The Slovak question: a transatlantic perspective, 1914-1948
"The so-called Slovak question asked what place Slovaks held-or should have held-in the former state of Czechoslovakia. Formed in 1918 at the end of World War I from the remains of the Hungarian Empire, and reformed after ceasing to exist during World War II, the country would eventually split...
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| Format: | Buch |
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Pittsburgh, Pa.
University of Pittsburgh Press
[2022]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Russian and East European studies
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "The so-called Slovak question asked what place Slovaks held-or should have held-in the former state of Czechoslovakia. Formed in 1918 at the end of World War I from the remains of the Hungarian Empire, and reformed after ceasing to exist during World War II, the country would eventually split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia after the "Velvet Divorce" in 1993. In the meantime, the minority Slovaks often clashed with the majority Czechs over their role in the nation. The Slovak Question examines this debate from a transatlantic perspective. Explored through the relationship between Slovaks, Americans of Slovak heritage, and United States and Czechoslovakian policymakers, it shows how Slovak national activism in America helped the Slovaks establish a sense of independent identity and national political assertion after World War I. It also shows how Slovak American leaders influenced US policy by conceptualizing the United States and Slovakia as natural allies due to their connections through immigration. This process played a critical role in undermining attempts to establish a united Czechoslovakian identity and instead caused a divide between the two groups, which was exploited by Nazi Germany and then by other actors during the Cold War, and proved ultimately to be insurmountable"-- |
| Beschreibung: | x, 288 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780822947028 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Slovak Americans and the Czech and Slovak independence movements in World War I -- The transatlantic Slovak question during the founding of Czechoslovakia -- The interwar years and transatlantic Dialogue -- The United States and the diplomacy of the first Slovak Republic -- World War II and the Slovaks in America -- Postwar Czechoslovakia and the transatlantic Slovak question -- Slovak Americans in Czechoslovakia's Communist era -- Archival collections -- Notes -- Index | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "The so-called Slovak question asked what place Slovaks held-or should have held-in the former state of Czechoslovakia. Formed in 1918 at the end of World War I from the remains of the Hungarian Empire, and reformed after ceasing to exist during World War II, the country would eventually split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia after the "Velvet Divorce" in 1993. In the meantime, the minority Slovaks often clashed with the majority Czechs over their role in the nation. The Slovak Question examines this debate from a transatlantic perspective. Explored through the relationship between Slovaks, Americans of Slovak heritage, and United States and Czechoslovakian policymakers, it shows how Slovak national activism in America helped the Slovaks establish a sense of independent identity and national political assertion after World War I. It also shows how Slovak American leaders influenced US policy by conceptualizing the United States and Slovakia as natural allies due to their connections through immigration. This process played a critical role in undermining attempts to establish a united Czechoslovakian identity and instead caused a divide between the two groups, which was exploited by Nazi Germany and then by other actors during the Cold War, and proved ultimately to be insurmountable"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction З 1. Slovak Americans and the Czech and Slovak Independence Movements in World War I 19 2. The Transatlantic Slovak Question during the Founding of Czechoslovakia 38 3. The Interwar Years and Transatlantic Dialogue 67 4. The United States and the Diplomacy of the First Slovak Republic 92 5. World War II and the Slovaks in America 118 6. Postwar Czechoslovakia and the Transatlantic Slovak Question 149 7. Slovak Americans in Czechoslovakia s Communist Era 181 Archival Collections 201 Notes 203 Index 275
INDEX Acheson, Dean, 172,176 American Relief for Czechoslovakia, 145—46 Agrarian Party, 8, 41, 68,84,169 American Slovak Council of Organizations and Newspapers (ASCON), 127,145 American Action program, 17 anticommunism, 75,154,160,173,190—91; America(n)/Americanism: American-styled federalist model, 4; anticommunism, among Slovak Catholics, 185; SAC pro 190; key components of, 163; liberty, 50, moting, 156; Slovak, 185,186; support for Slovak autonomy with, 149,170 51; modernity, 13; and Slovak American Appelt, Emma, 185 activism, 144—47. See also United States Apponyi, Albert, 15,16 (U.S.) American diplomats and Slovak question, 57, ASCON. See American Slovak Council of Or 64—66,83,116; Abraham C Ratshesky, ganizations and Newspapers (ASCON) 85; Albert Halstead, 63—64; Albert Wash Association of Slovak Newspapermen of burn, 85; Andrew W. Dubois, 60, 62—63; America, 16 Archibald Cary Coolidge, 58,59—60; Atherton, Ray, 135 Frederick F. A. Pearson, 83—84; Hugh Atlantic Charter, 128,138,139,157,162,172 Gibson, 58; John Karmazin, 58—59; John Austria-Hungary: American s lack of distin Sterett Gittings, 84—85; J. Web Benton, guish about nationalities of, 20; breakup 85; Lewis Einstein, 83,84, 85; Richard of, 3; Czechoslovak legionnaires fight Crane, 60—61,65; Robert Joseph Kerner, against, 29; freedom of nationalities in, 59; Wilbur J. Carr, 86. See also United 25; Slovak League and, 22; Wilson’s stand States (U.S.) on breakup of, 30 American diplomats and Slovak state, 94—99; Alexander Kirk, 97; Anthony Biddle, 98; Baker, Newton, 30 George Kennan, 95—96,97,99; Harry Balch,
Emily G., 13,16 N. Howard, 98; Irving N. Linnell, 96—97, Balfour, Arthur, 31 99; John Bruins, 99; Karol Sidor, 96,97; Banská Bystrica, 152 Nathalie C. Grant, 98—99; removal of Bartek, Heinrich, 185 diplomatic officials from Prague, 97—98; Bartos, John, 126 Rudolf Schoenfeld, 98; Slovak Declaration Behunčík, Edward J., 165 of Independence, 96; Truman Smith, Beneš, Bohuš, 122 95; Wilbur Carr, 94—95,96,99. See also Beneš, Edvard, 20,26,48,53,60,70,92, 94,100,115,168,187,189; acceptance United States (U.S.) of autonomous SNC jurisdiction, 150; American Jewish Congress, 112 275
INDEX Beneš, Edvard (cont.): agreements with Bohlen, Charles, 188 Moscow in support of resistance opera Bolshevism, 48, 58; threat in Hungary, 56; tions, 152; campaign of revenge,” 132; threat in Slovakia, 62 Clementis and, 103; conflict with Hodža, Bonsai, Stephen, 52,56—57,65 120—21; conflict with Seton-Watson, 121; Borah, William, 88 criticism of Pankúch and Mamatey, 25; Bradač, John S., 136 distrust of American Slovaks on, 149; Brejška, Karel, 104 exile government, 149; forced Slovaks into Briggs, Eillis, 195 hands of Germany, 115; using images of Britain, 110,119,124,152,161 Slovak victimization under Hungary, 56; Broz, Aleš, 70 limiting Štefánik’s influence, 35; National Bruins, John, 99,116,151-52,167,168,176, Socialist Party, 156; Osuský and, 27, 177,182,187 118—20; presenting Slovaks as fascists, Bullitt, William, 104,119,123 118; publishing Slovak question, 101—2; Butler, Nicholas Murray, 100 recruiting Slovak American Catholic au Byrnes, James F., 161,172 tonomists, 131; reporting Slovak Uprising to American officials, 150—51; repre Canfield, Gordon, 135 senting Czechoslovakia, 55; response to Cannon, Cavendish, 146—47 Truman, 160; and Roosevelt, 104,113; as Čapek, Thomas, 16,22 source of information for Washington, Capper, Arthur, 164 148; in SPP, 68—69; support to DP, 182; Carr, David, 136,137 support to Slovakia autonomy, 81; as Carr, Wilbur J., 86,90,94-95,96,99,104, symbol of unity and hope, 125; territorial claims in Slovakia, 55—56; Washington 111, 123,138 Catholic autonomists, 35,59,68,97,125,138, embraced Slovak submission to, 114. See
149,157,182,186,193,197; in exile, 155; also exile government Lettrich s frustration about, 159; no trust on Osuský, 132; Washington dismissing, Bennett, Marion T., 147 197 Benton, J. Web, 85,87 Berle, Adolf A., 123,124,127,145 Catholicism, 14,108; losing prestige due to Tiso, 98; Slovak, 6, 61,158,170,187 Biddle, Anthony, 98,104,123 Billy, Florian, 159,169,170,175-76,185 Catholic Jedonta Sokol, 21 Birley, Robert, 100 Catholic Sokol, 127 Blaho, Pavel, 18 Central European Affairs, 176,188 Blažek, Paul, 127 centralism, 7,43,49,66,69,70,74,77, 86, BNA. See Bohemian National Alliance (BNA) 90,95,167,168,194; autonomy vs., 8; Boettiger, Anna, 161 centralist leadership role, 57; Czech and Bogdarus, George D., 183 Slovak centralists, 67; Dubois criticism Bohemia(n), 30,35,54,83, 99,107; stand in on, 62; Ďurčanský embracing, 115; Hodža s stand on, 68,120—21,124; Czechoslovakia creation, 48—49 Palickar s effort to lift, 75; Pankúch s Bohemian National Alliance (BNA), 24,30 276
INDEX criticisms of, 47; return of, 167,168; 166,168 Schlesinger s criticisms of, 101; Seton- Communist Party of Slovakia (CPS), 8,150, Watson s opinion about, 99; Slovak 166; activities after 1946 election failure, American activist’s campaign against, 38, 181; electoral failure, 166 50; SNA for, 69; Social Democratic Party Congressional Record, 12, 52,147,178 embracing, 41; supporters of, 42; support Coolidge, Archibald Cary, 58,59, 65, 86, 89 in Slovakia of, 8, 83,167 Council of Free Czechoslovakia (CFCS), 193, Černák, Matúš, 106-7,154,155 197 CPCS. See Communist Party of Czechoslo Cernová massacre, 18 vakia (CPCS) CFCS. See Council of Free Czechoslovakia CPS. See Communist Party of Slovakia (CPS) (CFCS) Chicago Sun-Times, 188 Crane, Charles R., 60 Christmas Treaty of December 1943,150 Crane, John Oliver, 60,71 Cincik, Jozef, 80,114,143 Crane, Richard, 47,48,60—61,65, 83 Clementis, Vladimir, 103 Cranston, Alan, 136,137 clerical fascism,” 94,98 Crosser, Robert, 31 Cleveland Agreement, 24, 33; Slovak and Čulen, Konštantín, 11,109,112,113—14,129, 143,154 Czech cooperation and conflict after, Cvinček, Andrej, 168 25—28; war tensions and, 28—29 Comenius University in Bratislava, 70 Czechization, 59, 62,63 communism, 114,131,134,195; divergence Czechoslovakia/Czecho-Slovakia, 27,87,163, between-Czech and Slovak support for, 187; American-style federalism for, 199; 167,197; Nuremberg trail and, 175 American official s concern about Sudeten communist action against Slovaks/Slovakia, Germans in, 55; ban of Slovak American 181—82; American embassy report newspapers in, 170;
breakup of, 160,162; about, 182,184—85; Bogdarus’s efforts centralist leadership in, 53; creation in to build cultural relationship, 183; Slovak World War 1,4; in crisis over German Americans and, 185—87; Slovak officials question, 86; federalized system in, 39, requesting American support against, 199; issue of German treatment in Sude 183; Slovak question after communist tenland of, 92; Kiev Agreement on cre coup, 191—97; Steinhardt s role in solving, ation of, 27; postwar, 159—63; recognizing 182-84 SNC, 156; rejection of Marshall Plan, communist coup in Slovakia, 187—88; Czecho 183; removal of US diplomatic officials slovak embassy efforts to end, 188,189; from, 97—98; role of Slovak Americans opinion of Slovak American autono in creation of, 19; SLA leaders bothering mists about, 189—90; Slovak question about, 28; State Department s policy after, 191—97; Steinhardt s response to, guide on, 168—69; Štefánik efforts for US 188—89; U.S. government s response to, recognition of, 30; ten-point proposal for, 188,190-91 163; U.S. embassy activities in, 166—67, 168; United States recognizing, 34—36; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPCS), 277
INDEX Czechoslovakia/Czecho-Slovakia (cont.): Dies, Martin, 133 Wilsonian officials support for creation of, DP. See Slovak Democratic Party (DP) 47—49. See also communist action against dual resolutions, 30 Slovaks/Slovakia Dubček, Alexander, 194 Czechoslovak Information Office, 124 Dubois, Arthur W, 60—62, 65 Czechoslovakism, 7,27, 43, 55, 68,76,142; Dubosh, Francis, 89,132,138—39,146,148, criticism of, 61; Hušek s stand on, 74; 161; communication with Feighan, 164; Masaryk s belief in, 23; as means of complaining about Slovakian parties, 169; hegemony, 75—76; Prague maintaining defending SLA, 140—41; efforts to dispel support in perpetuating, 71; victory American ignorance, 141—42; requested during World War 1,19 to make radio appeal to Slovaks, 145; and Czechoslovak National Council, 20,26, SLA, 153; support to SNC, 157 27,28; in America, 29, 33,44; allied Dula, Matúš, 21 recognition of, 54—55; efforts to appease Dulles, John Foster, 196 American Slovaks, 28; relocated Osuský Dumbarton Oaks Resolution, 157 to Geneva, 31 Ďurčanský, Ferdinand, 106—9,114,154,155, Czech(s), 3, 4,54,64—65,187,188; clergy, 21; 178,199; defending Slovak agency, 122; cooperation with Slovaks, 36; efforts to effort to warn about communism in Eu implement Pittsburgh Agreement, 46—47; rope, 186—87; personal competition with estrangement with Slovaks, 177; exiles, Sidor, 156; promoting independent Slovak 150; freethinking movement among, foreign policy, 115 21; image in Czechoslovakia creation, Dürich, Josef, 26 47—52; independence campaign, 19,24; industrious, 100; issue of autonomy, 5—8;
Einstein, Lewis, 83—85,87 leading military intervention in Slovakia, Eisenhower, Dwight D., 175 92—93; maintaining strength in popula exile government, 92,112,133—34,137—38; tion and resources, 6; impact of May 1946 Anthony Biddle as ambassador to, elections, 166; secularization programs, 98; Czechoslovak in exile and Slovak 43; Steinhardt s focus on, 189 question, 101—3; internal politics of, 117; Osuský, Hodža, and Slovaks in, 118—23; Davis, Elmer, 35,142 Slovak National Alliance and, 125—27; Davis, James, 134,147 sympathy for, 99; taking credit for Slovak Daxner, Igor, 23,24,171,173 Uprising, 150—51; and United States, Democratic Party. See Slovak Democratic 103—5; Washington s response to exile Party (DP) autonomists, 123—25; Western recogni Dendur, John, 158 tion of, 35. See also Beneš, Edvard Department of Central European Affairs, 176 Derer, Ivan, 70-71, 82,90 Farmers Day, 90 Diamond, William, 160 fascism, 101,131,134,140,163,175; clerical, Dies Committee, 126,132,139 94, 98. See also Hitler, Adolf 278
INDEX FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 98—99; sovereign rights to, 97; Sudeten, FCSLU. See First Catholic Slovak Ladies Union (FCSLU) 55,63,105 Gessay, Ignac, 43 FCSU. See First Catholic Slovak Union (FCSU) Getting, Milan, 21,24,25,27,43 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 98, Gibson, Hugh, 58 126,140 Federation of Slovak Newspapermen in America, 133 Gittings, John Sterett, 84—85 Goebbels, Joseph, 136 Goldberg, A. L, 162 Feighan, Michael A., 147,164 Gordon, William, 31 Ference, Gregory, 20 Göring, Hermann, 106 First Catholic Slovak Ladies Union (FCSLU), Gottwald, Klement, 150,160,182,187 10,79,127,170 First Catholic Slovak Union (FCSU), 10,14, 15, 46,79,127,130,185,194 Grant, Nathalie C., 98—99,116 Green, James Holt, 153 Grew, Joseph, 171—72 First Prague Agreement (1945), 156 Griffin, Joan, 100 Fisher, J. L., 31 Griffin, Jonathan, 100 Flood, Daniel J., 164 Guffey, Joseph F., 161 Foreign Affairs, 58 Foreign Agents Registration Act (1938), 126 Hacker, Paul, 198 Foreign Relations Committee, 164 Hadsel, Winifred N., 186 Four Freedoms, 157,172 Hall, Walter Phelps, 101 Fourth Slovak World Youth Festival, 195 Halstead, Albert, 63—64 France, 20, 38,110; Hodža s experience in, Hanč, Josef, 75 123; Union of Slovak Organizations in, Harding, Warren, 51 122 Hayes, Carlton J. H., 114 Franctsci, Μ., 43 Hay, John, 15 Frank, Glenn, 50 Hecksher, Augustus, 165 Fraštacký, Rudolf, 183 Henderson, Nevile, 101 fraternal organizations of Slovak, 9,12,14, Herron, George, 31—32 137; Catholic, 176; Czech, 10; Slovak, 10, Hickerson, John, 87,176 51, 72; Slovak American, 15 Hitler,
Adolf, 82,83,106 Friends of Slovak Freedom, 69,74,79 Hlasists, 23 Furdek, Stephen, 12,14,18,21 Hietkö, Peter P., 75, 81, 82,90,129,132,134, 136,140,143,148,155 Gazdík, Matúš, 21 Hlinka, Andrej, 18, 35,41,44, 61,65,78, 81, Gedye, George E. R., 100 82,194; accepting correctness of Slovak George, David Lloyd, 56 autonomist position, 57; activities to German(y): decision on Slovakia issue, establish transatlantic political organiza 105—7; German occupation in Slovakia, tion, 45; criticizing failures of Wilso- 111; minority, 6; Slovaks alliance with, nianism, 66; meeting with Dubois, 62; 279
INDEX Slovak Americans and, 13—18; threat of Hlinka, Andrej (cont.): reviewed Slovaks con Bolshevism in, 56. See also Magyarization cerns, 56; stand on Pittsburgh Agreement, Húrban, Vladimír, 43,88,103,105,124,125, 45; trip to Paris with delegation, 52; visit to United States, 79 146,171 Hodža, Fedor, 82,151,158,177,187 Husák, Gustav, 183 Hodža, Milan, 18,35, 35, 41,46,68, 81, Hušek, Joseph, 21,22,24,33,35,43,46,69, 79,90,129,132; complaint of Dubosh 84,85, 96,125,198; efforts to support to Slovak autonomy, 123—24; end of against, 138—39; denouncing Washington political career, 118; meeting with Dubois, Declaration, 133—34; letter to Dies, 62; meeting with Poole, 144; NSS and, 133; letter to Roosevelt about Slovakian 127—29; and Slovaks in exile, 118—23; negative propaganda, 131; letter to Tiso against splitting from Czechoslovakia, 130 stand on Pittsburgh Agreement, 45; State Department s faith in, 144; threat of sepa Hušek, Oľga, 74 ratism and Bolshevism in Slovakia, Hušek, Stephanie, 11 62 Hussite movement, 6 Hoover, Herbert, 78 International Military Tribunals at Nurem Hoskins, Harold B., 123,124 berg, 175 House, Edward, 48 International Refugee Organization tn Swit House Un-American Activities Committee zerland, 155 (HUAC), 191 Interparliamentary Peace Conference in St. Houston, David, 48 Louis, 16 Howard, Harry N., 98,116 Hrobak, Philip, 129,132,138,140,148,169, 185,186,190; accusing State Department Jackson, Robert, 133,173 about Slovak liberation, 161; criticizing Janček, Jan, 29 Beneš for taking credit for Slovak Up Jankola, Matthew, 23—24 rising, 157; For
God s Sake appeal, 165; Jednota newspaper, 10,158 publishing essays to show opposition to Jehlička, Francis, 52,69, 88,121 Beneš, 141; targeting Beneš as discredited Jewish Slovaks, 97,194 leader, 162; on Tiso trial, 173,174 John Paul II, Pope, 195 Hronský, Jozef C., 80 Josten, Josef, 153 Hrušovský, František, 11,112,154 Jubilee Celebration, 179 HUAC. See House Un-American Activities Jurchak, Peter P., 141,146,153,155,164, 173,185,186; declaring outreach to exile Committee (HUAC) Hughes, Charles Evans, 87,89 government, 157; defense of Tiso, 173—74; Hull, Cordell, 104,105,124,126,127 effort to spare Tiso from execution, 178; Hungarian/Hungary, 12,52; Dubois recom English-language historical survey of mended establishing free trade with, 63; Slovaks, 162; limits to Slovak Americans invasion of Slovakia, 40,97; irredenttsm, own publications, 162—63 41,58,70; non-Magyar minorities, 5; Juriga, Ferdiš, 35 280
INDEX Karmazin, John, 58, 65 Lettrich, Jozef, 158,159,170,183,193,199 Károlyi, Mihály, 15—16 Ležák-Borin, Vladimír, 122 Kennan, George, 95—96,97,99; disparage Lichner, Ján, 98,116,151 ment of Slovaks, 160; reported on Slovak Linnell, Irving N., 96—97,99,116 strategy, 116; views on Slovak autonomy, Lobi, Eugen, 195 161 Lovett, Robert, 197 Kenyon, William S., 30, 54 Lucas, Scott, 169 Keppler, Wilhelm, 109 Lutherans, 7,40, 41,158,182,196; Slovak, Kerner, Robert Joseph, 59,65 116,158; Slovak American, 77 Kiev Agreement, 27 King, William H., 30 Macartney, C. A., 76 Kirk, Alexander, 97 Mach, Sano, 93,178 Kirschbaum, Jozef, 109,113,114,154,155, Mackworth, Cecily, 100,115 178 Kirwan, Michael, 134,176 Madden, Ray J., 147,175 Magyarization, 11—12,18,23, 58,59; Balch s Kmetz, John T., 188 detail on, 16; policy, 5—6,15; Seton- Kocák, Mathias, 146 Watson objective on, 16—17. See also Kocur, Jan, 77 Hungarian/Hungary Kojis, Abbot Theodore, 192 Malik, Jozef, 121 Kompánek, Anton, 72,79 Mamatey, Albert, 22—25,27,31,51; ap Konuš, Jozef G., 80 proaching Slovak leaders for Pittsburgh Kopanie, Michael, 14 Agreement, 45; remarked on American Košice Agreement, 156,157,166 role in Slovak history, 50—51 Košík, Gustav, 26—27,135 Mamatey, Victor, 30 Kossuth, Louis, 15 Markham, Reuben, 140 Kovach, Edo, 43 Marshall, George, 176,188 Kramář, Karel, 55 Marshall Plan, Prague s rejection of, 183 Kramoris, Ivan J., 141 Martin Declaration, 35,56 Krasula, Stephen, 134 Masaryk, Alice, 48 Krsak, Margita, 31 Masaryk, Jan, 102,104,115,121,144,152, Kubala, Jozef, 45,46,52 Kugeman, William, 168 157,165,170
Masaryk, Tomáš G., 13—14,19—20,27, Kun, Bela, 40 40—41,102; approach to easing tension, Kunost, Alexander, 103 28—29; attempted to discredit SLA, 42; cooperation with Slovaks, 36; diplomacy Lach, John, 143,144,153,165 on US recognition of Czechoslovakia, Lansing, Robert, 30,31,51,54,64 34—36; efforts to dismiss Pittsburgh Lattimore, Owen, 162—63 Agreement, 78; emphasized Czechs and League of Nations, 88 Slovaks, 47; expressed disappointment Ledbetter, Eleanor, 50 on Slovak autonomist movement, 70; 281
INDEX National Catholic Welfare Conference, 81 Masaryk, Tomáš G. (cont.): gaining Slovak American support, 32; Lewis Einstein National Investigation Bureau (NIB), 51 and, 83; meeting with Osuský, 26; military National Slovak Society (NSS), 10,15, 46, participation, 28; and Pittsburgh Agree 69,125,156—57; appealing Cordell Hull ment, 32—34,36—37; recruiting Slovak for American intervention, 127; Capek s Americans, 22—23; reporting Slovak Up role in, 16; Mamatey s role in, 22, 45; and rising to American officials, 150—51; and Milan Hodža, 127—29; Rovnianek and, Richard Crane, 60—61; role in formation 14; support to Tiso trial, 172 of Pittsburgh Agreement, 73; statement on National Socialist Party, 156,183 Czechoslovak war, 49; US s “Open Letter New European Situation, The (Hodža), 86 to, 86—87; views about Slovak Americans, New Yorkský Denník, 10 25; whitewashed Slovak question, 52; and New York Times, 51,123 Woodrow Wilson, 48 NIB. See National Investigation Bureau (NIB) Matica Slovenská, 17,44, 80,195 Nodar, Robert, 185 Matloch, J., 43 NSS. See National Slovak Society (NSS) Maxwell, Alexander, 14 Nyki, Alois R., 101 Mažár, Imrich, 29 McCarthy, Joseph E., 175 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 98,116, 126,144,152-53,159,160 McClure, Archibald, 50 McCormick, Joseph, 64 Office of War Information (OWI), 132, 136—38; Dubosh s request to make radio McLean, George, 52,64 Mead, James, 164 appeal to Slovaks, 145; frustrating Slovak Methodius Church: in Bethlehem, Pennsyl American autonomists, 139—40 vania, 174; in Lakewood, Ohio, 138 O Konski, Alvin, 147,164,175 Mihalus, Vince,
88 Opočenský, Jan, 76 Mikuš, Jozef A., 108,109,110,154 Orzoff, Andrea, 47 Milesz, Ivan, 111 Osadné Hlasy newspaper, 158 Miller, Kenneth D., 71 OSS. See Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Mnohel, Štefan, 52 Osuský, Stefan, 23—24,26—28,31,35,55, Moffat, Jay Pierrepont, 104, 111, 135 70,186,193; approach to defense of Moravia, 30, 99,107 Slovak American autonomists, 131—32; Moyš, Ladislav, 46 defining Slovak Uprising, 151; end of Múdry-Šebík, Michal, 125 political career, 118; praising Slovaks for Munich Agreement, 3,67, 81,92,104 Americanism components representation, Murgas, Jozef, 15 163; relationships with many American Murphy, Robert D., 172 officials, 123; relationship with Lutheran Myers, Francis J., 161 autonomists, 129; and Slovaks in exile, 118—23; about Slovak Uprising, 153; support of SNC, 155 Namier, Lewis B., 49—50 Národné Noviny, 10 OWI. See Office of War Information (OWI) 282
INDEX Palickar, Stephen J., 75,190 Pražák, Albert, 53,70 Palka, Irene, 124 Price, Melvin, 178 Palka, Jan, 124 Prídavok, Peter, 122,132,155,158,190 Palkovic, Anton, 136 Prusa, Jozef, 138,165,186 Pankúch, Ján, 24-28,31, 36,47, 51, 69, publishing and propaganda, Slovak question 124-26,144,193 in transatlantic, 69; articles in Catholic Paučo, Draga, 10 publications, 75; Hietkö s role in, 75—76; Paučo, Jozef, 18,73,185 Pankúch s claim, 69—70; publications Pauliny-Toth, Ján, 122 from Prague press, 70,71; role of Cen Pearson, Frederick F. A., 83—84 tralist Slovaks in, 70—71; role of Slovak Pelikán, Jaroslav, 124-26,128,136,138 Catholic Federation of America, 75; Slovak Pell, Claiborne, 184—85 American autonomists, efforts of, 74—75; Pergier, Charles, ЗО, 35,47—48,121 Slovak Americans, efforts of, 73—74; Pergier, Karel, 74 Slovak autonomists, efforts of, 71—72 Permanent Conference of Slovak Democratic Putney, Albert H., 48 Exiles, 193 Philbin, Philip, 175 Radio Free Europe (RFE), 196—97 Pittsburgh Agreement, 32—34,36—37,73, Ramsey, John, 52, 64 87,140,130,198; as debate surrounding Ratshesky, Abraham C., 85 Slovak question, 41; dismissal by Pražák, Reader s Digest, 141 53; failure of implementation, 67,127; Hl- Red Army, 149,152,156,185 etko s views on, 75—76; Masaryk s role in RFE. See Radio Free Europe (RFE) formation of, 73; recognition and imple Riddleberger, James, 165—66,169,170 mentation of, 76; Richard Crane s opinion Rindge, Fred, 71 on, 61; SLA s efforts for implementation Ripka, Hubert, 102,122,150,151-52,161, on, 43, 44—46,88; Slovak Americans role 187-88 in
establishing, 64; Slovak autonomists Roman, Stephen, 194 work for establishment of, 38; Srobár s Roosevelt, Franklin D., 83, 85-86,89,103-4, argument on, 77; views of supporters of 113,152,166,184; memorandum from centralism on, 42; Wilson administration SLA, 142; Slovak American leaders and, 64 meeting with, 134 Plátek, Victor, 159 Roosevelt, Theodore, 17,30 Plátek, Wendell, 127 Rothermere campaign, 88 Pocisk, Ján, 46 Rothermere, Lord, 69 Podkrivacky, Adam, 87 Rouček, Joseph, 160 Pomerene, AtJee, 52 Rovnianek, Peter, 10,12,14 Poole, Dewitt Clinton, 124,126,144—45, Rudinský, Jozef, 45, 46,52,77 147,165 Porubský, John, 89 Sabath, Adolph J., 30,31,104,124,134 Powell, E. Alexander, 76 SAC. See Slovak Action Committee (SAC) 283
INDEX 42-47, 67,77-83,181; American Sage, Robert, 76 Saints Cyril, 138 diplomats and Slovak question, 83—91; Salva, Fedor, 136—38 American Government and, 144—47; SBC, 156,184,189 benefited from Congress, 163; built Slovak SCF. See Slovak Catholic Federation of identity, 4; campaign against Prague cen tralism, 38; against Czech, 194; in favor of America (SCF) Schlesinger, Rudolf, 100—101 cultural and political autonomy, 5; tn late Schoenfeld, Rudolf, 98,105,123,151,152 nineteenth century, 14; willing to accept Schwellenbach, Lewis, 188 autonomy within Hungary, 14; working Sciranka, John C., 74 with other national groups, 15 Slovak American autonomists, 46—47, 94, Second Prague Agreement (1946), 156 199; and American entry into World War Sekeli, Achilles F., 145 II, 138—41; bolstering compatriots activ Seton-Watson, R. W., 16—17, 31, 49,64; argu ment about Slovaks autonomy, 77; con ities within Czechoslovakia, 73; complain demnation to Hodža, 121; condemnation about Šrobár s visit to United States, 89; to Osuský, 119—20; on Czechoslovakism, direct outreach to American officials, 99—100; promoting Slovak dependence 134—35; embracing Cold War, 186; fearing communist threat to Slovakia, 185; fought on Czechs, 160 SEU. See Slovak Evangelical Union (SEU) to defend reputation, 132—33; hope to Seymour, Charles, 48 sway Prague and U.S. policymakers, 40; Shantz, Harold, 85 opinion to U.S. about communist action Shipstead, Henrik, 147 tn Slovakia, 189—90; publications toward Sidor, Karol, 82,96,97,106,107,109,115, American audience, 74; responding with refusals to cooperate with
Prague, 78; role 122,154,155,199; personal competition with Ďurčanský, 156; promoting inde in defending Slovaks, 67; working to pub pendent Slovak foreign policy, 115; Slovak lish articles about Slovak history, 142 American Catholics connections with, 131 Slovak American Catholics, 46,128,143; Silesta, 22, 30 Beneš recruiting, 131; connections Šiška, Pavol, 43 with Karol Stdor, 131; expressing pride Škultety, Joseph, 74 as Americans, 132; response to DP SLA. See Slovak League of America (SLA) politicians, 159; supporting World War Slavic language, 5 II Slovak Republic, 130; support to Tiso, Slavic World Congress, 197 173,174-75 Slavik, Juraj, 70,98,103,122,125,188,190 Slovak Amertcan(s), 69,90,93; and American Slavonians. See Slavs loyalty, 132—36; campaign, 16; central Slav Press Bureau, 30 ists, 70, 77, 79,87,126; and communist Slavs, 12 action against Slovakia, 185—87; and diplomacy, 30—32; dual identity as, 12; Slovak Action Committee (SAC), 155—56, encouraging SLA leadership, 23—24; 163,186,187,189,192 focus on anticommunism, 191—92; and Slovak American activists/activism, 17, 284
INDEX Hungary, 13—18; limited to activities and 185—87; Slovak autonomists tn, 71, 73,78, organizations in US, 28; marginalization 199; transatlantic interaction with United of, 199; Masaryk recruiting, 22—23; Ma States, 77; in World War II, 113 saryk s opinion about, 25; and outbreak Slovakia journal, 192 of World War 1,19—22; as outsiders Slovak League of America (SLA), 15,18,21, challenging state authority, 38; OWI and, 22,24,26,46, 69,118,125,128,145,153, 136—38; press, 10,17; promoting national 185,190,192,196-98; adopted Cold War solidarity as Americans, 135; represen mentality, 153—54; American official s tation in WRCB s organization, 145—46; discrimination against, 146; approving role in Czechoslovakia creation, 19; and relations with Czechs, 25,26; challenging SNC, 156—59; studies of, 50; support for Masaryk s criticism, 74; cooperation with Tiso, 178—79; support from Congress Czech counterparts, 194; creation in Slo members, 149; taking lead in interna vakia, 77; dedicating resources to helping tional discourse, 50; worked to gain public exiles, 154—55; delegation to Czecho recognition, 51; before World War I, 8—10; slovakia, 43; Dubosh and, 153; focus on during World War II, 125 Congress for Slovak support, 147; founded Slovak Catholic Congress, 14 Slav Press Bureau, 30; fundraising cam Slovak Catholic Federation of America (SCF), paign, 28—29; joined with Slovak League 15,46, 87,129,130,133 of Canada, 197; leadership of, 138; as legit Slovak Cultural Institute, 17 imate organization, 42; meeting of in New Slovak Democratic Party (DP), 150,158,166, York
City, 51; movement of disloyalty in, 168,180,189,192; Czech and Slovak 144; Ninth Congress of February 1916 in communist s campaign against, 181—82; Chicago, 25; and Pittsburgh Agreement, support from Beneš, 182 33—34,43, 44—46,73; presenting Slovak Slovak Digest, 162 question to League of Nations, 88; prior Slovak Evangelical Union (SEU), 10,15,46, itizing United Nations Conference, 165; producing joint appeal to European Peace 69,125,127 Conference, 163; reawakening of, 141—44; Slovakia, 3, 6,23,198; Bolshevik propa ganda in, 58; communism in, 189,195; rejection of exile government, 132; reso cultural and economic development to, lutions in 1940 Washington conference, 87, 89; democratic, 198—99; freedom of 133—34,137; role in national Slovak press movement, 197; German control over, 99; establishment, 44—45; under scrutiny German occupation tn, 97, 111; history of, from federal government, 132; skepticism 8—9; influence of Prague in, 38,40—41; about SNC, 157; and Slovak Republic, local administration in, 46; as part of 129—32; struggling to rebuild public Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, image, 141; support for National Council, 111; peasant population, 40; political par 157—58; supporting Slovak autonomy, ties in, 8, 40, 92; radical faction in, 108; 139; United Nations Conference in San self-governing, 32; SLA and, 82; Slovak Francisco, 165; visit in Bratislava, 82; in Americans and communist action in, Wilson s second inaugural, 31 285
INDEX Slovak League of Canada, 154,192,196 Soviet Union, 96,97,113,153,158,168,169; Slovak National Alliance (SNA), 69,125; and Beneš agreements with, 152; distrusting exile government, 125—27 Slovak nationalism, 161; giving Slovakia Slovak National Council (SNC), 150,151, back to Czechs, 187; limited Western 153,169,183; delegation to London, 151, access to Slovakia, 154; perceived Czecho 152; divergence of views on, 158; exile slovakia, 159; SNC cooperation with government s acceptance of, 151—52; in Czech communists in, 150 France, 122; in London, 122,155; in Paris, Spolok svätého Vojtecha organization, 81 25; recognition from Prague, 156; Slovak SPP. See Slovak People s Party (SPP) Americans and, 156—59; Slovak League s Šprinc, Mikuláš, 132,140,154 skepticism about, 157 Šrobár, Vávro, 35, 41,42,44,61, 63,77; Slovak National Council Abroad (SNCA), 155, meeting with Dubois, 62; stand on 156,163,192 Pittsburgh Agreement, 45; support for au Slovak National Party (SNP), 20,41,68 tonomy, 43; visit to United States, 88—89 Slovak People s Party (SPP), 8, 41, 68, 97, SS Stefanik, 143 169; demanding Slovak autonomy, 92; Stalin, Joseph, 184 exploited Munich Agreement, 69; Žilina Stasko, Jozef, 108,113 Memorandum of 1922 of, 71—72 Štastny, Marián, 195 Slovak Record newspaper, 142,161,165 Štefánek, Anton, 70 Slovak Review, 162 Štefánik, Milan R., 20,26-29,35,47,56,74, Slovak Uprising: American perception of, 146; death of, 54; efforts for US recogni 153; exile government taking credit for, tion of Czechoslovakia, 30; erection of 150—51; general view by American offi statue in
Cleveland, 72; speech at opening cials in London, 152; OSS and, 152—53, of American embassy in Prague, 47 167; outside support from Allies, 152; Steiner, Edward A., 13 SNC and, 150,151,153; third anniversary Steinhardt, Lawrence, 166,167,182—84,187; celebration, 184 response to communist coup in Slovakia, Slovák v Amerike newspaper, 10,158 188-89; in Tiso trial, 177-78 Slovak White Legion, 196 St. Ladislaus Church (1885), 14 Slovak World Congress (SWC), 194-95,197 Stoddard, Lothrop, 50 Slovenská Obrana newspaper, 158 Stodola, Emil, 78 Smith, Truman, 95 Stolarik, Mark, 18,23,27 SNA. See Slovak National Alliance (SNA) Street, C. J. C., 71 SNC. See Slovak National Council (SNC) Šubtk, František, 154 SNCA. See Slovak National Council Abroad Svare, Vlaclav, 51 (SNCA) SWC. See Slovak World Congress (SWC) SNP. See Slovak National Party (SNP) Sokol(s), 17,46,76,87,89,127; Catholic Taft, Robert, 147,164 Jedonta, 21; recruitment for Czechoslovak Taft, William H., 13 Legions, 28—29; Slovak Gymnastic Tardini, Domenico, 175 Union, 21,69 Tatra Mountains, 153 286
INDEX Taylor, Myron C., 177 Osuský s letter to, 189; SAC letters to, Third Prague Agreement (1947), 156 189—90; on Tiso trial, 174—76 Thomson, S. Harrison, 100 Tuka, Vojtech, 68,84,93,106,176 Time, 172,188 Tiso, Jozef, 35,82, 89,98,107-8,110, Union of Slovak Organizations in France, 122 113—14,143,194; approaching Slovak United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Americans for support, 129—30; battles Administration, 154 for Slovak autonomy, 179; commending United States (U.S.), 31,38,64,80,131,135, Slovak Americans, 78; Hitler and, 106; 146,147,165,170,173,175; American Slovak American support for, 178—79; diplomats support for Slovak autonomy, SPP and, 72, 92,109; as traitorous 115—17; centralist propaganda to, 53; “clerical-fascists, 93; visit to United entry into World War II, 138—41; exile States, 80—81 government and, 103—5; expressed Tiso trial: Acheson s role in, 176; appeals on, American unwillingness in Slovakia, 173; Billy s disappointment with United 115; fraternal associations tn, 9—10; States response, 175—76; charges against migratory Slovaks in, 8—9; in postwar Tiso, 171; Czech—Slovak tensions during, Czechoslovakia, 159—63; recognizing 170; debate about Tiso after execution, Czecho-Slovak National Council, 34; 178; DP support to, 171; efforts for recognizing Czechoslovakia, 34—36; fairness of, 176—77; execution of Tiso, representatives of the Allied governments 177; Hurban s role in, 171—72; Jurchak s tn, 20; response to communist coup tn effort to spare Tiso from execution, 178; Slovakia, 188,190—91; response to exile Jurchak s role in, 173—74; NSS support
autonomists, 123—25; response to Košík s to, 172; as part of communist campaign, memorandum, 135; response to Osuský s 182; Slovak American Catholics support warning, 186; response to transatlantic to Ttso, 173,174—75; Slovak American Slovak question, 163—66; response with support for Tiso, 178—79; Steinhardt s joint U. S.—British—French statement, report on, 177—78; US s stand on, 177; US 188; and Slovak Americans, 180; Slovak treatment to Tiso, 171 immigration process to, 19; Slovak Tomes, Emil, 151 national activism in, 4; Slovak press tn, Tomko, Jozef, 195 10; Slovak Republic and, 110—12; Slovaks Tooien, Thomas J., 175 great emigration, 162; Slovak state and Tóth, Dušan, 195 war with, 113—15; source of information Townsend, Charles, 52 on Czechoslovakia, 148; stand after com Trenko, Michael, 134 munist coup during Cold War, 195—96; Trianon, Treaty of, 67,69 view on Prague, 159. See also America(n)/ Tripartite Pact, 109,113 Americanism; American diplomats and Truman, Harry S., 159,160,186—87,191; Slovak question; American diplomats and with correspondence petitioning for U. S. Slovak state intervention, 173; FCSU memorandum to, Ursiny, Ján, 151,158 185; meetings with SLA delegations, 196; U.S. Army Counterintelligence Corps, 196 287
Vanecek, William R., 135 World War II, 3; American diplomatic reports Varga, George, 169 on Slovakia during, 94; American Gov Včelky (Bees) group, 29 ernment and Slovak American activism Velvet Revolution, 195,197 during, 144—47; Ďurčanský s appeal for Versailles system, 76 true application of Wilsonianism after, Vesel, Mirko, 151 122; failure of efforts of Slovak American Vicén, Jozef, 196 autonomists during, 148; formal end for Viest, Rudolf, 98 Slovakia, 156; OWI and Slovak Americans Vlsson, Andre, 100,126 during, 136—38; Slovak American auton Vnuk, František, 192 omists and American entry into, 138—41; Voice of America, 186,188,189,196 Slovak Americans and American loyalty Vojtaššák, Ján, 78 during, 132—36 von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 106 WRCB. See War Relief Control Board (WRCB) Vrabel, Helen, 145 Yost, Charles, 167,168,183,184 Walsh, David, 164 Ward, James, 108 Zeman, John, 89,161 Wargovich, Michael J., 137 Zeman Jr., Stephen, 127,136,137 War Relief Control Board (WRCB), 145—46, Žilina Agreement, 101,105 Žilina Memorandum, 71—72,92,129 154,164 Živena Society, 10,46,127 Washburn, Albert, 85 Washington Declaration, 134 Weiss, Samuel, 147 Welles, Sumner, 127 Wiley, Alexander, 147 Wiley, John C., 124 Williams, Francis T., 176 Willo, John, 136,139,148,156 Wilson, Hugh, 29-31 Wilsonianism, 20,40, 64,78; Ďurčanský s appeal for “true application of, 122; failures of, 72 Wilson, Woodrow, 104; and images of Czechs and Slovaks, 47—52; response on Slovak Americans diplomacy, 30—32 Winant, John G., 104,123 World War 1,2; creation of Czechoslovakia in, 4; Slovak American national
activism before, 11—13; Slovak Americans before, 8—10; Slovak Americans during, 64 288 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
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CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Introduction З 1. Slovak Americans and the Czech and Slovak Independence Movements in World War I 19 2. The Transatlantic Slovak Question during the Founding of Czechoslovakia 38 3. The Interwar Years and Transatlantic Dialogue 67 4. The United States and the Diplomacy of the First Slovak Republic 92 5. World War II and the Slovaks in America 118 6. Postwar Czechoslovakia and the Transatlantic Slovak Question 149 7. Slovak Americans in Czechoslovakia's Communist Era 181 Archival Collections 201 Notes 203 Index 275
INDEX Acheson, Dean, 172,176 American Relief for Czechoslovakia, 145—46 Agrarian Party, 8, 41, 68,84,169 American Slovak Council of Organizations and Newspapers (ASCON), 127,145 American Action program, 17 anticommunism, 75,154,160,173,190—91; America(n)/Americanism: American-styled federalist model, 4; anticommunism, among Slovak Catholics, 185; SAC pro 190; key components of, 163; liberty, 50, moting, 156; Slovak, 185,186; support for Slovak autonomy with, 149,170 51; modernity, 13; and Slovak American Appelt, Emma, 185 activism, 144—47. See also United States Apponyi, Albert, 15,16 (U.S.) American diplomats and Slovak question, 57, ASCON. See American Slovak Council of Or 64—66,83,116; Abraham C Ratshesky, ganizations and Newspapers (ASCON) 85; Albert Halstead, 63—64; Albert Wash Association of Slovak Newspapermen of burn, 85; Andrew W. Dubois, 60, 62—63; America, 16 Archibald Cary Coolidge, 58,59—60; Atherton, Ray, 135 Frederick F. A. Pearson, 83—84; Hugh Atlantic Charter, 128,138,139,157,162,172 Gibson, 58; John Karmazin, 58—59; John Austria-Hungary: American's lack of distin Sterett Gittings, 84—85; J. Web Benton, guish about nationalities of, 20; breakup 85; Lewis Einstein, 83,84, 85; Richard of, 3; Czechoslovak legionnaires fight Crane, 60—61,65; Robert Joseph Kerner, against, 29; freedom of nationalities in, 59; Wilbur J. Carr, 86. See also United 25; Slovak League and, 22; Wilson’s stand States (U.S.) on breakup of, 30 American diplomats and Slovak state, 94—99; Alexander Kirk, 97; Anthony Biddle, 98; Baker, Newton, 30 George Kennan, 95—96,97,99; Harry Balch,
Emily G., 13,16 N. Howard, 98; Irving N. Linnell, 96—97, Balfour, Arthur, 31 99; John Bruins, 99; Karol Sidor, 96,97; Banská Bystrica, 152 Nathalie C. Grant, 98—99; removal of Bartek, Heinrich, 185 diplomatic officials from Prague, 97—98; Bartos, John, 126 Rudolf Schoenfeld, 98; Slovak Declaration Behunčík, Edward J., 165 of Independence, 96; Truman Smith, Beneš, Bohuš, 122 95; Wilbur Carr, 94—95,96,99. See also Beneš, Edvard, 20,26,48,53,60,70,92, 94,100,115,168,187,189; acceptance United States (U.S.) of autonomous SNC jurisdiction, 150; American Jewish Congress, 112 275
INDEX Beneš, Edvard (cont.): agreements with Bohlen, Charles, 188 Moscow in support of resistance opera Bolshevism, 48, 58; threat in Hungary, 56; tions, 152; "campaign of revenge,” 132; threat in Slovakia, 62 Clementis and, 103; conflict with Hodža, Bonsai, Stephen, 52,56—57,65 120—21; conflict with Seton-Watson, 121; Borah, William, 88 criticism of Pankúch and Mamatey, 25; Bradač, John S., 136 distrust of American Slovaks on, 149; Brejška, Karel, 104 exile government, 149; forced Slovaks into Briggs, Eillis, 195 hands of Germany, 115; using images of Britain, 110,119,124,152,161 Slovak victimization under Hungary, 56; Broz, Aleš, 70 limiting Štefánik’s influence, 35; National Bruins, John, 99,116,151-52,167,168,176, Socialist Party, 156; Osuský and, 27, 177,182,187 118—20; presenting Slovaks as fascists, Bullitt, William, 104,119,123 118; publishing Slovak question, 101—2; Butler, Nicholas Murray, 100 recruiting Slovak American Catholic au Byrnes, James F., 161,172 tonomists, 131; reporting Slovak Uprising to American officials, 150—51; repre Canfield, Gordon, 135 senting Czechoslovakia, 55; response to Cannon, Cavendish, 146—47 Truman, 160; and Roosevelt, 104,113; as Čapek, Thomas, 16,22 source of information for Washington, Capper, Arthur, 164 148; in SPP, 68—69; support to DP, 182; Carr, David, 136,137 support to Slovakia autonomy, 81; as Carr, Wilbur J., 86,90,94-95,96,99,104, symbol of unity and hope, 125; territorial claims in Slovakia, 55—56; Washington 111, 123,138 Catholic autonomists, 35,59,68,97,125,138, embraced Slovak submission to, 114. See
149,157,182,186,193,197; in exile, 155; also exile government Lettrich's frustration about, 159; no trust on Osuský, 132; Washington dismissing, Bennett, Marion T., 147 197 Benton, J. Web, 85,87 Berle, Adolf A., 123,124,127,145 Catholicism, 14,108; losing prestige due to Tiso, 98; Slovak, 6, 61,158,170,187 Biddle, Anthony, 98,104,123 Billy, Florian, 159,169,170,175-76,185 Catholic Jedonta Sokol, 21 Birley, Robert, 100 Catholic Sokol, 127 Blaho, Pavel, 18 Central European Affairs, 176,188 Blažek, Paul, 127 centralism, 7,43,49,66,69,70,74,77, 86, BNA. See Bohemian National Alliance (BNA) 90,95,167,168,194; autonomy vs., 8; Boettiger, Anna, 161 centralist leadership role, 57; Czech and Bogdarus, George D., 183 Slovak centralists, 67; Dubois criticism Bohemia(n), 30,35,54,83, 99,107; stand in on, 62; Ďurčanský embracing, 115; Hodža's stand on, 68,120—21,124; Czechoslovakia creation, 48—49 Palickar's effort to lift, 75; Pankúch's Bohemian National Alliance (BNA), 24,30 276
INDEX criticisms of, 47; return of, 167,168; 166,168 Schlesinger's criticisms of, 101; Seton- Communist Party of Slovakia (CPS), 8,150, Watson's opinion about, 99; Slovak 166; activities after 1946 election failure, American activist’s campaign against, 38, 181; electoral failure, 166 50; SNA for, 69; Social Democratic Party Congressional Record, 12, 52,147,178 embracing, 41; supporters of, 42; support Coolidge, Archibald Cary, 58,59, 65, 86, 89 in Slovakia of, 8, 83,167 Council of Free Czechoslovakia (CFCS), 193, Černák, Matúš, 106-7,154,155 197 CPCS. See Communist Party of Czechoslo Cernová massacre, 18 vakia (CPCS) CFCS. See Council of Free Czechoslovakia CPS. See Communist Party of Slovakia (CPS) (CFCS) Chicago Sun-Times, 188 Crane, Charles R., 60 Christmas Treaty of December 1943,150 Crane, John Oliver, 60,71 Cincik, Jozef, 80,114,143 Crane, Richard, 47,48,60—61,65, 83 Clementis, Vladimir, 103 Cranston, Alan, 136,137 "clerical fascism,” 94,98 Crosser, Robert, 31 Cleveland Agreement, 24, 33; Slovak and Čulen, Konštantín, 11,109,112,113—14,129, 143,154 Czech cooperation and conflict after, Cvinček, Andrej, 168 25—28; war tensions and, 28—29 Comenius University in Bratislava, 70 Czechization, 59, 62,63 communism, 114,131,134,195; divergence Czechoslovakia/Czecho-Slovakia, 27,87,163, between-Czech and Slovak support for, 187; American-style federalism for, 199; 167,197; Nuremberg trail and, 175 American official's concern about Sudeten communist action against Slovaks/Slovakia, Germans in, 55; ban of Slovak American 181—82; American embassy report newspapers in, 170;
breakup of, 160,162; about, 182,184—85; Bogdarus’s efforts centralist leadership in, 53; creation in to build cultural relationship, 183; Slovak World War 1,4; in crisis over German Americans and, 185—87; Slovak officials question, 86; federalized system in, 39, requesting American support against, 199; issue of German treatment in Sude 183; Slovak question after communist tenland of, 92; Kiev Agreement on cre coup, 191—97; Steinhardt's role in solving, ation of, 27; postwar, 159—63; recognizing 182-84 SNC, 156; rejection of Marshall Plan, communist coup in Slovakia, 187—88; Czecho 183; removal of US diplomatic officials slovak embassy efforts to end, 188,189; from, 97—98; role of Slovak Americans opinion of Slovak American autono in creation of, 19; SLA leaders bothering mists about, 189—90; Slovak question about, 28; State Department's policy after, 191—97; Steinhardt's response to, guide on, 168—69; Štefánik efforts for US 188—89; U.S. government's response to, recognition of, 30; ten-point proposal for, 188,190-91 163; U.S. embassy activities in, 166—67, 168; United States recognizing, 34—36; Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CPCS), 277
INDEX Czechoslovakia/Czecho-Slovakia (cont.): Dies, Martin, 133 Wilsonian officials support for creation of, DP. See Slovak Democratic Party (DP) 47—49. See also communist action against dual resolutions, 30 Slovaks/Slovakia Dubček, Alexander, 194 Czechoslovak Information Office, 124 Dubois, Arthur W, 60—62, 65 Czechoslovakism, 7,27, 43, 55, 68,76,142; Dubosh, Francis, 89,132,138—39,146,148, criticism of, 61; Hušek's stand on, 74; 161; communication with Feighan, 164; Masaryk's belief in, 23; as means of complaining about Slovakian parties, 169; hegemony, 75—76; Prague maintaining defending SLA, 140—41; efforts to dispel support in perpetuating, 71; victory American ignorance, 141—42; requested during World War 1,19 to make radio appeal to Slovaks, 145; and Czechoslovak National Council, 20,26, SLA, 153; support to SNC, 157 27,28; in America, 29, 33,44; allied Dula, Matúš, 21 recognition of, 54—55; efforts to appease Dulles, John Foster, 196 American Slovaks, 28; relocated Osuský Dumbarton Oaks Resolution, 157 to Geneva, 31 Ďurčanský, Ferdinand, 106—9,114,154,155, Czech(s), 3, 4,54,64—65,187,188; clergy, 21; 178,199; defending Slovak agency, 122; cooperation with Slovaks, 36; efforts to effort to warn about communism in Eu implement Pittsburgh Agreement, 46—47; rope, 186—87; personal competition with estrangement with Slovaks, 177; exiles, Sidor, 156; promoting independent Slovak 150; freethinking movement among, foreign policy, 115 21; image in Czechoslovakia creation, Dürich, Josef, 26 47—52; independence campaign, 19,24; industrious, 100; issue of autonomy, 5—8;
Einstein, Lewis, 83—85,87 leading military intervention in Slovakia, Eisenhower, Dwight D., 175 92—93; maintaining strength in popula exile government, 92,112,133—34,137—38; tion and resources, 6; impact of May 1946 Anthony Biddle as ambassador to, elections, 166; secularization programs, 98; Czechoslovak in exile and Slovak 43; Steinhardt's focus on, 189 question, 101—3; internal politics of, 117; Osuský, Hodža, and Slovaks in, 118—23; Davis, Elmer, 35,142 Slovak National Alliance and, 125—27; Davis, James, 134,147 sympathy for, 99; taking credit for Slovak Daxner, Igor, 23,24,171,173 Uprising, 150—51; and United States, Democratic Party. See Slovak Democratic 103—5; Washington's response to exile Party (DP) autonomists, 123—25; Western recogni Dendur, John, 158 tion of, 35. See also Beneš, Edvard Department of Central European Affairs, 176 Derer, Ivan, 70-71, 82,90 Farmers' Day, 90 Diamond, William, 160 fascism, 101,131,134,140,163,175; clerical, Dies Committee, 126,132,139 94, 98. See also Hitler, Adolf 278
INDEX FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) 98—99; sovereign rights to, 97; Sudeten, FCSLU. See First Catholic Slovak Ladies Union (FCSLU) 55,63,105 Gessay, Ignac, 43 FCSU. See First Catholic Slovak Union (FCSU) Getting, Milan, 21,24,25,27,43 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 98, Gibson, Hugh, 58 126,140 Federation of Slovak Newspapermen in America, 133 Gittings, John Sterett, 84—85 Goebbels, Joseph, 136 Goldberg, A. L, 162 Feighan, Michael A., 147,164 Gordon, William, 31 Ference, Gregory, 20 Göring, Hermann, 106 First Catholic Slovak Ladies Union (FCSLU), Gottwald, Klement, 150,160,182,187 10,79,127,170 First Catholic Slovak Union (FCSU), 10,14, 15, 46,79,127,130,185,194 Grant, Nathalie C., 98—99,116 Green, James Holt, 153 Grew, Joseph, 171—72 First Prague Agreement (1945), 156 Griffin, Joan, 100 Fisher, J. L., 31 Griffin, Jonathan, 100 Flood, Daniel J., 164 Guffey, Joseph F., 161 Foreign Affairs, 58 Foreign Agents Registration Act (1938), 126 Hacker, Paul, 198 Foreign Relations Committee, 164 Hadsel, Winifred N., 186 Four Freedoms, 157,172 Hall, Walter Phelps, 101 Fourth Slovak World Youth Festival, 195 Halstead, Albert, 63—64 France, 20, 38,110; Hodža's experience in, Hanč, Josef, 75 123; Union of Slovak Organizations in, Harding, Warren, 51 122 Hayes, Carlton J. H., 114 Franctsci, Μ., 43 Hay, John, 15 Frank, Glenn, 50 Hecksher, Augustus, 165 Fraštacký, Rudolf, 183 Henderson, Nevile, 101 fraternal organizations of Slovak, 9,12,14, Herron, George, 31—32 137; Catholic, 176; Czech, 10; Slovak, 10, Hickerson, John, 87,176 51, 72; Slovak American, 15 Hitler,
Adolf, 82,83,106 Friends of Slovak Freedom, 69,74,79 Hlasists, 23 Furdek, Stephen, 12,14,18,21 Hietkö, Peter P., 75, 81, 82,90,129,132,134, 136,140,143,148,155 Gazdík, Matúš, 21 Hlinka, Andrej, 18, 35,41,44, 61,65,78, 81, Gedye, George E. R., 100 82,194; accepting correctness of Slovak George, David Lloyd, 56 autonomist position, 57; activities to German(y): decision on Slovakia issue, establish transatlantic political organiza 105—7; German occupation in Slovakia, tion, 45; criticizing failures of Wilso- 111; minority, 6; Slovaks alliance with, nianism, 66; meeting with Dubois, 62; 279
INDEX Slovak Americans and, 13—18; threat of Hlinka, Andrej (cont.): reviewed Slovaks' con Bolshevism in, 56. See also Magyarization cerns, 56; stand on Pittsburgh Agreement, Húrban, Vladimír, 43,88,103,105,124,125, 45; trip to Paris with delegation, 52; visit to United States, 79 146,171 Hodža, Fedor, 82,151,158,177,187 Husák, Gustav, 183 Hodža, Milan, 18,35, 35, 41,46,68, 81, Hušek, Joseph, 21,22,24,33,35,43,46,69, 79,90,129,132; complaint of Dubosh 84,85, 96,125,198; efforts to support to Slovak autonomy, 123—24; end of against, 138—39; denouncing Washington political career, 118; meeting with Dubois, Declaration, 133—34; letter to Dies, 62; meeting with Poole, 144; NSS and, 133; letter to Roosevelt about Slovakian 127—29; and Slovaks in exile, 118—23; negative propaganda, 131; letter to Tiso against splitting from Czechoslovakia, 130 stand on Pittsburgh Agreement, 45; State Department's faith in, 144; threat of sepa Hušek, Oľga, 74 ratism and Bolshevism in Slovakia, Hušek, Stephanie, 11 62 Hussite movement, 6 Hoover, Herbert, 78 International Military Tribunals at Nurem Hoskins, Harold B., 123,124 berg, 175 House, Edward, 48 International Refugee Organization tn Swit House Un-American Activities Committee zerland, 155 (HUAC), 191 Interparliamentary Peace Conference in St. Houston, David, 48 Louis, 16 Howard, Harry N., 98,116 Hrobak, Philip, 129,132,138,140,148,169, 185,186,190; accusing State Department Jackson, Robert, 133,173 about Slovak "liberation," 161; criticizing Janček, Jan, 29 Beneš for taking credit for Slovak Up Jankola, Matthew, 23—24 rising, 157; "For
God's Sake" appeal, 165; Jednota newspaper, 10,158 publishing essays to show opposition to Jehlička, Francis, 52,69, 88,121 Beneš, 141; targeting Beneš as discredited Jewish Slovaks, 97,194 leader, 162; on Tiso trial, 173,174 John Paul II, Pope, 195 Hronský, Jozef C., 80 Josten, Josef, 153 Hrušovský, František, 11,112,154 Jubilee Celebration, 179 HUAC. See House Un-American Activities Jurchak, Peter P., 141,146,153,155,164, 173,185,186; declaring outreach to exile Committee (HUAC) Hughes, Charles Evans, 87,89 government, 157; defense of Tiso, 173—74; Hull, Cordell, 104,105,124,126,127 effort to spare Tiso from execution, 178; Hungarian/Hungary, 12,52; Dubois recom English-language historical survey of mended establishing free trade with, 63; Slovaks, 162; limits to Slovak Americans' invasion of Slovakia, 40,97; irredenttsm, own publications, 162—63 41,58,70; non-Magyar minorities, 5; Juriga, Ferdiš, 35 280
INDEX Karmazin, John, 58, 65 Lettrich, Jozef, 158,159,170,183,193,199 Károlyi, Mihály, 15—16 Ležák-Borin, Vladimír, 122 Kennan, George, 95—96,97,99; disparage Lichner, Ján, 98,116,151 ment of Slovaks, 160; reported on Slovak Linnell, Irving N., 96—97,99,116 strategy, 116; views on Slovak autonomy, Lobi, Eugen, 195 161 Lovett, Robert, 197 Kenyon, William S., 30, 54 Lucas, Scott, 169 Keppler, Wilhelm, 109 Lutherans, 7,40, 41,158,182,196; Slovak, Kerner, Robert Joseph, 59,65 116,158; Slovak American, 77 Kiev Agreement, 27 King, William H., 30 Macartney, C. A., 76 Kirk, Alexander, 97 Mach, Sano, 93,178 Kirschbaum, Jozef, 109,113,114,154,155, Mackworth, Cecily, 100,115 178 Kirwan, Michael, 134,176 Madden, Ray J., 147,175 Magyarization, 11—12,18,23, 58,59; Balch's Kmetz, John T., 188 detail on, 16; policy, 5—6,15; Seton- Kocák, Mathias, 146 Watson objective on, 16—17. See also Kocur, Jan, 77 Hungarian/Hungary Kojis, Abbot Theodore, 192 Malik, Jozef, 121 Kompánek, Anton, 72,79 Mamatey, Albert, 22—25,27,31,51; ap Konuš, Jozef G., 80 proaching Slovak leaders for Pittsburgh Kopanie, Michael, 14 Agreement, 45; remarked on American Košice Agreement, 156,157,166 role in Slovak history, 50—51 Košík, Gustav, 26—27,135 Mamatey, Victor, 30 Kossuth, Louis, 15 Markham, Reuben, 140 Kovach, Edo, 43 Marshall, George, 176,188 Kramář, Karel, 55 Marshall Plan, Prague's rejection of, 183 Kramoris, Ivan J., 141 Martin Declaration, 35,56 Krasula, Stephen, 134 Masaryk, Alice, 48 Krsak, Margita, 31 Masaryk, Jan, 102,104,115,121,144,152, Kubala, Jozef, 45,46,52 Kugeman, William, 168 157,165,170
Masaryk, Tomáš G., 13—14,19—20,27, Kun, Bela, 40 40—41,102; approach to easing tension, Kunost, Alexander, 103 28—29; attempted to discredit SLA, 42; cooperation with Slovaks, 36; diplomacy Lach, John, 143,144,153,165 on US recognition of Czechoslovakia, Lansing, Robert, 30,31,51,54,64 34—36; efforts to dismiss Pittsburgh Lattimore, Owen, 162—63 Agreement, 78; emphasized Czechs and League of Nations, 88 Slovaks, 47; expressed disappointment Ledbetter, Eleanor, 50 on Slovak autonomist movement, 70; 281
INDEX National Catholic Welfare Conference, 81 Masaryk, Tomáš G. (cont.): gaining Slovak American support, 32; Lewis Einstein National Investigation Bureau (NIB), 51 and, 83; meeting with Osuský, 26; military National Slovak Society (NSS), 10,15, 46, participation, 28; and Pittsburgh Agree 69,125,156—57; appealing Cordell Hull ment, 32—34,36—37; recruiting Slovak for American intervention, 127; Capek's Americans, 22—23; reporting Slovak Up role in, 16; Mamatey's role in, 22, 45; and rising to American officials, 150—51; and Milan Hodža, 127—29; Rovnianek and, Richard Crane, 60—61; role in formation 14; support to Tiso trial, 172 of Pittsburgh Agreement, 73; statement on National Socialist Party, 156,183 Czechoslovak war, 49; US's “Open Letter" New European Situation, The (Hodža), 86 to, 86—87; views about Slovak Americans, New Yorkský Denník, 10 25; whitewashed Slovak question, 52; and New York Times, 51,123 Woodrow Wilson, 48 NIB. See National Investigation Bureau (NIB) Matica Slovenská, 17,44, 80,195 Nodar, Robert, 185 Matloch, J., 43 NSS. See National Slovak Society (NSS) Maxwell, Alexander, 14 Nyki, Alois R., 101 Mažár, Imrich, 29 McCarthy, Joseph E., 175 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 98,116, 126,144,152-53,159,160 McClure, Archibald, 50 McCormick, Joseph, 64 Office of War Information (OWI), 132, 136—38; Dubosh's request to make radio McLean, George, 52,64 Mead, James, 164 appeal to Slovaks, 145; frustrating Slovak Methodius Church: in Bethlehem, Pennsyl American autonomists, 139—40 vania, 174; in Lakewood, Ohio, 138 O'Konski, Alvin, 147,164,175 Mihalus, Vince,
88 Opočenský, Jan, 76 Mikuš, Jozef A., 108,109,110,154 Orzoff, Andrea, 47 Milesz, Ivan, 111 Osadné Hlasy newspaper, 158 Miller, Kenneth D., 71 OSS. See Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Mnohel, Štefan, 52 Osuský, Stefan, 23—24,26—28,31,35,55, Moffat, Jay Pierrepont, 104, 111, 135 70,186,193; approach to defense of Moravia, 30, 99,107 Slovak American autonomists, 131—32; Moyš, Ladislav, 46 defining Slovak Uprising, 151; end of Múdry-Šebík, Michal, 125 political career, 118; praising Slovaks for Munich Agreement, 3,67, 81,92,104 Americanism components representation, Murgas, Jozef, 15 163; relationships with many American Murphy, Robert D., 172 officials, 123; relationship with Lutheran Myers, Francis J., 161 autonomists, 129; and Slovaks in exile, 118—23; about Slovak Uprising, 153; support of SNC, 155 Namier, Lewis B., 49—50 Národné Noviny, 10 OWI. See Office of War Information (OWI) 282
INDEX Palickar, Stephen J., 75,190 Pražák, Albert, 53,70 Palka, Irene, 124 Price, Melvin, 178 Palka, Jan, 124 Prídavok, Peter, 122,132,155,158,190 Palkovic, Anton, 136 Prusa, Jozef, 138,165,186 Pankúch, Ján, 24-28,31, 36,47, 51, 69, publishing and propaganda, Slovak question 124-26,144,193 in transatlantic, 69; articles in Catholic Paučo, Draga, 10 publications, 75; Hietkö 's role in, 75—76; Paučo, Jozef, 18,73,185 Pankúch's claim, 69—70; publications Pauliny-Toth, Ján, 122 from Prague press, 70,71; role of Cen Pearson, Frederick F. A., 83—84 tralist Slovaks in, 70—71; role of Slovak Pelikán, Jaroslav, 124-26,128,136,138 Catholic Federation of America, 75; Slovak Pell, Claiborne, 184—85 American autonomists, efforts of, 74—75; Pergier, Charles, ЗО, 35,47—48,121 Slovak Americans, efforts of, 73—74; Pergier, Karel, 74 Slovak autonomists, efforts of, 71—72 Permanent Conference of Slovak Democratic Putney, Albert H., 48 Exiles, 193 Philbin, Philip, 175 Radio Free Europe (RFE), 196—97 Pittsburgh Agreement, 32—34,36—37,73, Ramsey, John, 52, 64 87,140,130,198; as debate surrounding Ratshesky, Abraham C., 85 Slovak question, 41; dismissal by Pražák, Reader's Digest, 141 53; failure of implementation, 67,127; Hl- Red Army, 149,152,156,185 etko's views on, 75—76; Masaryk's role in RFE. See Radio Free Europe (RFE) formation of, 73; recognition and imple Riddleberger, James, 165—66,169,170 mentation of, 76; Richard Crane's opinion Rindge, Fred, 71 on, 61; SLA's efforts for implementation Ripka, Hubert, 102,122,150,151-52,161, on, 43, 44—46,88; Slovak Americans role 187-88 in
establishing, 64; Slovak autonomists' Roman, Stephen, 194 work for establishment of, 38; Srobár's Roosevelt, Franklin D., 83, 85-86,89,103-4, argument on, 77; views of supporters of 113,152,166,184; memorandum from centralism on, 42; Wilson administration SLA, 142; Slovak American leaders and, 64 meeting with, 134 Plátek, Victor, 159 Roosevelt, Theodore, 17,30 Plátek, Wendell, 127 Rothermere campaign, 88 Pocisk, Ján, 46 Rothermere, Lord, 69 Podkrivacky, Adam, 87 Rouček, Joseph, 160 Pomerene, AtJee, 52 Rovnianek, Peter, 10,12,14 Poole, Dewitt Clinton, 124,126,144—45, Rudinský, Jozef, 45, 46,52,77 147,165 Porubský, John, 89 Sabath, Adolph J., 30,31,104,124,134 Powell, E. Alexander, 76 SAC. See Slovak Action Committee (SAC) 283
INDEX 42-47, 67,77-83,181; American Sage, Robert, 76 Saints Cyril, 138 diplomats and Slovak question, 83—91; Salva, Fedor, 136—38 American Government and, 144—47; SBC, 156,184,189 benefited from Congress, 163; built Slovak SCF. See Slovak Catholic Federation of identity, 4; campaign against Prague cen tralism, 38; against Czech, 194; in favor of America (SCF) Schlesinger, Rudolf, 100—101 cultural and political autonomy, 5; tn late Schoenfeld, Rudolf, 98,105,123,151,152 nineteenth century, 14; willing to accept Schwellenbach, Lewis, 188 autonomy within Hungary, 14; working Sciranka, John C., 74 with other national groups, 15 Slovak American autonomists, 46—47, 94, Second Prague Agreement (1946), 156 199; and American entry into World War Sekeli, Achilles F., 145 II, 138—41; bolstering compatriots' activ Seton-Watson, R. W., 16—17, 31, 49,64; argu ment about Slovaks autonomy, 77; con ities within Czechoslovakia, 73; complain demnation to Hodža, 121; condemnation about Šrobár's visit to United States, 89; to Osuský, 119—20; on Czechoslovakism, direct outreach to American officials, 99—100; promoting Slovak dependence 134—35; embracing Cold War, 186; fearing communist threat to Slovakia, 185; fought on Czechs, 160 SEU. See Slovak Evangelical Union (SEU) to defend reputation, 132—33; hope to Seymour, Charles, 48 sway Prague and U.S. policymakers, 40; Shantz, Harold, 85 opinion to U.S. about communist action Shipstead, Henrik, 147 tn Slovakia, 189—90; publications toward Sidor, Karol, 82,96,97,106,107,109,115, American audience, 74; responding with refusals to cooperate with
Prague, 78; role 122,154,155,199; personal competition with Ďurčanský, 156; promoting inde in defending Slovaks, 67; working to pub pendent Slovak foreign policy, 115; Slovak lish articles about Slovak history, 142 American Catholics connections with, 131 Slovak American Catholics, 46,128,143; Silesta, 22, 30 Beneš recruiting, 131; connections Šiška, Pavol, 43 with Karol Stdor, 131; expressing pride Škultety, Joseph, 74 as Americans, 132; response to DP SLA. See Slovak League of America (SLA) politicians, 159; supporting World War Slavic language, 5 II Slovak Republic, 130; support to Tiso, Slavic World Congress, 197 173,174-75 Slavik, Juraj, 70,98,103,122,125,188,190 Slovak Amertcan(s), 69,90,93; and American Slavonians. See Slavs loyalty, 132—36; campaign, 16; central Slav Press Bureau, 30 ists, 70, 77, 79,87,126; and communist Slavs, 12 action against Slovakia, 185—87; and diplomacy, 30—32; dual identity as, 12; Slovak Action Committee (SAC), 155—56, encouraging SLA leadership, 23—24; 163,186,187,189,192 focus on anticommunism, 191—92; and Slovak American activists/activism, 17, 284
INDEX Hungary, 13—18; limited to activities and 185—87; Slovak autonomists tn, 71, 73,78, organizations in US, 28; marginalization 199; transatlantic interaction with United of, 199; Masaryk recruiting, 22—23; Ma States, 77; in World War II, 113 saryk's opinion about, 25; and outbreak Slovakia journal, 192 of World War 1,19—22; as outsiders Slovak League of America (SLA), 15,18,21, challenging state authority, 38; OWI and, 22,24,26,46, 69,118,125,128,145,153, 136—38; press, 10,17; promoting national 185,190,192,196-98; adopted Cold War solidarity as Americans, 135; represen mentality, 153—54; American official's tation in WRCB's organization, 145—46; discrimination against, 146; approving role in Czechoslovakia creation, 19; and relations with Czechs, 25,26; challenging SNC, 156—59; studies of, 50; support for Masaryk's criticism, 74; cooperation with Tiso, 178—79; support from Congress Czech counterparts, 194; creation in Slo members, 149; taking lead in interna vakia, 77; dedicating resources to helping tional discourse, 50; worked to gain public exiles, 154—55; delegation to Czecho recognition, 51; before World War I, 8—10; slovakia, 43; Dubosh and, 153; focus on during World War II, 125 Congress for Slovak support, 147; founded Slovak Catholic Congress, 14 Slav Press Bureau, 30; fundraising cam Slovak Catholic Federation of America (SCF), paign, 28—29; joined with Slovak League 15,46, 87,129,130,133 of Canada, 197; leadership of, 138; as legit Slovak Cultural Institute, 17 imate organization, 42; meeting of in New Slovak Democratic Party (DP), 150,158,166, York
City, 51; "movement of disloyalty" in, 168,180,189,192; Czech and Slovak 144; Ninth Congress of February 1916 in communist's campaign against, 181—82; Chicago, 25; and Pittsburgh Agreement, support from Beneš, 182 33—34,43, 44—46,73; presenting Slovak Slovak Digest, 162 question to League of Nations, 88; prior Slovak Evangelical Union (SEU), 10,15,46, itizing United Nations Conference, 165; producing joint appeal to European Peace 69,125,127 Conference, 163; reawakening of, 141—44; Slovakia, 3, 6,23,198; Bolshevik propa ganda in, 58; communism in, 189,195; rejection of exile government, 132; reso cultural and economic development to, lutions in 1940 Washington conference, 87, 89; democratic, 198—99; freedom of 133—34,137; role in national Slovak press movement, 197; German control over, 99; establishment, 44—45; under scrutiny German occupation tn, 97, 111; history of, from federal government, 132; skepticism 8—9; influence of Prague in, 38,40—41; about SNC, 157; and Slovak Republic, local administration in, 46; as part of 129—32; struggling to rebuild public Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, image, 141; support for National Council, 111; peasant population, 40; political par 157—58; supporting Slovak autonomy, ties in, 8, 40, 92; radical faction in, 108; 139; United Nations Conference in San self-governing, 32; SLA and, 82; Slovak Francisco, 165; visit in Bratislava, 82; in Americans and communist action in, Wilson's second inaugural, 31 285
INDEX Slovak League of Canada, 154,192,196 Soviet Union, 96,97,113,153,158,168,169; Slovak National Alliance (SNA), 69,125; and Beneš agreements with, 152; distrusting exile government, 125—27 Slovak nationalism, 161; giving Slovakia Slovak National Council (SNC), 150,151, back to Czechs, 187; limited Western 153,169,183; delegation to London, 151, access to Slovakia, 154; perceived Czecho 152; divergence of views on, 158; exile slovakia, 159; SNC cooperation with government's acceptance of, 151—52; in Czech communists in, 150 France, 122; in London, 122,155; in Paris, Spolok svätého Vojtecha organization, 81 25; recognition from Prague, 156; Slovak SPP. See Slovak People's Party (SPP) Americans and, 156—59; Slovak League's Šprinc, Mikuláš, 132,140,154 skepticism about, 157 Šrobár, Vávro, 35, 41,42,44,61, 63,77; Slovak National Council Abroad (SNCA), 155, meeting with Dubois, 62; stand on 156,163,192 Pittsburgh Agreement, 45; support for au Slovak National Party (SNP), 20,41,68 tonomy, 43; visit to United States, 88—89 Slovak People's Party (SPP), 8, 41, 68, 97, SS Stefanik, 143 169; demanding Slovak autonomy, 92; Stalin, Joseph, 184 exploited Munich Agreement, 69; Žilina Stasko, Jozef, 108,113 Memorandum of 1922 of, 71—72 Štastny, Marián, 195 Slovak Record newspaper, 142,161,165 Štefánek, Anton, 70 Slovak Review, 162 Štefánik, Milan R., 20,26-29,35,47,56,74, Slovak Uprising: American perception of, 146; death of, 54; efforts for US recogni 153; exile government taking credit for, tion of Czechoslovakia, 30; erection of 150—51; general view by American offi statue in
Cleveland, 72; speech at opening cials in London, 152; OSS and, 152—53, of American embassy in Prague, 47 167; outside support from Allies, 152; Steiner, Edward A., 13 SNC and, 150,151,153; third anniversary Steinhardt, Lawrence, 166,167,182—84,187; celebration, 184 response to communist coup in Slovakia, Slovák v Amerike newspaper, 10,158 188-89; in Tiso trial, 177-78 Slovak White Legion, 196 St. Ladislaus Church (1885), 14 Slovak World Congress (SWC), 194-95,197 Stoddard, Lothrop, 50 Slovenská Obrana newspaper, 158 Stodola, Emil, 78 Smith, Truman, 95 Stolarik, Mark, 18,23,27 SNA. See Slovak National Alliance (SNA) Street, C. J. C., 71 SNC. See Slovak National Council (SNC) Šubtk, František, 154 SNCA. See Slovak National Council Abroad Svare, Vlaclav, 51 (SNCA) SWC. See Slovak World Congress (SWC) SNP. See Slovak National Party (SNP) Sokol(s), 17,46,76,87,89,127; Catholic Taft, Robert, 147,164 Jedonta, 21; recruitment for Czechoslovak Taft, William H., 13 Legions, 28—29; Slovak Gymnastic Tardini, Domenico, 175 Union, 21,69 Tatra Mountains, 153 286
INDEX Taylor, Myron C., 177 Osuský's letter to, 189; SAC letters to, Third Prague Agreement (1947), 156 189—90; on Tiso trial, 174—76 Thomson, S. Harrison, 100 Tuka, Vojtech, 68,84,93,106,176 Time, 172,188 Tiso, Jozef, 35,82, 89,98,107-8,110, Union of Slovak Organizations in France, 122 113—14,143,194; approaching Slovak United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Americans for support, 129—30; battles Administration, 154 for Slovak autonomy, 179; commending United States (U.S.), 31,38,64,80,131,135, Slovak Americans, 78; Hitler and, 106; 146,147,165,170,173,175; American Slovak American support for, 178—79; diplomats' support for Slovak autonomy, SPP and, 72, 92,109; as traitorous 115—17; centralist propaganda to, 53; “clerical-fascists," 93; visit to United entry into World War II, 138—41; exile States, 80—81 government and, 103—5; expressed Tiso trial: Acheson's role in, 176; appeals on, American unwillingness in Slovakia, 173; Billy's disappointment with United 115; fraternal associations tn, 9—10; States response, 175—76; charges against migratory Slovaks in, 8—9; in postwar Tiso, 171; Czech—Slovak tensions during, Czechoslovakia, 159—63; recognizing 170; debate about Tiso after execution, Czecho-Slovak National Council, 34; 178; DP support to, 171; efforts for recognizing Czechoslovakia, 34—36; fairness of, 176—77; execution of Tiso, representatives of the Allied governments 177; Hurban's role in, 171—72; Jurchak's tn, 20; response to communist coup tn effort to spare Tiso from execution, 178; Slovakia, 188,190—91; response to exile Jurchak's role in, 173—74; NSS support
autonomists, 123—25; response to Košík's to, 172; as part of communist campaign, memorandum, 135; response to Osuský's 182; Slovak American Catholics support warning, 186; response to transatlantic to Ttso, 173,174—75; Slovak American Slovak question, 163—66; response with support for Tiso, 178—79; Steinhardt's joint U. S.—British—French statement, report on, 177—78; US's stand on, 177; US 188; and Slovak Americans, 180; Slovak treatment to Tiso, 171 immigration process to, 19; Slovak Tomes, Emil, 151 national activism in, 4; Slovak press tn, Tomko, Jozef, 195 10; Slovak Republic and, 110—12; Slovaks' Tooien, Thomas J., 175 "great emigration," 162; Slovak state and Tóth, Dušan, 195 war with, 113—15; source of information Townsend, Charles, 52 on Czechoslovakia, 148; stand after com Trenko, Michael, 134 munist coup during Cold War, 195—96; Trianon, Treaty of, 67,69 view on Prague, 159. See also America(n)/ Tripartite Pact, 109,113 Americanism; American diplomats and Truman, Harry S., 159,160,186—87,191; Slovak question; American diplomats and with correspondence petitioning for U. S. Slovak state intervention, 173; FCSU memorandum to, Ursiny, Ján, 151,158 185; meetings with SLA delegations, 196; U.S. Army Counterintelligence Corps, 196 287
Vanecek, William R., 135 World War II, 3; American diplomatic reports Varga, George, 169 on Slovakia during, 94; American Gov Včelky (Bees) group, 29 ernment and Slovak American activism Velvet Revolution, 195,197 during, 144—47; Ďurčanský's appeal for Versailles system, 76 "true application" of Wilsonianism after, Vesel, Mirko, 151 122; failure of efforts of Slovak American Vicén, Jozef, 196 autonomists during, 148; formal end for Viest, Rudolf, 98 Slovakia, 156; OWI and Slovak Americans Vlsson, Andre, 100,126 during, 136—38; Slovak American auton Vnuk, František, 192 omists and American entry into, 138—41; Voice of America, 186,188,189,196 Slovak Americans and American loyalty Vojtaššák, Ján, 78 during, 132—36 von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 106 WRCB. See War Relief Control Board (WRCB) Vrabel, Helen, 145 Yost, Charles, 167,168,183,184 Walsh, David, 164 Ward, James, 108 Zeman, John, 89,161 Wargovich, Michael J., 137 Zeman Jr., Stephen, 127,136,137 War Relief Control Board (WRCB), 145—46, Žilina Agreement, 101,105 Žilina Memorandum, 71—72,92,129 154,164 Živena Society, 10,46,127 Washburn, Albert, 85 Washington Declaration, 134 Weiss, Samuel, 147 Welles, Sumner, 127 Wiley, Alexander, 147 Wiley, John C., 124 Williams, Francis T., 176 Willo, John, 136,139,148,156 Wilson, Hugh, 29-31 Wilsonianism, 20,40, 64,78; Ďurčanský's appeal for “true application" of, 122; failures of, 72 Wilson, Woodrow, 104; and images of Czechs and Slovaks, 47—52; response on Slovak Americans' diplomacy, 30—32 Winant, John G., 104,123 World War 1,2; creation of Czechoslovakia in, 4; Slovak American national
activism before, 11—13; Slovak Americans before, 8—10; Slovak Americans during, 64 \288 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Cude, Michael R. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1277089620 |
| author_facet | Cude, Michael R. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Cude, Michael R. |
| author_variant | m r c mr mrc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048451365 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 4675 |
| contents | Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Slovak Americans and the Czech and Slovak independence movements in World War I -- The transatlantic Slovak question during the founding of Czechoslovakia -- The interwar years and transatlantic Dialogue -- The United States and the diplomacy of the first Slovak Republic -- World War II and the Slovaks in America -- Postwar Czechoslovakia and the transatlantic Slovak question -- Slovak Americans in Czechoslovakia's Communist era -- Archival collections -- Notes -- Index |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1362883917 (DE-599)BVBBV048451365 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1914-1948 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1914-1948 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>05762nam a2200925 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV048451365</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20230125 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">220901s2022 b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780822947028</subfield><subfield code="q">hbk.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-82294-702-8</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1362883917</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV048451365</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-M457</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NQ 4675</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)128507:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cude, Michael R.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1277089620</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The Slovak question</subfield><subfield code="b">a transatlantic perspective, 1914-1948</subfield><subfield code="c">Michael R. Cude</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Pittsburgh, Pa.</subfield><subfield code="b">University of Pittsburgh Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2022]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">x, 288 Seiten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Russian and East European studies</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Slovak Americans and the Czech and Slovak independence movements in World War I -- The transatlantic Slovak question during the founding of Czechoslovakia -- The interwar years and transatlantic Dialogue -- The United States and the diplomacy of the first Slovak Republic -- World War II and the Slovaks in America -- Postwar Czechoslovakia and the transatlantic Slovak question -- Slovak Americans in Czechoslovakia's Communist era -- Archival collections -- Notes -- Index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"The so-called Slovak question asked what place Slovaks held-or should have held-in the former state of Czechoslovakia. Formed in 1918 at the end of World War I from the remains of the Hungarian Empire, and reformed after ceasing to exist during World War II, the country would eventually split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia after the "Velvet Divorce" in 1993. In the meantime, the minority Slovaks often clashed with the majority Czechs over their role in the nation. The Slovak Question examines this debate from a transatlantic perspective. Explored through the relationship between Slovaks, Americans of Slovak heritage, and United States and Czechoslovakian policymakers, it shows how Slovak national activism in America helped the Slovaks establish a sense of independent identity and national political assertion after World War I. It also shows how Slovak American leaders influenced US policy by conceptualizing the United States and Slovakia as natural allies due to their connections through immigration. 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| geographic | Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Tschechoslowakei USA |
| id | DE-604.BV048451365 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:30:49Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:38:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780822947028 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033829514 |
| oclc_num | 1362883917 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 DE-M457 |
| physical | x, 288 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230125 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | University of Pittsburgh Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Russian and East European studies |
| spelling | Cude, Michael R. Verfasser (DE-588)1277089620 aut The Slovak question a transatlantic perspective, 1914-1948 Michael R. Cude Pittsburgh, Pa. University of Pittsburgh Press [2022] x, 288 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Russian and East European studies Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Slovak Americans and the Czech and Slovak independence movements in World War I -- The transatlantic Slovak question during the founding of Czechoslovakia -- The interwar years and transatlantic Dialogue -- The United States and the diplomacy of the first Slovak Republic -- World War II and the Slovaks in America -- Postwar Czechoslovakia and the transatlantic Slovak question -- Slovak Americans in Czechoslovakia's Communist era -- Archival collections -- Notes -- Index "The so-called Slovak question asked what place Slovaks held-or should have held-in the former state of Czechoslovakia. Formed in 1918 at the end of World War I from the remains of the Hungarian Empire, and reformed after ceasing to exist during World War II, the country would eventually split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia after the "Velvet Divorce" in 1993. In the meantime, the minority Slovaks often clashed with the majority Czechs over their role in the nation. The Slovak Question examines this debate from a transatlantic perspective. Explored through the relationship between Slovaks, Americans of Slovak heritage, and United States and Czechoslovakian policymakers, it shows how Slovak national activism in America helped the Slovaks establish a sense of independent identity and national political assertion after World War I. It also shows how Slovak American leaders influenced US policy by conceptualizing the United States and Slovakia as natural allies due to their connections through immigration. This process played a critical role in undermining attempts to establish a united Czechoslovakian identity and instead caused a divide between the two groups, which was exploited by Nazi Germany and then by other actors during the Cold War, and proved ultimately to be insurmountable"-- Geschichte 1914-1948 gnd rswk-swf Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Slowaken (DE-588)4055298-6 gnd rswk-swf Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Slovakia / History / 1918-1945 Slovaks / Ethnic identity Nationalism / Slovakia Slovakia / History / Autonomy and independence movements Slovak Americans / Politics and government Czechoslovakia / Ethnic relations / Political aspects Slovakia / Foreign relations / United States United States / Foreign relations / Slovakia Czechoslovakia / Politics and government / 1918-1938 Czechoslovakia / Politics and government / 1938-1945 Slovaquie / Histoire / 1918-1945 Slovaques / Identité ethnique Nationalisme / Slovaquie Slovaquie / Relations extérieures / États-Unis États-Unis / Relations extérieures / Slovaquie Tchécoslovaquie / Politique et gouvernement / 1918-1938 Tchécoslovaquie / Politique et gouvernement / 1938-1945 Autonomy and independence movements Diplomatic relations Ethnic relations / Political aspects Nationalism Politics and government Czechoslovakia Slovakia United States 1918-1945 History Tschechoslowakei (DE-588)4078435-6 g Slowaken (DE-588)4055298-6 s Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 s Geschichte 1914-1948 z DE-604 USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033829514&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033829514&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Cude, Michael R. The Slovak question a transatlantic perspective, 1914-1948 Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Slovak Americans and the Czech and Slovak independence movements in World War I -- The transatlantic Slovak question during the founding of Czechoslovakia -- The interwar years and transatlantic Dialogue -- The United States and the diplomacy of the first Slovak Republic -- World War II and the Slovaks in America -- Postwar Czechoslovakia and the transatlantic Slovak question -- Slovak Americans in Czechoslovakia's Communist era -- Archival collections -- Notes -- Index Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Slowaken (DE-588)4055298-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121814-0 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4055298-6 (DE-588)4078435-6 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | The Slovak question a transatlantic perspective, 1914-1948 |
| title_auth | The Slovak question a transatlantic perspective, 1914-1948 |
| title_exact_search | The Slovak question a transatlantic perspective, 1914-1948 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Slovak question a transatlantic perspective, 1914-1948 |
| title_full | The Slovak question a transatlantic perspective, 1914-1948 Michael R. Cude |
| title_fullStr | The Slovak question a transatlantic perspective, 1914-1948 Michael R. Cude |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Slovak question a transatlantic perspective, 1914-1948 Michael R. Cude |
| title_short | The Slovak question |
| title_sort | the slovak question a transatlantic perspective 1914 1948 |
| title_sub | a transatlantic perspective, 1914-1948 |
| topic | Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Slowaken (DE-588)4055298-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Unabhängigkeitsbewegung Internationale Politik Slowaken Tschechoslowakei USA |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033829514&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033829514&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cudemichaelr theslovakquestionatransatlanticperspective19141948 |