Russia's invasion of Ukraine: background issues, conflict developments, and international policy responses
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
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New York
Snova
[2022]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Europe: past, present and future
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | vii, 419 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme ; Karten |
| ISBN: | 9798886970203 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Russia's invasion of Ukraine |b background issues, conflict developments, and international policy responses |c Henry C. Anderson, editor |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Snova |c [2022] | |
| 300 | |a vii, 419 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme ; Karten | ||
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| 653 | 2 | |a Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 21st century | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Former Soviet republics / Politics and government | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Ukraine / History | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Ukraine Conflict, 2014- | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Geopolitics / Former Soviet republics | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Preface ................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1 Ukraine: Background, Conflict with Russia, and U.S. Policy............................................... 1 Cory Welt Chapter 2 Ukrainian Armed Forces.................................................. 63 Andrew S. Bowen Chapter 3 Ukraine: New U.S. Deployments to Europe Might Raise War Powers Resolution Questions........... 69 Matthew C. Weed Chapter 4 Antagonizing the Neighborhood: Putin’s Frozen Conflicts and the Conflict in Ukraine............... 73 Committee on Foreign Affairs Chapter 5 Five Years after the Revolution of Dignity: Ukraine’s Progress/Russia’s Malign Activities........... 143 Committee on Foreign Relations Chapter 6 Russian Military Buildup Along the Ukrainian Border.......................................................219 Andrew S. Bowen Chapter 7 Russian Military Mobilization on Ukraine’s Borders and in Occupied Crimea.................................. 223 Andrew S. Bowen Chapter 8 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Issues and Aspects.............................. 227 Andrew S. Bowen
vi Contents Chapter 9 Russian Military Actions at Ukraine’s Nuclear Power Plants.. 231 Mark Holt and Mary Beth D. Nikitin Chapter 10 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Implications for Agricultural Trade and Production.235 Stephanie Rosch Chapter 11 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: NATO Response........ 241 Paul Belkin Chapter 12 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Turkey’s Response and Black Sea Access Issues..........................245 Jim Zanotti and Clayton Thomas Chapter 13 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: European Union Responses and Implications for U.S.-EU Relations..................... 251 Kristin Archick Chapter 14 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Overview of U.S. and International Sanctions and Other Responses..................................... 255 Cory Welt Chapter 15 United Nations Security Council and General Assembly Responses to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine............................... 259 Luisa Blanchfield and Matthew C. Weed Chapter 16 Invasion of Ukraine: Russia’s Trade Status, Tariffs, and WTO Issues........................263 Cathleen D. Cimino-Isaacs and Liana Wong Chapter 17 U.S. Sanctions on Russia................................................. 269 Cory Welt, Kristin Archick, Rebecca Μ. Nelson and Dianne E. Rennack Chapter 18 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: New Financial and Trade Sanctions............................. 351 Rebecca Μ. Nelson and Christopher A. Casey
Contents vii Chapter 19 New Financial and Trade Sanctions Against Russia................... 355 Rebecca Μ. Nelson, Christopher A. Casey and Andres B. Schwarzenberg Chapter 20 Russia, Ukraine, and the International Financial Institutions........................... 361 Martin A. Weiss Chapter 21 U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine.............................. 365 Christina L. Arabia and Andrew S. Bowen Chapter 22 Supplemental Funding for Ukraine: Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS)....... 371 Emily Μ. Morgenstern Chapter 23 Humanitarian and Refugee Crisis in Ukraine............375 Rhoda Margesson and Derek E. Mix Chapter 24 Designation of Ukraine for Temporary Protected Status: Impact and Other Considerations.... 379 Hillel R. Smith, Jill H. Wilson and Kelsey Y. Santamaria Chapter 25 Biological Security Engagement in Ukraine: U.S. Cooperation and Threat Reduction Programs...... 383 Mary Beth D. Nikitin Chapter 26 A Revisit of the Domain Name System after Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine... 387 Ling Zhu Chapter 27 The Role of International Tribunals in the Response to the Invasion of Ukraine................. 391 Nina Μ. Hart and Stephen P. Mulligan Chapter 28 The Law of War and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine..........................................................397 Stephen P. Mulligan Index ............................................................................................. 405
Index A Abkhazia, 43, 74, 76, 78, 83, 92, 93, 94, 95,96, 97, 98, 99,100, 101,102, 103, 104,106,113, 114, 115,116,117,119, 127,133, 139,144, 393 Abkhazia region, 393 abuse, 17,41, 303, 304, 305, 313, 322, 340 accountability, 209, 397, 402 acts of aggression, 260 aerospace, 264,326, 357 Afghanistan, 38, 85,118,119,129, 312, 352, 368, 369 Africa, 53, 292 aggression, ix, 37, 46, 47, 49, 56, 57, 60, 63, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 116, 117, 119, 132, 144, 145, 152, 153, 154,156, 157,158,159,160,161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169,171,172, 175, 176, 177, 184, 188,193,194,197, 204, 206, 213, 215, 216, 223, 241,254, 255, 256,260, 261, 269, 271, 272, 335, 336, 393, 394 agricultural exports, 32 agriculture, 19, 32 air carriers, 299 Air Force, 50, 67 airports, 108 Albania, 260, 265, 322 anti-gas, 165 antitrust, 203 appropriations, 43, 56, 312, 317, 318, 365, 371,373,378 Appropriations Act, 304, 317, 365, 368 arbitration, 25, 36, 396 armed conflict, 71,121, 375, 380, 384, 397, 399, 400 armed forces, 28, 38, 58, 63, 65, 69, 70, 71,72, 150, 163,208,223,385 armed groups, 28, 154 Armenia, 78, 385 arms control, 243 arms sales, 132, 150, 245, 278, 279, 289, 294, 296, 297, 339, 369 Asia, 289, 310, 332, 345 assassination, 300, 301 assault, 67, 204, 228, 400 assertiveness, 79, 82 assets, 10, 13, 18, 45, 55, 58, 149, 163, 176, 213, 214, 222, 225, 251, 256, 275, 276, 278, 280, 285, 294, 297, 313, 317, 322, 329, 333, 337, 342, 345, 347, 349, 351,353,357, 360, 402, 403 asylum, 377, 381 attitudes, 78, 90,92, 126, 134, 135 Attorney General, 276, 279, 289, 316 Austria, 19, 20, 354
authoritarianism, 85 autonomy, 109, 114, 254 awareness, 50, 120, 186, 208, 214, 215, 366 Azerbaijan, 78, 385 В Balkans, 152 ballistic missiles, 225, 228, 401
406 Baltic states, 38, 43,159,241,243 ban, 89, 91, 150,265,319, 322, 359 Bank of England, 353 banking, 9, 10,28, 166, 169, 277, 351 banking sector, 10, 166, 169 banks, 11, 166,251, 281, 282, 293, 298, 300, 315, 322, 331, 339, 351, 352, 354, 356 basic services, 74, 92, 95 Batumi, 119 Belarus, 4, 191,220, 221, 222, 227, 230, 235, 236, 252, 257, 261, 263, 353, 357, 361, 363, 376 Belgium, 174, 251,351 benchmarks, 106,118 benefits, 61, 87, 102, 116, 183, 252, 297, 341, 345, 347 Biden, Vice President Joseph, 46, 52 bilateral aid, 1,48 bilateral relationship, 179, 185 biological weapons, 298,338,383, 401 biosafety, 384 black economy, 121 black market, 122 Black Sea region, 44, 133, 168, 171, 172, 242 blockades, 122 border crossing, 29, 117, 135, 136 border security, 367 Bosnia, 89, 91 Brazil, 236,326,363 bribes, 93, 98, 99 budget allocation, 64 budget deficit, 166 building blocks, 124 Bulgaria, 69, 163, 199, 247 business environment, 77 businesses, ix, 152, 255, 265, 275, 320, 330, 332, 360 C capacity building, 214 capital controls, 354 capital flight, 354 Index capital markets, 187, 332, 353, 357 Caspian Sea, 133, 237 Caucasus, 55, 96,104,123, 310, 317 ceasefire, 1, 3, 110, 116, 122, 150, 153, 154, 160,195 Central African Republic, 292 Central Asia, 55 central bank, 11,256,258,331,333, 351, 352, 354, 356, 363 Central Europe, 37, 165, 211, 212 certification, 36, 67, 258,309 CFSP, 321, 322,348 challenges, 3, 4, 8, 15, 39,47, 53,60, 65, 75,95,105, 106, 107,119,120,121, 137,146,149,166,168, 181,182, 188, 189, 245, 273, 276, 332, 375, 376, 378 Chechens, 88 chemical(s), 19, 20, 266,
269, 271, 272, 274, 279, 297,298,299, 301, 302, 320, 327, 338, 339, 354, 400 children, 80, 85, 99, 108, 173, 305, 319, 376, 400 China, 32, 45, 75, 79, 82, 160, 215, 235, 236, 256, 260,261,294, 314, 332, 333, 353, 356, 363 Chinese government, 384 citizens, 18, 37, 74, 76, 79, 82, 83, 94, 100, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 112, 115, 116, 117,121, 122,123, 124, 125, 134, 135,138, 141, 151, 153, 162, 184, 188, 204, 264, 319, 326, 359, 378, 402 citizenship, 26,114, 153, 162, 305, 323, 379 civil law, 402 civil liberties, 4, 178 civil society, 61, 80, 86,120,124, 125, 170,175, 176, 177, 196, 202, 387 civil war, 160 climate change, 75, 254 Clinton, President William Jefferson, 298 coal, 19, 30,33, 54, 209,210,253, 265, 341,358 Coast Guard, 51,186,367 coercion, 59, 148, 310 coffee, 89, 91
Index Cold War, 134,144 collateral damage, 270, 273, 329, 330 commercial bank, 19, 352 commodity, 238 communication, 125, 126 compensation, 360, 396 competitive advantage, 288 competitive process, 15, 202 compliance, 35,185,276, 312, 313, 314, 383, 398 confinement, 233 conflict(s), ix, 1,2, 3,4, 6,22, 23, 24, 26, 27,28, 39, 44, 49,60, 67, 69, 71, 73, 74,75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 90, 96, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,109, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116,120, 122, 123,124,125, 127, 128,129,132, 133, 134, 139, 140,141, 144, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154,155, 156, 172, 193, 196, 206, 242, 244,245, 259, 272, 321, 335, 361,363,381,393, 400, 401 conflict resolution, 1, 3,26, 28,116, 196, 321 confrontation, 70 consensus, 125,131,192, 202, 267 consent, 267, 346, 360, 398 conspiracy, 291, 303, 340 constituents, 197, 198 Constitution, 12,37,90,276, 278 constitutional amendment, 37 construction, 2, 36, 44, 57, 58, 59, 60, 111, 276, 281, 282, 309, 310, 314, 326, 341,366 controversial, 11, 14, 122, 139 controversies, 226 cooperation, 39, 45, 57, 76, 80, 84, 101, 119, 153, 158, 164, 184, 186, 189, 245, 247, 248, 254, 270, 272, 279, 295, 300, 301, 320, 321, 339, 362, 366, 384 coordination, 58, 69,177,203, 254, 263, 274, 279, 289, 302, 321, 322, 325, 326, 327, 355, 357 copper, 359 corporate governance, 35 corporate sector, 47 407 corruption, 6, 9,10,11,12, 13,14,15, 16, 17,20, 21, 33, 46, 47, 52, 55, 61, 63, 65,76, 86,106,120,121,122,124, 146,149,166, 169,172, 175, 176, 177, 182,184, 187,188, 197, 201, 202, 203, 205, 209, 216, 217, 278, 284, 285, 286, 289,297, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 329,
344, 345, 346 cost, 48, 80,102, 157,159, 160,161,172, 193, 194, 210, 272, 309, 332, 335, 369 Council of Europe, 395 counterterrorism, 38 country of particular concern (CPC), 131, 318 Crimea, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7,21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28,29, 30, 33, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 57, 58,63, 66, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 105, 106, 107, 108,109, 111, 112,118, 126,132, 134, 135,136,137,139,140,141, 144, 160, 161,168,170,171, 172, 184, 191, 201, 204, 206, 208, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225,227,228, 242,272, 279, 280, 281, 284, 285, 321, 322, 323, 330, 334, 337, 375, 393, 395 crimes, 13, 17, 152, 154, 290, 292, 304, 319,340, 391,393,395, 402 criminal activity, 317 crises, 96,131 critical infrastructure, 153, 228,287, 293 critical period, 154 critical state, 99 Croatia, 165 crop(s), 236,238 crude oil, 253, 265, 358, 359 cruise missiles, 171, 228, 230 Cuba, 265, 324 currency, 32, 121, 245, 277, 294, 333 Customs and Border Protection, 279 Customs Service, 33 CustomsUnion, 111, 135 cyberattack, 83, 158, 168, 172, 174, 201, 220, 292, 327 cybersecurity, 53, 57, 288, 289, 296, 300, 338, 347
408 cyberspace, 146 Cyprus, 33 Czech Republic, 32,69 D damages, 36 danger, 71, 104, 215 deaths, 12, 23, 109, 127, 183 debts, 360 decentralization, 9,10, 28, 110 democracy, 4, 76, 77, 83, 87, 107, 120, 128, 132, 134, 146, 148, 168, 202, 204, 205, 285, 337 Democratic Party, 80, 86 demography, 23 denial, 150,207,223,275,276,288, 301, 302,304,311,316,339,358 Denmark, 363 Department of Commerce, 276, 279, 280, 312 Department of Defense, 42, 48, 49, 50, 51,197, 242, 279,317,365,384 Department of Energy, 42, 49, 279 Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 53,168,174, 279,380,381,382 Department of Justice, 20, 21, 279, 287, 290, 291,292, 293,312, 402 Department of the Treasury, 274, 278, 281, 282, 291, 292, 293, 302, 307, 308, 317, 324, 326 deployments, 24, 53, 69, 70, 71, 242, 243 destruction, 74,367, 392, 400, 401 detention, 24, 171, 204, 206, 303, 340, 395 deterrence, 56, 66, 191, 195, 243, 379 development assistance, 124 diamonds, 265, 358 diplomacy, 131,159,164, 191, 207, 326 diplomatic efforts, 60, 74, 105, 107, 372 directives, 283,285, 337, 347, 373 disaster, 40, 54, 141, 380 discrimination, 74, 93, 98, 124, 395 displaced persons, 377 dissatisfaction, 7, 162 Index domestic laws, 402 domestic policy, 131 domestic violence, 124 dominance, 133,168,171,172,200, 228, 245 drinking water, 136 drought, 236 Duma, 141, 258 E Eastern Europe, 14, 44, 55, 77, 158, 170, 177,191, 193, 211,242, 243, 323, 332 economic activity, 25,121,274,328, 329, 331 economic assistance, 40, 203, 371, 372, 373 economic consequences, 1, 3 economic cooperation, 42 economic development, 118, 121,182, 183,185,
199 economic downturn, 97 economic growth, 2, 32, 117, 178, 180, 196,329 economic incentives, 124 economic integration, 106,120,180 economic leverage, 355 economic policy, 106, 115 economic power, 191 economic problem, 122,126,194 economic reform(s), 40, 46, 166, 170, 171, 175, 178,201,202, 203,362 economic relations, 82,274,322 economic resources, 288 economic systems, 159 education, 82, 102, 121,366, 377 educational opportunities, 65, 66 Egypt, 235 election, 5, 6, 20, 41, 51, 80, 83, 86, 113, 120, 123, 125, 144, 146, 148, 149,150, 151, 152, 154, 158, 162,165,168,173, 185, 188, 203, 269, 271,277,279, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 319, 338, 390 electricity, 20, 34, 151,153,231,234 embargo, 359
Index embassy, 320, 383 emergency, 38, 49, 232, 253, 260,261, 267, 277, 284, 307, 343, 362, 366, 371, 372, 373, 377, 378, 384, 394 emigration, 53,120,121,122, 264, 303, 306 energy, 7, 9, 18, 19, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44, 45, 56, 59,61,80, 83, 85,121,128,133, 168, 169, 172,174,175, 177,180, 187, 191,192, 195, 202, 207, 210, 211, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 269, 271, 272, 276, 279, 280, 282, 283, 285, 286, 289,297, 308, 309, 310, 321, 323, 324, 327, 331, 332, 335, 336, 337, 340, 345, 347, 348, 353, 354, 357, 360 energy prices, 33 energy security, 36,44, 45, 56, 80, 83, 85, 191, 195,211,253, 327 energy supply, 36 enforcement, 295, 335, 392, 402 engineering, 50, 349, 367 entrepreneurs, 153, 160 environment, 29, 33, 117, 170, 214, 232, 234 environmental degradation, 151 equity, 257, 283, 330, 344 Eritrea, 261 espionage, 287 Estonia, 43, 69, 83, 159, 241 ethics, 16 ethnicity, 151 EU candidate countries, 322 EU enlargement, 254 Eurasia, 1, 2, 22,43, 47, 48, 78, 81, 95, 105, 107, 155, 156, 158, 167, 185, 270, 272, 284, 285, 288, 296, 336, 337, 347, 365 European Commission, 37, 38, 174, 325, 326, 351 European market, 133, 175 European Parliament, 327 European policy, 147, 325, 352 evacuation, 50, 368 evidence, 98,184, 224, 274, 288, 333, 383, 393, 397, 399, 401 409 executive branch, 59, 70, 71, 261, 271, 274, 278, 279, 286, 287, 295, 355, 358, 374, 402 Executive Order(s), 55, 58,177,270, 271, 279, 280, 284, 285, 288, 289, 298, 300, 302, 304, 309, 310, 312, 313, 315, 317 export control, 252, 258,275, 279, 311, 341,353 exporter(s), 33, 45, 235, 236, 284,286, 311,312,315,346, 354 exports, 33,
34, 35, 44, 45, 54, 59,121, 123,157, 174, 209, 211, 235, 236, 237, 246, 252, 257, 269, 271, 272, 275, 278, 279, 298, 300, 301, 302, 308, 310, 312, 323, 331, 335, 339, 351, 354, 357, 358 extradition, 19, 20 extraordinary conditions, 380 F FAA, 372, 373 Facebook, 168, 173 famine, 54 FDI inflow, 33 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 21, 135, 168, 279, 287, 289 federal government, 385 Federal Register, 277, 280, 287,288, 289, 297, 298, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 309, 310,312,313,315,316,317 Federal Reserve, 333,352,354 Federal Security Service (FSB), 184, 205, 207, 215, 281, 290, 292, 293, 301, 302 fertilizers, 235,236, 238 financial crisis, 31 financial institutions, vii, 174,207, 256, 257, 258, 269, 275, 286, 293, 297, 298, 302, 319, 335, 342, 344, 347, 351, 353, 354, 356, 357, 361 financial markets, 274, 333, 355, 359 financial resources, 359 financial sector, 251, 283, 293 financial stability, 338 financial support, 97, 361 financial system, 177, 275, 322, 331
410 Finland, 38, 52 firearms, 282, 302, 367 fires, 17, 73, 233 food, 94, 99, 114, 121, 196, 235, 238, 297, 298, 371, 378 force, 25, 37, 39, 43, 65, 67,68, 71, 83, 89,91, 94,113, 129,144, 146, 148, 156, 158, 159, 160, 165, 200, 207, 220, 226, 241, 242, 243, 247, 253, 255, 260, 261, 275, 280, 287, 288, 304, 305, 366, 397, 398, 399, 402 foreign affairs, 155 foreign aid, 37, 48, 278, 311,318 foreign assistance, 43, 275, 297, 339 foreign banks, 308 foreign direct investment (FDI), 33, 119, 160 foreign exchange, 277, 314, 333, 356, 362 foreign exchange market, 333 foreign investment, 32, 297, 330 foreign nationals, 23,276, 380 foreign person, 59, 297, 309, 340 foreign policy, 23, 39, 76, 79, 82,104, 131, 133, 137, 162, 167, 181, 194, 204, 207, 273,274, 275, 276, 277, 279,294, 306,311,333, 335,338, 342,360 France, 26, 27,159, 260, 323, 351, 354 fraud, 21, 292, 303 free trade, 5, 33, 61,138, 139, 140, 144 freedom, 4, 31, 57, 76, 77,100, 124, 132, 134,145, 148, 151, 181, 183,187, 199, 204, 205, 207, 212, 213, 220, 264, 318, 395 Freedom Support Act, 2, 47, 55, 57, 208, funding, 11, 49, 121, 252, 261, 318, 362, 363, 368, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 377, 378 funds, 10,43, 48, 49, 51, 55, 56, 64, 97, 108, 139, 169, 177,181, 187, 257, 288, 300, 302, 303, 315, 318, 322, 339, 353, 356, 357, 362, 366, 367, 371, 372, 373, 374, 378, 385 Index G G7 countries, 263, 265 GATT, 265 GDP per capita, 3 General Assembly, vi, 25, 255, 259, 260, 261, 402 Geneva Convention, 399, 400, 401 genocide, 89, 91, 392, 393, 399 Georgia, 38, 39,43, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92, 93, 94,
95,96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106,107, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118,119, 120, 127, 128, 129,130, 131, 132, 133,134,138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 156, 180, 190, 199, 200, 201, 244, 286, 309, 344, 346, 347, 384, 393, 394 Georgians, 74, 76, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 101, 103, 113, 114,115, 129, 133, 138 Germany, 26, 27, 32, 35, 36, 44, 45, 46, 69,70, 158, 159,164,165,191,192, 210, 211, 242, 243, 253, 309, 323, 326, 336, 351, 402 global economy, 355,360 global security, 40 globalization, 82 goods and services, 263, 311 governance, 1, 3, 5, 31, 35, 46, 47, 61, 74, 98,110, 112, 144,153, 185, 187, 188, 321,390 government procurement, 275, 311 governments, 24, 34, 36, 43, 59, 80, 83, 98,99,102,103,110,124,173,175, 211, 224, 225, 269, 271, 279, 289, 310, 311, 318, 325, 332, 335, 345, 360, 402 Greece, 69, 163, 212 gross domestic product (GDP), 3, 31, 32, 64,121,157, 166 growth, 31, 149, 157, 160,166, 175, 208, 270, 273, 299, 328 H Hamas, 315 harassment, 44, 74,171,172, 215, 290
Index health, 6, 9,11,13, 32, 82, 93, 98,117, 151, 152, 182, 187, 197,202, 338, 377, 384, 395 health care, 9, 82,151, 182,377 health care system, 151 health insurance, 117 Hezbollah, 315 Hong Kong, 292 hostilities, 24, 28, 69, 70, 71, 76, 122, 376, 397, 399, 400, 403 House of Representatives, 4, 41, 44, 57, 81,95,107 housing, 66, 231, 377, 385 human brain, 82 human capital, 149, 171 human rights, 24, 44, 59,106,119,123, 131, 144, 162,189, 269, 271, 272, 278, 279, 281, 284, 285, 296, 303, 304, 305, 306, 313, 319, 320, 327, 335, 340, 346, 375, 391, 392, 394, 396, 399 humanitarian aid, 2, 27, 29, 117, 252 humanitarian crises, 152 humanitarian organizations, 153, 376 Hungary, 34, 189, 376, 377 I Iceland, 322, 363 ideology, 126, 317 immigration, 379, 380, 381 Immigration and Nationality Act, 316 impeachment, 4, 41,44, 51, 79, 82, 85 import restrictions, 359 import substitution, 273, 332 imports, 33, 34, 54, 174, 252, 253, 263, 264, 266, 275, 279, 298, 319, 352, 357, 358, 359, 360 imprisonment, 109,226, 281, 302, 393 inauguration, 151,152, 216 independence, 1,2, 3,4,11,12,14, 15, 21,25, 34,40, 42, 47, 54, 58, 76, 77, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96, 98,113, 114, 121, 188,193, 204, 209, 227, 261, 399 India, 20,235, 236, 237, 256, 261, 363 411 inflation, 32, 237, 245, 354 information technology, 314, 342 infrastructure, 13, 97,108, 111, 114,115, 152, 169,175, 230, 257, 288, 289, 322, 384, 401 injury, 400 insecurity, 160 inspections, 298 institutions, 13,17, 46, 47, 76, 82, 83, 86, 113, 116, 118, 130, 131, 135, 145, 147, 175,176, 177,182, 187,188, 202, 205, 280, 287, 289, 318, 338,
351, 353, 356, 361,366 insurgency, 222, 369 integration, 37,39, 53, 86, 90, 92, 97, 98, 110,116,123, 124 integrity, 1,2, 14, 15,16, 25,40, 41, 43, 47,49, 55, 58, 63, 80, 84, 85, 105, 111, 144,145,151,152, 159,170, 178, 188, 195, 223, 231, 279, 280, 285, 289, 321, 337, 345, 346, 365, 368 intellectual property, 360 intelligence, 87, 150, 168, 173, 272, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299, 301, 307, 312, 327, 331, 332, 338, 347, 353, 369 Intelligence Issues, 227 interdependence, 102 interest rates, 334, 354, 362 interference, 51, 77, 13 8, 146, 147, 168, 172, 201, 204, 223, 269, 271, 277, 279, 287, 288,289, 290, 292, 319, 338 intermediaries, 209 internally displaced, 23,49, 108, 114, 138, 184, 196, 209, 375 International Atomic Energy Agency, 231 International Criminal Court (ICC), 391, 393, 395, 401 International Energy Agency, 35 international financial institutions, 275, 298, 361 international law, 25, 31,43, 84, 118, 159, 162, 204, 246, 297, 298, 299, 338, 391, 397, 398, 399, 400, 402
412 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 9,10, 11,15, 31, 175, 203, 273, 328, 329, 359, 361, 362, 363 International Narcotics Control, 372 international relations, 267 International Republican Institute (IRI), 8, 39,40, 78, 79, 82,105,109, 110,111, 112, 116, 119, 120, 122, 125,126, 135, 188 international standards, 120 international terrorism, 278, 311, 315, 317 international trade, 235 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 387, 388, 389, 390 interoperability, 53, 365 intervention, 74, 76, 80, 83, 85,118, 184, 399 intimidation, 109 intrusions, 146, 295 invasions, 43 investment(s), 58, 77, 93, 97, 98, 101, 119, 170, 177, 252, 257, 258, 270, 272, 275, 276, 278, 280, 283, 284, 285,286, 297, 321, 322, 323, 332, 334, 337, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347, 349, 353, 357, 396 investors, 45, 332, 333, 334, 354,396 IP address, 389 Iran, 71,129,200, 214,215, 311, 312, 315, 336, 341,352 Iraq, 128, 315 Ireland, 325 iron, 3, 33, 54, 266 Iron Curtain, 134 irony, 146 Italy, ii, 351, 354 J Jamestown, 13, 19, 25, 30, 182 Japan, 60, 233,258, 322, 356, 363 Joint Control Commission, 122 Jordan, 38 journalists, 79, 80, 81, 86, 139, 140 Judiciary Committee, 304 Index jurisdiction, 15, 275, 277,282, 392, 393, 402 justification, 199, 265, 308, 318, 374, 398 К Kazakhstan, 384 Korea, 313, 314,341,342 Kosovo, 38 L labor market, 377 Latvia, 43, 69, 159, 241, 363 law enforcement, 214, 367 Law of War, vii, 397, 401, 402 laws, 10, 37, 79, 83,152,275, 279, 311, 373 laws and regulations, 37 leadership, 66, 100, 126, 146, 156, 165, 166, 192, 256, 291, 299, 306, 390 Lebanon, 315 legal protection,
83, 98 legality, 17 legislation, 2, 9,10,11,14, 16, 18, 19, 27, 28,36, 54, 55, 71, 152, 157,163, 192, 193, 196, 198, 203, 206,207, 211, 256, 263, 264,267,271, 277, 278,287, 296, 303, 306, 309, 325, 358, 359, 368, 402, 403 legislative authority, 70 liquefied natural gas, 253, 265 Lithuania, 43, 69, 241, 363 living conditions, 78, 102, 380 loans, 37, 202, 275, 298, 300, 302, 318, 363 local authorities, 100,108,113 local government, ix, 110, 112, 125, 255, 385 Μ Macedonia, 180,190,212 Malaysia, 299 malware, 168,174, 288,293
Index Margesson, Rhoda, vii, 375 maritime security, 186 market access, 264 market economy, 148 McCain, Senator John, 106, 128 media, 18,19, 50, 51, 83, 89, 91, 100, 146, 149, 167, 168,170, 173, 177,197, 219, 220, 221, 224, 253, 325, 330, 349 mediation, 104 medical, 50, 76, 93, 97, 99, 102, 108, 117, 220, 265, 367, 368, 377, 400 medical assistance, 117, 377 medical care, 76, 93, 99, 102, 108 membership, 37, 38, 39, 86, 90, 92,106, 116, 118, 129,135, 141, 179, 180,181, 183, 190, 212, 213, 254, 261, 264,265 Membership Action Plan, 39 metals, 19, 252, 314,341, 354 Mexico, 317 microelectronics, 312 Middle East, 80, 85,141, 179, 182, 293, 298,315,332 migration, 377 military actions, v, 95,231, 246, 393, 398 military aggression, ix, 165, 166, 169, 172, 175, 255, 272, 335, 394 military aid, 1, 47,163, 169, 176,201, 202, 365, 379 military assistance, ix, 50, 56, 166, 188, 200, 201, 213, 252, 255, 368, 372 military buildup, v, 24, 28, 171,219, 220, 225, 269, 335 military exercises, 52, 74, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 366 military mobilization, v, 223 military pressure, 201 military spending, 201 militia, 196 mission(s), 27, 29, 38, 96, 118, 120, 131, 132, 170, 178, 186, 222, 320 modernization, 66, 67, 332 Moldova, 43, 55, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,105, 106, 107, 120, 121, 122, 123,124, 125, 127, 130, 131, 413 132, 133, 140, 141, 265, 286, 303, 309, 344, 346, 347, 376, 377 momentum, 32, 230, 261 monetary policy, 329 money laundering, 121,278,313 monopoly, 165, 174 Montenegro, 322 Moscow, 22, 23,24, 25, 36, 40, 88, 90, 92,93, 95, 96, 97, 98,101,103,104, 113,
119, 122, 126, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161,162, 163,164,165, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 178, 184,191,192, 194, 202, 204, 205, 210, 220, 221, 225, 283, 320, 331,332,333,354,389 motivation, 192, 193 multinational companies, 255 murder, 89, 91, 400 Muslims, 89, 91 mutilation, 400 N narcotics, 278 National Defense Authorization Act, 2, 56,58, 177, 289,295,309 national emergency, 58,271, 277, 280, 284, 287, 288,315,316, 342 national identity, 3, 150 national security, 64, 76, 79, 82,162,168, 178, 181, 215, 245, 265, 275, 276, 277, 279, 294, 295, 298, 299, 300, 301, 310, 311,334, 338, 342, 373 National Security Agency, 287 National Security Council, 147,279 nationalism, 273 nationality, 151 NATO Response Force (NRF), 242, 243 natural gas, 21, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44, 57, 80, 83,133, 165, 168, 169, 174, 211, 246, 257, 269, 286, 308, 309, 336, 344, 347, 352, 357 natural gas pipeline, 57, 257, 269, 308, 336 natural resources, 149, 159, 171, 292, 304 Nauru, 95
414 Netherlands, 33, 163 New Zealand, 258, 265 NGOs, 120 Nicaragua, 95 nickel, 354,359 nitrogen, 236 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), vi, 4,21, 22, 37, 38, 39,47, 52,61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 80, 85, 86, 90, 92, 106, 111, 115, 116,117,118, 129, 134, 135, 138, 147, 148, 150,156, 159, 160, 162, 163, 179, 180, 181,182, 183, 187, 189, 190, 195,199, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216,219, 227, 241, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249,254, 286, 309, 327, 344, 347, 365, 368, 370, 377, 398 North Caucasus, 317 North Korea, 200, 261, 265, 269, 271, 272, 279, 287, 299, 311, 312, 313, 314, 336, 341, 342 Norway, 60, 322 nuclear power plants, v, 231, 233, 401 nuclear program, 312 nuclear weapons, 25, 313, 383 О Obama Administration, 20, 46, 49, 58, 59, 78,242, 270, 272,279, 284, 290, 312, 315,316,317, 329, 367 Obama, President Barack, 208, 270, 271, 277, 280,284, 287,290,319 obstacles, 11, 13, 125, 187, 190,267 obstruction, 17, 41, 172, 261 occupied territories, 76, 78, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 119, 120, 130,134, 136,138, 201,209 OECD, 34 Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 52 Office of the Inspector General, 51 oil, 3, 33, 34,97, 235, 236, 237, 238, 257, 265, 266, 270, 273, 281, 283, 285, 286, Index 297, 314, 315, 316, 322, 323, 324, 328, 329, 330, 331, 337, 344, 346, 347, 359 oil production, 324, 331 operating revenues, 330 operations, 38, 43, 53, 65, 67, 71, 97, 156, 158, 159,165, 172, 174, 176, 184, 191, 214, 221, 225, 229, 230, 242, 248, 255, 257, 269, 271, 272, 279, 281, 287, 288, 290, 292, 295, 320, 331, 334, 358, 363, 366, 368, 378, 384, 392, 398 ores,
3, 33 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 26, 27, 28,29, 81, 85, 116, 119, 130, 131, 132, 154,219 outreach, 102, 103,125,135, 150 oversight, 60, 61, 87, 261, 374, 378, 383, 390 P Pacific, 179, 182 Pakistan, 261 palladium, 266 Parliament, 7, 10, 11, 39,120,123, 291 patriotism, 202 peace, 27,3 8, 53, 79, 82, 101, 105,111, 130, 138,140, 144, 152,154,156,158, 159, 165, 179, 181, 182, 183, 196, 198, 204, 213, 226, 259, 260, 280,285, 289, 337, 345, 346, 398 peace process, 27,204 peacekeepers, 122, 227 peacekeeping, 38, 53 penalties, 15, 393 Pentagon, 42, 51, 186,208,228, 229 petroleum, 253, 265,266, 314, 358, 359 phosphates, 236 phosphorus, 236, 266 pipeline, 2, 35,36, 44,45, 55, 57,58, 59, 60,115, 158, 164, 165,169,174,190, 191, 192, 193,210,211,258, 282, 283, 296, 309, 310, 325, 326, 327, 336, 341 plants, 232,234,383 platform, 8, 76, 86, 146, 172, 209, 253
Index Poland, 32, 34, 37, 52, 69, 70, 165,191, 213, 241, 243, 252, 3 76, 3 77, 402 polarization, 86,112 police, 5, 74, 88, 91, 94, 97, 99,101,128, 155,162, 305 policy initiative, 119 policy issues, 265 policy options, 361 policy responses, 243 policymakers, 40, 78, 132, 219, 270, 272, 273, 329, 352 political crisis, 113 political leaders, 229 political parties, 18, 68,112, 120,122, 123, 125, 377 political system, 4,119,125,149, 205, 209, 291 politics, 4, 21, 75, 80, 83, 85, 106, 115, 118,122, 125,130, 172 popular vote, 6,149,175 population, 4,12,21, 22, 23, 24, 93, 96, 98,99,100,104,108,109,111,113, 114, 115, 116, 120,121, 123, 151, 159, 171, 179, 228,313,375, 395 populism, 167 post-Communist states, 4 post-Soviet states, 4, 21, 31, 48, 53, 55 potassium, 236 power plants, 231, 233, 401 pragmatism, 123 preservation, 273 presidency, 1, 3, 9,13, 15,46,134, 179 presidential administration, 185 prisoners of war, 400 privatization, 10,12,18, 297, 320, 345, 347 procurement, 9, 64, 166, 175, 311, 312, 319,320, 341,368,369 proliferation, 269, 271,272, 278, 279, 288,311,312,314,315, 341 propaganda, 18, 89, 91,126, 134, 140, 144, 149, 173, 188, 288 property rights, 187 prosperity, 79, 83, 98, 158, 167 415 protection, 82, 267, 375, 377, 378, 397, 400 psychosocial support, 153 public debt, 166 public expenditures, 166 public finance, 334 public health, 384 public officials, 14, 176 public opinion, 112, 120, 134, 135 public policy, 113, 181, 390 public service, 105,107,108,109, 117 public support, 116,130, 149 punishment, 27, 278, 305, 395 Putin, Vladimir, 19, 21, 28, 30, 44, 50, 73,
74,76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90,105, 106, 107,125,126,127,128, 131,133, 135, 137, 138, 141, 144, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 170,178,179, 180, 181, 183, 189, 191, 192,204, 206, 207, 210,213, 214, 215, 226, 227, 228, 251, 255, 257, 281,287, 305,319, 320, 328, 333,335, 398 Q quality of life, 95, 103, 110, 138 R radar, 157, 163, 171,186 radiation, 233 raw materials, 236, 264 RBC, 330, 349 reconciliation, 102, 112,130 reconstruction, 97 recovery, 273, 322 Red Army, 114 reelection, 41
416 reform(s), 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,16, 17, 28, 29, 32, 34, 38, 44, 46, 47, 55, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 74, 78, 80, 85, 86, 106, 110, 112, 120, 124, 134, 145, 146, 147, 149, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 166, 167, 168, 169, 175, 176, 177, 186, 187, 190, 195, 197, 202, 203, 205, 209, 212, 216, 261, 292, 318, 321, 366 reformers, 149, 166, 175 refugee(s), vii, 246, 252, 254, 261, 361, 372, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379 refugee flows, 246, 375 regulations, 311,312, 322,341 regulatory requirements, 381 religion, 151, 184, 395,400 remediation, 310 remittances, 32, 121,187 repression, 44,163, 204 reputation, 117, 121 reserve assets, 352, 362 reserve currency, 333 reserves, 32, 133, 256, 333, 351, 352, 356, 359, 361, 362, 363 resistance, 1,3,10,11, 13, 14, 117, 129, 229, 230, 369 resolution, 2, 26,27, 46, 54, 58,70, 116, 118, 122, 124,174, 256, 260, 261, 308, 372, 395, 402 resources, 26, 33, 66, 74, 75, 103,144, 159, 194, 203,210, 316, 332, 352, 355, 356, 359, 363, 388 restitution, 299 restoration, 85,110,151, 196 restrictions, 12,26, 33, 53, 122,186, 246, 253, 256, 257, 264, 269, 273, 275, 276, 278, 283, 298, 299, 300, 306, 311, 312, 313, 318, 319, 321, 323, 324, 330, 331, 332, 334, 335, 338, 341, 343, 347, 353, 357,381 restructuring, 10, 321 retaliation, 267 retribution, 99 revenue, 169,190, 328 Index Revolution of Dignity, v, 2, 5, 9,13,22, 54, 56, 109, 111, 143,144,153,170, 204, 205 Revolutionary Guard, 315 rights, 4, 25, 88, 90, 99, 119, 123,159, 252, 265, 285, 303, 304, 306,327,340, 377, 387, 391, 392, 394 risk(s), 46, 79, 81, 92, 95, 148, 159,165, 184, 234, 295, 326,
370, 372, 384, 395 Romania, 69, 70, 133, 163, 165, 199,242, 243, 247, 376, 377 ruble, 300, 3 02, 303, 339, 3 54 rule of law, 79, 80, 85, 132, 141, 145, 148, 156, 160, 187,205,216,217 rules, 74, 159, 253, 264, 306, 357, 397 Russian art, 156 Rwanda, 89 s sabotage, 85, 227 safety, 50, 151,153,231,233,234,293, 300,301,310, 338, 366,384 seafood, 265, 358 secondary schools, 189 Secretary of Commerce, 298 Secretary of Defense, 50, 56, 224 Secretary of Homeland Security, 276, 289,316 Secretary of the Treasury, 280, 289, 295, 298, 300, 307, 357 Sectoral Sanctions Identifications (SSI), 276, 278, 280, 282, 283, 285,286, 315, 330, 337, 342, 343, 349 secure communication, 42, 50, 368 securities, 277, 360 security assistance, vii, 2, 38, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 80, 84, 186, 197,199, 208, 365, 366, 367, 368, 385 security forces, 122, 152, 312, 369 security services, 162 security threats, 213 seizure, 199, 228, 401 semiconductors), 252, 257, 354
Index Senate, 2, 4, 41, 46, 55, 56, 57, 69, 137, 143,144,157,163,192,198, 213,226, 261, 284, 294, 306, 307, 308, 319 Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 46 September И, 37, 51, 175 Serbs, 89,91 servers, 387, 388, 389 service provider, 387 Siberia, 220 Singapore, 258, 314 Slovakia, 34, 242, 376, 377 smuggling, 121,209, 313 social infrastructure, 152 social programs, 362 social relations, 105 social services, 377 social support, 119 society, 105, 106, 109, 111, 112, 156, 170, 173, 189,377 software, 257, 341 solidarity, 119, 195,241, 270, 272 South Africa, 261, 363 South Korea, 178, 258, 265, 332 South Ossetia, 43, 74, 76, 78, 83, 84,92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,113, 114,115, 116,117, 119, 127, 133,139, 144,393 Southeast Asia, 332 sovereign state, 204, 206 sovereignty, 1,3, 25,41, 43, 44, 49, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 75, 80, 83, 84, 85,132, 135, 151, 152, 169, 191, 201, 204, 205, 261, 272, 279, 280, 285, 337, 346 Soviet Union, 4, 31, 43,47, 53, 64, 77, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95, 114,121, 148, 158,159, 232, 264, 303, 306, 384, 388 Spain, 242 Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), 362, 363 St. Petersburg, 126,221 stability, 58, 94, 96, 102, 110, 113, 116, 125, 134, 167,181, 182, 183, 184, 280, 285, 289, 313, 337, 345, 346, 362 Stalin, Joseph, 54 state borders, 100, 104 state control, 23 417 statehood, 90, 399 state-owned banks, 283 state-owned enterprises, 10, 35, 187, 301 steel, 3, 30, 33, 54, 232, 233, 266 Strait of Hormuz, 214 stress, 179,181,335 structural reforms, 187 subsistence farming, 114 Sudan, 292 supplier(s), 332, 354, 367 supply chain, 265, 354 Supreme
Council, 120 Supreme Court, 17,113 surveillance, 186, 368, 383 survivors, 323 Sweden, 38 Switzerland, 33, 60,172, 258, 322 Syria, 95,141, 200, 246, 248, 261, 269, 271, 272, 279, 281, 286, 297, 299, 311, 312, 315, 316, 336, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347 T tactics, 75, 79, 83, 168, 173, 184 Taiwan, 215, 258 takeover, 45, 352 Taliban, 317,352 tanks, 64,120,156,198, 225, 282 target, 18,20, 168, 173, 228, 273,275, 278, 280, 287, 296, 304, 305, 308, 323, 324, 326, 328, 329, 342, 349, 353, 366 targeting individuals, 327 tariffs), vi, 34,187, 263, 264, 265, 266, 358 tariff rates, 264 Task Force, 165 Tbilisi, 77, 78, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102, 114, 115,117, 119 technical assistance, 112,298 technical support, 389 telecommunications, 293, 357 temporary protection, 252, 377 tension(s), 44, 77, 94, 95, 101, 103, 104, 115,144, 224, 245, 254,326
418 territorial, 1, 2, 7, 25, 40, 41, 43, 49, 55, 57,58,63,85, 98, 105, 111, 114, 118, 125, 144, 151, 152, 159, 170, 178, 188, 195, 198, 223, 241, 279, 280, 285,289, 321, 337, 345, 346, 365, 368 territory, 1, 4, 25, 28, 39, 43, 57, 60, 76, 77, 92, 93, 94, 95, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, ИЗ, 114, 115, 118, 121, 122,124, 129, 132, 148, 151, 154, 159, 160,190, 215, 225, 235, 285, 304, 393, 394, 398, 399 terrorism, 18, 75, 312, 342, 372 terrorist activities, 381 terrorist organization, 315 terrorists, 18, 315 Thailand, 292 threats, 65, 75, 79, 82, 100, 144, 151, 167, 171, 233, 252, 259, 289, 365 titanium, 20, 264, 354 Title 1,2, 43, 53, 55,264, 270, 271, 272, 285, 288, 296, 297, 303, 306, 313, 336, 337, 339, 340, 347 Title II, 2, 43, 55, 270, 272, 285, 288, 296, 297,313, 336, 337,339, 347 Title IV, 53, 264, 270, 271, 303, 306, 336, 340 torture, 123, 305, 395, 400 tourism, 74, 117, 136, 322 trade agreement, 33,37, 138, 139 trade benefits, 267 trading partners, 32 trafficking, 278, 318 trafficking in persons, 318 transparency, 9, 34, 63, 64, 124,125,176, 197,219 transport, 19,36, 67, 93, 98,109,140, 221, 309 transportation, 111, 252, 289, 299, 359, 369 Treasury, 20,273, 274, 276, 280, 281, 282, 283,284, 285, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 300, 305, 307, 308,313, 314, 315, 316,317, 326, 337,371 Treasury Secretary, 326 treaties, 71,275,393,399 Index tribunals, vii, 391, 393, 395, 396, 402 trust fimd(s), 38, 187, 362, 363 Tskhinvali, 95, 114, 117 Turkey, vi, 75, 96, 128, 133, 163, 199, 235, 245, 246, 247, 248,249, 294 U U.S. assistance, 49, 63, 84, 203, 368 U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), 236, 237, 238 U.S. Department of Commerce, 45, 276, 353, 357, 390 U.S. Department of the Treasury, 20, 273, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 300, 307, 308, 314, 315, 316, 317,326,330, 342, 349 U.S. Deployments, 69 U.S. economy, 333, 359 U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule, 264 U.S. history, 276, 306 U.S. policy, 43, 44, 87, 101,146,149, 151, 188, 243, 247, 262, 269, 271, 368 U.S. Treasury, 293 U.S. troop presence, 70 U.S.-EU Relations, vi, 251 Ukrainian Armed Forces, v, 38, 51, 63, 223, 366 Ukrainian Border, v, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226,227,272, 334 underwriting, 59, 275, 310, 341 UNDP, 13 UNHCR, 23, 26, 375, 376 United Kingdom (UK), ix, 25, 32, 241, 255, 258,260, 272, 299, 307, 327, 334, 351,356,363 United Nations, vi, 25,31,103,116, 130, 172, 198, 259, 260, 261, 278, 298, 314, 377, 384, 391, 398 United Nations Security Council (U.N. Security Council), 25, 26,27, 259, 311, 313,314, 398, 402 unresolved conflict, 106,119 uranium, 266 Uzbekistan, 155
419 Index V Venezuela, 95, 200,269,271,272, 279, 316, 342 vessels, 31, 44, 56, 59, 66, 87,133,154, 161,163,171,184,199, 215,230, 271, 276, 280, 281, 285, 290, 309, 310, 313, 314,315,316, 337, 341,342 vested interests, 12,121 veto, 90, 92, 180, 260,261, 308, 392 victims, 49, 54,124,293, 299, 397 violence, 55, 77, 92, 96,122, 123, 134, 285,305,315 vote, 6, 89,91,93,97, 99, 111, 123,185, 197, 198, 260, 261, 267, 288, 308 voters, 109, 123,125,138 voting, 123, 149, 176,260, 261, 283, 347 vulnerability, 36, 169,176 W waiver, 58, 295, 298, 299, 301, 304, 310, 318,324 Wales, 187 war, 71, 74, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 99,109, 112,114,127, 128, 141, 146, 148, 151, 156, 159, 160, 161, 164, 183, 186, 198, 204, 205,237, 246, 247, 248,251, 253, 254, 267, 352, 354, 356, 357, 365, 366, 368, 375, 384, 387, 391, 393,395, 397, 399, 401,402 war crimes, 391,393,395, 400, 401, 402 War Powers Resolution, 69 Washington, 11, 12,18, 20, 24, 31, 40, 42,45, 46, 50, 52, 53, 54, 73, 101, 102, 103, 143, 148, 156, 162, 167, 170, 173, 177, 178, 187,188, 199, 207, 216, 275, 320, 335 water, 93,98, 108, 136, 149, 151, 153, 160, 168, 184,225, 231,232, 234 water shortages, 136 wealth, 160, 257, 333, 353, 357 weapons, 27, 28,29, 56,128,157,184, 195, 208, 269, 271, 272, 274, 276, 278, 279, 286, 297, 298, 299, 302, 311, 312, 314, 315, 320, 323, 327, 338, 341, 344, 345, 346, 347, 366, 367, 368, 369, 383, 400,401 weapons of mass destruction, 276, 297, 302,311,314,315, 341 web, 165, 388 web pages, 388 websites, 253 Western countries, 95,102 Western Europe, 179,183,192,195 Western orientation,
170, 177 White House, 24, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 50, 51,52, 53, 58, 151,174, 279, 284, 290, 301,318,331,335,368,387 withdrawal, 27, 28, 29, 87, 110,122,124, 154, 195,313,395 witnesses, 75, 77, 78, 81, 87, 125, 130, 142,147, 155, 205 World Anti-Doping Agency, 292, 300 World Bank, 3,10, 14, 15, 32,361, 362, 363 World Health Organization, 384 world order, 156 World Trade Organization (WTO), vi, 253, 263, 264, 265, 267, 306, 359 World War I, 4, 84, 137, 144, 194, 246, 333 worldwide, 107, 281, 283, 304, 307, 323, 327, 334, 389 Y Yemen, 71 z zinc, 314 Bayerische ВШИмЬїюШвк Mönchen
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Contents Preface . ix Chapter 1 Ukraine: Background, Conflict with Russia, and U.S. Policy. 1 Cory Welt Chapter 2 Ukrainian Armed Forces. 63 Andrew S. Bowen Chapter 3 Ukraine: New U.S. Deployments to Europe Might Raise War Powers Resolution Questions. 69 Matthew C. Weed Chapter 4 Antagonizing the Neighborhood: Putin’s Frozen Conflicts and the Conflict in Ukraine. 73 Committee on Foreign Affairs Chapter 5 Five Years after the Revolution of Dignity: Ukraine’s Progress/Russia’s Malign Activities. 143 Committee on Foreign Relations Chapter 6 Russian Military Buildup Along the Ukrainian Border.219 Andrew S. Bowen Chapter 7 Russian Military Mobilization on Ukraine’s Borders and in Occupied Crimea. 223 Andrew S. Bowen Chapter 8 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Issues and Aspects. 227 Andrew S. Bowen
vi Contents Chapter 9 Russian Military Actions at Ukraine’s Nuclear Power Plants. 231 Mark Holt and Mary Beth D. Nikitin Chapter 10 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Implications for Agricultural Trade and Production.235 Stephanie Rosch Chapter 11 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: NATO Response. 241 Paul Belkin Chapter 12 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Turkey’s Response and Black Sea Access Issues.245 Jim Zanotti and Clayton Thomas Chapter 13 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: European Union Responses and Implications for U.S.-EU Relations. 251 Kristin Archick Chapter 14 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: Overview of U.S. and International Sanctions and Other Responses. 255 Cory Welt Chapter 15 United Nations Security Council and General Assembly Responses to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine. 259 Luisa Blanchfield and Matthew C. Weed Chapter 16 Invasion of Ukraine: Russia’s Trade Status, Tariffs, and WTO Issues.263 Cathleen D. Cimino-Isaacs and Liana Wong Chapter 17 U.S. Sanctions on Russia. 269 Cory Welt, Kristin Archick, Rebecca Μ. Nelson and Dianne E. Rennack Chapter 18 Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: New Financial and Trade Sanctions. 351 Rebecca Μ. Nelson and Christopher A. Casey
Contents vii Chapter 19 New Financial and Trade Sanctions Against Russia. 355 Rebecca Μ. Nelson, Christopher A. Casey and Andres B. Schwarzenberg Chapter 20 Russia, Ukraine, and the International Financial Institutions. 361 Martin A. Weiss Chapter 21 U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine. 365 Christina L. Arabia and Andrew S. Bowen Chapter 22 Supplemental Funding for Ukraine: Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs (SFOPS). 371 Emily Μ. Morgenstern Chapter 23 Humanitarian and Refugee Crisis in Ukraine.375 Rhoda Margesson and Derek E. Mix Chapter 24 Designation of Ukraine for Temporary Protected Status: Impact and Other Considerations. 379 Hillel R. Smith, Jill H. Wilson and Kelsey Y. Santamaria Chapter 25 Biological Security Engagement in Ukraine: U.S. Cooperation and Threat Reduction Programs. 383 Mary Beth D. Nikitin Chapter 26 A Revisit of the Domain Name System after Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. 387 Ling Zhu Chapter 27 The Role of International Tribunals in the Response to the Invasion of Ukraine. 391 Nina Μ. Hart and Stephen P. Mulligan Chapter 28 The Law of War and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine.397 Stephen P. Mulligan Index . 405
Index A Abkhazia, 43, 74, 76, 78, 83, 92, 93, 94, 95,96, 97, 98, 99,100, 101,102, 103, 104,106,113, 114, 115,116,117,119, 127,133, 139,144, 393 Abkhazia region, 393 abuse, 17,41, 303, 304, 305, 313, 322, 340 accountability, 209, 397, 402 acts of aggression, 260 aerospace, 264,326, 357 Afghanistan, 38, 85,118,119,129, 312, 352, 368, 369 Africa, 53, 292 aggression, ix, 37, 46, 47, 49, 56, 57, 60, 63, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 116, 117, 119, 132, 144, 145, 152, 153, 154,156, 157,158,159,160,161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169,171,172, 175, 176, 177, 184, 188,193,194,197, 204, 206, 213, 215, 216, 223, 241,254, 255, 256,260, 261, 269, 271, 272, 335, 336, 393, 394 agricultural exports, 32 agriculture, 19, 32 air carriers, 299 Air Force, 50, 67 airports, 108 Albania, 260, 265, 322 anti-gas, 165 antitrust, 203 appropriations, 43, 56, 312, 317, 318, 365, 371,373,378 Appropriations Act, 304, 317, 365, 368 arbitration, 25, 36, 396 armed conflict, 71,121, 375, 380, 384, 397, 399, 400 armed forces, 28, 38, 58, 63, 65, 69, 70, 71,72, 150, 163,208,223,385 armed groups, 28, 154 Armenia, 78, 385 arms control, 243 arms sales, 132, 150, 245, 278, 279, 289, 294, 296, 297, 339, 369 Asia, 289, 310, 332, 345 assassination, 300, 301 assault, 67, 204, 228, 400 assertiveness, 79, 82 assets, 10, 13, 18, 45, 55, 58, 149, 163, 176, 213, 214, 222, 225, 251, 256, 275, 276, 278, 280, 285, 294, 297, 313, 317, 322, 329, 333, 337, 342, 345, 347, 349, 351,353,357, 360, 402, 403 asylum, 377, 381 attitudes, 78, 90,92, 126, 134, 135 Attorney General, 276, 279, 289, 316 Austria, 19, 20, 354
authoritarianism, 85 autonomy, 109, 114, 254 awareness, 50, 120, 186, 208, 214, 215, 366 Azerbaijan, 78, 385 В Balkans, 152 ballistic missiles, 225, 228, 401
406 Baltic states, 38, 43,159,241,243 ban, 89, 91, 150,265,319, 322, 359 Bank of England, 353 banking, 9, 10,28, 166, 169, 277, 351 banking sector, 10, 166, 169 banks, 11, 166,251, 281, 282, 293, 298, 300, 315, 322, 331, 339, 351, 352, 354, 356 basic services, 74, 92, 95 Batumi, 119 Belarus, 4, 191,220, 221, 222, 227, 230, 235, 236, 252, 257, 261, 263, 353, 357, 361, 363, 376 Belgium, 174, 251,351 benchmarks, 106,118 benefits, 61, 87, 102, 116, 183, 252, 297, 341, 345, 347 Biden, Vice President Joseph, 46, 52 bilateral aid, 1,48 bilateral relationship, 179, 185 biological weapons, 298,338,383, 401 biosafety, 384 black economy, 121 black market, 122 Black Sea region, 44, 133, 168, 171, 172, 242 blockades, 122 border crossing, 29, 117, 135, 136 border security, 367 Bosnia, 89, 91 Brazil, 236,326,363 bribes, 93, 98, 99 budget allocation, 64 budget deficit, 166 building blocks, 124 Bulgaria, 69, 163, 199, 247 business environment, 77 businesses, ix, 152, 255, 265, 275, 320, 330, 332, 360 C capacity building, 214 capital controls, 354 capital flight, 354 Index capital markets, 187, 332, 353, 357 Caspian Sea, 133, 237 Caucasus, 55, 96,104,123, 310, 317 ceasefire, 1, 3, 110, 116, 122, 150, 153, 154, 160,195 Central African Republic, 292 Central Asia, 55 central bank, 11,256,258,331,333, 351, 352, 354, 356, 363 Central Europe, 37, 165, 211, 212 certification, 36, 67, 258,309 CFSP, 321, 322,348 challenges, 3, 4, 8, 15, 39,47, 53,60, 65, 75,95,105, 106, 107,119,120,121, 137,146,149,166,168, 181,182, 188, 189, 245, 273, 276, 332, 375, 376, 378 Chechens, 88 chemical(s), 19, 20, 266,
269, 271, 272, 274, 279, 297,298,299, 301, 302, 320, 327, 338, 339, 354, 400 children, 80, 85, 99, 108, 173, 305, 319, 376, 400 China, 32, 45, 75, 79, 82, 160, 215, 235, 236, 256, 260,261,294, 314, 332, 333, 353, 356, 363 Chinese government, 384 citizens, 18, 37, 74, 76, 79, 82, 83, 94, 100, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 112, 115, 116, 117,121, 122,123, 124, 125, 134, 135,138, 141, 151, 153, 162, 184, 188, 204, 264, 319, 326, 359, 378, 402 citizenship, 26,114, 153, 162, 305, 323, 379 civil law, 402 civil liberties, 4, 178 civil society, 61, 80, 86,120,124, 125, 170,175, 176, 177, 196, 202, 387 civil war, 160 climate change, 75, 254 Clinton, President William Jefferson, 298 coal, 19, 30,33, 54, 209,210,253, 265, 341,358 Coast Guard, 51,186,367 coercion, 59, 148, 310 coffee, 89, 91
Index Cold War, 134,144 collateral damage, 270, 273, 329, 330 commercial bank, 19, 352 commodity, 238 communication, 125, 126 compensation, 360, 396 competitive advantage, 288 competitive process, 15, 202 compliance, 35,185,276, 312, 313, 314, 383, 398 confinement, 233 conflict(s), ix, 1,2, 3,4, 6,22, 23, 24, 26, 27,28, 39, 44, 49,60, 67, 69, 71, 73, 74,75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 90, 96, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,109, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116,120, 122, 123,124,125, 127, 128,129,132, 133, 134, 139, 140,141, 144, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154,155, 156, 172, 193, 196, 206, 242, 244,245, 259, 272, 321, 335, 361,363,381,393, 400, 401 conflict resolution, 1, 3,26, 28,116, 196, 321 confrontation, 70 consensus, 125,131,192, 202, 267 consent, 267, 346, 360, 398 conspiracy, 291, 303, 340 constituents, 197, 198 Constitution, 12,37,90,276, 278 constitutional amendment, 37 construction, 2, 36, 44, 57, 58, 59, 60, 111, 276, 281, 282, 309, 310, 314, 326, 341,366 controversial, 11, 14, 122, 139 controversies, 226 cooperation, 39, 45, 57, 76, 80, 84, 101, 119, 153, 158, 164, 184, 186, 189, 245, 247, 248, 254, 270, 272, 279, 295, 300, 301, 320, 321, 339, 362, 366, 384 coordination, 58, 69,177,203, 254, 263, 274, 279, 289, 302, 321, 322, 325, 326, 327, 355, 357 copper, 359 corporate governance, 35 corporate sector, 47 407 corruption, 6, 9,10,11,12, 13,14,15, 16, 17,20, 21, 33, 46, 47, 52, 55, 61, 63, 65,76, 86,106,120,121,122,124, 146,149,166, 169,172, 175, 176, 177, 182,184, 187,188, 197, 201, 202, 203, 205, 209, 216, 217, 278, 284, 285, 286, 289,297, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 329,
344, 345, 346 cost, 48, 80,102, 157,159, 160,161,172, 193, 194, 210, 272, 309, 332, 335, 369 Council of Europe, 395 counterterrorism, 38 country of particular concern (CPC), 131, 318 Crimea, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7,21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28,29, 30, 33, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 57, 58,63, 66, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 105, 106, 107, 108,109, 111, 112,118, 126,132, 134, 135,136,137,139,140,141, 144, 160, 161,168,170,171, 172, 184, 191, 201, 204, 206, 208, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225,227,228, 242,272, 279, 280, 281, 284, 285, 321, 322, 323, 330, 334, 337, 375, 393, 395 crimes, 13, 17, 152, 154, 290, 292, 304, 319,340, 391,393,395, 402 criminal activity, 317 crises, 96,131 critical infrastructure, 153, 228,287, 293 critical period, 154 critical state, 99 Croatia, 165 crop(s), 236,238 crude oil, 253, 265, 358, 359 cruise missiles, 171, 228, 230 Cuba, 265, 324 currency, 32, 121, 245, 277, 294, 333 Customs and Border Protection, 279 Customs Service, 33 CustomsUnion, 111, 135 cyberattack, 83, 158, 168, 172, 174, 201, 220, 292, 327 cybersecurity, 53, 57, 288, 289, 296, 300, 338, 347
408 cyberspace, 146 Cyprus, 33 Czech Republic, 32,69 D damages, 36 danger, 71, 104, 215 deaths, 12, 23, 109, 127, 183 debts, 360 decentralization, 9,10, 28, 110 democracy, 4, 76, 77, 83, 87, 107, 120, 128, 132, 134, 146, 148, 168, 202, 204, 205, 285, 337 Democratic Party, 80, 86 demography, 23 denial, 150,207,223,275,276,288, 301, 302,304,311,316,339,358 Denmark, 363 Department of Commerce, 276, 279, 280, 312 Department of Defense, 42, 48, 49, 50, 51,197, 242, 279,317,365,384 Department of Energy, 42, 49, 279 Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 53,168,174, 279,380,381,382 Department of Justice, 20, 21, 279, 287, 290, 291,292, 293,312, 402 Department of the Treasury, 274, 278, 281, 282, 291, 292, 293, 302, 307, 308, 317, 324, 326 deployments, 24, 53, 69, 70, 71, 242, 243 destruction, 74,367, 392, 400, 401 detention, 24, 171, 204, 206, 303, 340, 395 deterrence, 56, 66, 191, 195, 243, 379 development assistance, 124 diamonds, 265, 358 diplomacy, 131,159,164, 191, 207, 326 diplomatic efforts, 60, 74, 105, 107, 372 directives, 283,285, 337, 347, 373 disaster, 40, 54, 141, 380 discrimination, 74, 93, 98, 124, 395 displaced persons, 377 dissatisfaction, 7, 162 Index domestic laws, 402 domestic policy, 131 domestic violence, 124 dominance, 133,168,171,172,200, 228, 245 drinking water, 136 drought, 236 Duma, 141, 258 E Eastern Europe, 14, 44, 55, 77, 158, 170, 177,191, 193, 211,242, 243, 323, 332 economic activity, 25,121,274,328, 329, 331 economic assistance, 40, 203, 371, 372, 373 economic consequences, 1, 3 economic cooperation, 42 economic development, 118, 121,182, 183,185,
199 economic downturn, 97 economic growth, 2, 32, 117, 178, 180, 196,329 economic incentives, 124 economic integration, 106,120,180 economic leverage, 355 economic policy, 106, 115 economic power, 191 economic problem, 122,126,194 economic reform(s), 40, 46, 166, 170, 171, 175, 178,201,202, 203,362 economic relations, 82,274,322 economic resources, 288 economic systems, 159 education, 82, 102, 121,366, 377 educational opportunities, 65, 66 Egypt, 235 election, 5, 6, 20, 41, 51, 80, 83, 86, 113, 120, 123, 125, 144, 146, 148, 149,150, 151, 152, 154, 158, 162,165,168,173, 185, 188, 203, 269, 271,277,279, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 319, 338, 390 electricity, 20, 34, 151,153,231,234 embargo, 359
Index embassy, 320, 383 emergency, 38, 49, 232, 253, 260,261, 267, 277, 284, 307, 343, 362, 366, 371, 372, 373, 377, 378, 384, 394 emigration, 53,120,121,122, 264, 303, 306 energy, 7, 9, 18, 19, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44, 45, 56, 59,61,80, 83, 85,121,128,133, 168, 169, 172,174,175, 177,180, 187, 191,192, 195, 202, 207, 210, 211, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 269, 271, 272, 276, 279, 280, 282, 283, 285, 286, 289,297, 308, 309, 310, 321, 323, 324, 327, 331, 332, 335, 336, 337, 340, 345, 347, 348, 353, 354, 357, 360 energy prices, 33 energy security, 36,44, 45, 56, 80, 83, 85, 191, 195,211,253, 327 energy supply, 36 enforcement, 295, 335, 392, 402 engineering, 50, 349, 367 entrepreneurs, 153, 160 environment, 29, 33, 117, 170, 214, 232, 234 environmental degradation, 151 equity, 257, 283, 330, 344 Eritrea, 261 espionage, 287 Estonia, 43, 69, 83, 159, 241 ethics, 16 ethnicity, 151 EU candidate countries, 322 EU enlargement, 254 Eurasia, 1, 2, 22,43, 47, 48, 78, 81, 95, 105, 107, 155, 156, 158, 167, 185, 270, 272, 284, 285, 288, 296, 336, 337, 347, 365 European Commission, 37, 38, 174, 325, 326, 351 European market, 133, 175 European Parliament, 327 European policy, 147, 325, 352 evacuation, 50, 368 evidence, 98,184, 224, 274, 288, 333, 383, 393, 397, 399, 401 409 executive branch, 59, 70, 71, 261, 271, 274, 278, 279, 286, 287, 295, 355, 358, 374, 402 Executive Order(s), 55, 58,177,270, 271, 279, 280, 284, 285, 288, 289, 298, 300, 302, 304, 309, 310, 312, 313, 315, 317 export control, 252, 258,275, 279, 311, 341,353 exporter(s), 33, 45, 235, 236, 284,286, 311,312,315,346, 354 exports, 33,
34, 35, 44, 45, 54, 59,121, 123,157, 174, 209, 211, 235, 236, 237, 246, 252, 257, 269, 271, 272, 275, 278, 279, 298, 300, 301, 302, 308, 310, 312, 323, 331, 335, 339, 351, 354, 357, 358 extradition, 19, 20 extraordinary conditions, 380 F FAA, 372, 373 Facebook, 168, 173 famine, 54 FDI inflow, 33 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 21, 135, 168, 279, 287, 289 federal government, 385 Federal Register, 277, 280, 287,288, 289, 297, 298, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 309, 310,312,313,315,316,317 Federal Reserve, 333,352,354 Federal Security Service (FSB), 184, 205, 207, 215, 281, 290, 292, 293, 301, 302 fertilizers, 235,236, 238 financial crisis, 31 financial institutions, vii, 174,207, 256, 257, 258, 269, 275, 286, 293, 297, 298, 302, 319, 335, 342, 344, 347, 351, 353, 354, 356, 357, 361 financial markets, 274, 333, 355, 359 financial resources, 359 financial sector, 251, 283, 293 financial stability, 338 financial support, 97, 361 financial system, 177, 275, 322, 331
410 Finland, 38, 52 firearms, 282, 302, 367 fires, 17, 73, 233 food, 94, 99, 114, 121, 196, 235, 238, 297, 298, 371, 378 force, 25, 37, 39, 43, 65, 67,68, 71, 83, 89,91, 94,113, 129,144, 146, 148, 156, 158, 159, 160, 165, 200, 207, 220, 226, 241, 242, 243, 247, 253, 255, 260, 261, 275, 280, 287, 288, 304, 305, 366, 397, 398, 399, 402 foreign affairs, 155 foreign aid, 37, 48, 278, 311,318 foreign assistance, 43, 275, 297, 339 foreign banks, 308 foreign direct investment (FDI), 33, 119, 160 foreign exchange, 277, 314, 333, 356, 362 foreign exchange market, 333 foreign investment, 32, 297, 330 foreign nationals, 23,276, 380 foreign person, 59, 297, 309, 340 foreign policy, 23, 39, 76, 79, 82,104, 131, 133, 137, 162, 167, 181, 194, 204, 207, 273,274, 275, 276, 277, 279,294, 306,311,333, 335,338, 342,360 France, 26, 27,159, 260, 323, 351, 354 fraud, 21, 292, 303 free trade, 5, 33, 61,138, 139, 140, 144 freedom, 4, 31, 57, 76, 77,100, 124, 132, 134,145, 148, 151, 181, 183,187, 199, 204, 205, 207, 212, 213, 220, 264, 318, 395 Freedom Support Act, 2, 47, 55, 57, 208, funding, 11, 49, 121, 252, 261, 318, 362, 363, 368, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 377, 378 funds, 10,43, 48, 49, 51, 55, 56, 64, 97, 108, 139, 169, 177,181, 187, 257, 288, 300, 302, 303, 315, 318, 322, 339, 353, 356, 357, 362, 366, 367, 371, 372, 373, 374, 378, 385 Index G G7 countries, 263, 265 GATT, 265 GDP per capita, 3 General Assembly, vi, 25, 255, 259, 260, 261, 402 Geneva Convention, 399, 400, 401 genocide, 89, 91, 392, 393, 399 Georgia, 38, 39,43, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92, 93, 94,
95,96, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106,107, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118,119, 120, 127, 128, 129,130, 131, 132, 133,134,138, 139, 140, 141, 144, 156, 180, 190, 199, 200, 201, 244, 286, 309, 344, 346, 347, 384, 393, 394 Georgians, 74, 76, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 101, 103, 113, 114,115, 129, 133, 138 Germany, 26, 27, 32, 35, 36, 44, 45, 46, 69,70, 158, 159,164,165,191,192, 210, 211, 242, 243, 253, 309, 323, 326, 336, 351, 402 global economy, 355,360 global security, 40 globalization, 82 goods and services, 263, 311 governance, 1, 3, 5, 31, 35, 46, 47, 61, 74, 98,110, 112, 144,153, 185, 187, 188, 321,390 government procurement, 275, 311 governments, 24, 34, 36, 43, 59, 80, 83, 98,99,102,103,110,124,173,175, 211, 224, 225, 269, 271, 279, 289, 310, 311, 318, 325, 332, 335, 345, 360, 402 Greece, 69, 163, 212 gross domestic product (GDP), 3, 31, 32, 64,121,157, 166 growth, 31, 149, 157, 160,166, 175, 208, 270, 273, 299, 328 H Hamas, 315 harassment, 44, 74,171,172, 215, 290
Index health, 6, 9,11,13, 32, 82, 93, 98,117, 151, 152, 182, 187, 197,202, 338, 377, 384, 395 health care, 9, 82,151, 182,377 health care system, 151 health insurance, 117 Hezbollah, 315 Hong Kong, 292 hostilities, 24, 28, 69, 70, 71, 76, 122, 376, 397, 399, 400, 403 House of Representatives, 4, 41, 44, 57, 81,95,107 housing, 66, 231, 377, 385 human brain, 82 human capital, 149, 171 human rights, 24, 44, 59,106,119,123, 131, 144, 162,189, 269, 271, 272, 278, 279, 281, 284, 285, 296, 303, 304, 305, 306, 313, 319, 320, 327, 335, 340, 346, 375, 391, 392, 394, 396, 399 humanitarian aid, 2, 27, 29, 117, 252 humanitarian crises, 152 humanitarian organizations, 153, 376 Hungary, 34, 189, 376, 377 I Iceland, 322, 363 ideology, 126, 317 immigration, 379, 380, 381 Immigration and Nationality Act, 316 impeachment, 4, 41,44, 51, 79, 82, 85 import restrictions, 359 import substitution, 273, 332 imports, 33, 34, 54, 174, 252, 253, 263, 264, 266, 275, 279, 298, 319, 352, 357, 358, 359, 360 imprisonment, 109,226, 281, 302, 393 inauguration, 151,152, 216 independence, 1,2, 3,4,11,12,14, 15, 21,25, 34,40, 42, 47, 54, 58, 76, 77, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96, 98,113, 114, 121, 188,193, 204, 209, 227, 261, 399 India, 20,235, 236, 237, 256, 261, 363 411 inflation, 32, 237, 245, 354 information technology, 314, 342 infrastructure, 13, 97,108, 111, 114,115, 152, 169,175, 230, 257, 288, 289, 322, 384, 401 injury, 400 insecurity, 160 inspections, 298 institutions, 13,17, 46, 47, 76, 82, 83, 86, 113, 116, 118, 130, 131, 135, 145, 147, 175,176, 177,182, 187,188, 202, 205, 280, 287, 289, 318, 338,
351, 353, 356, 361,366 insurgency, 222, 369 integration, 37,39, 53, 86, 90, 92, 97, 98, 110,116,123, 124 integrity, 1,2, 14, 15,16, 25,40, 41, 43, 47,49, 55, 58, 63, 80, 84, 85, 105, 111, 144,145,151,152, 159,170, 178, 188, 195, 223, 231, 279, 280, 285, 289, 321, 337, 345, 346, 365, 368 intellectual property, 360 intelligence, 87, 150, 168, 173, 272, 287, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 299, 301, 307, 312, 327, 331, 332, 338, 347, 353, 369 Intelligence Issues, 227 interdependence, 102 interest rates, 334, 354, 362 interference, 51, 77, 13 8, 146, 147, 168, 172, 201, 204, 223, 269, 271, 277, 279, 287, 288,289, 290, 292, 319, 338 intermediaries, 209 internally displaced, 23,49, 108, 114, 138, 184, 196, 209, 375 International Atomic Energy Agency, 231 International Criminal Court (ICC), 391, 393, 395, 401 International Energy Agency, 35 international financial institutions, 275, 298, 361 international law, 25, 31,43, 84, 118, 159, 162, 204, 246, 297, 298, 299, 338, 391, 397, 398, 399, 400, 402
412 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 9,10, 11,15, 31, 175, 203, 273, 328, 329, 359, 361, 362, 363 International Narcotics Control, 372 international relations, 267 International Republican Institute (IRI), 8, 39,40, 78, 79, 82,105,109, 110,111, 112, 116, 119, 120, 122, 125,126, 135, 188 international standards, 120 international terrorism, 278, 311, 315, 317 international trade, 235 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 387, 388, 389, 390 interoperability, 53, 365 intervention, 74, 76, 80, 83, 85,118, 184, 399 intimidation, 109 intrusions, 146, 295 invasions, 43 investment(s), 58, 77, 93, 97, 98, 101, 119, 170, 177, 252, 257, 258, 270, 272, 275, 276, 278, 280, 283, 284, 285,286, 297, 321, 322, 323, 332, 334, 337, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347, 349, 353, 357, 396 investors, 45, 332, 333, 334, 354,396 IP address, 389 Iran, 71,129,200, 214,215, 311, 312, 315, 336, 341,352 Iraq, 128, 315 Ireland, 325 iron, 3, 33, 54, 266 Iron Curtain, 134 irony, 146 Italy, ii, 351, 354 J Jamestown, 13, 19, 25, 30, 182 Japan, 60, 233,258, 322, 356, 363 Joint Control Commission, 122 Jordan, 38 journalists, 79, 80, 81, 86, 139, 140 Judiciary Committee, 304 Index jurisdiction, 15, 275, 277,282, 392, 393, 402 justification, 199, 265, 308, 318, 374, 398 К Kazakhstan, 384 Korea, 313, 314,341,342 Kosovo, 38 L labor market, 377 Latvia, 43, 69, 159, 241, 363 law enforcement, 214, 367 Law of War, vii, 397, 401, 402 laws, 10, 37, 79, 83,152,275, 279, 311, 373 laws and regulations, 37 leadership, 66, 100, 126, 146, 156, 165, 166, 192, 256, 291, 299, 306, 390 Lebanon, 315 legal protection,
83, 98 legality, 17 legislation, 2, 9,10,11,14, 16, 18, 19, 27, 28,36, 54, 55, 71, 152, 157,163, 192, 193, 196, 198, 203, 206,207, 211, 256, 263, 264,267,271, 277, 278,287, 296, 303, 306, 309, 325, 358, 359, 368, 402, 403 legislative authority, 70 liquefied natural gas, 253, 265 Lithuania, 43, 69, 241, 363 living conditions, 78, 102, 380 loans, 37, 202, 275, 298, 300, 302, 318, 363 local authorities, 100,108,113 local government, ix, 110, 112, 125, 255, 385 Μ Macedonia, 180,190,212 Malaysia, 299 malware, 168,174, 288,293
Index Margesson, Rhoda, vii, 375 maritime security, 186 market access, 264 market economy, 148 McCain, Senator John, 106, 128 media, 18,19, 50, 51, 83, 89, 91, 100, 146, 149, 167, 168,170, 173, 177,197, 219, 220, 221, 224, 253, 325, 330, 349 mediation, 104 medical, 50, 76, 93, 97, 99, 102, 108, 117, 220, 265, 367, 368, 377, 400 medical assistance, 117, 377 medical care, 76, 93, 99, 102, 108 membership, 37, 38, 39, 86, 90, 92,106, 116, 118, 129,135, 141, 179, 180,181, 183, 190, 212, 213, 254, 261, 264,265 Membership Action Plan, 39 metals, 19, 252, 314,341, 354 Mexico, 317 microelectronics, 312 Middle East, 80, 85,141, 179, 182, 293, 298,315,332 migration, 377 military actions, v, 95,231, 246, 393, 398 military aggression, ix, 165, 166, 169, 172, 175, 255, 272, 335, 394 military aid, 1, 47,163, 169, 176,201, 202, 365, 379 military assistance, ix, 50, 56, 166, 188, 200, 201, 213, 252, 255, 368, 372 military buildup, v, 24, 28, 171,219, 220, 225, 269, 335 military exercises, 52, 74, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 366 military mobilization, v, 223 military pressure, 201 military spending, 201 militia, 196 mission(s), 27, 29, 38, 96, 118, 120, 131, 132, 170, 178, 186, 222, 320 modernization, 66, 67, 332 Moldova, 43, 55, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86,105, 106, 107, 120, 121, 122, 123,124, 125, 127, 130, 131, 413 132, 133, 140, 141, 265, 286, 303, 309, 344, 346, 347, 376, 377 momentum, 32, 230, 261 monetary policy, 329 money laundering, 121,278,313 monopoly, 165, 174 Montenegro, 322 Moscow, 22, 23,24, 25, 36, 40, 88, 90, 92,93, 95, 96, 97, 98,101,103,104, 113,
119, 122, 126, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161,162, 163,164,165, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 178, 184,191,192, 194, 202, 204, 205, 210, 220, 221, 225, 283, 320, 331,332,333,354,389 motivation, 192, 193 multinational companies, 255 murder, 89, 91, 400 Muslims, 89, 91 mutilation, 400 N narcotics, 278 National Defense Authorization Act, 2, 56,58, 177, 289,295,309 national emergency, 58,271, 277, 280, 284, 287, 288,315,316, 342 national identity, 3, 150 national security, 64, 76, 79, 82,162,168, 178, 181, 215, 245, 265, 275, 276, 277, 279, 294, 295, 298, 299, 300, 301, 310, 311,334, 338, 342, 373 National Security Agency, 287 National Security Council, 147,279 nationalism, 273 nationality, 151 NATO Response Force (NRF), 242, 243 natural gas, 21, 33, 34, 35, 36, 44, 57, 80, 83,133, 165, 168, 169, 174, 211, 246, 257, 269, 286, 308, 309, 336, 344, 347, 352, 357 natural gas pipeline, 57, 257, 269, 308, 336 natural resources, 149, 159, 171, 292, 304 Nauru, 95
414 Netherlands, 33, 163 New Zealand, 258, 265 NGOs, 120 Nicaragua, 95 nickel, 354,359 nitrogen, 236 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), vi, 4,21, 22, 37, 38, 39,47, 52,61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 80, 85, 86, 90, 92, 106, 111, 115, 116,117,118, 129, 134, 135, 138, 147, 148, 150,156, 159, 160, 162, 163, 179, 180, 181,182, 183, 187, 189, 190, 195,199, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216,219, 227, 241, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249,254, 286, 309, 327, 344, 347, 365, 368, 370, 377, 398 North Caucasus, 317 North Korea, 200, 261, 265, 269, 271, 272, 279, 287, 299, 311, 312, 313, 314, 336, 341, 342 Norway, 60, 322 nuclear power plants, v, 231, 233, 401 nuclear program, 312 nuclear weapons, 25, 313, 383 О Obama Administration, 20, 46, 49, 58, 59, 78,242, 270, 272,279, 284, 290, 312, 315,316,317, 329, 367 Obama, President Barack, 208, 270, 271, 277, 280,284, 287,290,319 obstacles, 11, 13, 125, 187, 190,267 obstruction, 17, 41, 172, 261 occupied territories, 76, 78, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 119, 120, 130,134, 136,138, 201,209 OECD, 34 Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 52 Office of the Inspector General, 51 oil, 3, 33, 34,97, 235, 236, 237, 238, 257, 265, 266, 270, 273, 281, 283, 285, 286, Index 297, 314, 315, 316, 322, 323, 324, 328, 329, 330, 331, 337, 344, 346, 347, 359 oil production, 324, 331 operating revenues, 330 operations, 38, 43, 53, 65, 67, 71, 97, 156, 158, 159,165, 172, 174, 176, 184, 191, 214, 221, 225, 229, 230, 242, 248, 255, 257, 269, 271, 272, 279, 281, 287, 288, 290, 292, 295, 320, 331, 334, 358, 363, 366, 368, 378, 384, 392, 398 ores,
3, 33 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 26, 27, 28,29, 81, 85, 116, 119, 130, 131, 132, 154,219 outreach, 102, 103,125,135, 150 oversight, 60, 61, 87, 261, 374, 378, 383, 390 P Pacific, 179, 182 Pakistan, 261 palladium, 266 Parliament, 7, 10, 11, 39,120,123, 291 patriotism, 202 peace, 27,3 8, 53, 79, 82, 101, 105,111, 130, 138,140, 144, 152,154,156,158, 159, 165, 179, 181, 182, 183, 196, 198, 204, 213, 226, 259, 260, 280,285, 289, 337, 345, 346, 398 peace process, 27,204 peacekeepers, 122, 227 peacekeeping, 38, 53 penalties, 15, 393 Pentagon, 42, 51, 186,208,228, 229 petroleum, 253, 265,266, 314, 358, 359 phosphates, 236 phosphorus, 236, 266 pipeline, 2, 35,36, 44,45, 55, 57,58, 59, 60,115, 158, 164, 165,169,174,190, 191, 192, 193,210,211,258, 282, 283, 296, 309, 310, 325, 326, 327, 336, 341 plants, 232,234,383 platform, 8, 76, 86, 146, 172, 209, 253
Index Poland, 32, 34, 37, 52, 69, 70, 165,191, 213, 241, 243, 252, 3 76, 3 77, 402 polarization, 86,112 police, 5, 74, 88, 91, 94, 97, 99,101,128, 155,162, 305 policy initiative, 119 policy issues, 265 policy options, 361 policy responses, 243 policymakers, 40, 78, 132, 219, 270, 272, 273, 329, 352 political crisis, 113 political leaders, 229 political parties, 18, 68,112, 120,122, 123, 125, 377 political system, 4,119,125,149, 205, 209, 291 politics, 4, 21, 75, 80, 83, 85, 106, 115, 118,122, 125,130, 172 popular vote, 6,149,175 population, 4,12,21, 22, 23, 24, 93, 96, 98,99,100,104,108,109,111,113, 114, 115, 116, 120,121, 123, 151, 159, 171, 179, 228,313,375, 395 populism, 167 post-Communist states, 4 post-Soviet states, 4, 21, 31, 48, 53, 55 potassium, 236 power plants, 231, 233, 401 pragmatism, 123 preservation, 273 presidency, 1, 3, 9,13, 15,46,134, 179 presidential administration, 185 prisoners of war, 400 privatization, 10,12,18, 297, 320, 345, 347 procurement, 9, 64, 166, 175, 311, 312, 319,320, 341,368,369 proliferation, 269, 271,272, 278, 279, 288,311,312,314,315, 341 propaganda, 18, 89, 91,126, 134, 140, 144, 149, 173, 188, 288 property rights, 187 prosperity, 79, 83, 98, 158, 167 415 protection, 82, 267, 375, 377, 378, 397, 400 psychosocial support, 153 public debt, 166 public expenditures, 166 public finance, 334 public health, 384 public officials, 14, 176 public opinion, 112, 120, 134, 135 public policy, 113, 181, 390 public service, 105,107,108,109, 117 public support, 116,130, 149 punishment, 27, 278, 305, 395 Putin, Vladimir, 19, 21, 28, 30, 44, 50, 73,
74,76, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90,105, 106, 107,125,126,127,128, 131,133, 135, 137, 138, 141, 144, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 170,178,179, 180, 181, 183, 189, 191, 192,204, 206, 207, 210,213, 214, 215, 226, 227, 228, 251, 255, 257, 281,287, 305,319, 320, 328, 333,335, 398 Q quality of life, 95, 103, 110, 138 R radar, 157, 163, 171,186 radiation, 233 raw materials, 236, 264 RBC, 330, 349 reconciliation, 102, 112,130 reconstruction, 97 recovery, 273, 322 Red Army, 114 reelection, 41
416 reform(s), 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,16, 17, 28, 29, 32, 34, 38, 44, 46, 47, 55, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 74, 78, 80, 85, 86, 106, 110, 112, 120, 124, 134, 145, 146, 147, 149, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 166, 167, 168, 169, 175, 176, 177, 186, 187, 190, 195, 197, 202, 203, 205, 209, 212, 216, 261, 292, 318, 321, 366 reformers, 149, 166, 175 refugee(s), vii, 246, 252, 254, 261, 361, 372, 375, 376, 377, 378, 379 refugee flows, 246, 375 regulations, 311,312, 322,341 regulatory requirements, 381 religion, 151, 184, 395,400 remediation, 310 remittances, 32, 121,187 repression, 44,163, 204 reputation, 117, 121 reserve assets, 352, 362 reserve currency, 333 reserves, 32, 133, 256, 333, 351, 352, 356, 359, 361, 362, 363 resistance, 1,3,10,11, 13, 14, 117, 129, 229, 230, 369 resolution, 2, 26,27, 46, 54, 58,70, 116, 118, 122, 124,174, 256, 260, 261, 308, 372, 395, 402 resources, 26, 33, 66, 74, 75, 103,144, 159, 194, 203,210, 316, 332, 352, 355, 356, 359, 363, 388 restitution, 299 restoration, 85,110,151, 196 restrictions, 12,26, 33, 53, 122,186, 246, 253, 256, 257, 264, 269, 273, 275, 276, 278, 283, 298, 299, 300, 306, 311, 312, 313, 318, 319, 321, 323, 324, 330, 331, 332, 334, 335, 338, 341, 343, 347, 353, 357,381 restructuring, 10, 321 retaliation, 267 retribution, 99 revenue, 169,190, 328 Index Revolution of Dignity, v, 2, 5, 9,13,22, 54, 56, 109, 111, 143,144,153,170, 204, 205 Revolutionary Guard, 315 rights, 4, 25, 88, 90, 99, 119, 123,159, 252, 265, 285, 303, 304, 306,327,340, 377, 387, 391, 392, 394 risk(s), 46, 79, 81, 92, 95, 148, 159,165, 184, 234, 295, 326,
370, 372, 384, 395 Romania, 69, 70, 133, 163, 165, 199,242, 243, 247, 376, 377 ruble, 300, 3 02, 303, 339, 3 54 rule of law, 79, 80, 85, 132, 141, 145, 148, 156, 160, 187,205,216,217 rules, 74, 159, 253, 264, 306, 357, 397 Russian art, 156 Rwanda, 89 s sabotage, 85, 227 safety, 50, 151,153,231,233,234,293, 300,301,310, 338, 366,384 seafood, 265, 358 secondary schools, 189 Secretary of Commerce, 298 Secretary of Defense, 50, 56, 224 Secretary of Homeland Security, 276, 289,316 Secretary of the Treasury, 280, 289, 295, 298, 300, 307, 357 Sectoral Sanctions Identifications (SSI), 276, 278, 280, 282, 283, 285,286, 315, 330, 337, 342, 343, 349 secure communication, 42, 50, 368 securities, 277, 360 security assistance, vii, 2, 38, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 80, 84, 186, 197,199, 208, 365, 366, 367, 368, 385 security forces, 122, 152, 312, 369 security services, 162 security threats, 213 seizure, 199, 228, 401 semiconductors), 252, 257, 354
Index Senate, 2, 4, 41, 46, 55, 56, 57, 69, 137, 143,144,157,163,192,198, 213,226, 261, 284, 294, 306, 307, 308, 319 Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 46 September И, 37, 51, 175 Serbs, 89,91 servers, 387, 388, 389 service provider, 387 Siberia, 220 Singapore, 258, 314 Slovakia, 34, 242, 376, 377 smuggling, 121,209, 313 social infrastructure, 152 social programs, 362 social relations, 105 social services, 377 social support, 119 society, 105, 106, 109, 111, 112, 156, 170, 173, 189,377 software, 257, 341 solidarity, 119, 195,241, 270, 272 South Africa, 261, 363 South Korea, 178, 258, 265, 332 South Ossetia, 43, 74, 76, 78, 83, 84,92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,113, 114,115, 116,117, 119, 127, 133,139, 144,393 Southeast Asia, 332 sovereign state, 204, 206 sovereignty, 1,3, 25,41, 43, 44, 49, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 75, 80, 83, 84, 85,132, 135, 151, 152, 169, 191, 201, 204, 205, 261, 272, 279, 280, 285, 337, 346 Soviet Union, 4, 31, 43,47, 53, 64, 77, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95, 114,121, 148, 158,159, 232, 264, 303, 306, 384, 388 Spain, 242 Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), 362, 363 St. Petersburg, 126,221 stability, 58, 94, 96, 102, 110, 113, 116, 125, 134, 167,181, 182, 183, 184, 280, 285, 289, 313, 337, 345, 346, 362 Stalin, Joseph, 54 state borders, 100, 104 state control, 23 417 statehood, 90, 399 state-owned banks, 283 state-owned enterprises, 10, 35, 187, 301 steel, 3, 30, 33, 54, 232, 233, 266 Strait of Hormuz, 214 stress, 179,181,335 structural reforms, 187 subsistence farming, 114 Sudan, 292 supplier(s), 332, 354, 367 supply chain, 265, 354 Supreme
Council, 120 Supreme Court, 17,113 surveillance, 186, 368, 383 survivors, 323 Sweden, 38 Switzerland, 33, 60,172, 258, 322 Syria, 95,141, 200, 246, 248, 261, 269, 271, 272, 279, 281, 286, 297, 299, 311, 312, 315, 316, 336, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 347 T tactics, 75, 79, 83, 168, 173, 184 Taiwan, 215, 258 takeover, 45, 352 Taliban, 317,352 tanks, 64,120,156,198, 225, 282 target, 18,20, 168, 173, 228, 273,275, 278, 280, 287, 296, 304, 305, 308, 323, 324, 326, 328, 329, 342, 349, 353, 366 targeting individuals, 327 tariffs), vi, 34,187, 263, 264, 265, 266, 358 tariff rates, 264 Task Force, 165 Tbilisi, 77, 78, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102, 114, 115,117, 119 technical assistance, 112,298 technical support, 389 telecommunications, 293, 357 temporary protection, 252, 377 tension(s), 44, 77, 94, 95, 101, 103, 104, 115,144, 224, 245, 254,326
418 territorial, 1, 2, 7, 25, 40, 41, 43, 49, 55, 57,58,63,85, 98, 105, 111, 114, 118, 125, 144, 151, 152, 159, 170, 178, 188, 195, 198, 223, 241, 279, 280, 285,289, 321, 337, 345, 346, 365, 368 territory, 1, 4, 25, 28, 39, 43, 57, 60, 76, 77, 92, 93, 94, 95, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, ИЗ, 114, 115, 118, 121, 122,124, 129, 132, 148, 151, 154, 159, 160,190, 215, 225, 235, 285, 304, 393, 394, 398, 399 terrorism, 18, 75, 312, 342, 372 terrorist activities, 381 terrorist organization, 315 terrorists, 18, 315 Thailand, 292 threats, 65, 75, 79, 82, 100, 144, 151, 167, 171, 233, 252, 259, 289, 365 titanium, 20, 264, 354 Title 1,2, 43, 53, 55,264, 270, 271, 272, 285, 288, 296, 297, 303, 306, 313, 336, 337, 339, 340, 347 Title II, 2, 43, 55, 270, 272, 285, 288, 296, 297,313, 336, 337,339, 347 Title IV, 53, 264, 270, 271, 303, 306, 336, 340 torture, 123, 305, 395, 400 tourism, 74, 117, 136, 322 trade agreement, 33,37, 138, 139 trade benefits, 267 trading partners, 32 trafficking, 278, 318 trafficking in persons, 318 transparency, 9, 34, 63, 64, 124,125,176, 197,219 transport, 19,36, 67, 93, 98,109,140, 221, 309 transportation, 111, 252, 289, 299, 359, 369 Treasury, 20,273, 274, 276, 280, 281, 282, 283,284, 285, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 300, 305, 307, 308,313, 314, 315, 316,317, 326, 337,371 Treasury Secretary, 326 treaties, 71,275,393,399 Index tribunals, vii, 391, 393, 395, 396, 402 trust fimd(s), 38, 187, 362, 363 Tskhinvali, 95, 114, 117 Turkey, vi, 75, 96, 128, 133, 163, 199, 235, 245, 246, 247, 248,249, 294 U U.S. assistance, 49, 63, 84, 203, 368 U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA), 236, 237, 238 U.S. Department of Commerce, 45, 276, 353, 357, 390 U.S. Department of the Treasury, 20, 273, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 300, 307, 308, 314, 315, 316, 317,326,330, 342, 349 U.S. Deployments, 69 U.S. economy, 333, 359 U.S. Harmonized Tariff Schedule, 264 U.S. history, 276, 306 U.S. policy, 43, 44, 87, 101,146,149, 151, 188, 243, 247, 262, 269, 271, 368 U.S. Treasury, 293 U.S. troop presence, 70 U.S.-EU Relations, vi, 251 Ukrainian Armed Forces, v, 38, 51, 63, 223, 366 Ukrainian Border, v, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226,227,272, 334 underwriting, 59, 275, 310, 341 UNDP, 13 UNHCR, 23, 26, 375, 376 United Kingdom (UK), ix, 25, 32, 241, 255, 258,260, 272, 299, 307, 327, 334, 351,356,363 United Nations, vi, 25,31,103,116, 130, 172, 198, 259, 260, 261, 278, 298, 314, 377, 384, 391, 398 United Nations Security Council (U.N. Security Council), 25, 26,27, 259, 311, 313,314, 398, 402 unresolved conflict, 106,119 uranium, 266 Uzbekistan, 155
419 Index V Venezuela, 95, 200,269,271,272, 279, 316, 342 vessels, 31, 44, 56, 59, 66, 87,133,154, 161,163,171,184,199, 215,230, 271, 276, 280, 281, 285, 290, 309, 310, 313, 314,315,316, 337, 341,342 vested interests, 12,121 veto, 90, 92, 180, 260,261, 308, 392 victims, 49, 54,124,293, 299, 397 violence, 55, 77, 92, 96,122, 123, 134, 285,305,315 vote, 6, 89,91,93,97, 99, 111, 123,185, 197, 198, 260, 261, 267, 288, 308 voters, 109, 123,125,138 voting, 123, 149, 176,260, 261, 283, 347 vulnerability, 36, 169,176 W waiver, 58, 295, 298, 299, 301, 304, 310, 318,324 Wales, 187 war, 71, 74, 78, 79, 80, 83, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 99,109, 112,114,127, 128, 141, 146, 148, 151, 156, 159, 160, 161, 164, 183, 186, 198, 204, 205,237, 246, 247, 248,251, 253, 254, 267, 352, 354, 356, 357, 365, 366, 368, 375, 384, 387, 391, 393,395, 397, 399, 401,402 war crimes, 391,393,395, 400, 401, 402 War Powers Resolution, 69 Washington, 11, 12,18, 20, 24, 31, 40, 42,45, 46, 50, 52, 53, 54, 73, 101, 102, 103, 143, 148, 156, 162, 167, 170, 173, 177, 178, 187,188, 199, 207, 216, 275, 320, 335 water, 93,98, 108, 136, 149, 151, 153, 160, 168, 184,225, 231,232, 234 water shortages, 136 wealth, 160, 257, 333, 353, 357 weapons, 27, 28,29, 56,128,157,184, 195, 208, 269, 271, 272, 274, 276, 278, 279, 286, 297, 298, 299, 302, 311, 312, 314, 315, 320, 323, 327, 338, 341, 344, 345, 346, 347, 366, 367, 368, 369, 383, 400,401 weapons of mass destruction, 276, 297, 302,311,314,315, 341 web, 165, 388 web pages, 388 websites, 253 Western countries, 95,102 Western Europe, 179,183,192,195 Western orientation,
170, 177 White House, 24, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 50, 51,52, 53, 58, 151,174, 279, 284, 290, 301,318,331,335,368,387 withdrawal, 27, 28, 29, 87, 110,122,124, 154, 195,313,395 witnesses, 75, 77, 78, 81, 87, 125, 130, 142,147, 155, 205 World Anti-Doping Agency, 292, 300 World Bank, 3,10, 14, 15, 32,361, 362, 363 World Health Organization, 384 world order, 156 World Trade Organization (WTO), vi, 253, 263, 264, 265, 267, 306, 359 World War I, 4, 84, 137, 144, 194, 246, 333 worldwide, 107, 281, 283, 304, 307, 323, 327, 334, 389 Y Yemen, 71 z zinc, 314 Bayerische ВШИмЬїюШвк Mönchen |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048451447 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1349544354 (DE-599)BVBBV048451447 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV048451447 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:30:51Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:38:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9798886970203 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033829597 |
| oclc_num | 1349544354 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | vii, 419 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme ; Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221026 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Snova |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Europe: past, present and future |
| spelling | Russia's invasion of Ukraine background issues, conflict developments, and international policy responses Henry C. Anderson, editor New York Snova [2022] vii, 419 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme ; Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europe: past, present and future Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 21st century Former Soviet republics / Politics and government Ukraine / History Ukraine Conflict, 2014- Geopolitics / Former Soviet republics (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X s Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s DE-604 Anderson, Henry C. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033829597&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033829597&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Russia's invasion of Ukraine background issues, conflict developments, and international policy responses Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)106969780X (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Russia's invasion of Ukraine background issues, conflict developments, and international policy responses |
| title_auth | Russia's invasion of Ukraine background issues, conflict developments, and international policy responses |
| title_exact_search | Russia's invasion of Ukraine background issues, conflict developments, and international policy responses |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russia's invasion of Ukraine background issues, conflict developments, and international policy responses |
| title_full | Russia's invasion of Ukraine background issues, conflict developments, and international policy responses Henry C. Anderson, editor |
| title_fullStr | Russia's invasion of Ukraine background issues, conflict developments, and international policy responses Henry C. Anderson, editor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia's invasion of Ukraine background issues, conflict developments, and international policy responses Henry C. Anderson, editor |
| title_short | Russia's invasion of Ukraine |
| title_sort | russia s invasion of ukraine background issues conflict developments and international policy responses |
| title_sub | background issues, conflict developments, and international policy responses |
| topic | Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg (DE-588)106969780X gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Internationale Politik Russisch-Ukrainischer Krieg Wirtschaft Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033829597&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033829597&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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