Oboronitel'nye sooruženija Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy ėpochi srednevekov'ja i Novogo vremeni: = Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period
Оборонительные сооружения Древней Руси и Восточной Европы эпохи средневековья и Нового времени
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Sankt-Peterburg
Izdatelʹstvo Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža
110 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 265 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9785935729646 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ О. Μ. Иоаннисян, П. E. Сорокин Конференция «Оборонительные сооружения и монументальное зодчество Древней Руси» 5 Деревоземляные оборонительные сооружения древнерусского времени А. Н. Бондаръ, E. Μ. Веремейчик Средневековые укрепления
Любеча. 7 Μ. Волошин, Л. Янечек, Р. Аоброволъски, Я. Родзик, П. Мрочек, П. Загурски Оборонительные системы некоторых Червенских городов в свете новейших
исследований. 19 С. В. Городилин Данные письменных источников о городских укреплениях Ростова и политическая история Ростовского княжества
. 39 Л. В. Григорьев Укрепления городища Снедка в Тульской области. 54 В. Ю. Коваль Методические проблемы изучения валов
средневековой Руси. 57 В. Я. Конецкий, С. В. Трояновский О новом типе средневековой фортификации в Новгородской земле (в контексте европейских
связей). 62 В. И. Кошман, Н. А. Плавинский Новые данные об оборонительных сооружениях минского Замчища. 73 К С. Носов Древнерусские укрепления с лицевой
сырцовой кладкой:
интерпретации давно известной конструкции. 95 С. А. Панышко Традиция motte в позднесредневековом оборонном зодчестве Волыни. 106 Б. А. Пригцепа Об одной группе городищ X—XIII вв. в Погорынье. 117 Ю. А. Пуголовок К вопросу размещения въездных конструкций на городищах северян. 130 С. С. Рябцева, О. К Савельев Белгород-Днестровская крепость и предшествующее средневековое поселение (некоторые проблемы изучения). 136 264
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ В. Ю. Соболев Городище Которск и Которской погост. К вопросу о соотношении укрепленной и открытой частей поселения . 150 П. E. Сорокин Укрепления средневековых крепостей на
Охтинском мысу. 158 А. Н. Хохлов, А Б. Иванова К изучению древнейших оборонительных сооружений Твери. 171 Оборонительные сооружения XVI—XVIII вв. Μ. Ю. Аанков Укрепления Шуйского
(Петровского) завода на земле Олонецкого уезда начале XVIII столетия. 192 Б. В. Мегорский Осада и штурм Нотебурга в контексте европейского осадного дела начала XVIII
в. 204 И. Ю. Скрипинская Бастионная система крепости Ямбург. 211 Н. Р. Славнитский Укрепления Орешка—Нотебурга—Шлиссельбурга в XVIII
в.219 Μ. П. Чёрная Оборонительная система Томского кремля середины XVII - XVIII в.: перенос и адаптация традиций. 228 А. А.
Чубур, В. Н. Бурьянов Почепские валы. Об одной малоизвестной фортеции петровского времени. 239 Приложение: А. П. Раппопорт О
фамилии Раппопорт. 247 Сведения об авторах. 251 Принятые сокращения. 254 Summaries. 256
CONTENTS Oleg loannisian, Pyotr Sorokin Proceedings of the conference ‘Fortifications and Monumental Architecture in Old Rus’ . 5 Wooden earthwork fortifications in Old Russia Alexander Bondar, Ekna Veremeychik Medieval fortifications in Lyubech. 7 Maran Wołoszyn, AndrzejJaneczek, Badoslaw Oobrowokki, ]an Bodrik, Przemysław Mroczek, Piotr Nagórski Defence works in some of the Cherven towns in light of the latest research. 19 Sergey Gorodilin Manuscript records of the Rostov city fortifications in the context of the political history of the Rostov Principality. 39 Akxander Grigoriev Fortifications of the Snedka ancient settlement in the Tula region. 54 Vladimir Koval Methodological challenges in studying ramparts of medieval Russia. 57 Vladimir Konetsky, Sergey Proyanovsky On a new type of medieval fortification in the Novgorod land (in the context of European links). 62 Vadaim Koshman, Mikalai Plavinski New data on the Minsk Zamchyshcha
fortification. 73 Konstantin Nossov Old Russian mudbrick fortifications: interpretation of a well-known structure. 95 Sergey Panyshko The motte tradition in the late medieval defence architecture of Volyn. 106 Bogdan Prishchepa Concerning a group of ancient hillforts of the tenth - thirteenth centuries in Pogorynie. 117 Yuri Pugolovok Arrangement of entry structures in hillforts of the severyane. 130 Svetlana Beabtseva, Oleg Savelyev Belgorod-Dnestrovsky fortress and preceding medieval settlement (On some issues of study). 136 265
CONTENTS Vladislav Sobolev Kotorsk hillfort and the Kotorsk Pogost. On co-relation between the fortified and open parts of the settlement. 150 Pyotr Sorokin Medieval fortifications on the Okhta cape. 158 Alexander Khokhlov, Anastasia Ivanova On the study of the oldest defence structures of Tver. 171 Defence structures of the sixteenth — eighteenth centuries Mikhail Oankov Fortifications of Shuisky (Petrovsky) factory in the Olonets lands in the early eighteenth century . 192 Boris Megorsky Siege and assault of Nöteburg in the context of the European siegecraft in the early eighteenth century. 204 Natalia Skripinskaya Bastion system of the Yamburg fortress. 211 Nikolay Slavnitsky Oreshek, Noteburg and Shlisselburg fortifications in the eighteenth century.219 Maria Chernaya Tomsk Kremlin defence system of the mid-seventeenth — eighteenth century: passing on and adaptation of traditions. 228 Artur Chubur, Valery Guryanov Pochepskie Valy. Concerning a
relatively unknown fortress of Peter the Great’s time. 239 Appendix. Alexander Rappoport. About the Rappoport family. 247 About authors . 251 Abbreviations. 254 Summaries. 256
SUMMARIES Wooden earthwork fortifications in Old Russia Alexander Bondar, Elena Veremeychik MEDIEVAL FORTIFICATIONS IN LYUBECH The Lyubech (Lubecz) medieval fortifications of the fifteenth — seventeenth centuries is a system of defences reinforced with additional fortified structures at the most vulnerable points. During that period, the Castle served as central part of the Lyubech defences. Its fortifications have been rebuilt, at least, three times, however the fortifications of the first and third reconstruction stages perished in fire. Fortifications inside the town were probably raised in the second half of the sixteenth century. Here, one can trace the influence of the West-European tradition represented by rondels, redans and other elements suggesting that their construction took place when Lyubech (Lubecz) was part of Poland. On the north and south the Lyubech fortress was secured by defence structures lying some distance off the fortified settlements on the sites of Lysitsa and Onufriev Skit (St Onuphrius Skete). Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Marcin Wołoszyn, Andrzej Janeczek, Radosław Dobrowolski, Jan Rodzik, Przemysław Mroczek, Piotr Zagórski DEFENCE WORKS IN SOME OF THE CHERVEN TOWNS IN LIGHT OF THE LATEST RESEARCH In the study of the Polish-Russian border zone during the Middle Ages one of the pivotal issues is that of Cherven towns, identified as earthworks at Czermno and Gródek on the bank of the River Huczwa, tributary of the Bug. In 2012, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland awarded a grant for the study of the Cherven towns. The project
is implemented in international cooperation, with, participation of, next to researchers from Poland (50), archaeologists and historians from Germany, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine. As a result of the project’s implementation we expect to make a sdentific analysis and publish all the material recovered at Czermno and Gródek prior to 2008. In 2014, there are plans to investigate the rampart of the hillfort at Czermno. Parallel to the archaeological fieldwork the geographers have been collecting data to reconstruct the natural environment of Czermno and Gródek. Some of the findings from Czermno are presented in the paper. Translated by the authors 256
SUMMARIES Sergey Gorodilin MANUSCRIPT RECORDS OF THE ROSTOV CITY FORTIFICATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE ROSTOV PRINCIPALITY The article concentrates on the urban fortifications of Rostov, one of the largest centres of NorthEastern Russia in the tenth - fourteenth centuries. Their traces have not been found in the process of archaeological studies. The chronicle does not mentions their existence either. Analysis of the manuscript sources from the fifteenth - seventeenth centuries allows making an assumption that there had been no fundamental defence structures in Rostov until 1632, when the construction of a powerful bastioned fortress designed by Jan Cornelius van Rodenburg began. The same was true for Belaozero, a large ancient town in the Russian northeast, which had no fortifications from the tenth to the end of the fourteenth centuries. With regard to Rostov, this hypothesis well matches the political history of the Rostov Principality. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Alexander Grigoriev FORTIFICATIONS OF THE SNEDKA ANCIENT SETTLEMENT IN THE TULA REGION The settlement is located on the left bank of the Snedka (Snetka) River, the right tributary of the Upa River. It occupies a cape formed by the river-valley and two deep hollows. The height of the settlement site is 35-45 m, and the area is about 0.3 hectares (49.4 X 60.5 m). On the east, it is bounded by an arched rampart and a moat. The height of the rampart is 1.85 m, and its width at the foot is 10 m. The depth of the moat is almost 3 m, and the width is about 5 m. In 2008, an archaeological
dig cutting the rampart and part of the site was undertaken on the hillfort. The defence works can be reconstructed as two rows of wooden cages, with one row backfilled and the other used for residential or economic purposes. Strangely enough, the living quarters were located not on the settlement side, which we know for a lot of other sites, but on the side of the moat. The chronology remains uncertain. All the collected material belongs to the Romny culture. Moulded ceramics alone allow, in view of the situation in the region, to determine the general time frame as the ninth — third quarter of the tenth century. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Vladimir Koval METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES IN STUDYING RAMPARTS OF MEDIEVAL RUSSIA The article deals with methodological issues of archaeological study of urban ramparts in medieval Russia, which have been previously considered as independent ancient fortification elements. However, modern excavations have established that they are ruins of log-and-earth walls, that is, walls made of earth-filled wooden cages. In this regard, certain rules guaranteeing methodological correctness of the excavation work have been proposed: the width of the cut must not be less than 3 m, uncovering of the rampart by layers must not be less than 20 cm with fixation of each layer, two cut profiles and additional transverse profiles. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko 257
SUMMARIES Vladimir Konetsky, Sergey Troyanovsky ON A NEW TYPE OF MEDIEVAL FORTIFICATION IN THE NOVGOROD LAND (IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN LINKS) This article is devoted to Shum-gora (‘Noisy-hill’), a very remarkable archeological object in the upper stream of the Luga River (Poluzh’e). This two-leveled artificial hill is usually attributed as a burial mound, given its location in a large complex of ordinary mounds (šopki). Between 2002 and 2006, nondestructive geophysical researches opened a way to alternative interpretations. The new hypothesis of the authors tries to put this compficated construction into the social and politic context of Novgorod history at the turn of the eleventh and twelfth century, when the city life felt a strong cultural and religious influence of Northern Europe. Shum-gora looks very close to the famous type of early-medieval castles — motte, which were spread in Europe in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. This kind of castles were to be found in a large territory from Ireland to the banks of the Elba, which manifested the coming of the feudal era. In the present case, Shum-gora could be interpreted as a prestigious fortified mound (in the western manner) in the central part of Poluzh’e, traditionally considered as a basic point of centralised power since the epoch of campaigns of Kievan Princess Olga (946/947). On the other hand, a motte in Peredolsky Pogost gives us one more unique example of western links of Novgorod at the crucial phase of its history, during the reign of Prince Mstislav (Harold), who was the son of Vladimir Monomakh and
Anglo-Saxon Princess Gytha. Transhted ¿y the authors Vadzim Koshman, Mtkalai Plavinski NEW DATA ON THE MINSK ZAMCHYSHCHA FORTIFICATION This article analyses the existing data on the fortifications of the Minsk hillfort. We can assume that the Minsk hillfort, at least in the north-eastern part, was adequately studied in the cause of research in the late 1950s, mid-1980s and excavations in 2009. All the excavations have produced similar archaeological evidence of construction and reconstruction of the fortifications, as well as of constructive peculiarities of the shaft and the inside shaft tubular structures. Nevertheless, at the moment, we have almost no information on the characteristics of defensive structures (shaft, inside shaft structures, ditch) in other parts of the ancient fortification line of Minsk. Besides, no clear trends are so far traced of the features and the development of defensive structures in Zamchyshcha and the city at a later time (fourteenth seventeenth centuries). 'Translated by the authors Konstantin Nossov OLD RUSSIAN MUDBRICK FORTIFICATIONS: INTERPRETATION OF A WELL-KNOWN STRUCTURE The paper analyses the archaeological material accumulated to date on mudbrick masonry used in defence structures of Old Russian fortresses. The interpretations available in historiography of the original appearance of fortifications with mudbrick masonry, their intended purpose and reasons for their short-lived use are being discussed. The author proposes his own reconstruction of the external appearance of the mudbrick fortifications and a fresh look at the reasons
why their erection stopped. Calculations of the time and effort involved in building mudbrick walls are given. In the author’s opinion, the mudbrick masonry discovered in the ramparts of the fortified hillforts should be interpreted as the front lining of the log-and-earth walls, which formed a fire-withstanding 258
SUMMARIES interlayer with a talus slope. Apparently, the short-term use of adobe structures in Russia was due to several factors, including other building traditions in defence architecture, their impracticality, as well as difficulties in their erection and use in the climate conditions of Russia. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Sergey Panyshko THE MOTTE TRADITION IN THE LATE MEDIEVAL DEFENCE ARCHITECTURE OF VOLYN The article deals with a specific West-European tradition of building motte-and-bailey fortifications, which spread in the Volyn area in the late Middle Ages. Externally this fortification is a round (oval) hill with a fiat horizontal platform at the top. It seems that the size of the hills depended on the wealth of their owners. Huge mounds of earth were strongholds of small towns. We can trace the background of this tradition back to the thirteenth century and associate it with the creation of Volyn towers’. It is most likely that these processes were interconnected and simultaneous, although the impulses stimulating the emergence of such fortifications in Volhynia were also present in the fourteenth — sixteenth centuries. The final stage in the construction of such fortifications were rectangular structures. The main type of motte earthworks was a man-made escarp, which dramatically reduced labour costs in the creation of small protected sites. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Bogdan Ptishchepa CONCERNING A GROUP OF ANCIENT HILLFORTS OF THE TENTH - THIRTEENTH CENTURIES IN POGORYNIE Among the Old Russian hillforts of the tenth — thirteenth centuries in the
Gorynia River basin, large (5—14 hectares) fortifications having a complex layout and a stronghold of a good one hectare stand out. These are hillforts of Dorogobuzh, Peresopnitsa, Mylesk, as well as hillforts in Listvin and Zhornov villages of the Rivne region. Archaeological sources suggest that the fortifications were built in the second half of the tenth — early eleventh century. The importance of the region explains the high density of princely fortresses in Pogorynie. They defended the western borders of the ‘Russian land’ in the narrow sense of the term, and were strongpoints for the Kievan princes asserting their power in the region. In the second half of the eleventh — beginning of the twelfth century, some fortresses were destroyed and fell into decay (Listvin, Zhomov), while others continued to develop in the twelfth — first half of the thirteenth century. Archaeological findings testify to the urban appearance of Dorogobuzh and Peresopnitsa. Mylesk was probably a princely castle, a volost administrative centre in the Ustya River basin. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Yuri Pugolovok ARRANGEMENT OF ENTRY STRUCTURES IN HILLFORTS OF THE SEVERTANE The article deals with the information available on the entry structures in ancient settlements of the Seveyane (Northerners). Though studies of such an important fortification element have only started, several types of these protective elements have been discovered. The first should include an axial driveway. The second implies an entrance to the right of the central axis of the fortifications. 259
SUMMARIES Such a location is an improvement from the point of view of the defensive properties of the ancient settlements; it also suggests an increasing complexity of access to the settlement as a result of lengthening the access road. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Svetlana Reabtseva , Oleg Savelyev BELGOROD-DNESTROVSKY FORTRESS AND PRECEDING MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT (ON SOME ISSUES OF STUDY) The Belgorod fortress has been subject to research for over a century. We can definitively state only that the fortification was extant at the end of the fourteenth century. Excavated ground layers dating to the late thirteenth - third quarter of the fourteenth century contain remains of a developed multinational trade settlement, which was under the Mongol khans. The preceding period, most likely characterised by the syncretic features of the East Slavic and Bulgarian cultures, as well as by the strong influence of Byzantium, is still unexplored. Thus, one of the main issues remains to discover the pre Mongol Belgorod. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Vladislav Sobolev KOTORSK HILLFORT AND THE KOTORSK POGOST. ON CO-RELATION BETWEEN THE FORTIFIED AND OPEN PARTS OF THE SETTLEMENT The Kotorsk Pogost — one of the administrative centres of Shelonskaya Pyatina — came to the attention of archaeologists in the beginning of the twentieth century. Systematic research began in 1986 and continues nowadays. The site includes a cape hillfort and an adjoining rural settlement on the field side, where more than 750 m2 of cultural strata have been studied, and several cemeteries from different times.
The article briefly describes the results of the settlement’s long research, offers descriptions of the reconstruction of its fortifications, an assessment of their defence potential and the causes of the military catastrophe, which destroyed the settlement in the second half of the tenth century. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Pyotr Sorokin MEDIEVAL FORTIFICATIONS ON THE OKHTA CAPE Archaeological research on the cape where the Okhta River meets the Neva has revealed the remains of several fortifications that existed here in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. Based on archaeological and written sources, several periods of fortification construction are distinguished in this area: 1. Medieval cape fortification (before 1300); 2. Landskrona fortress (1300—1301); 3. Nienschanz fortress (1611—1703). Every following fortress was larger than the previous one and, thanks to this, fragments of the previous fortifications remained inside the newer ones. The original cape fortification, named for its external characteristics a fort, was located in the northern part of the cape. It was protected by a moat and 260
SUMMARIES a rampart between the two rivers, traced for about 80 m in its central part. The age of the fortifications requires clarification, but the end of their existence was definitely associated with the construction of the Landskrona fortress in 1300, when in the process of building new fortifications the outer moat was filled with sand. Digging results showed that Landskrona in its arrangement was not a typical cape fortification, as is evident from the Eric Chronicle. It had rectangular walls and was surrounded by two rows of wood-lined defensive moats. Another medieval moat existed about 40 m south of the second (outer) moat between the two rivers and protected the area from the field side. The base of the fortress was a square log-and-earth platform with earth-filled gorodni (cages). The platform probably had a flat cap and sloping walls lined with wooden structures and blocks of turf, with fortifications along the perimeter on the top. Most likely, the core of the new fortress was supposed to be a convent - a complex of fortifications in the form of a square. The Okhta cape fortification complex, unique in its structure and historical and cultural significance, must be preserved for the future as visible evidence of the illustrious pages in the medieval history of Russia and Europe. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Alexander Khokhlov, Anastasia Ivanova ON THE STUDY OF THE OLDEST DEFENCE STRUCTURES OF TVER In 2013 found in Excavation Area No. 23 in the Tver Kremlin on the cape between T’maka and Volga Rivers were elaborate defence structures. Review of the
stratigraphy, planography, dates of the discoveries, radiocarbon dating and dendrodates allow us to single out several stages in the construction of the fortifications. Initially, in the middle of the twelfth century, an earth-filled wall was built of oak logs and hooks, which functioned in the second half of the twelfth century. The wall replacing it burned down in 1238. According to dendrochronological data, construction of the fortifications resumed after 1238. To strengthen and expand the lower part of the fortifications (wood earth base platform), half-log pine boxes were installed, adjoining the ruins of the burnt wall from the inner side of the defence line. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Defence structures of the sixteenth — eighteenth centuries Mikhail Dankov FORTIFICATIONS OF SHUISKY (PETROVSKY) FACTORY IN THE OLONETS LANDS IN THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Construction of defensive earthworks around Shuisky (Petrovsky) Metallurgical Factory on Onega lakeshore dates back to 1703—1705. After countering the threat of attack by the Swedes, a new log-andearth fortress was erected in 1712—1713. The defensive earthworks and the fortress have not survived to the present day. However, the Drawing of the Petrovsky Factories., made by Μ. Μ. Vitver in 1722, attests to their existence. The peculiarity of the fortress is that it resembles the St Petersburg fortress of 1703. Archaeological study of fortifications in the territory of modern Petrozavodsk will give us a more complete idea of how sustainable fortification structures were created in the enemy’s rear during the
Northern War (1700-1721). Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko 261
SUMMARIES Boris Megorsky SIEGE AND ASSAULT OF NÖTEBURG IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN SIEGECRAFT IN THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY The history of taking the fortress Noteborg (Oreshek) in 1702 has been thoroughly researched by generations of scholars. However this operation is yet to be considered in the broader context of both European siege warfare theory and siege experience of Russian troops during the Great Northern War. From this perspective four statements from official reports are discussed in the article. It was not rare for the vents of artillery pieces to widen after continuous firing, which made them unserviceable. In the Noteborg siege it caused cessation of fire and the assault had to be made without sufficient artillery support. The breaches in the Noteborg walls were made in the upper part while it was recommended to break the wall low with cannon shots. The assault started in the dark while contemporary military theory advised general storms to be carried out in daylight. Given the breaches were found not practicable during the storm and their height was measured 9 m, both Russian and Swedish mentions of the garrison marching out with honour through the breach should be considered untrustworthy. Translated by the author Natalia Skripinskaya BASTION SYSTEM OF THE YAMBURG FORTRESS The article is devoted to the bastion fortification of the Yamburg fortress, which had two construction periods: Swedish (1581—1590; 1612—1703) and Russian (from 1703). The author singled out these separate periods based on various archive sources. The first construction period: until
recently, it has been thought that the bastion history of the Yamburg fortress starts exclusively with the construction of Peter’s earthen fortress in 1703. This omitted the fact that as early as the Swedes’ stay in the fortress, at least from the 1640s, one of the Yamgorod towers of the second, outer, defensive line had an earthwork structure around it, similar to European bastions protecting access to the fortress in a defensive way, which was widespread in Europe already in the early sixteenth century. Evidence of the second construction period of the Yamgorod bastion arrangement can be found in numerous written and cartographic materials. After the capture of the fortress by Russian troops, on 15 May, construction of a new earthen defence facility surrounding the town started. The 1703 new fortress had four bastions, three bastion fronts, a curtain wall line, one gateway structure on the field side with a bridge across the moat and encircled the Novgorod fortress Yam forming a new second line of defence. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Nikolay Slavnitsky ORESHEK, NOTEBURG AND SHLISSELBURG FORTIFICATIONS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY The history of construction and rebuilding of Oreshek’s fortifications can be divided into several stages. The first stage covers the erection in the early sixteenth century of walls and towers in the place of the former fourteenth-century fortifications originally located on Orekhovy Island. During the second stage, attempts to modernise the fortress were undertaken by the Swedes in the seventeenth century. The third stage was the capture of
the fortress by Russian troops in 1702 and construction of logand-earth bastion-type fortifications around the stone walls. The fortress armament in those years was constantly changing, and after the victory at Poltava, it steadily decreased. This suggests that in the 262
SUMMARIES first decade of the eighteenth century, Shlisselburg was considered both as one of the strategic defence branching joints, and as a base for further offensive actions, and after the Oreshek fortifications were far behind the lines, they no longer received serious attention. The fourth stage reflects the development of the inner space of the island and large-scale renovation works undertaken in the 1750s. The character and progress of the works is also revealed based on the documentary evidence from the archive of the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps. The work consisted mainly of reinforcing the bastions, yet it was not completed. After the end of the Seven Years’ War, Shlisselburg, in effect, ceased to be considered an important fortification and was used only as penitentiary for pohtical prisoners. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Maria Chernaya TOMSK KREMLIN DEFENCE SYSTEM OF THE MID-SEVENTEENTH EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: PASSING ON AND ADAPTATION OF TRADITIONS This Siberian town played an instrumental role for the region in creating and developing a new type of architecture belonging to the Russian tradition. The accelerated evolution of Russian wooden architecture and its established methods and forms materialised in Siberia. A vivid example of a harmonious combination of tradition and innovation is the Tomsk Kremlin (built in 1648). Its defence system has been reconstructed on a range of sources (with archaeological sources in the lead). Vertically, the taros walls were divided into a superstructure (the lower row of log cages and
perches) and a substructure (five ֊ eight crowns; the original version of a frame foundation demonstrating the strong impact of Russian architectural engineering thought). Important defence elements are towers and bastion stands allowing crossfire and widening the shelling sector. The combination of traditional and advanced methods of fortification (bastions), as well as the uniqueness of the taras cut-off structure, makes the Tomsk Kremlin one of the best examples of Russian wooden defence architecture. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Artur Chubur, Valery Guryanov POCHEPSKIE VALY. CONCERNING A RELATIVELY UNKNOWN FORTRESS OF PETER THE GREAT’S TIME On the left bank of the Sudost River near the town of Pochep an earthen fortress was hastily erected in October 1708; it survives to the present day and is known as Urochishche Valy. The fortress is shaped as a pentagon with five Dutch-type bastions at the corners, which are connected by straight curtain walls. The radius along the outer edges of the bastions is 206 m. The perimeter of the ramparts exceeds 1,480 m. The average height of the ramparts is 5 m, and together with the surrounding moat (where the soil for the ramparts was taken from), it measures 8 m on the outside. The average width of the rampart at the top is 6 m and 17—20 m at the base. The moat is 2 m deep and up to 20 m wide. A separate redoubt was located opposite the Valy gate. The Swedish army turned south and the battle at Pochep never took place. After the war, the fortress went to Prince Alexander Menshikov, who built Alexandropol by its side. Until the
middle of the nineteenth century. Valy could have been used as an armament training camp. The last time the fortress operated as a defence structure was in 1941. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko
Труды Государственного Эрмитажа : ĮT.] 110 : Оборонительные сооружения Древней Руси Т78 и Восточной Европы эпохи Средневековья и Нового времени / отв. ред. О. Μ. Иоаннисян, Π. E. Сорокин; науч. ред. Д. Д. Ёлгпин ; Государственный Эрмитаж. — СПб. : Изд-во Гос. Эрмитажа, 2022. — 268 с. : ил. ISBN
978-5-93572-964-6 Сборник статей содержит материалы конференции, посвященной изучению оборонительных сооружений и монументальной архитектуры Древней Руси и Восточной Европы. В статьях пред ставлены результаты новых исследований памятников оборонительной архитектуры Средневеко вья и Нового времени,
рассмотрены вопросы хронологии, типологии и атрибуции, инженерных технологий. Издание предназначено для широкого круга специалистов — историков, археологов, историков архитектуры. УДК 623.1/7«9/18»(47)(045) ББК (Щ)85.113(3) Научное издание Труды Государственного Эрмитажа СХ ОБОРОНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СООРУЖЕНИЯ
ДРЕВНЕЙ РУСИ И ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЫ ЭПОХИ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ И НОВОГО ВРЕМЕНИ Редактор И. В. Кротевич Корректор Н. И. Концевая Перевод на английский язык: Ф. И. Шинкаренко и авторы статей Редактор английского текста Ю. Р. Редькина Обработка иллюстраций: В. В. Демяіаев Компьютерная верстка: Н. К Соколова
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ О. Μ. Иоаннисян, П. E. Сорокин Конференция «Оборонительные сооружения и монументальное зодчество Древней Руси» 5 Деревоземляные оборонительные сооружения древнерусского времени А. Н. Бондаръ, E. Μ. Веремейчик Средневековые укрепления
Любеча. 7 Μ. Волошин, Л. Янечек, Р. Аоброволъски, Я. Родзик, П. Мрочек, П. Загурски Оборонительные системы некоторых Червенских городов в свете новейших
исследований. 19 С. В. Городилин Данные письменных источников о городских укреплениях Ростова и политическая история Ростовского княжества
. 39 Л. В. Григорьев Укрепления городища Снедка в Тульской области. 54 В. Ю. Коваль Методические проблемы изучения валов
средневековой Руси. 57 В. Я. Конецкий, С. В. Трояновский О новом типе средневековой фортификации в Новгородской земле (в контексте европейских
связей). 62 В. И. Кошман, Н. А. Плавинский Новые данные об оборонительных сооружениях минского Замчища. 73 К С. Носов Древнерусские укрепления с лицевой
сырцовой кладкой:
интерпретации давно известной конструкции. 95 С. А. Панышко Традиция motte в позднесредневековом оборонном зодчестве Волыни. 106 Б. А. Пригцепа Об одной группе городищ X—XIII вв. в Погорынье. 117 Ю. А. Пуголовок К вопросу размещения въездных конструкций на городищах северян. 130 С. С. Рябцева, О. К Савельев Белгород-Днестровская крепость и предшествующее средневековое поселение (некоторые проблемы изучения). 136 264
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ В. Ю. Соболев Городище Которск и Которской погост. К вопросу о соотношении укрепленной и открытой частей поселения . 150 П. E. Сорокин Укрепления средневековых крепостей на
Охтинском мысу. 158 А. Н. Хохлов, А Б. Иванова К изучению древнейших оборонительных сооружений Твери. 171 Оборонительные сооружения XVI—XVIII вв. Μ. Ю. Аанков Укрепления Шуйского
(Петровского) завода на земле Олонецкого уезда начале XVIII столетия. 192 Б. В. Мегорский Осада и штурм Нотебурга в контексте европейского осадного дела начала XVIII
в. 204 И. Ю. Скрипинская Бастионная система крепости Ямбург. 211 Н. Р. Славнитский Укрепления Орешка—Нотебурга—Шлиссельбурга в XVIII
в.219 Μ. П. Чёрная Оборонительная система Томского кремля середины XVII - XVIII в.: перенос и адаптация традиций. 228 А. А.
Чубур, В. Н. Бурьянов Почепские валы. Об одной малоизвестной фортеции петровского времени. 239 Приложение: А. П. Раппопорт О
фамилии Раппопорт. 247 Сведения об авторах. 251 Принятые сокращения. 254 Summaries. 256
CONTENTS Oleg loannisian, Pyotr Sorokin Proceedings of the conference ‘Fortifications and Monumental Architecture in Old Rus’ . 5 Wooden earthwork fortifications in Old Russia Alexander Bondar, Ekna Veremeychik Medieval fortifications in Lyubech. 7 Maran Wołoszyn, AndrzejJaneczek, Badoslaw Oobrowokki, ]an Bodrik, Przemysław Mroczek, Piotr Nagórski Defence works in some of the Cherven towns in light of the latest research. 19 Sergey Gorodilin Manuscript records of the Rostov city fortifications in the context of the political history of the Rostov Principality. 39 Akxander Grigoriev Fortifications of the Snedka ancient settlement in the Tula region. 54 Vladimir Koval Methodological challenges in studying ramparts of medieval Russia. 57 Vladimir Konetsky, Sergey Proyanovsky On a new type of medieval fortification in the Novgorod land (in the context of European links). 62 Vadaim Koshman, Mikalai Plavinski New data on the Minsk Zamchyshcha
fortification. 73 Konstantin Nossov Old Russian mudbrick fortifications: interpretation of a well-known structure. 95 Sergey Panyshko The motte tradition in the late medieval defence architecture of Volyn. 106 Bogdan Prishchepa Concerning a group of ancient hillforts of the tenth - thirteenth centuries in Pogorynie. 117 Yuri Pugolovok Arrangement of entry structures in hillforts of the severyane. 130 Svetlana Beabtseva, Oleg Savelyev Belgorod-Dnestrovsky fortress and preceding medieval settlement (On some issues of study). 136 265
CONTENTS Vladislav Sobolev Kotorsk hillfort and the Kotorsk Pogost. On co-relation between the fortified and open parts of the settlement. 150 Pyotr Sorokin Medieval fortifications on the Okhta cape. 158 Alexander Khokhlov, Anastasia Ivanova On the study of the oldest defence structures of Tver. 171 Defence structures of the sixteenth — eighteenth centuries Mikhail Oankov Fortifications of Shuisky (Petrovsky) factory in the Olonets lands in the early eighteenth century . 192 Boris Megorsky Siege and assault of Nöteburg in the context of the European siegecraft in the early eighteenth century. 204 Natalia Skripinskaya Bastion system of the Yamburg fortress. 211 Nikolay Slavnitsky Oreshek, Noteburg and Shlisselburg fortifications in the eighteenth century.219 Maria Chernaya Tomsk Kremlin defence system of the mid-seventeenth — eighteenth century: passing on and adaptation of traditions. 228 Artur Chubur, Valery Guryanov Pochepskie Valy. Concerning a
relatively unknown fortress of Peter the Great’s time. 239 Appendix. Alexander Rappoport. About the Rappoport family. 247 About authors . 251 Abbreviations. 254 Summaries. 256
SUMMARIES Wooden earthwork fortifications in Old Russia Alexander Bondar, Elena Veremeychik MEDIEVAL FORTIFICATIONS IN LYUBECH The Lyubech (Lubecz) medieval fortifications of the fifteenth — seventeenth centuries is a system of defences reinforced with additional fortified structures at the most vulnerable points. During that period, the Castle served as central part of the Lyubech defences. Its fortifications have been rebuilt, at least, three times, however the fortifications of the first and third reconstruction stages perished in fire. Fortifications inside the town were probably raised in the second half of the sixteenth century. Here, one can trace the influence of the West-European tradition represented by rondels, redans and other elements suggesting that their construction took place when Lyubech (Lubecz) was part of Poland. On the north and south the Lyubech fortress was secured by defence structures lying some distance off the fortified settlements on the sites of Lysitsa and Onufriev Skit (St Onuphrius Skete). Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Marcin Wołoszyn, Andrzej Janeczek, Radosław Dobrowolski, Jan Rodzik, Przemysław Mroczek, Piotr Zagórski DEFENCE WORKS IN SOME OF THE CHERVEN TOWNS IN LIGHT OF THE LATEST RESEARCH In the study of the Polish-Russian border zone during the Middle Ages one of the pivotal issues is that of Cherven towns, identified as earthworks at Czermno and Gródek on the bank of the River Huczwa, tributary of the Bug. In 2012, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland awarded a grant for the study of the Cherven towns. The project
is implemented in international cooperation, with, participation of, next to researchers from Poland (50), archaeologists and historians from Germany, Russia, Serbia and Ukraine. As a result of the project’s implementation we expect to make a sdentific analysis and publish all the material recovered at Czermno and Gródek prior to 2008. In 2014, there are plans to investigate the rampart of the hillfort at Czermno. Parallel to the archaeological fieldwork the geographers have been collecting data to reconstruct the natural environment of Czermno and Gródek. Some of the findings from Czermno are presented in the paper. Translated by the authors 256
SUMMARIES Sergey Gorodilin MANUSCRIPT RECORDS OF THE ROSTOV CITY FORTIFICATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE ROSTOV PRINCIPALITY The article concentrates on the urban fortifications of Rostov, one of the largest centres of NorthEastern Russia in the tenth - fourteenth centuries. Their traces have not been found in the process of archaeological studies. The chronicle does not mentions their existence either. Analysis of the manuscript sources from the fifteenth - seventeenth centuries allows making an assumption that there had been no fundamental defence structures in Rostov until 1632, when the construction of a powerful bastioned fortress designed by Jan Cornelius van Rodenburg began. The same was true for Belaozero, a large ancient town in the Russian northeast, which had no fortifications from the tenth to the end of the fourteenth centuries. With regard to Rostov, this hypothesis well matches the political history of the Rostov Principality. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Alexander Grigoriev FORTIFICATIONS OF THE SNEDKA ANCIENT SETTLEMENT IN THE TULA REGION The settlement is located on the left bank of the Snedka (Snetka) River, the right tributary of the Upa River. It occupies a cape formed by the river-valley and two deep hollows. The height of the settlement site is 35-45 m, and the area is about 0.3 hectares (49.4 X 60.5 m). On the east, it is bounded by an arched rampart and a moat. The height of the rampart is 1.85 m, and its width at the foot is 10 m. The depth of the moat is almost 3 m, and the width is about 5 m. In 2008, an archaeological
dig cutting the rampart and part of the site was undertaken on the hillfort. The defence works can be reconstructed as two rows of wooden cages, with one row backfilled and the other used for residential or economic purposes. Strangely enough, the living quarters were located not on the settlement side, which we know for a lot of other sites, but on the side of the moat. The chronology remains uncertain. All the collected material belongs to the Romny culture. Moulded ceramics alone allow, in view of the situation in the region, to determine the general time frame as the ninth — third quarter of the tenth century. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Vladimir Koval METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES IN STUDYING RAMPARTS OF MEDIEVAL RUSSIA The article deals with methodological issues of archaeological study of urban ramparts in medieval Russia, which have been previously considered as independent ancient fortification elements. However, modern excavations have established that they are ruins of log-and-earth walls, that is, walls made of earth-filled wooden cages. In this regard, certain rules guaranteeing methodological correctness of the excavation work have been proposed: the width of the cut must not be less than 3 m, uncovering of the rampart by layers must not be less than 20 cm with fixation of each layer, two cut profiles and additional transverse profiles. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko 257
SUMMARIES Vladimir Konetsky, Sergey Troyanovsky ON A NEW TYPE OF MEDIEVAL FORTIFICATION IN THE NOVGOROD LAND (IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN LINKS) This article is devoted to Shum-gora (‘Noisy-hill’), a very remarkable archeological object in the upper stream of the Luga River (Poluzh’e). This two-leveled artificial hill is usually attributed as a burial mound, given its location in a large complex of ordinary mounds (šopki). Between 2002 and 2006, nondestructive geophysical researches opened a way to alternative interpretations. The new hypothesis of the authors tries to put this compficated construction into the social and politic context of Novgorod history at the turn of the eleventh and twelfth century, when the city life felt a strong cultural and religious influence of Northern Europe. Shum-gora looks very close to the famous type of early-medieval castles — motte, which were spread in Europe in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. This kind of castles were to be found in a large territory from Ireland to the banks of the Elba, which manifested the coming of the feudal era. In the present case, Shum-gora could be interpreted as a prestigious fortified mound (in the western manner) in the central part of Poluzh’e, traditionally considered as a basic point of centralised power since the epoch of campaigns of Kievan Princess Olga (946/947). On the other hand, a motte in Peredolsky Pogost gives us one more unique example of western links of Novgorod at the crucial phase of its history, during the reign of Prince Mstislav (Harold), who was the son of Vladimir Monomakh and
Anglo-Saxon Princess Gytha. Transhted ¿y the authors Vadzim Koshman, Mtkalai Plavinski NEW DATA ON THE MINSK ZAMCHYSHCHA FORTIFICATION This article analyses the existing data on the fortifications of the Minsk hillfort. We can assume that the Minsk hillfort, at least in the north-eastern part, was adequately studied in the cause of research in the late 1950s, mid-1980s and excavations in 2009. All the excavations have produced similar archaeological evidence of construction and reconstruction of the fortifications, as well as of constructive peculiarities of the shaft and the inside shaft tubular structures. Nevertheless, at the moment, we have almost no information on the characteristics of defensive structures (shaft, inside shaft structures, ditch) in other parts of the ancient fortification line of Minsk. Besides, no clear trends are so far traced of the features and the development of defensive structures in Zamchyshcha and the city at a later time (fourteenth seventeenth centuries). 'Translated by the authors Konstantin Nossov OLD RUSSIAN MUDBRICK FORTIFICATIONS: INTERPRETATION OF A WELL-KNOWN STRUCTURE The paper analyses the archaeological material accumulated to date on mudbrick masonry used in defence structures of Old Russian fortresses. The interpretations available in historiography of the original appearance of fortifications with mudbrick masonry, their intended purpose and reasons for their short-lived use are being discussed. The author proposes his own reconstruction of the external appearance of the mudbrick fortifications and a fresh look at the reasons
why their erection stopped. Calculations of the time and effort involved in building mudbrick walls are given. In the author’s opinion, the mudbrick masonry discovered in the ramparts of the fortified hillforts should be interpreted as the front lining of the log-and-earth walls, which formed a fire-withstanding 258
SUMMARIES interlayer with a talus slope. Apparently, the short-term use of adobe structures in Russia was due to several factors, including other building traditions in defence architecture, their impracticality, as well as difficulties in their erection and use in the climate conditions of Russia. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Sergey Panyshko THE MOTTE TRADITION IN THE LATE MEDIEVAL DEFENCE ARCHITECTURE OF VOLYN The article deals with a specific West-European tradition of building motte-and-bailey fortifications, which spread in the Volyn area in the late Middle Ages. Externally this fortification is a round (oval) hill with a fiat horizontal platform at the top. It seems that the size of the hills depended on the wealth of their owners. Huge mounds of earth were strongholds of small towns. We can trace the background of this tradition back to the thirteenth century and associate it with the creation of Volyn towers’. It is most likely that these processes were interconnected and simultaneous, although the impulses stimulating the emergence of such fortifications in Volhynia were also present in the fourteenth — sixteenth centuries. The final stage in the construction of such fortifications were rectangular structures. The main type of motte earthworks was a man-made escarp, which dramatically reduced labour costs in the creation of small protected sites. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Bogdan Ptishchepa CONCERNING A GROUP OF ANCIENT HILLFORTS OF THE TENTH - THIRTEENTH CENTURIES IN POGORYNIE Among the Old Russian hillforts of the tenth — thirteenth centuries in the
Gorynia River basin, large (5—14 hectares) fortifications having a complex layout and a stronghold of a good one hectare stand out. These are hillforts of Dorogobuzh, Peresopnitsa, Mylesk, as well as hillforts in Listvin and Zhornov villages of the Rivne region. Archaeological sources suggest that the fortifications were built in the second half of the tenth — early eleventh century. The importance of the region explains the high density of princely fortresses in Pogorynie. They defended the western borders of the ‘Russian land’ in the narrow sense of the term, and were strongpoints for the Kievan princes asserting their power in the region. In the second half of the eleventh — beginning of the twelfth century, some fortresses were destroyed and fell into decay (Listvin, Zhomov), while others continued to develop in the twelfth — first half of the thirteenth century. Archaeological findings testify to the urban appearance of Dorogobuzh and Peresopnitsa. Mylesk was probably a princely castle, a volost administrative centre in the Ustya River basin. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Yuri Pugolovok ARRANGEMENT OF ENTRY STRUCTURES IN HILLFORTS OF THE SEVERTANE The article deals with the information available on the entry structures in ancient settlements of the Seveyane (Northerners). Though studies of such an important fortification element have only started, several types of these protective elements have been discovered. The first should include an axial driveway. The second implies an entrance to the right of the central axis of the fortifications. 259
SUMMARIES Such a location is an improvement from the point of view of the defensive properties of the ancient settlements; it also suggests an increasing complexity of access to the settlement as a result of lengthening the access road. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Svetlana Reabtseva , Oleg Savelyev BELGOROD-DNESTROVSKY FORTRESS AND PRECEDING MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT (ON SOME ISSUES OF STUDY) The Belgorod fortress has been subject to research for over a century. We can definitively state only that the fortification was extant at the end of the fourteenth century. Excavated ground layers dating to the late thirteenth - third quarter of the fourteenth century contain remains of a developed multinational trade settlement, which was under the Mongol khans. The preceding period, most likely characterised by the syncretic features of the East Slavic and Bulgarian cultures, as well as by the strong influence of Byzantium, is still unexplored. Thus, one of the main issues remains to discover the pre Mongol Belgorod. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Vladislav Sobolev KOTORSK HILLFORT AND THE KOTORSK POGOST. ON CO-RELATION BETWEEN THE FORTIFIED AND OPEN PARTS OF THE SETTLEMENT The Kotorsk Pogost — one of the administrative centres of Shelonskaya Pyatina — came to the attention of archaeologists in the beginning of the twentieth century. Systematic research began in 1986 and continues nowadays. The site includes a cape hillfort and an adjoining rural settlement on the field side, where more than 750 m2 of cultural strata have been studied, and several cemeteries from different times.
The article briefly describes the results of the settlement’s long research, offers descriptions of the reconstruction of its fortifications, an assessment of their defence potential and the causes of the military catastrophe, which destroyed the settlement in the second half of the tenth century. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Pyotr Sorokin MEDIEVAL FORTIFICATIONS ON THE OKHTA CAPE Archaeological research on the cape where the Okhta River meets the Neva has revealed the remains of several fortifications that existed here in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. Based on archaeological and written sources, several periods of fortification construction are distinguished in this area: 1. Medieval cape fortification (before 1300); 2. Landskrona fortress (1300—1301); 3. Nienschanz fortress (1611—1703). Every following fortress was larger than the previous one and, thanks to this, fragments of the previous fortifications remained inside the newer ones. The original cape fortification, named for its external characteristics a fort, was located in the northern part of the cape. It was protected by a moat and 260
SUMMARIES a rampart between the two rivers, traced for about 80 m in its central part. The age of the fortifications requires clarification, but the end of their existence was definitely associated with the construction of the Landskrona fortress in 1300, when in the process of building new fortifications the outer moat was filled with sand. Digging results showed that Landskrona in its arrangement was not a typical cape fortification, as is evident from the Eric Chronicle. It had rectangular walls and was surrounded by two rows of wood-lined defensive moats. Another medieval moat existed about 40 m south of the second (outer) moat between the two rivers and protected the area from the field side. The base of the fortress was a square log-and-earth platform with earth-filled gorodni (cages). The platform probably had a flat cap and sloping walls lined with wooden structures and blocks of turf, with fortifications along the perimeter on the top. Most likely, the core of the new fortress was supposed to be a convent - a complex of fortifications in the form of a square. The Okhta cape fortification complex, unique in its structure and historical and cultural significance, must be preserved for the future as visible evidence of the illustrious pages in the medieval history of Russia and Europe. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Alexander Khokhlov, Anastasia Ivanova ON THE STUDY OF THE OLDEST DEFENCE STRUCTURES OF TVER In 2013 found in Excavation Area No. 23 in the Tver Kremlin on the cape between T’maka and Volga Rivers were elaborate defence structures. Review of the
stratigraphy, planography, dates of the discoveries, radiocarbon dating and dendrodates allow us to single out several stages in the construction of the fortifications. Initially, in the middle of the twelfth century, an earth-filled wall was built of oak logs and hooks, which functioned in the second half of the twelfth century. The wall replacing it burned down in 1238. According to dendrochronological data, construction of the fortifications resumed after 1238. To strengthen and expand the lower part of the fortifications (wood earth base platform), half-log pine boxes were installed, adjoining the ruins of the burnt wall from the inner side of the defence line. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Defence structures of the sixteenth — eighteenth centuries Mikhail Dankov FORTIFICATIONS OF SHUISKY (PETROVSKY) FACTORY IN THE OLONETS LANDS IN THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Construction of defensive earthworks around Shuisky (Petrovsky) Metallurgical Factory on Onega lakeshore dates back to 1703—1705. After countering the threat of attack by the Swedes, a new log-andearth fortress was erected in 1712—1713. The defensive earthworks and the fortress have not survived to the present day. However, the Drawing of the Petrovsky Factories., made by Μ. Μ. Vitver in 1722, attests to their existence. The peculiarity of the fortress is that it resembles the St Petersburg fortress of 1703. Archaeological study of fortifications in the territory of modern Petrozavodsk will give us a more complete idea of how sustainable fortification structures were created in the enemy’s rear during the
Northern War (1700-1721). Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko 261
SUMMARIES Boris Megorsky SIEGE AND ASSAULT OF NÖTEBURG IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN SIEGECRAFT IN THE EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY The history of taking the fortress Noteborg (Oreshek) in 1702 has been thoroughly researched by generations of scholars. However this operation is yet to be considered in the broader context of both European siege warfare theory and siege experience of Russian troops during the Great Northern War. From this perspective four statements from official reports are discussed in the article. It was not rare for the vents of artillery pieces to widen after continuous firing, which made them unserviceable. In the Noteborg siege it caused cessation of fire and the assault had to be made without sufficient artillery support. The breaches in the Noteborg walls were made in the upper part while it was recommended to break the wall low with cannon shots. The assault started in the dark while contemporary military theory advised general storms to be carried out in daylight. Given the breaches were found not practicable during the storm and their height was measured 9 m, both Russian and Swedish mentions of the garrison marching out with honour through the breach should be considered untrustworthy. Translated by the author Natalia Skripinskaya BASTION SYSTEM OF THE YAMBURG FORTRESS The article is devoted to the bastion fortification of the Yamburg fortress, which had two construction periods: Swedish (1581—1590; 1612—1703) and Russian (from 1703). The author singled out these separate periods based on various archive sources. The first construction period: until
recently, it has been thought that the bastion history of the Yamburg fortress starts exclusively with the construction of Peter’s earthen fortress in 1703. This omitted the fact that as early as the Swedes’ stay in the fortress, at least from the 1640s, one of the Yamgorod towers of the second, outer, defensive line had an earthwork structure around it, similar to European bastions protecting access to the fortress in a defensive way, which was widespread in Europe already in the early sixteenth century. Evidence of the second construction period of the Yamgorod bastion arrangement can be found in numerous written and cartographic materials. After the capture of the fortress by Russian troops, on 15 May, construction of a new earthen defence facility surrounding the town started. The 1703 new fortress had four bastions, three bastion fronts, a curtain wall line, one gateway structure on the field side with a bridge across the moat and encircled the Novgorod fortress Yam forming a new second line of defence. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Nikolay Slavnitsky ORESHEK, NOTEBURG AND SHLISSELBURG FORTIFICATIONS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY The history of construction and rebuilding of Oreshek’s fortifications can be divided into several stages. The first stage covers the erection in the early sixteenth century of walls and towers in the place of the former fourteenth-century fortifications originally located on Orekhovy Island. During the second stage, attempts to modernise the fortress were undertaken by the Swedes in the seventeenth century. The third stage was the capture of
the fortress by Russian troops in 1702 and construction of logand-earth bastion-type fortifications around the stone walls. The fortress armament in those years was constantly changing, and after the victory at Poltava, it steadily decreased. This suggests that in the 262
SUMMARIES first decade of the eighteenth century, Shlisselburg was considered both as one of the strategic defence branching joints, and as a base for further offensive actions, and after the Oreshek fortifications were far behind the lines, they no longer received serious attention. The fourth stage reflects the development of the inner space of the island and large-scale renovation works undertaken in the 1750s. The character and progress of the works is also revealed based on the documentary evidence from the archive of the Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps. The work consisted mainly of reinforcing the bastions, yet it was not completed. After the end of the Seven Years’ War, Shlisselburg, in effect, ceased to be considered an important fortification and was used only as penitentiary for pohtical prisoners. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Maria Chernaya TOMSK KREMLIN DEFENCE SYSTEM OF THE MID-SEVENTEENTH EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: PASSING ON AND ADAPTATION OF TRADITIONS This Siberian town played an instrumental role for the region in creating and developing a new type of architecture belonging to the Russian tradition. The accelerated evolution of Russian wooden architecture and its established methods and forms materialised in Siberia. A vivid example of a harmonious combination of tradition and innovation is the Tomsk Kremlin (built in 1648). Its defence system has been reconstructed on a range of sources (with archaeological sources in the lead). Vertically, the taros walls were divided into a superstructure (the lower row of log cages and
perches) and a substructure (five ֊ eight crowns; the original version of a frame foundation demonstrating the strong impact of Russian architectural engineering thought). Important defence elements are towers and bastion stands allowing crossfire and widening the shelling sector. The combination of traditional and advanced methods of fortification (bastions), as well as the uniqueness of the taras cut-off structure, makes the Tomsk Kremlin one of the best examples of Russian wooden defence architecture. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko Artur Chubur, Valery Guryanov POCHEPSKIE VALY. CONCERNING A RELATIVELY UNKNOWN FORTRESS OF PETER THE GREAT’S TIME On the left bank of the Sudost River near the town of Pochep an earthen fortress was hastily erected in October 1708; it survives to the present day and is known as Urochishche Valy. The fortress is shaped as a pentagon with five Dutch-type bastions at the corners, which are connected by straight curtain walls. The radius along the outer edges of the bastions is 206 m. The perimeter of the ramparts exceeds 1,480 m. The average height of the ramparts is 5 m, and together with the surrounding moat (where the soil for the ramparts was taken from), it measures 8 m on the outside. The average width of the rampart at the top is 6 m and 17—20 m at the base. The moat is 2 m deep and up to 20 m wide. A separate redoubt was located opposite the Valy gate. The Swedish army turned south and the battle at Pochep never took place. After the war, the fortress went to Prince Alexander Menshikov, who built Alexandropol by its side. Until the
middle of the nineteenth century. Valy could have been used as an armament training camp. The last time the fortress operated as a defence structure was in 1941. Translated by Fedor Shinkarenko
Труды Государственного Эрмитажа : ĮT.] 110 : Оборонительные сооружения Древней Руси Т78 и Восточной Европы эпохи Средневековья и Нового времени / отв. ред. О. Μ. Иоаннисян, Π. E. Сорокин; науч. ред. Д. Д. Ёлгпин ; Государственный Эрмитаж. — СПб. : Изд-во Гос. Эрмитажа, 2022. — 268 с. : ил. ISBN
978-5-93572-964-6 Сборник статей содержит материалы конференции, посвященной изучению оборонительных сооружений и монументальной архитектуры Древней Руси и Восточной Европы. В статьях пред ставлены результаты новых исследований памятников оборонительной архитектуры Средневеко вья и Нового времени,
рассмотрены вопросы хронологии, типологии и атрибуции, инженерных технологий. Издание предназначено для широкого круга специалистов — историков, археологов, историков архитектуры. УДК 623.1/7«9/18»(47)(045) ББК (Щ)85.113(3) Научное издание Труды Государственного Эрмитажа СХ ОБОРОНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СООРУЖЕНИЯ
ДРЕВНЕЙ РУСИ И ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЕВРОПЫ ЭПОХИ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ И НОВОГО ВРЕМЕНИ Редактор И. В. Кротевич Корректор Н. И. Концевая Перевод на английский язык: Ф. И. Шинкаренко и авторы статей Редактор английского текста Ю. Р. Редькина Обработка иллюстраций: В. В. Демяіаев Компьютерная верстка: Н. К Соколова
Подписано в печать 18.02.2022. Формат 60 х 84 Уѕ. Усл. печ. л. 31,15. Тираж 300 экз. Заказ 5 Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа 190000, Санкт-Петербург, Дворцовая наб., 34 Отпечатано в типографии Государственного Эрмитажа 190000, Санкт-Петербург, Дворцовая наб., 34 |
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| author_facet | Ioannisjan, Oleg Michajlovič Sorokin, Petr Egorovič 1962- Ëlšin, Denis Dmitrievič Konferencija "Oboronitel'nye Sooruženija i Monumental'noe Zodčestvo Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy Ėpochi Srednevekov'ja i Novogo Vremeni" Sankt-Peterburg |
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ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033830542&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="880" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="6">700-01/(N</subfield><subfield code="a">Иоаннисян, Олег Михайлович</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="880" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="6">700-02/(N</subfield><subfield code="a">Сорокин, Петр Егорович</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="880" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="6">700-03/(N</subfield><subfield code="a">Ёлшин, Денис Дмитриевич</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="880" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="6">245-04/(N</subfield><subfield code="a">Оборонительные сооружения Древней Руси и Восточной Европы эпохи средневековья и Нового времени</subfield><subfield code="c">Государственный Эрмитаж ; отв. ред. 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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2013 gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2013 |
| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd Kiewer Reich (DE-588)4073393-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa Kiewer Reich |
| id | DE-604.BV048452407 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:31:17Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T06:29:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1262592070 (DE-588)2124053-X |
| isbn | 9785935729646 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033830542 |
| oclc_num | 1344260645 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-255 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-255 |
| physical | 265 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220916 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Izdatelʹstvo Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža |
| series2 | Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža |
| spelling | Konferencija "Oboronitel'nye Sooruženija i Monumental'noe Zodčestvo Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy Ėpochi Srednevekov'ja i Novogo Vremeni" 2013 Sankt-Peterburg Verfasser (DE-588)1262592070 aut 880-04 Oboronitel'nye sooruženija Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy ėpochi srednevekov'ja i Novogo vremeni = Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period Gosudarstvennyj Ėrmitaž ; otv. red. O. M. Ioannisjan, P. E. Sorokin, naučnyj red. D. D. Ëlšin Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period 880-05 Sankt-Peterburg Izdatelʹstvo Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža 2022 265 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža 110 Text russisch. - Inhaltsverzeichnis und Zusammenfassung der einzelnen Beiträge auch in englischer Sprache In kyrillischer Schrift Geschichte Anfänge-1800 gnd rswk-swf Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Kiewer Reich (DE-588)4073393-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2013 gnd-content Kiewer Reich (DE-588)4073393-2 g Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 s Geschichte Anfänge-1800 z DE-604 880-01 Ioannisjan, Oleg Michajlovič (DE-588)1154621626 edt 880-02 Sorokin, Petr Egorovič 1962- (DE-588)138127662 edt 880-03 Ëlšin, Denis Dmitrievič (DE-588)1045980854 edt Gosudarstvennyj Ėrmitaž (DE-588)2124053-X isb Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža 110 (DE-604)BV011847213 110 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033830542&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033830542&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033830542&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033830542&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 700-01/(N Иоаннисян, Олег Михайлович edt 700-02/(N Сорокин, Петр Егорович edt 700-03/(N Ёлшин, Денис Дмитриевич edt 245-04/(N Оборонительные сооружения Древней Руси и Восточной Европы эпохи средневековья и Нового времени Государственный Эрмитаж ; отв. ред. О. М. Иоаннисян, П. Е. Сорокин, научный ред. Д. Д. Ëлшин 264-05/(N Санкт-Петербург Издательство Государственного Эрмитажа 2022 |
| spellingShingle | Oboronitel'nye sooruženija Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy ėpochi srednevekov'ja i Novogo vremeni = Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ėrmitaža Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016934-0 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)4073393-2 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Oboronitel'nye sooruženija Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy ėpochi srednevekov'ja i Novogo vremeni = Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period |
| title_alt | Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period |
| title_auth | Oboronitel'nye sooruženija Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy ėpochi srednevekov'ja i Novogo vremeni = Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period |
| title_exact_search | Oboronitel'nye sooruženija Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy ėpochi srednevekov'ja i Novogo vremeni = Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Oboronitel'nye sooruženija Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy ėpochi srednevekov'ja i Novogo vremeni = Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period |
| title_full | Oboronitel'nye sooruženija Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy ėpochi srednevekov'ja i Novogo vremeni = Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period Gosudarstvennyj Ėrmitaž ; otv. red. O. M. Ioannisjan, P. E. Sorokin, naučnyj red. D. D. Ëlšin |
| title_fullStr | Oboronitel'nye sooruženija Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy ėpochi srednevekov'ja i Novogo vremeni = Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period Gosudarstvennyj Ėrmitaž ; otv. red. O. M. Ioannisjan, P. E. Sorokin, naučnyj red. D. D. Ëlšin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Oboronitel'nye sooruženija Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy ėpochi srednevekov'ja i Novogo vremeni = Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period Gosudarstvennyj Ėrmitaž ; otv. red. O. M. Ioannisjan, P. E. Sorokin, naučnyj red. D. D. Ëlšin |
| title_short | Oboronitel'nye sooruženija Drevnej Rusi i Vostočnoj Evropy ėpochi srednevekov'ja i Novogo vremeni |
| title_sort | oboronitel nye sooruzenija drevnej rusi i vostocnoj evropy epochi srednevekov ja i novogo vremeni fortifications in old rus and eastern europe in the middle ages and modern period |
| title_sub | = Fortifications in old Rus and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages and modern period |
| topic | Festung (DE-588)4016934-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Festung Osteuropa Kiewer Reich Konferenzschrift 2013 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033830542&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033830542&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033830542&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033830542&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV011847213 |
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Inhaltsverzeichnis