20, 74, 113n22,294, 337,344 Falguière, Alexandre 101,102 Fauriel, Claude 32, 356
390 Index feminism, feminist movement xiii, 19, 259, 328, 354-359, 377 Feraios, Rigas, see Rigas Feraios festivals xi, 306-307, 312, 316, 320; in Greece 1-2,60n56,114n39, 153,177,177,186,246,262,283, 311, 313, 315,319, 323, ЗЗІпЗб, 333n94, 339, 347, 353, 378, 379; Ottoman 310,311; religious 314, 353; in revolutionary France 245, 308-309, 329nl7; in Russia 310; see also Delphic Festivals Filiki Etaireia 45,48, 53, 54, 62n74, 219,298,351 Finkel, Alicia 255 First World War, see World War I Flaubert, Gustave 187, 223nll Flocon, Ferdinand 31 folklore 126,172,215,222,237,261, 265,284,285,288,290-292, 304n62, 380 Foltz, Philipp 181n7 Foucault, Michel 8,225n58 France, French 11,13,29, 30,47, 96, 103,110,120-123,125,129,135, 138,139,144,146n8,147n51, 158,159,164,179,181Ո17, 181Ո23,184n73, 237,239,245, 254,255,259,268n29, 275,278, 307-310, 320,345; “French Party” 65, 67, 71, 72,112n6,125,278 Franco-Prussian War 135,139, 254,307 Frankfurt 96 Franzoni, Enrico 153 Fratti, Antonio 143 French Archaeological School at Athens 227n89,264 French Revolution 10,26-29,47,129, 235,239,245,246, 308-310, 331n43; centennial 137 Friedel, Adam 43,50,61n66,100,357 funerary monument 68, 70, 75, 96, 101,113n20,115n47,118nl00, 158,164,165 fustanella(s) xi, 2,18,44, 55, 56, 79, 83,131,151,161,162, 215,251, 251,265,275-305, 294, 324, 326, 340, 354, 359,361,365,372, 383,384 Fytalis, Georgios 74, 88, 91, 94,113n20 Fytalis, Lazaros 74, 91,113n20 Gaertner, Friedrich von 151 Garibaldi, Giuseppe 143 Garibaldi, Ricciotti 142,143 Garneray, Ambroise 123 Geneva 115n53,343 George I, King of Greece 9,17, 91,
150,218,219, 313, 320, 331n41, 375; commemoration 164,202, 221,336 Gericault, Théodore 28 Germanos, Metropolitan of Patras (Palaion Patron) 37, 38, 87; depictions 14, 36,37, 51,52, 86, 337; statues 336, 349 Germany 11, 38,109-111,135,159, 194, 201,237,245,247, 253,268n29 Giannitsa: battle of 166, 347; monument 166 Gibbon, Edward 382 Gillis, John 10,373 Girodet, Anne-Louis 123 Gladstone, William Ewart 83, 87, 103, 117n84,117n87,117n88, 118n97,216 Glassberg, David 238 Glücksburg dynasty 11, 85,150, 217, 219,313 Goethe 96 Gordon, Thomas 8,42, 61n60 “great men” 14,19,26, 28,46-49, 52,54, 81, 87, 95-99,105,110, 131-135,150,155,179,234,293, 349, 355, 374, 375 Greek Revolution 3,19,26,27, 73, 78,150,168,170,192,213, 218, 240, 241,298, 315, 316, 372, 383; civil wars xiii, 27,40,46, 64, 65, 79, 80; commemoration 3,10,15, 24, 65, 75, 76,108,145, 316, 338, 376; commodities 29; communica tive memory 210, 252; drama 295; films 299; historical memory 14, 19, 37, 53, 56,57,105,278, 293, 353, 354-359, 373, 382; history 6, 38,45,46,125,133,219,233; paintings 8,28, 31, 32,35, 36,45, 51,53, 57, 86,213; panoramas 15, 120,122-124; see also anniversary of the Greek Revolution; Centennial of Greek Independence Greek War of Independence, see Greek Revolution
Index Gregory V, Patriarch 9,29,56, 86, 88, 89, 92-94,163,171, 376; bust 90; centennial oí his hanging 337, 338; depictions 40, 86,106; statue 83, 84, 86-88, 93, 94, 98,159,160, 318, 374; translation of his relics 314 Gros, Antoine-Jean 123 Grosholtz, Marie 234,268nl9; see also Tussaud, Madame Grossi, Augusto 52 Gustav III, of Sweden 281 Güthenke, Constanze 187,239,223nl3 Gyzis, Nikolaos 44, 54 Halbwachs, Maurice 5,10 Hamilakis, Yannis 185,190,228nl05 Hamilton, Lady 268n29 Hansen, Christian 74, 85, 87,204 Hastings, Frank Abney 51, 345 Heideck, Karl Wilhelm von 41, 71 Helen of Troy 253 Helen, Saint 217,220 Hellas 28, 89, 98,101,102,104,126, 129-131,147n39,147n51,157, 189,213,242, 365; see also Delacroix, Eugene; Vryzakis, Theodoros Herakleios, emperor 167 Herakles 309, 310, 329nl7; Roman Hercules 237 Hermannsdenkmal 111 Hermes by Praxitelis 248 Herodes Atticus 250; Odeon of 259,344 Hess, Peter von 36, 38^10,41,43,45, 47, 50, 56, 60n46, 61n60,61n61, 86, 91,125,127,181n8,181n9, 357, 366, 373 Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece 18, 52, 57, 69, 99,106, 125,206,289-291,347, 373, 381; see also National Historical Museum historical consciousness 13,26,132, 142,189,233; Greek 17, 33, 70, 87,125,193,209,211,240,293, 296,297, 311, 341; modern xii, 3, 8,129,240,242, 372 historical drama 43, 86,92,135,255, 292, 293, 295,296,299,321 historical novel 43,232,233,242, 296, 357 391 historical pageantry 2,18, 233,238, 308, 310, 320-322, 324, 326-328, 356,364,365, 372, 378 historiography 5-7,13,14,25-26, 36, 38,43,45, 80,127,131,133,209, 210,215,222,232,242,243,275, 292, 326, 374
history as spectacle 9,28,132,135, 232,236,239,242,262,293,295, 327, 328, 363, 366, 378-379 Hittorff, Jacques-Ignace 141 Hobsbawm, Eric 11 Holmes, Burton 249 Holocaust 4, 375 Homer 28, 30, 89, 98,240; Homeric helmet 100; Homeric heroes 237, 256, 277, 283; Homeric studies 103 Horton, George 249-250 Hugo, Victor 98,232 Hungary, Hungarian 96,116n62, 322, 333n71 Hydra 109,246,289, 325 lakovidis, Georgios 161,162,238 latridis, Athanasios 45, 55, 62n78 Ibrahim Pasha 34, 59n34 Ingres, J.-A.-D. 44 International Classical Games 253 international exhibitions, see World’s Fairs loannina 48,295, 337 Ionian Islands 53,98,104,115n53, 118n95,210,245-246, 341, 347 irredentism 108,142,156,194, 200, 250, 349, 351; see also Megali Idea Islam 27,28, 30,33,123,167, 209-211,215,236,241 Italy, Italians 33,43,52, 98,116n64, 116n67,136,143,179, 204,259, 298, 343, 351; Italian artists 36, 43, 53,97,100,153, 237 Japan 287 Jeanne d’Arc 138,357 Jerusalem 310, 369n49 jubilees, see anniversaries Kaftantzoglou, Lysandros 70-71, 90, 113nl7,115n47, 204,224n36, 230Ո141 Kairi, Evanthia 33, 34-35
392 Index Kaiser (Wilhelm II of Prussia) 324; monuments to 110 Kalamata 289, 347,363, 364 Kalavryta 168 Kallergis, Dimitrios 154 Kanaris, Konstantinos 337, 366; portraits 44, 57 Kanellos, Vassos and Tanagra 262 Kansteiner, Wulf 67 Kapodistrias, Ioannis 26, 35, 67, 70, 71, 76, 78, 80, 94,106,113nl6, 117n93,117n94,125,150,153, 155,190,192,213,278,293; busts 105,221; commemoration 39,94,104,105,106, 339; portraits 105,106; statues 83, 87, 94,103,105-107,109, 336 Karagiozis 12,18, 56,136,142, 293-300, 294, 305n81, 377, 382 Karaiskakis, Georgios 25, 47, 56, 64-72, 77, 79, 80, 95,104,125, 126, 344, 363; monuments 65, 69, 71, 72, 85, 93,107,108,158, 320, 337, 349, 374; portraits, depictions 42,51, 57, 62n89, 67,131 Karolidis, Pavlos 84,252 Karpenisi 34,45, 62n78, 349, 354 Katsantonis 296,298, 305n81 Kephalonia 53,245 Kerkyra 49,98,106,109,115n53, 118n97,289,324,339,343,347 Kilkis 166, 347, 365 Kipling, Rudyard 342 Klenze, Leo von 39,45,191,204 Kolettis, Ioannis 24, 37,46, 47, 51, 58n2, 62n89, 64-67, 68-72, 91, 113Ո17,193,217,246,278, 309, 312, 314, 373; depictions 39, 72 Köllnberger, Ludwig 283 Kolokotronis, Theodoros 25, 42, 56, 65, 69, 71, 79-80, 95,104,106, 125,192,297,299, 300, 337, 363, 364, 366, 377, 382; portraits, paintings 44, 51, 54,114n35; statues 80-83, 82, 216, 300, 318, 320, 379, 382 Korais, Adamantios 28, 46, 47, 89, 95-97,107,189,190,192,212, 381; bust 90; mausoleum 115n47, 337; portraits 89-92, 293; statue 83, 85, 87, 89, 94,107,118n97, 159,318 Kossos, Ioannis 83, 86, 88, 88,90-91, 101,105-106 Kougeas, Sokratis 340-341, 349 Kozani 349, 363, 364-365, 377 Kraus,
Gustav 181nl0 Krazeisen, Karl 41,42,42-43,47,48, 50,114n35,125,127, 373 Lambros, Spyridon 84,206, 228nll2, 251,335, 336, 340 Lamia 143 Langlois, Jean-Charles 60n40, 123-124,135,146n7 Larissa 143,162, 349 Le Goff, Jacques 6 Le Peletier 308 Le Play, Frédéric 288 Lebiedzki, Eduard 152 Leonidas 25,45,59n21, 89,295 Leoussi, Athena 254 Leroy, Julien David 187 Lesuire, Wilhelm-Georg von 72,113nl9 lieux de mémoire, see realms of memory Lipparini, Ludovico 36,37, 38, 45, 51,100 London 43, 89, 90,98,101,117n87, 117n88,123,137,139,179,198, 227n83, 234, 235, 237, 286, 343; Conference of 336; Crystal Palace 139, 322; World’s Fair 105, 148n66,289 Louis Napoleon 312; see also Napoleon III Louis Philippe 118ІПІ7, 312, 313 Louis XIV 40, 314 Louis XVI 234 Louis, Saint 310, 314 Louis, Spyros 250-251,251,252, 284,285 Lourdes 307 Lowenthal, David 5,185,244, 289, 350 Ludwig I, King of Bavaria 33, 35, 38-39, 40, 51, 60n47,60n51,71, 73,104,127,150,153,190-191, 203,280, 321; see also Bavaria Luther 321 Lyceum Club of Greek Women 238, 259-260, 355, 358, 362,378; costumes 18,291-292, 325, 354, 384; dances 261, 325, 341, 356, 380; festivals 18,239,260,266, 274nl 69, 321, 324-327, 328-329, 359, 361,364,383 Lytras, Nikephoros 44,54, 86
Index 393 Macedonia 142,161,200, 325, 341, 352; Macedonian Struggle 160, 162,163,216,220,285,298, 353, 364, 365 Magne, Lucien 202 Maison, Nicolas Joseph 103, 345 Makrygiannis, Ioannis 16,36, 56, 79, 124-131,154,18ІПІ1,192,193, 241,242,282, 367n2; images 8, 126-131,130,147n45,213, 373 Malherbe, Raoul de 154,181nll Marathon 27,250,251,284 marathon race 250,251,252,253, 271n94,284, 380 Margaritis, Georgios 46, 51, 62n89, 67 Margaritis, Philippos 46,48, 51, 61n71 Marie Antoinette 234 Marseilles 90, 309 mass spectacles 2, 8,11,12,14,17, 19,31,120,136,137,151, 232-234,253,260,266,267nl, 292, 300, 320, 323, 363, 367; see also history as spectacle Maurer, Georg Ludwig von 71, 191,204 Mavrogenous, Manto 43,50 Mavrokordatos, Alexandros 48, 57, 65, 68, 76,100,104, 356, 367n2 Mavromichalis, Kyriakoulis 34 Mavromichalis, Petros Bey 364 Maximilian, Crown Prince of Bavaria 75,18ІПІ0 Megali Idea 73, 77, 83, 84,103, 114n37,144,145,150,157,163, 168,170,175,213-217,219,297, 350; see also irredentism Megalopolis 262 Melas, Pavlos 16,160-163,161, 182n41,285 Melman, Billie 235,268nl9 memorials 1,2, 5,9,14,15,24,58, 65, 69, 70-71, 73, 75,119nll6, 143,157,163-166,221,342,344, 351, 353, 367n4, 379; Axioupolis Memorial 167 memory: collective xi, xii, xiii, 3, 4, 6, 18,27,64,67,107,122,155,164, 165,168,172,173,178,193,252, 295,298, 307,308,338,341, 346, 349, 373; communicative 3,4,210, 252, 384; cultural xi, xii, 2-4,7, 10,17, 58,95,185,213,245,252, 380, 384; social 4, 6,10,11, 67, 152,171,322; traumatic x, 4,16, 26,50,166,167,173,174,376; see also national memory; war memory Mercié, Antoine 81
Metaxas, Anastasios 323 Metaxas, Ioannis 342,350,201 Metternich 29,59n20 Miaoulis, Andreas 39, 50,125, 376; monument 337; statue 109, 110,157 Miltiades 89 Missolonghi 27, 32,45,68, 68,98, 101,122,246; anniversary of the Exodus 339; centennial of the Exodus 19, 344; commercializa tion 29; memorial for the fallen 70, 71,157; panorama of the siege 138,140; as a realm of memory 32-35, 340, 352; see also Delacroix, Eugène; Vryzakis, Theodoros Mistriotis, Georgios 257-259, 380 Mitchell, Rosemary 233 Monten, Dietrich 40,151, 302n33 Montpellier 306,309 Monument to the Unknown Soldier 179; in Athens 16,107,171,178, 179,180,180,283, 320; in Greece 178 monuments x, 8,11,14,15,19,24, 43,52,58, 64-119,102,144, 151-153,157-159,163-166,174, 176,189,221,262,276,300, 319, 320, 322, 326,335-337, 339, 340-341, 344, 345-352, 358,364, 368n30,368n31, 372-374,382; ancient 17,28,185-188,190-192, 196-199, 201,208,243, 381; anti-Venizelist 222, 375; Byzantine 17,202-209,210,381; “linguistic” 290; royalist 23ІПІ56; women’s 359,370n59; see also memorials; Monument to the Unknown Soldier; national monument(s); Pantheon (Panhellenic Memorial) Morgenthau, Henry 343, 368nl4, 368nl6 Moscow 112 Mosse, George 11,159 Munich 35,36,38-40,42,43,60n46, 60n55,101,116n67,139,144,
394 Index 152,190,191,204,207, 224ո32, 237, 321; Königsplatz 39 Musée Grevin 234, 235-236 museums 188,189,195-196, 207, 225ո54, 225ո62, 228ո108, 232, 288, 290, 291; archaeological 190, 191, 195,199, 381; of Christian art 206, 207; folklore 290 Mycenae, Mycenaean 195,197,199, 200,259, 326 Nafplion 39,40, 66, 70, 73-76, 81-82, 83, 86,127,152-153, 154, 157, 356, 369n49 Napoleon Bonaparte 29, 38, 60n51, 113nl4,121,124,135,146n7, 179,18ІПІ1,235,245,246, 312, 321,330n35 Napoleon III 124, 312; see also Louis Napoleon Napoleonic Wars 27,28, 111, 120, 121,159,256 national anniversaries 245, 310, 312, 314, 317, 322, 338-339, 378, 379; see also national holidays; centen nials; Centennial of Greek Independence National Archaeological Museum 190,195,199 national heroes 81, 85, 86, 90, 93, 99, 114n33,126,132,142,143,150, 156,158,160,163,182n37, 215, 279, 293, 346, 349, 350, 355-359, 363, 372, 375, 382; see also national pantheon National Historical Museum 57, 342, 344 national holidays 154,177; of 14 July 138, 308; of 25 March 18, 64-65, 70, 71, 79, 91-92,160,169,181, 221,246,248,282,304n71, 313, 314-320, 331Ո42, 331n43, 337, 338,378 national identity xii, 17,20nl0, 97, 194,240, 373, 381; construction of 3,261, 307; Greek xi, 27, 84, 96, 97,147n39,159,170,193, 203, 209, 214,249,254,289, 293, 367, 372, 377, 379; representation of 19,276,283, 286,287-288 national memory 16,17,19, 25,108, 113n9,114n38,144,160,164, 169,175,181,193, 328, 339, 357; visual canon of 49-52 national monument(s) 69, 83,101, 105, 111, 118Ո100,179,340, 374 national pantheon 15,41, 50, 53, 56, 80, 81, 92,95, 96,98,
99,104֊ 106,125,126,150,154-156, 356, 363; see also national heroes national past 24, 47, 52, 56, 86,175, 203,206,209,246,256, 311, 315, 355,362,378 National Schism 16,17,175,176, 221,325, 335, 336, 359,362,376 nationalism 34, 93-94,116n62,179, 243, 360; banal 132; sartorial 280-281,301n24; theories of 20nl0, 245; and women 359, 378; see also irredentism Navarino, Naval Battle of 146n21; centennial 19, 325, 344-345, 347; iconography 40, 61n61; monu ments 70, 368nl7; panoramas 15, 122-124,146n25; as a realm of memory 352 Nelly’s 200-201,266 neoclassicism 39,191,204, 381, 383 New York 139,201,265 Nilson, Friedrich Christian 40 Nora, Pierre 5 Odessa 62n74,114n24 Odevaere, Joseph-Denis 60n40, 99-100 Oettermann, Stephan 121 Olga, Queen of Greece 219,230nl41, 259,280,283 Olympic Games: Intermediate (1906) 324; First International (1896) 248-249, 251,252, 284; modern 137, 267, 270n75; revival 17, 245-253,271n86,380 Otto I, King of Greece xiii, 11,16, 38, 39, 65-66, 70-73, 75, 83, 84,105, 130,191,204, 217,218,224n32, 230nl45, 314; anniversary of the Apobaterion 153; anniversary of his enthronement 75, 85, 313; commemoration of 69,150, 152-153,154,155, 375; and national costume 279-282, 384; opposition to 76, 89, 91, 92,125, 153, 316; portraits, depictions 39, 40,151-153,191,221,281,282, 336; reenactment 362 Ottoman Empire 10,56,66,77, 84, 150,156,163,170,172,183n59,
Index 395 185,200,213,214,238,254,256, 280,284,293,297,298,306,311, 330ո25,377 Ozouf, Mona 308 pageant movement 249; see also historical pageantry Palamas, Kostis 55, 57,99,100, 102-103,233, 248 Palmer-Sikelianos, Eva 201, 259, 263, 264-265,266,292, 380 Panathenaic Stadium 18,139,141, 167,168,239,248-252, 258-260, 262,274Ո169, 291, 319, 320, 323-324, 325-327, 327, 328, 346, 359, 360-362,362, 363, 364, 378-380, 383 Pangalos, Theodoros 174,175, 178,344 panorama 11,15-16,17,28, 31, 120-149, 232, 236,242, 250,252; portable 16,136,137,141-143, 145, 378; panorama building (rotunda) 120,122,124, 135-139,141 Pantheon (Panhellenic Memorial) 70, 71,99,106,111-112,113nl 7, 157,172, 347, 349, 350-351, 359 Papaflessas 36,41,51, 78 Papanastasiou, Alexandros 342-344, 368nl4 Papantoniou, Zacharias 42,43, 345 Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos 37, 84, 86,133,210, 325,356 parade xi, 1, 2, 308, 365; of kanephoroi 260; military 82, 314, 316, 317, 353, 379; Olympic 284; of pupils 318, 319, 340, 379՝, of teachers 246; student 314, 317-319, 353, 379; see also procession Paris 30-32, 38, 43,45,48,49, 53, 56, 71,72,81,89-91,98,104, 113Ո17,122,144,189,227n83, 228nll2, 234, 235, 257,286, 310, 313; Champ de Mars 245; panoramas 123,135,138-140, 141,146n7; Parisian fashion 29, 273nl27,283,292, 302n36; Salons 30,68,232, 356; Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 179; World’s Fairs 48, 81,114n35,137, 198-200, 202, 203,226n70, 288-290 Parker, Louis Napoleon 321 Parren, Callirrhoe 259-260,261, 324, 325,355, 370n65 Parthenon 97,151,186,191,192, 200-202,220,259, 306, 383; see also Acropolis Patras 142,143,266,267,289,296,
297, 336, 380 Peloponnese, Peloponnesians 37, 65, 66, 70, 78-80, 95,112n5,125, 131,219,240,289, 311, 340, 344, 345, 347, 365, 373 Pericles 179,248,250 Peter the Great 310, 321 Phaleron 62n89, 65, 69, 72,158, 374 Phanariotes 75-77,114n23, 277-278, 296, 373 Philadelpheus, Alexandros 256-257, 273,304n67, 380 philhellenism, philhellenes 27-29,41, 52, 59n30, 70, 71, 74-75, 90,101, 103,113n22,116n73,120,122, 130,143,192,223Ո13,279, 337, 345; and art 30-32, 35, 36, 38,45, 103, 356, 357, 373, 374 Philippoteaux, Félix 139 Philippoteaux, Paul Dominique 139 Phillips, Thomas 100,301nl7 photography 8,48-49, 62n83, 124, 137,138,144,159,162, 182n44, 198-200,233,284 Piraeus 66,109,178,226n75,246, 266,294, 320, 336, 337, 341, 342 Planché, J.R. 255,272nll8 Plato 97,116n67, 264 Pohlsander, Hans A. 69, S3 Pouqueville, F.C.H.L. 8, 30, 38, 45, 61n60, 91 Prévost, Pierre 123 procession xi, 18,27,233, 306-307, 308, 337; historical 9,11, 320, 321, 324, 332n68, 383; religious 306, 307, 311, 353, 354; royal 109, 314, 316, 317, 378; torchlight 12,248,318, 319; at the “festival of the flag” 360-361; during the French Revolution 309; in the Ottoman empire 306, 311; in traditional costumes 328,351; see also parade Prometheus 264; Prometheus Bound 264, 326 propaganda 40,135,151,163, 182n44, 200,218,256,286, 328-329, 375,377
396 Index Prost, Antoine 164-165 Prussia, Prussian 27,135,213, 220, 356 Psara 291,337, 341 public history x, 4,12-13, 52, 85, 132,163,175 Pushkin 96, 98,112 Pylos 345, 347 Rahl, Carl 152 Rangavis, Alexandros Rizos 257, 258, 273nl29,295 realms of memory xii, 2, 3, 5,19, 21Ո17,95,107,116ո69,189,244, 357,377,381,384 rebirth 26, 84, 85, 89, 90, 98,108,152, 192, 239-241, 243, 246, 248, 249, 261,263,269ո50, 379,380 reenactment 12,14, 178, 216, 304ո71, 306, 308, 311, 320, 322-324, 326, 328, 335, 359, 360, 362, 363, 364,378,380 refugee memory xi, xii, 173, 174, 299, 376 refugees x, 16,168,169,172,175, 222, 343, 348,376,377 regeneration 26, 84, 89, 97,103,108, 131,159,163,215,239,240-242, 246, 249,254,263,264,269ո50, 314, 335, 346,350,379,384 Renaissance 189,239, 276 Renan, Ernest 5,93-94,144 Reshid Mehmed Pasha (Kioutachis) 53 Rethymnon 353, 363, 364 Revett, Nicholas 187-188 revival 8,17,18,26, 232-267, 269n50,271n86,273nl27, 292, 328, 379, 380,384; of ancient drama 1,9,14,17, 244, 253-259, 264, 380; of ancient rituals 1-2, 232,239,240,259-261, 309, 360; classical 188,244; neogothic 244; of ancient games, see Olympic Games Revolution (Revolt) of 3 September 73, 77,18ІПІЗ, 375; national holiday of 11, 79,154,181nl7, 314-315, 331n50,378 Rietschel, Ernst Wilhelm 151 Rigas Feraios 85, 88-89,92, 93,100, 116n70,117n94,163,178, 366; bust 90; depictions 89, 91, 92, 99, 106,130, 293, 363; statue 78, 83, 87, 88, 88, 94,106,159, 318, 374 Rigny, Henri de 123, 345 Ripfel, Anton 153 Ritter, Carl 194 Robichon, François 135 Roche, Daniel 275 Roilos, Georgios 144,145 Romanticism 8,28, 30,41,43, 53,
57, 99,134,186,187,232,233,239, 242,244,254,255,280,290,321, 356; neo-romanticism 261, 263,384 Rome 53, 70, 81,90,116n66,121, 179,203,204,239 Ross, Ludwig 192, 230nl48,243 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 245, 308 Rublack, Ulinka 278 Rumeli, Rumeliotes 25, 37,62n78, 64, 65,79, 95,126,131,292,373 Ruskin, John 203 Russia, Russian 62n74,116n62,122, 127,137,211,235,237,240,283, 310, 345, 368nl7; “Russian Party” 67, 71, 80, 92,104,105, 112n6,314 Sacred Band 70, 75-76, 77,114n24, 143,158,318, 337, 351,361, 362, 373 Salamis 108,123, 372 Samos 336, 341, 349,363,364 Samuel, Raphael 7 Samuels, Maurice 129, 267nl Schaubert, Eduard 76 Scheffer, Ary 35, 356 Schiller, Friedrich 96, 98,115n59 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich von 191 Schliemann, Heinrich 326 Schwanthaler, Ludwig 36, 60n47, 61n61,96,104 Schwartz, Vanessa 140, 235 Scott, Walter 232-233,267n7 Second World War, see World War II Serbia 163 Serres 347, 349 shadow theater, see Karagiozis Shakespeare 77, 96,98,116n65, 255,256 Siegel, Christian 73-74, 90 Sikelianos, Angelos 201,253,259, 263-264,265,266, 380 Smith, Anthony 20nl0, 34,114n38
Index Smyrna 55,167,169-171, 221,256, 302ո38, 338, 375, 376; Nea Smyrni (New Smyrna) 171; see also Asia Minor Catastrophe Sochos, Lazaros 81, 82, 82, 83, 114n35,143,216,300 Socrates 97,116n67 Solomos, Dionysios 32,98-99, 116ո69,319 Sophia, Queen of Greece 220, 257, 324 Sophocles 1,254-255,259 Souliote(s) 34, 35,45, 356, 369n52 Soutsos, Alexandros 34, 38,7^-77, 79,155,158,219,373 Soutsos, Panagiotis 25, 77, 246, 309, 312 Spain 95 Sparta: ancient 166,199,239, 309, 356-357; modern 126,195,219 Spetses 109,116n67, 356, 363 Stackelberg, Otto Magnus von 186 stamps (commemorative series): “1912 Campaign” 220; centennial of Greek Independence 36, 43, 63n99, 96, 99,125, 346; centen nial of Byron’s death 60n45,100, 341; centenary of the Battle of Acropolis 344; centenary of the Battle of Navarino 345; centenary of the Exodus from Missolonghi 344; 1896 Olympic Games 248, 271n87 Stefanovich-Skylitsis, Dimitrios 101 Stieler, Joseph 153 Strasbourg 113nl2,237 Stuart, James 187-188 Syngros, Andreas 219,230nl53,237 tableaux vivants 17,236-239, 268n29, 268n39, 288, 310, 311, 324, 328, 341,355, 364, 366, 378 Talma, François-Joseph 114n24, 255 Tellini, Enrico 343 Tériade 56 Thassos 262 theater 12, 58nl6,238,254, 255,257, 259,263,264,266,295,321 Thebes 1,35,291, 333n94, 383 Themistocles 89 Theofilos, Chatzimichail 14, 55-56, 58, 300, 373, 382 Thermopylae 25,27, 33,45, 59n21, 304n71 397 Thessaloniki 175,176, 221,227n83, 335,353,377 Thessaly 103,142-143,156, 289, 365 Thiersch, Friedrich von 35, 217 Thiersch, Ludwig 206 Thomopoulos, Thomas 99,163, 182n41,230nl54, 348, 370n59 Thorwaldsen, Berten
73,115n59 Thrace 167, 325, 366; Thracian Sappes 365-366, 377 Thucydides 27,116n67,179 Touret, Auguste Hilarion 74-75, 113n22 tourism x, 17,138,197,198-200, 283,381 tradition 89,219,230nl50, 245,258, 276,284-287,289-292,298, 384; invented 4,11,273nl43, 280,282, 307, 366,369n52 Trikoupis, Charilaos 117ո86,248 Trikoupis, Spyridon 57 Tripoli 90,116n67,246, 302n39, 336, 349, 369n49; fall (and its anniver sary) 80, 340, 356,357, 368ո26 Troizen 26, 65,97,340 Tsakalof, Athanasios 53 Tsokos, Dionysios 50, 51, 53, 62n90, 91,114n35,118n95 Tsvetaeva, Marina 112 Turkey, Turks 32, 33,35, 59n21,122, 123,137,142,156,168-170,172, 174,212,215,217,277, 279,280, 292,294,297-299, 311, ՅՅՕոՅՕ, 337, 338, 348, 349, 368n23, 371Ո76, 377; Greek-Turkish War (1897) 6-7, 8,16, 81, 83,114n37, 142-143,144,157, 220,240,285, 299; Russian-Turkish wars 137; Turko-Venetian wars 27 Turner, Joseph Mallord William 28 Tussaud, Madame 234-235, 372; see also Grosholtz, Marie Tzavellas, Despo 355, 366 United States of America (US, America) 2,11,13,139,146n8, 188,201,237,238, 249,252-253, 262,265, 321, 322; see also American University of Athens 88,92, 94, 95, 97,103,107,114n40,118n96, 152,205,221,231nl57,342;
398 Index anniversary of its establishment 85; and irredentism 84,159-160, 214; as a site of national memory 83-85, 87,107,160,182n30, 318, 320, 373, 379 University Phalanx 316-318, 332n55 Valaoritis, Aristotelis 93-95, 98, 115n53 Venice 51,137,227n88 Venizelos, Eleftherios 69,152,163, 167,176,200,221, 261, 273nl36, 325, 335, 336, 348, 349, 362, 368n26, 369n36,375; Venizelists 175-177,221,23ІПІ56,23ІПІ57, 336, 338, 351, 362, 364, 370n72, 375, 376; see also National Schism Vernardakis, Dimitrios 87, 88, 258 Vernet, Horace 38,60n52,123, 331n41 Victor Emmanuel II of Italy: monu ment to 179 Vienna 62n76, 75, 86,137,139,152, 237, 290 Vlachogiannis, Giannis 126,127, 366 Volos 55-56,143 Voltaire 96,234,240 Voutier, Olivier 30 Vroutos, Georgios 97,99,116n66 Vryzakis, Theodoros 35, 36,43, 50, 55, 60n45, 90,100, 342, 373; Christos Kapsalis Blowing Up the Powder Magazines 35; The Exodus from Missolonghi 35, 36; Grateful Hellas or ‘All for the Fatherland’ 50; The Oath of the Fighters and the Blessing of the Flag by Palaion Patron Germanos 36; The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi 60n45,100 Waldstein, Charles 252,271 n99 Walhalla 60n47 war art 144,163, 375 war memory 16,26,150,158,166, 175,178,180, 375,376 war veterans 16,170,174,183n65, 352, 353,361,365,376, 377 Warburg, Aby 7 Washington Memorial 350 Waterloo 27,179,235 wax displays 31,233,234-236 wax museums 234,235,242, 372 Webster, Daniel 188 Werner, Anton 135 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 188, 194,253 Windmann, Max von 101 Winter, Jay 10,165 Wittelsbach, House of 11, 39,40-41, 85,105,150,153,190,204,217, 219,280,310,312,313
World War I 7,160,165,170,171, 177,180,286,335, 337, 375; memory of 176, 375,377; peace treaties 286, 343 World War II x, 3,19, 285; memory of 375 World’s Fairs 137-138,139,148n66, 237, 287, 288, 303n49; Greek participation 48,105,198, 199-200, 201,202,203,226n70, 226n77, 279,287,288-290, 383 Worth, Charles Frédéric 283 Wrede, Karl Philip von 38 Wrigley, Richard 278-279 Xanthos, Emmanouil 53,54,337, 349,351 Xenos, Stephanos 232,233, 289,357 Ypsilantis, Alexandros 29, 77, 78, 89, 90,106, 131,155,337,362, 363 Ypsilantis, Dimitrios 75; monument to 70, 75, 76 Zakynthos 53, 54, 98-99, 116n69,319 Zalongo 34, 355, 356, 357-358,359, 369n52 Zappas Olympics 91,101,138, 246-247, 289 Zentner, Friedrich von 61n68 Ziller, Ernst 106,110 Zografos, Panagiotis 8,126,128,129, 130,147n52 |
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Contents List of illustrations Preface and acknowledgments Chronology viii x xiv 1 Introduction Revisiting the social and cultural history of memory Memory and history 3 Visualizing and performing history 7 Memory and identity 10 Structure of the book 13 Notes 20 1 1 24 Images The present becomes history 24 The philhellenic gaze 30 Missolonghi as a realm of memory 32 Depicting the beginning of the revolution 35 The Bavarian visual canon 38 The need for a historical picture gallery 43 The “great men” 46 The visual canon of national memory 49 Popularization 52 Popular images and traditional painting 55 Notes 58 2 Monuments The first hero 64 Mnemonic strategies and the heyday of Kolettis 68 Monuments to foreigners and non-autochthonous Greeks Claiming the memory of the revolution 78 The university and official memory 83 64 72
vi Contents An odd trinity 87 Literary "great men” 95 Byron: romantic hero or symbol of English influence? Kapodistrias and the politics of forgetting 103 “National memories” set in stone 107 Notes 112 3 99 120 Panoramas History comes alive 120 The Naval Battle of Navarino 122 An “eyewitness” visual account 124 Textbooks of historical “scenography” 131 The panorama at the Olympic Games of 1896 135 The “unfortunate war” of 1897: commemorating defeat 141 Notes 145 4 The new past The monarchy 150 New heroes and the anonymous fallen 155 Pavlos Melas, a “mythogenic” figure 160 The Balkan Wars and war art 163 The Asia Minor Catastrophe and traumatic memory The army, war memory and the national past 175 Notes 180 5 The old past 150 167 185 Present antiquity 185 Nationalization of antiquity 189 Images for tourists 198 When churches became monuments 202 The familiar past 206 The Byzantine Empire regenerated, Constantinople “reconquered” 209 The royal past and the last emperor 215 Notes 222 6 Revivals Spectacular history 232 Wax displays and tableaux vivants 234 Revival as rebirth and continuity 239 Authenticity, forgery, replication 242 Revival of ancient games 245 232
Contents vii Staging antiquity 253 The Delphic Festivals 261 Notes 267 7 275 FustaneJlas Clothing and identity 275 Evzones and “Amalias” 277 “Traditional costume”, a transnational tradition 287 The fustanella’s journey from historical drama to the popular shadow theater 292 Notes 300 8 Traditional ceremonies and modern civic festivals National anniversaries and parades 314 Historical pageants in Western cities 320 “Historical liturgies” 323 Notes 329 9 306 Pageants Centennials 306 335 Celebrating regeneration in turbulent times 335 Local centennials and the geography of historical memory 338 A “celebratory year”: local anniversaries and monuments 346 “Feminism of the Greek Revolution”: the women’s movement and female memory 354 Historical pageants and reenactments of national history 359 Notes 367 Epilogue 372 One hundred years of memory 372 Images and monuments 373 Memory politics 374 War memory 376 The spectacle of history 378 Regeneration and revival 379 Antiquity and Byzantium 381 Unequal pasts 382 Clio’s clothing 383 Notes 385 Index 386
Index Page numbers followed by n indicate notes. Page numbers in italic refers to figures and bold refers to tables. About, Edmond 256,277-278 Academy of Athens 97,200 Acropolis 74, 78,112,112n8,122, 133, 186,188,191-192,195, 200, 201, 204,223nll, 226n69, 238, 243,244,248,262,279, 291, 342, 360, 361, 381; siege of 51, 53, 65, 67,158, 344 Acropolis newspaper 250 Agia Lavra, Monastery 14,37, 37, 38, 52,53,112n5,168,180, 340, 348, 352, 368n26, 374 Albania, Albanian 278,279,297, 301Ո14,368n23; “Albanian costume” 100, 30ІПІ7 Alexander the Great 54,298 Ali Pasha 295-296,298 Amalia, Queen of Greece 44, 75,151, 218,238,280,282, 362, 384; “Amalia” dress 18,277,280, 282-283, 302n35, 302n36; portraits, depictions 130,153, 18ІПІ0,238 American, Americans 13,201, 228nl08,249,259, 265,292, 343, 344, 346,384; American athletes 249; American Revolution 10, 309; AHEPA 325; American School of Classical Studies at Athens 252; Pan-American Exhibition 253 Anatolia, see Asia Minor Anderson, Benedict 179 Androutsos, Odysseas 53, 56, 297, 300, 366; statue, monument 109, 118n99; tomb 337 anniversaries x, 19, 51,132,176, 233, 321, 322, 347, 348, 359; of “great men” 96, 97; of military units 177; royal 114n39, 313, 374; of the Sultan’s enthronement 310; see also centennials; national anniversaries anniversary of the Greek Revolution: fiftieth 51, 52, 80-81, 87,106,108, 109, 314, 335, 373; hundredth 168, 336-337; Bicentennial x; see also Centennial of Greek Independence antiquarianism 28,187, 242, 255, 261,321 antiquities 186,192,196,198-200, 202,222n2, 244,262, 381; collections, museums 188,190, 195,
207; forgery 243; landscape 41,194,196,199; nationalization 189-191,192-193; paintings 151, 191,279; photographs 198,199, 283,284; preservation and looting 189,197, 204,205,227n99; publications 187 antiquity xii, xiii, 6,16, 24, 26-28, 34, 63n97, 81, 97, 111, 120,134,152, 173,180,183n59,185,187-191, 193,197-199,201-204,206, 209-211, 218,226n67,228nl05, 237-239,245,246, 253,254,256, 258,259, 262, 287,290,291,295, 298,309, 311, 315, 325, 361,380, 381, 383, 384; see also revival Apollo 1,116n67,186,253,256, 265, 309 archaeology 173,185,188,190,192, 194,195, 243, 255,262, 326; excavations 188,195, 381;
Index 387 legislation 191,195,204, 228nl09,381 Argos 64,127,192, 302ո39 Armansperg, Joseph von 71-72, 113nl0,131 army 175-177,285,317; and collective memory 178; and national anniversaries 314-317, 320,331n49,344,364,378,379 Asia 237,243, 250 Asia Minor 168,170,172-174, 346, 365 Asia Minor Campaign 7,107,170, 171,176,177,178,180,183n57, 215,221,336,375 Asia Minor Catastrophe x, xiii, 3, 167,168-169,183n57, 338; commemoration of 170-172,174, 175,178,375-376 Assmann, Aleida 64, 380 Assmann, Jan xi, 4,252,384 Athena 89,116ո67,130,147ո51, 200, 240, 243, 360 Athena newspaper 279 Athens 48, 62n83,62n89, 66, 71,76, 91,97,113n20,138,151,153,154, 190,193,195,198,202,204,205, 216,223nl0,246-248,250,252, 256,266,284,285,324,345,361, 378,380,381, 383,384; ancient 239,240; ancient monuments 187-188,204; ceremonies 19,101, 112n8,161,217,224n32, 313, 316,318, ЗЗІпЗб, 337,338,341, 342,344,345,347; monuments 15, 16,54,69, 75, 76,78, 82,82, 83, 99,101,107,108,158,171,179, 180,215,300,349,355,373,374, 376, 381; municipality of 79,99, 202,221, 329, 342; panorama of 123,136; spectacles 33,136,137, 140,141,206,217,259,262,266, 286,295,296, 323,328,336 athletic contests 2,14,138,245,247, 264, 267, 306, 323, 344, 361; see also Olympic Games Attica 25,283,289,360, 361 Austria 33,60n51,137,152 authenticity xii, 188,209, 235, 236, 240,242-245,263; historical reenactments and revivals 17,18, 233, 234,235,239,254,257,260, 321, 361; (historical) painting 30, 31, 35,36,41,120,144,254; narrating the past 46, 242; Greek folk culture 56,286,289; theater 77,255,258,276,295,300; Byzantine art 203,209;
national identity 125,194,243,261,276, 280,291,292,359 Averof, Georgios 85, 87, 90-92, 323,374 Balkan Wars 7, 8,17, 56,145,160, 163,170,171,176,177,180,200, 208,220,221,283,286, 340, 347, 351, 382; commemoration 164, 165,169,182n30,349, 375 Bann, Stephen 242 Barker, Robert 120-121,145n2 Barthélemy, Abbé 45,62ո76 Bartholdy, J.L.S. 356 Basil II, emperor 220, 229nl32,230Ո155 Bavaria, Bavarians 33, 35, 36, 38-41, 43,48,51,56,60n47,60n51, 61ո68,67, 70, 71, 73-74, 75, 76, 80, 86,91,96,104,105, 112ո8, ПЗпІО, 113ո19, 115ո42, 131, 150,153,155,190—193, 203, 217, 218, 278, 280, 283, 310, 311, 315, 321, 331ո45, 375, 381, 382; artists and architects 36, 39,41,43, 51, 56, 61ո68, 67, 76, 96, 116ո67, 127,151, 153, 204, 373; Lion of Bavaria 73-74, 75, 76,157; see also Ludwig I, King of Bavaria Berlin 135,137,139,228nl01,237; Berlin Congress 137 Billig, Michael 132 Bismarck 110,137 Bodmer, Gottlieb 181n7 Boggi, Giovanni 43, 53, 61n67 Boissonnas, Fred 200,227n83 Bonanos, Georgios 68,69,99, 106-107,163 Bonirote, Pierre 44, 61n68,61n70 Botsaris, Markos 41,45,47, 57,67, 80,100, 337; monuments 68,69, 71, 96,101, 339,349,367n4,374; portraits, depictions 44, 46, 51, 57, 59n21,294 Bouboulina, Laskarina 29,50,52, 62n91,355,356-357,358,366 Bourdieu, Pierre 225n60,275 Budapest 322
388 Index Bulgaria 103,144,156,163,220, 230nl55, 349, 368ո23 Burke, Peter 9,171 Byron, Lord George Gordon 99-103, 279; Byronomania 100; centennial of his birth 101; centennial of his death 9,19,100, 341-344; The Giaour 28, 242; portraits 41,100, 30ІПІ7; statue in Athens 101-103, 102, 320, 337, 342; statue in Missolonghi 101,103,109 Byzantine art 17,202-204, 206-209, 222,227n89,258, 264,291, 381 Byzantine Museum of Athens 208, 227n99, 381 Byzantium, Byzantine empire xii, xiii, 6,17,173,174,182n33,201,204, 206,207,209-215, 217, 218,220, 222,230Ո142,265, 299, 311, 325, 381, 382, 383, 384; historiography 133,208,210; reenactment 168, 324-327, 328-329, 333n88, 360, 361,382,383 Canning, George 345 Carlyle, Thomas 267n4 carnival 18,256,257, 261,276,279, 283, 284,293, 304n71,307, 311, 320, 383 Çelebi, Evliya 222ո2, 223nll cemeteries 118nl00,158,165; military 158-159, 337 cenotaphs 92,157-158,162,166,168, 171,179-180,181n20,217 Centennial of Greek Independence, of the Greek Revolution xii, 3,19, 178,262, 323,335-371, 377, 384 centennials in Europe 322; in Greece 344-346; see also anniversaries Chapu, Henri 101,102 Charitakis, Georgios 111, 323, 336-338,341, 347, 367n7, 368n23 Charlemagne 310, 320-321 Charles V 40 Chateaubriand, François-René de 239 Chatzimichail, Theofilos, see Theofilos, Chatzimichail Chicago 139, 200, 287 Chios 27, 30-32, 35,46,59n36, 85, 122,157,158,181Ո19,337, 338, 341, 355, 369n49; see also Delacroix, Eugène Choiseul-Gouffier, Auguste de 28 Christianity 26-28,30, 33, 34,70, 86, 112n6,167,203,204,207,209-214, 220,222n2,224n40,241,242,246, 307,311,315,
379,381,383 Chrysostomos, Metropolitan of Smyrna 169,171,178, 376 Church 21n38,114n38; Catholic 306, 309, 310; Greek Orthodox 37, 40, 86, 89, 92,113nl5,171,205,207, 212,219,236, 344 cinema 121,136,141,182n44,233, 266,299, 335, 336 Civil War, Greek x, xi, 3,4,126 Clark, Ellery Harding 249 Clarke, Edward Daniel 185-186 Codrington, Sir Edward 123, 345 commemorations 2, 6,10,11,15,18, 105,107,110,145,153,159,168, 169,171,174,176,177-178,179, 180,216-217,260,276,282, 307-309,313,314,316,318, 321-322, 325, 373-379; see also Centennial of Greek Independence Connerton, Paul 10,212,322 Connolly, James B. 249 Constantine, Crown Prince 82,143, 216,219,220,230nl41,230nl52, 248,257,382; see also Constantine I, King of Greece Constantine I, King of Greece 17,150, 183n57, 220,221,375, 23ІПІ56, 23ІПІ57, 332n63, 335-337, 375 Constantine the Great, Saint Constantine 213,217,219, 220,229nl32 Constantine XI, Palaiologos 17,133, 181Ո20,213,215-217,219, 220, 229nl40, 381, 383 Constantinople 76, 77,93,114n23, 118n96,163,167,204,209,213, 216,218-220, 229nl32,229nl40, 230ПІ45,237, 310, 311, 324, 340, 375, 382; Fall of 17,27,129,130, 131,133,170,173,186,210-215, 216,217, 222,298,383 Cook, George Cram 265 Cook, Thomas 198 cosmorama 122,146n8 costume(s) 17,18, 35,162,259,276, 294,325, 383; Albanian 100, 301Ո17; archaic 2,18,257,259, 260,264-266, 283,295, 324, 372, 380, 383, 384; folk, local 1,18,
Index 389 262,282, 324, 351, 353, 354, 361; historical 255,256,272nll8,276, 280,283, 320-322, 326, 327, 332ո68, 333ո88, 384; military 285; national 260,277,279-287, 291,292, 301ո24, 302ո39, 384; royal 18,151, 279, 282, 286, 384; traditional 41,237,260, 276-278, 283-286,287-292, ЗОЗпбІ, 354, 359, 365, 384; see also Amalia dress; carnival; fustanella(s); Lyceum Club of Greek Women Crary, Jonathan 8 Cretan Question 103,142,150, 219 Crete, Cretan 56,158,168,178,200, 201,286, 325, 327, 328, 340-341, 348, 353, 369n36 Crimean War 28,121,124,156,158, 214,272nin, 285,294 cultural transfers 278, 315, 378 Curtius, Philippe 234-235, 268nl9 Cyprus 172, 350, 351 D’Angers, David 68, 68, 96,113nl2, 339, 374 Dalisson, Rémi 144,181n23 Damvergis, Ioannis 336, 338, 349, 351-352, 353, 360, 370n65 dance(s), dancer(s) 201, 255, 259262, 264,266,267,273Ո136, 274nl69,292, 316, 325, 328, 329, 333n88, 341,352, 354, 356, 357, 359,365, 369n52,380,383; see also Lyceum Club of Greek Women Dante 96 Darnton, Robert 306 David, Jacques-Louis 100, 232, 235 Delacroix, Eugène 28, 30-32, 35, 57, 59n30, 59n36, 232, 373; Massacres of Chios 30-31, 32, 35, 59n36; Hellas on the ruins of Missolonghi 31-32 Delaroche, Paul 31 Delphi 1,256,264-267, 345 Delphic Festivals 1-2,17, 201, 244, 253,259, 261-267, 292, 380 Demeter 185,262 Demosthenes 240 Dervenakia 25, 80, 83, 340, 344,352 Deschamps, Gaston 55,294, 302n39 Diakos, Athanasios 41, 56, 57,293, 299; bust 349, 352; depictions 51, 54,55,131,297, 300, 366, 371n76 Diehl, Charles 227n89 Diligiannis, Theodoros 156, 248 Dimitriadis, Konstantinos 118n97, 171,221 Dionysos 257;
Theater of 262 diorama 28,146n8 Dodecanese 172, 351 Donnat, Chevalier de 187 Dragoumis, Ion 160,182n41,221 Dragoumis, Nikolaos 25,213 Drama 178, 354 Dramalis 299 Drinkwater, John 342 Drosis, Leonidas 74, 81,97,106, 116n67,200 Dublin 123 Duchess of Plaisance, Sophie de Marbots 43,44 Ducrow, Andrew 237 Dumas, Alexandre 232, 267n7 Duncan, Isadora 259,262, 273nl36, 292, 384 Duncan, Raymond 265,292, 384 Dupre, Louis 296,304n74 Durkheim, Emile 10 East Rumelia 103,156 Eastern Question 101,155,156,214, 215,250 Eleusis 108,185-186,262 Elgin, Lord Thomas Bruce 188 England, English 31, 65, 99-101, 103,104,139,117n84,120,122, 136,144,145n2,146n25,179, 199, 203, 218, 234, 235, 237, 243-245, 247,249, 253-256, 268n29, 270n75, 274nl69,278, 302n41, 309, 321, 322, 330n22, 342, 343, 345; “English party” 92, 112n6 Enlightenment 88, 89,92, 95,96,189, 194,209,210,212,213,239, 254, 382 Epidaurus: ancient 24; new 24, 37, 61n61,340, 364, 372 Ermoupolis (Syros) 62n83,109-110, 119Ո116,157-158,181Ո19 Evans, Arthur 326, 348 Fabvier, Charles Nicolas 20, 74, 113n22,294, 337,344 Falguière, Alexandre 101,102 Fauriel, Claude 32, 356
390 Index feminism, feminist movement xiii, 19, 259, 328, 354-359, 377 Feraios, Rigas, see Rigas Feraios festivals xi, 306-307, 312, 316, 320; in Greece 1-2,60n56,114n39, 153,177,177,186,246,262,283, 311, 313, 315,319, 323, ЗЗІпЗб, 333n94, 339, 347, 353, 378, 379; Ottoman 310,311; religious 314, 353; in revolutionary France 245, 308-309, 329nl7; in Russia 310; see also Delphic Festivals Filiki Etaireia 45,48, 53, 54, 62n74, 219,298,351 Finkel, Alicia 255 First World War, see World War I Flaubert, Gustave 187, 223nll Flocon, Ferdinand 31 folklore 126,172,215,222,237,261, 265,284,285,288,290-292, 304n62, 380 Foltz, Philipp 181n7 Foucault, Michel 8,225n58 France, French 11,13,29, 30,47, 96, 103,110,120-123,125,129,135, 138,139,144,146n8,147n51, 158,159,164,179,181Ո17, 181Ո23,184n73, 237,239,245, 254,255,259,268n29, 275,278, 307-310, 320,345; “French Party” 65, 67, 71, 72,112n6,125,278 Franco-Prussian War 135,139, 254,307 Frankfurt 96 Franzoni, Enrico 153 Fratti, Antonio 143 French Archaeological School at Athens 227n89,264 French Revolution 10,26-29,47,129, 235,239,245,246, 308-310, 331n43; centennial 137 Friedel, Adam 43,50,61n66,100,357 funerary monument 68, 70, 75, 96, 101,113n20,115n47,118nl00, 158,164,165 fustanella(s) xi, 2,18,44, 55, 56, 79, 83,131,151,161,162, 215,251, 251,265,275-305, 294, 324, 326, 340, 354, 359,361,365,372, 383,384 Fytalis, Georgios 74, 88, 91, 94,113n20 Fytalis, Lazaros 74, 91,113n20 Gaertner, Friedrich von 151 Garibaldi, Giuseppe 143 Garibaldi, Ricciotti 142,143 Garneray, Ambroise 123 Geneva 115n53,343 George I, King of Greece 9,17, 91,
150,218,219, 313, 320, 331n41, 375; commemoration 164,202, 221,336 Gericault, Théodore 28 Germanos, Metropolitan of Patras (Palaion Patron) 37, 38, 87; depictions 14, 36,37, 51,52, 86, 337; statues 336, 349 Germany 11, 38,109-111,135,159, 194, 201,237,245,247, 253,268n29 Giannitsa: battle of 166, 347; monument 166 Gibbon, Edward 382 Gillis, John 10,373 Girodet, Anne-Louis 123 Gladstone, William Ewart 83, 87, 103, 117n84,117n87,117n88, 118n97,216 Glassberg, David 238 Glücksburg dynasty 11, 85,150, 217, 219,313 Goethe 96 Gordon, Thomas 8,42, 61n60 “great men” 14,19,26, 28,46-49, 52,54, 81, 87, 95-99,105,110, 131-135,150,155,179,234,293, 349, 355, 374, 375 Greek Revolution 3,19,26,27, 73, 78,150,168,170,192,213, 218, 240, 241,298, 315, 316, 372, 383; civil wars xiii, 27,40,46, 64, 65, 79, 80; commemoration 3,10,15, 24, 65, 75, 76,108,145, 316, 338, 376; commodities 29; communica tive memory 210, 252; drama 295; films 299; historical memory 14, 19, 37, 53, 56,57,105,278, 293, 353, 354-359, 373, 382; history 6, 38,45,46,125,133,219,233; paintings 8,28, 31, 32,35, 36,45, 51,53, 57, 86,213; panoramas 15, 120,122-124; see also anniversary of the Greek Revolution; Centennial of Greek Independence Greek War of Independence, see Greek Revolution
Index Gregory V, Patriarch 9,29,56, 86, 88, 89, 92-94,163,171, 376; bust 90; centennial oí his hanging 337, 338; depictions 40, 86,106; statue 83, 84, 86-88, 93, 94, 98,159,160, 318, 374; translation of his relics 314 Gros, Antoine-Jean 123 Grosholtz, Marie 234,268nl9; see also Tussaud, Madame Grossi, Augusto 52 Gustav III, of Sweden 281 Güthenke, Constanze 187,239,223nl3 Gyzis, Nikolaos 44, 54 Halbwachs, Maurice 5,10 Hamilakis, Yannis 185,190,228nl05 Hamilton, Lady 268n29 Hansen, Christian 74, 85, 87,204 Hastings, Frank Abney 51, 345 Heideck, Karl Wilhelm von 41, 71 Helen of Troy 253 Helen, Saint 217,220 Hellas 28, 89, 98,101,102,104,126, 129-131,147n39,147n51,157, 189,213,242, 365; see also Delacroix, Eugene; Vryzakis, Theodoros Herakleios, emperor 167 Herakles 309, 310, 329nl7; Roman Hercules 237 Hermannsdenkmal 111 Hermes by Praxitelis 248 Herodes Atticus 250; Odeon of 259,344 Hess, Peter von 36, 38^10,41,43,45, 47, 50, 56, 60n46, 61n60,61n61, 86, 91,125,127,181n8,181n9, 357, 366, 373 Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece 18, 52, 57, 69, 99,106, 125,206,289-291,347, 373, 381; see also National Historical Museum historical consciousness 13,26,132, 142,189,233; Greek 17, 33, 70, 87,125,193,209,211,240,293, 296,297, 311, 341; modern xii, 3, 8,129,240,242, 372 historical drama 43, 86,92,135,255, 292, 293, 295,296,299,321 historical novel 43,232,233,242, 296, 357 391 historical pageantry 2,18, 233,238, 308, 310, 320-322, 324, 326-328, 356,364,365, 372, 378 historiography 5-7,13,14,25-26, 36, 38,43,45, 80,127,131,133,209, 210,215,222,232,242,243,275, 292, 326, 374
history as spectacle 9,28,132,135, 232,236,239,242,262,293,295, 327, 328, 363, 366, 378-379 Hittorff, Jacques-Ignace 141 Hobsbawm, Eric 11 Holmes, Burton 249 Holocaust 4, 375 Homer 28, 30, 89, 98,240; Homeric helmet 100; Homeric heroes 237, 256, 277, 283; Homeric studies 103 Horton, George 249-250 Hugo, Victor 98,232 Hungary, Hungarian 96,116n62, 322, 333n71 Hydra 109,246,289, 325 lakovidis, Georgios 161,162,238 latridis, Athanasios 45, 55, 62n78 Ibrahim Pasha 34, 59n34 Ingres, J.-A.-D. 44 International Classical Games 253 international exhibitions, see World’s Fairs loannina 48,295, 337 Ionian Islands 53,98,104,115n53, 118n95,210,245-246, 341, 347 irredentism 108,142,156,194, 200, 250, 349, 351; see also Megali Idea Islam 27,28, 30,33,123,167, 209-211,215,236,241 Italy, Italians 33,43,52, 98,116n64, 116n67,136,143,179, 204,259, 298, 343, 351; Italian artists 36, 43, 53,97,100,153, 237 Japan 287 Jeanne d’Arc 138,357 Jerusalem 310, 369n49 jubilees, see anniversaries Kaftantzoglou, Lysandros 70-71, 90, 113nl7,115n47, 204,224n36, 230Ո141 Kairi, Evanthia 33, 34-35
392 Index Kaiser (Wilhelm II of Prussia) 324; monuments to 110 Kalamata 289, 347,363, 364 Kalavryta 168 Kallergis, Dimitrios 154 Kanaris, Konstantinos 337, 366; portraits 44, 57 Kanellos, Vassos and Tanagra 262 Kansteiner, Wulf 67 Kapodistrias, Ioannis 26, 35, 67, 70, 71, 76, 78, 80, 94,106,113nl6, 117n93,117n94,125,150,153, 155,190,192,213,278,293; busts 105,221; commemoration 39,94,104,105,106, 339; portraits 105,106; statues 83, 87, 94,103,105-107,109, 336 Karagiozis 12,18, 56,136,142, 293-300, 294, 305n81, 377, 382 Karaiskakis, Georgios 25, 47, 56, 64-72, 77, 79, 80, 95,104,125, 126, 344, 363; monuments 65, 69, 71, 72, 85, 93,107,108,158, 320, 337, 349, 374; portraits, depictions 42,51, 57, 62n89, 67,131 Karolidis, Pavlos 84,252 Karpenisi 34,45, 62n78, 349, 354 Katsantonis 296,298, 305n81 Kephalonia 53,245 Kerkyra 49,98,106,109,115n53, 118n97,289,324,339,343,347 Kilkis 166, 347, 365 Kipling, Rudyard 342 Klenze, Leo von 39,45,191,204 Kolettis, Ioannis 24, 37,46, 47, 51, 58n2, 62n89, 64-67, 68-72, 91, 113Ո17,193,217,246,278, 309, 312, 314, 373; depictions 39, 72 Köllnberger, Ludwig 283 Kolokotronis, Theodoros 25, 42, 56, 65, 69, 71, 79-80, 95,104,106, 125,192,297,299, 300, 337, 363, 364, 366, 377, 382; portraits, paintings 44, 51, 54,114n35; statues 80-83, 82, 216, 300, 318, 320, 379, 382 Korais, Adamantios 28, 46, 47, 89, 95-97,107,189,190,192,212, 381; bust 90; mausoleum 115n47, 337; portraits 89-92, 293; statue 83, 85, 87, 89, 94,107,118n97, 159,318 Kossos, Ioannis 83, 86, 88, 88,90-91, 101,105-106 Kougeas, Sokratis 340-341, 349 Kozani 349, 363, 364-365, 377 Kraus,
Gustav 181nl0 Krazeisen, Karl 41,42,42-43,47,48, 50,114n35,125,127, 373 Lambros, Spyridon 84,206, 228nll2, 251,335, 336, 340 Lamia 143 Langlois, Jean-Charles 60n40, 123-124,135,146n7 Larissa 143,162, 349 Le Goff, Jacques 6 Le Peletier 308 Le Play, Frédéric 288 Lebiedzki, Eduard 152 Leonidas 25,45,59n21, 89,295 Leoussi, Athena 254 Leroy, Julien David 187 Lesuire, Wilhelm-Georg von 72,113nl9 lieux de mémoire, see realms of memory Lipparini, Ludovico 36,37, 38, 45, 51,100 London 43, 89, 90,98,101,117n87, 117n88,123,137,139,179,198, 227n83, 234, 235, 237, 286, 343; Conference of 336; Crystal Palace 139, 322; World’s Fair 105, 148n66,289 Louis Napoleon 312; see also Napoleon III Louis Philippe 118ІПІ7, 312, 313 Louis XIV 40, 314 Louis XVI 234 Louis, Saint 310, 314 Louis, Spyros 250-251,251,252, 284,285 Lourdes 307 Lowenthal, David 5,185,244, 289, 350 Ludwig I, King of Bavaria 33, 35, 38-39, 40, 51, 60n47,60n51,71, 73,104,127,150,153,190-191, 203,280, 321; see also Bavaria Luther 321 Lyceum Club of Greek Women 238, 259-260, 355, 358, 362,378; costumes 18,291-292, 325, 354, 384; dances 261, 325, 341, 356, 380; festivals 18,239,260,266, 274nl 69, 321, 324-327, 328-329, 359, 361,364,383 Lytras, Nikephoros 44,54, 86
Index 393 Macedonia 142,161,200, 325, 341, 352; Macedonian Struggle 160, 162,163,216,220,285,298, 353, 364, 365 Magne, Lucien 202 Maison, Nicolas Joseph 103, 345 Makrygiannis, Ioannis 16,36, 56, 79, 124-131,154,18ІПІ1,192,193, 241,242,282, 367n2; images 8, 126-131,130,147n45,213, 373 Malherbe, Raoul de 154,181nll Marathon 27,250,251,284 marathon race 250,251,252,253, 271n94,284, 380 Margaritis, Georgios 46, 51, 62n89, 67 Margaritis, Philippos 46,48, 51, 61n71 Marie Antoinette 234 Marseilles 90, 309 mass spectacles 2, 8,11,12,14,17, 19,31,120,136,137,151, 232-234,253,260,266,267nl, 292, 300, 320, 323, 363, 367; see also history as spectacle Maurer, Georg Ludwig von 71, 191,204 Mavrogenous, Manto 43,50 Mavrokordatos, Alexandros 48, 57, 65, 68, 76,100,104, 356, 367n2 Mavromichalis, Kyriakoulis 34 Mavromichalis, Petros Bey 364 Maximilian, Crown Prince of Bavaria 75,18ІПІ0 Megali Idea 73, 77, 83, 84,103, 114n37,144,145,150,157,163, 168,170,175,213-217,219,297, 350; see also irredentism Megalopolis 262 Melas, Pavlos 16,160-163,161, 182n41,285 Melman, Billie 235,268nl9 memorials 1,2, 5,9,14,15,24,58, 65, 69, 70-71, 73, 75,119nll6, 143,157,163-166,221,342,344, 351, 353, 367n4, 379; Axioupolis Memorial 167 memory: collective xi, xii, xiii, 3, 4, 6, 18,27,64,67,107,122,155,164, 165,168,172,173,178,193,252, 295,298, 307,308,338,341, 346, 349, 373; communicative 3,4,210, 252, 384; cultural xi, xii, 2-4,7, 10,17, 58,95,185,213,245,252, 380, 384; social 4, 6,10,11, 67, 152,171,322; traumatic x, 4,16, 26,50,166,167,173,174,376; see also national memory; war memory Mercié, Antoine 81
Metaxas, Anastasios 323 Metaxas, Ioannis 342,350,201 Metternich 29,59n20 Miaoulis, Andreas 39, 50,125, 376; monument 337; statue 109, 110,157 Miltiades 89 Missolonghi 27, 32,45,68, 68,98, 101,122,246; anniversary of the Exodus 339; centennial of the Exodus 19, 344; commercializa tion 29; memorial for the fallen 70, 71,157; panorama of the siege 138,140; as a realm of memory 32-35, 340, 352; see also Delacroix, Eugène; Vryzakis, Theodoros Mistriotis, Georgios 257-259, 380 Mitchell, Rosemary 233 Monten, Dietrich 40,151, 302n33 Montpellier 306,309 Monument to the Unknown Soldier 179; in Athens 16,107,171,178, 179,180,180,283, 320; in Greece 178 monuments x, 8,11,14,15,19,24, 43,52,58, 64-119,102,144, 151-153,157-159,163-166,174, 176,189,221,262,276,300, 319, 320, 322, 326,335-337, 339, 340-341, 344, 345-352, 358,364, 368n30,368n31, 372-374,382; ancient 17,28,185-188,190-192, 196-199, 201,208,243, 381; anti-Venizelist 222, 375; Byzantine 17,202-209,210,381; “linguistic” 290; royalist 23ІПІ56; women’s 359,370n59; see also memorials; Monument to the Unknown Soldier; national monument(s); Pantheon (Panhellenic Memorial) Morgenthau, Henry 343, 368nl4, 368nl6 Moscow 112 Mosse, George 11,159 Munich 35,36,38-40,42,43,60n46, 60n55,101,116n67,139,144,
394 Index 152,190,191,204,207, 224ո32, 237, 321; Königsplatz 39 Musée Grevin 234, 235-236 museums 188,189,195-196, 207, 225ո54, 225ո62, 228ո108, 232, 288, 290, 291; archaeological 190, 191, 195,199, 381; of Christian art 206, 207; folklore 290 Mycenae, Mycenaean 195,197,199, 200,259, 326 Nafplion 39,40, 66, 70, 73-76, 81-82, 83, 86,127,152-153, 154, 157, 356, 369n49 Napoleon Bonaparte 29, 38, 60n51, 113nl4,121,124,135,146n7, 179,18ІПІ1,235,245,246, 312, 321,330n35 Napoleon III 124, 312; see also Louis Napoleon Napoleonic Wars 27,28, 111, 120, 121,159,256 national anniversaries 245, 310, 312, 314, 317, 322, 338-339, 378, 379; see also national holidays; centen nials; Centennial of Greek Independence National Archaeological Museum 190,195,199 national heroes 81, 85, 86, 90, 93, 99, 114n33,126,132,142,143,150, 156,158,160,163,182n37, 215, 279, 293, 346, 349, 350, 355-359, 363, 372, 375, 382; see also national pantheon National Historical Museum 57, 342, 344 national holidays 154,177; of 14 July 138, 308; of 25 March 18, 64-65, 70, 71, 79, 91-92,160,169,181, 221,246,248,282,304n71, 313, 314-320, 331Ո42, 331n43, 337, 338,378 national identity xii, 17,20nl0, 97, 194,240, 373, 381; construction of 3,261, 307; Greek xi, 27, 84, 96, 97,147n39,159,170,193, 203, 209, 214,249,254,289, 293, 367, 372, 377, 379; representation of 19,276,283, 286,287-288 national memory 16,17,19, 25,108, 113n9,114n38,144,160,164, 169,175,181,193, 328, 339, 357; visual canon of 49-52 national monument(s) 69, 83,101, 105, 111, 118Ո100,179,340, 374 national pantheon 15,41, 50, 53, 56, 80, 81, 92,95, 96,98,
99,104֊ 106,125,126,150,154-156, 356, 363; see also national heroes national past 24, 47, 52, 56, 86,175, 203,206,209,246,256, 311, 315, 355,362,378 National Schism 16,17,175,176, 221,325, 335, 336, 359,362,376 nationalism 34, 93-94,116n62,179, 243, 360; banal 132; sartorial 280-281,301n24; theories of 20nl0, 245; and women 359, 378; see also irredentism Navarino, Naval Battle of 146n21; centennial 19, 325, 344-345, 347; iconography 40, 61n61; monu ments 70, 368nl7; panoramas 15, 122-124,146n25; as a realm of memory 352 Nelly’s 200-201,266 neoclassicism 39,191,204, 381, 383 New York 139,201,265 Nilson, Friedrich Christian 40 Nora, Pierre 5 Odessa 62n74,114n24 Odevaere, Joseph-Denis 60n40, 99-100 Oettermann, Stephan 121 Olga, Queen of Greece 219,230nl41, 259,280,283 Olympic Games: Intermediate (1906) 324; First International (1896) 248-249, 251,252, 284; modern 137, 267, 270n75; revival 17, 245-253,271n86,380 Otto I, King of Greece xiii, 11,16, 38, 39, 65-66, 70-73, 75, 83, 84,105, 130,191,204, 217,218,224n32, 230nl45, 314; anniversary of the Apobaterion 153; anniversary of his enthronement 75, 85, 313; commemoration of 69,150, 152-153,154,155, 375; and national costume 279-282, 384; opposition to 76, 89, 91, 92,125, 153, 316; portraits, depictions 39, 40,151-153,191,221,281,282, 336; reenactment 362 Ottoman Empire 10,56,66,77, 84, 150,156,163,170,172,183n59,
Index 395 185,200,213,214,238,254,256, 280,284,293,297,298,306,311, 330ո25,377 Ozouf, Mona 308 pageant movement 249; see also historical pageantry Palamas, Kostis 55, 57,99,100, 102-103,233, 248 Palmer-Sikelianos, Eva 201, 259, 263, 264-265,266,292, 380 Panathenaic Stadium 18,139,141, 167,168,239,248-252, 258-260, 262,274Ո169, 291, 319, 320, 323-324, 325-327, 327, 328, 346, 359, 360-362,362, 363, 364, 378-380, 383 Pangalos, Theodoros 174,175, 178,344 panorama 11,15-16,17,28, 31, 120-149, 232, 236,242, 250,252; portable 16,136,137,141-143, 145, 378; panorama building (rotunda) 120,122,124, 135-139,141 Pantheon (Panhellenic Memorial) 70, 71,99,106,111-112,113nl 7, 157,172, 347, 349, 350-351, 359 Papaflessas 36,41,51, 78 Papanastasiou, Alexandros 342-344, 368nl4 Papantoniou, Zacharias 42,43, 345 Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos 37, 84, 86,133,210, 325,356 parade xi, 1, 2, 308, 365; of kanephoroi 260; military 82, 314, 316, 317, 353, 379; Olympic 284; of pupils 318, 319, 340, 379՝, of teachers 246; student 314, 317-319, 353, 379; see also procession Paris 30-32, 38, 43,45,48,49, 53, 56, 71,72,81,89-91,98,104, 113Ո17,122,144,189,227n83, 228nll2, 234, 235, 257,286, 310, 313; Champ de Mars 245; panoramas 123,135,138-140, 141,146n7; Parisian fashion 29, 273nl27,283,292, 302n36; Salons 30,68,232, 356; Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 179; World’s Fairs 48, 81,114n35,137, 198-200, 202, 203,226n70, 288-290 Parker, Louis Napoleon 321 Parren, Callirrhoe 259-260,261, 324, 325,355, 370n65 Parthenon 97,151,186,191,192, 200-202,220,259, 306, 383; see also Acropolis Patras 142,143,266,267,289,296,
297, 336, 380 Peloponnese, Peloponnesians 37, 65, 66, 70, 78-80, 95,112n5,125, 131,219,240,289, 311, 340, 344, 345, 347, 365, 373 Pericles 179,248,250 Peter the Great 310, 321 Phaleron 62n89, 65, 69, 72,158, 374 Phanariotes 75-77,114n23, 277-278, 296, 373 Philadelpheus, Alexandros 256-257, 273,304n67, 380 philhellenism, philhellenes 27-29,41, 52, 59n30, 70, 71, 74-75, 90,101, 103,113n22,116n73,120,122, 130,143,192,223Ո13,279, 337, 345; and art 30-32, 35, 36, 38,45, 103, 356, 357, 373, 374 Philippoteaux, Félix 139 Philippoteaux, Paul Dominique 139 Phillips, Thomas 100,301nl7 photography 8,48-49, 62n83, 124, 137,138,144,159,162, 182n44, 198-200,233,284 Piraeus 66,109,178,226n75,246, 266,294, 320, 336, 337, 341, 342 Planché, J.R. 255,272nll8 Plato 97,116n67, 264 Pohlsander, Hans A. 69, S3 Pouqueville, F.C.H.L. 8, 30, 38, 45, 61n60, 91 Prévost, Pierre 123 procession xi, 18,27,233, 306-307, 308, 337; historical 9,11, 320, 321, 324, 332n68, 383; religious 306, 307, 311, 353, 354; royal 109, 314, 316, 317, 378; torchlight 12,248,318, 319; at the “festival of the flag” 360-361; during the French Revolution 309; in the Ottoman empire 306, 311; in traditional costumes 328,351; see also parade Prometheus 264; Prometheus Bound 264, 326 propaganda 40,135,151,163, 182n44, 200,218,256,286, 328-329, 375,377
396 Index Prost, Antoine 164-165 Prussia, Prussian 27,135,213, 220, 356 Psara 291,337, 341 public history x, 4,12-13, 52, 85, 132,163,175 Pushkin 96, 98,112 Pylos 345, 347 Rahl, Carl 152 Rangavis, Alexandros Rizos 257, 258, 273nl29,295 realms of memory xii, 2, 3, 5,19, 21Ո17,95,107,116ո69,189,244, 357,377,381,384 rebirth 26, 84, 85, 89, 90, 98,108,152, 192, 239-241, 243, 246, 248, 249, 261,263,269ո50, 379,380 reenactment 12,14, 178, 216, 304ո71, 306, 308, 311, 320, 322-324, 326, 328, 335, 359, 360, 362, 363, 364,378,380 refugee memory xi, xii, 173, 174, 299, 376 refugees x, 16,168,169,172,175, 222, 343, 348,376,377 regeneration 26, 84, 89, 97,103,108, 131,159,163,215,239,240-242, 246, 249,254,263,264,269ո50, 314, 335, 346,350,379,384 Renaissance 189,239, 276 Renan, Ernest 5,93-94,144 Reshid Mehmed Pasha (Kioutachis) 53 Rethymnon 353, 363, 364 Revett, Nicholas 187-188 revival 8,17,18,26, 232-267, 269n50,271n86,273nl27, 292, 328, 379, 380,384; of ancient drama 1,9,14,17, 244, 253-259, 264, 380; of ancient rituals 1-2, 232,239,240,259-261, 309, 360; classical 188,244; neogothic 244; of ancient games, see Olympic Games Revolution (Revolt) of 3 September 73, 77,18ІПІЗ, 375; national holiday of 11, 79,154,181nl7, 314-315, 331n50,378 Rietschel, Ernst Wilhelm 151 Rigas Feraios 85, 88-89,92, 93,100, 116n70,117n94,163,178, 366; bust 90; depictions 89, 91, 92, 99, 106,130, 293, 363; statue 78, 83, 87, 88, 88, 94,106,159, 318, 374 Rigny, Henri de 123, 345 Ripfel, Anton 153 Ritter, Carl 194 Robichon, François 135 Roche, Daniel 275 Roilos, Georgios 144,145 Romanticism 8,28, 30,41,43, 53,
57, 99,134,186,187,232,233,239, 242,244,254,255,280,290,321, 356; neo-romanticism 261, 263,384 Rome 53, 70, 81,90,116n66,121, 179,203,204,239 Ross, Ludwig 192, 230nl48,243 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 245, 308 Rublack, Ulinka 278 Rumeli, Rumeliotes 25, 37,62n78, 64, 65,79, 95,126,131,292,373 Ruskin, John 203 Russia, Russian 62n74,116n62,122, 127,137,211,235,237,240,283, 310, 345, 368nl7; “Russian Party” 67, 71, 80, 92,104,105, 112n6,314 Sacred Band 70, 75-76, 77,114n24, 143,158,318, 337, 351,361, 362, 373 Salamis 108,123, 372 Samos 336, 341, 349,363,364 Samuel, Raphael 7 Samuels, Maurice 129, 267nl Schaubert, Eduard 76 Scheffer, Ary 35, 356 Schiller, Friedrich 96, 98,115n59 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich von 191 Schliemann, Heinrich 326 Schwanthaler, Ludwig 36, 60n47, 61n61,96,104 Schwartz, Vanessa 140, 235 Scott, Walter 232-233,267n7 Second World War, see World War II Serbia 163 Serres 347, 349 shadow theater, see Karagiozis Shakespeare 77, 96,98,116n65, 255,256 Siegel, Christian 73-74, 90 Sikelianos, Angelos 201,253,259, 263-264,265,266, 380 Smith, Anthony 20nl0, 34,114n38
Index Smyrna 55,167,169-171, 221,256, 302ո38, 338, 375, 376; Nea Smyrni (New Smyrna) 171; see also Asia Minor Catastrophe Sochos, Lazaros 81, 82, 82, 83, 114n35,143,216,300 Socrates 97,116n67 Solomos, Dionysios 32,98-99, 116ո69,319 Sophia, Queen of Greece 220, 257, 324 Sophocles 1,254-255,259 Souliote(s) 34, 35,45, 356, 369n52 Soutsos, Alexandros 34, 38,7^-77, 79,155,158,219,373 Soutsos, Panagiotis 25, 77, 246, 309, 312 Spain 95 Sparta: ancient 166,199,239, 309, 356-357; modern 126,195,219 Spetses 109,116n67, 356, 363 Stackelberg, Otto Magnus von 186 stamps (commemorative series): “1912 Campaign” 220; centennial of Greek Independence 36, 43, 63n99, 96, 99,125, 346; centen nial of Byron’s death 60n45,100, 341; centenary of the Battle of Acropolis 344; centenary of the Battle of Navarino 345; centenary of the Exodus from Missolonghi 344; 1896 Olympic Games 248, 271n87 Stefanovich-Skylitsis, Dimitrios 101 Stieler, Joseph 153 Strasbourg 113nl2,237 Stuart, James 187-188 Syngros, Andreas 219,230nl53,237 tableaux vivants 17,236-239, 268n29, 268n39, 288, 310, 311, 324, 328, 341,355, 364, 366, 378 Talma, François-Joseph 114n24, 255 Tellini, Enrico 343 Tériade 56 Thassos 262 theater 12, 58nl6,238,254, 255,257, 259,263,264,266,295,321 Thebes 1,35,291, 333n94, 383 Themistocles 89 Theofilos, Chatzimichail 14, 55-56, 58, 300, 373, 382 Thermopylae 25,27, 33,45, 59n21, 304n71 397 Thessaloniki 175,176, 221,227n83, 335,353,377 Thessaly 103,142-143,156, 289, 365 Thiersch, Friedrich von 35, 217 Thiersch, Ludwig 206 Thomopoulos, Thomas 99,163, 182n41,230nl54, 348, 370n59 Thorwaldsen, Berten
73,115n59 Thrace 167, 325, 366; Thracian Sappes 365-366, 377 Thucydides 27,116n67,179 Touret, Auguste Hilarion 74-75, 113n22 tourism x, 17,138,197,198-200, 283,381 tradition 89,219,230nl50, 245,258, 276,284-287,289-292,298, 384; invented 4,11,273nl43, 280,282, 307, 366,369n52 Trikoupis, Charilaos 117ո86,248 Trikoupis, Spyridon 57 Tripoli 90,116n67,246, 302n39, 336, 349, 369n49; fall (and its anniver sary) 80, 340, 356,357, 368ո26 Troizen 26, 65,97,340 Tsakalof, Athanasios 53 Tsokos, Dionysios 50, 51, 53, 62n90, 91,114n35,118n95 Tsvetaeva, Marina 112 Turkey, Turks 32, 33,35, 59n21,122, 123,137,142,156,168-170,172, 174,212,215,217,277, 279,280, 292,294,297-299, 311, ՅՅՕոՅՕ, 337, 338, 348, 349, 368n23, 371Ո76, 377; Greek-Turkish War (1897) 6-7, 8,16, 81, 83,114n37, 142-143,144,157, 220,240,285, 299; Russian-Turkish wars 137; Turko-Venetian wars 27 Turner, Joseph Mallord William 28 Tussaud, Madame 234-235, 372; see also Grosholtz, Marie Tzavellas, Despo 355, 366 United States of America (US, America) 2,11,13,139,146n8, 188,201,237,238, 249,252-253, 262,265, 321, 322; see also American University of Athens 88,92, 94, 95, 97,103,107,114n40,118n96, 152,205,221,231nl57,342;
398 Index anniversary of its establishment 85; and irredentism 84,159-160, 214; as a site of national memory 83-85, 87,107,160,182n30, 318, 320, 373, 379 University Phalanx 316-318, 332n55 Valaoritis, Aristotelis 93-95, 98, 115n53 Venice 51,137,227n88 Venizelos, Eleftherios 69,152,163, 167,176,200,221, 261, 273nl36, 325, 335, 336, 348, 349, 362, 368n26, 369n36,375; Venizelists 175-177,221,23ІПІ56,23ІПІ57, 336, 338, 351, 362, 364, 370n72, 375, 376; see also National Schism Vernardakis, Dimitrios 87, 88, 258 Vernet, Horace 38,60n52,123, 331n41 Victor Emmanuel II of Italy: monu ment to 179 Vienna 62n76, 75, 86,137,139,152, 237, 290 Vlachogiannis, Giannis 126,127, 366 Volos 55-56,143 Voltaire 96,234,240 Voutier, Olivier 30 Vroutos, Georgios 97,99,116n66 Vryzakis, Theodoros 35, 36,43, 50, 55, 60n45, 90,100, 342, 373; Christos Kapsalis Blowing Up the Powder Magazines 35; The Exodus from Missolonghi 35, 36; Grateful Hellas or ‘All for the Fatherland’ 50; The Oath of the Fighters and the Blessing of the Flag by Palaion Patron Germanos 36; The Reception of Lord Byron at Missolonghi 60n45,100 Waldstein, Charles 252,271 n99 Walhalla 60n47 war art 144,163, 375 war memory 16,26,150,158,166, 175,178,180, 375,376 war veterans 16,170,174,183n65, 352, 353,361,365,376, 377 Warburg, Aby 7 Washington Memorial 350 Waterloo 27,179,235 wax displays 31,233,234-236 wax museums 234,235,242, 372 Webster, Daniel 188 Werner, Anton 135 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 188, 194,253 Windmann, Max von 101 Winter, Jay 10,165 Wittelsbach, House of 11, 39,40-41, 85,105,150,153,190,204,217, 219,280,310,312,313
World War I 7,160,165,170,171, 177,180,286,335, 337, 375; memory of 176, 375,377; peace treaties 286, 343 World War II x, 3,19, 285; memory of 375 World’s Fairs 137-138,139,148n66, 237, 287, 288, 303n49; Greek participation 48,105,198, 199-200, 201,202,203,226n70, 226n77, 279,287,288-290, 383 Worth, Charles Frédéric 283 Wrede, Karl Philip von 38 Wrigley, Richard 278-279 Xanthos, Emmanouil 53,54,337, 349,351 Xenos, Stephanos 232,233, 289,357 Ypsilantis, Alexandros 29, 77, 78, 89, 90,106, 131,155,337,362, 363 Ypsilantis, Dimitrios 75; monument to 70, 75, 76 Zakynthos 53, 54, 98-99, 116n69,319 Zalongo 34, 355, 356, 357-358,359, 369n52 Zappas Olympics 91,101,138, 246-247, 289 Zentner, Friedrich von 61n68 Ziller, Ernst 106,110 Zografos, Panagiotis 8,126,128,129, 130,147n52 |
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| author_sort | Kulurē, Christina ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | c k ck |
| building | Verbundindex |
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| dewey-full | 949.5 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 949 - Other parts of Europe |
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| dewey-search | 949.5 |
| dewey-sort | 3949.5 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1821-1930 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1821-1930 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV048463083 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:34:17Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-31T00:54:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367501037 0367501031 9780367501051 |
| language | English |
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| publisher | Routledge |
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| series | Routledge studies in cultural history |
| series2 | Routledge studies in cultural history |
| spelling | Kulurē, Christina ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)140886001 aut Historical memory in Greece, 1821-1930 performing the past in the present Christina Koulouri New York ; London Routledge 2023 xvi, 398 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge studies in cultural history 118 Geschichte 1821-1930 gnd rswk-swf Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtsbewusstsein (DE-588)4020526-5 gnd rswk-swf Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 gnd rswk-swf Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 g Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s Geschichtsbewusstsein (DE-588)4020526-5 s Geschichte 1821-1930 z DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-0-367-50105-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-000-63865-3 Routledge studies in cultural history 118 (DE-604)BV012314086 118 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033841038&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033841038&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Kulurē, Christina ca. 20./21. Jh Historical memory in Greece, 1821-1930 performing the past in the present Routledge studies in cultural history Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Geschichtsbewusstsein (DE-588)4020526-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)4020526-5 (DE-588)4022047-3 |
| title | Historical memory in Greece, 1821-1930 performing the past in the present |
| title_auth | Historical memory in Greece, 1821-1930 performing the past in the present |
| title_exact_search | Historical memory in Greece, 1821-1930 performing the past in the present |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Historical memory in Greece, 1821-1930 performing the past in the present |
| title_full | Historical memory in Greece, 1821-1930 performing the past in the present Christina Koulouri |
| title_fullStr | Historical memory in Greece, 1821-1930 performing the past in the present Christina Koulouri |
| title_full_unstemmed | Historical memory in Greece, 1821-1930 performing the past in the present Christina Koulouri |
| title_short | Historical memory in Greece, 1821-1930 |
| title_sort | historical memory in greece 1821 1930 performing the past in the present |
| title_sub | performing the past in the present |
| topic | Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd Geschichtsbewusstsein (DE-588)4020526-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kollektives Gedächtnis Geschichtsbewusstsein Griechenland |
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