Imagining the world from behind the Iron Curtain: youth and the global sixties in Poland
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| Beschreibung: | xii, 294 Seiten Illustrationen |
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| adam_text | Contents ix Acknowledgments Introduction: Poland and the Global Sixties 1. The Polish Thaw: Youth Carnival, Domestic Revolution, and Cross-border Encounters 1 14 2. YouthasModernity.-EnvisioningYoungPeopleaftertheThaw 39 3. Window to the World: Youth Magazines and the Politics of Apolitics 61 4. Bohemians and Discontents: The Making of a Student Community 81 5. Tensions of Transnationalism: Youth Rebellion, State Backlash, and 1968 102 6. The Counterculture: Hippies, Artists, and Other Subversives 127 7. The World in the Village: Rural Rebels in Search of Modernity 156 8. Domesticating the Sixties: Youth Culture, Globalization, and Consumer Socialism in the 1970s 184 Conclusion: Imagining the World after the Sixties 202 Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index 209 211 267 283
Bibliography Personal Interviews Leszek Budrewicz, Wrocław, 12 May 2016 Mirosław Chojecki and Magdalena Bocheńska-Chojecka, Konstancin-Jeziorna, 30 July 2013 Edward Chudziński, Kraków, 27 June 2012 Irena Groblewska, Emilianówka, 27 July 2013 Irena Grudzińska Gross, Boston, 23 November 2013 Jan Güntner, Kraków, 26 June 2012 Jerzy Illg, Kraków, 22 June 2011 Alic) a Imlay, Szelej ów Górny, 13 July 2013 Mieczysław Janowski, Wrocław, 17 July 2013 Bogusław Klimsa, Wrocław, 12 May 2016 Milo Kurtis, Warsaw, 15 February 2013 Bogusław Litwiniec, Wilcza, 15-16 July 2013 Magdalena, Warsaw, 18 February 2013 Adam and Zofia Mazurek, Warsaw, 16 June 2011 Hanna Musiał (Anna Musiałówna), Warsaw, 26 June 2013 Andrzej Paczkowski, Warsaw, 22 June 2012 Jan Poprawa, Kraków, 28 June 2012 Andrzej Sadowski, Bialystok, 11 February 2013 Kamil Sipowicz, Warsaw, 26 June 2013 Sławomir Tabkowski, Kraków, 26 June 2012 Józef Tejchma, Warsaw, 1 July 2011 Teresa, Białystok, 16 July 2011 Tomasz Tłuczkiewicz, Warsaw, 12 February 2013 Archives and Libraries Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warsaw Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, Warsaw Archiwum Państwowe w Białymstoku Archiwum Państwowe w Krakowie Archiwum Państwowe we Wrocławiu Biblioteka Filozofii i Socjologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warsaw Biblioteka Narodowa, Warsaw Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warsaw Vera and Donald Blinken Open Society Archive, Budapest
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Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Tables, figures, and boxes are indicated by t,f, and b following the page number. 1968,111-18 and antisemitism, 102,118-26 in Europe, 103-4,124-25 and gender, 114,121 -22 as a global phenomenon, 103-5,12426,203 and memory, 124-26,187 in Polish historiography, 103,186 in rural communities, 117-18,162-63 and student protests, 5-6,8,12,102, 104-5,112-17,123,199-200 abortion, 10,54-56,176-77,198,207-8 abortion law, 54-55,207-8 Adamiecka, Hanka, 32-34 Adamski, Jerzy, 64 Africa, 7-8,17,29,44,52-53,69,71-72, 73-74,75,86,105,154,164-65 Against the Wind (Pod Wiatr, periodical), 19,20,31-32 Albania, 117,205-6 Alexeyeva, Ludmila, 35-36 Algeria, 71-72,108,184 Almatur (student tourist bureau), 82,152-53 “Americanization,” 50-51 Amnesty International, 107 Andrycz, Nina, 69-70 anti-Colonialism in public culture, 69-72 in state policy, 7-8 in student protest, 104-5,106,10711,124 anti-imperialism in public culture, 29,38 in state policy, 104-5 in student protest, 104,105-11,124-25 antisemitism, 119-20,236Ո.13 and antisemitic campaign of 19671968,118-26 and cosmopolitanism, 122 in the Party, 37,118-26,219n.49 and the Thaw, 23-25,38 “apolítics” in sociological research, 47,75 and youth magazines, 61,62,64-74 Armstrong, Louis, 93 Around the World (Dookoła Świata, periodical), 11-12,14,15-17,2731,28/, 30/, 33,37,44,61,65-67, 69-74,75-76,140-41,193,201 Austria, 107,191 “authenticity” in countercultural movements, 127, 130-32,203 in public culture, 185 in
student culture, 98-99,104,200 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 194,263n.48, 265Ո.10 Baltic Coast, 19,137-38,149,16364,186-87 and workers’ protests of 1970,149,18687,200,204,206-7 Baranowski, Krzysztof Jerzy, 149 Barańczak, Stanisław, 150,194 Banner of Youth (Sztandar Młodych, newspaper), 32,33-34,39,49-50 “Baptism of Poland”see Millennium (1966) Bardot, Brigitte, 22,48-49,66/, 71-72, 72/, 190 Beatles, The, 50,128-29,133,149-50, 178,184
284 INDEX beatniks (bitnicy), 49,128-29 beat poets, 2-3,136 “Beautiful Girls to the Screen” (contest, 1957), 48 beauty culture during the Thaw, 21-22,29 in youth magazines, 21 -22,29,87-89, 89/, 200 Belarus, 77,132,208 Bem, Józef, 31-32 Beria, Lavrentiy, 24,219n.49 Bialystok, 82-83,163-64 Bielsk Podlaski, 163-64 Bierut, Bolesław, 212n.9 Bieszczady Mountains, 141-42,144 big beat (Polish rock ‘rí roll), 50-51, 66-67,94,163,178. See aho rock ‘rí roll Bikini Boys (.Bikiniarze), 14,128-29 birth control, 53-60,144,176-77,198 “Black Thursday,” 186 Blue and Blacks (Niebiesko-Czarni, band), 50,51/, 52/, 79 blue jeans, 2,3,42,75,85,90,107,193. See also fashion Blumsztajn, Seweryn, 134 Bochwic, Teresa, 40,114 Bogucka, Teresa, 110 “bombshells,” 22 Bonanza (American miniseries), 178,180 Bond (Więź, periodical), 63 Boniecki, Adam, 137 bossa nova (dance), 93 Brandt, Willy, 191 Bratkowski, Andrzej, 34-35 Bratkowski, Stefan, 34,66-67 Bravo (West German periodical), 67-68 Brazil, 26-27,152-53,180-81 Bread and Puppet Theater, 152-54 Bren, Paulina, 10-11,241Ո.7,26ІП.2 Brown, Timothy Scott, 2,23ІП.27 Brus, Włodzimierz, 97-98 Budapest, 25,31-35,38,152-53 Buddhism, 135. See also countercultural movements Bureau of Foreign Tourism for Youth, 43 Burma, 69-70 Bydgoszcz, 133 Cambodia, 69-70 Canada, 135,205-6 Candide (French magazine), 129 Castro, Fidel, 70,106,190,191,192/ Catholic Church. See Catholicism Catholicism and countercultural movements, 130, 136-37,144 and mass culture, 63 and nationalism, 118-20,124-25 in postcommunist Poland, 10,207-8 practice among youth, 10,96,130,170 in rural
communities, 167-71 and sexuality, 54,56-57,177 and student groups, 21,96-97,136-37 and the Thaw, 36,96-97 censorship, 10,19-20,74,115,206 Center for Research on Public Opinion (OBOP), 46 Chałasiński, Józef, 44,181 Chęciny, 141-42 Chudziński, Edward, 154 Cieślewicz, Roman, 229-30n.l5 China, 26-27,78-79,95-96,117,238n.6O cinema, 2-3,18,22,41-43,48-49,61,70֊ 73,82,153,171 Ashes and Diamonds, 18,217n.23 Film magazine, 48 Innocent Sorcerers, 41 -42 Knife in the Water, 41-42 and masculinity, 42,164-66 and the Polish Film School, 41-42 Circles of Military Youth (Koła Młodzieży Wojskowej), 222η. 10 Citizens Militia, 121,244n.37 Ciupak, Edward, 168-69 class divisions, 63-64,99-100,154,158 and countercultural movements, 127, 133,154 among students, 81-83,85,99-100, 161,189 Club of Seekers of Contradictions (Klub Poszukiwaczy Sprzeczności), 9798. See also student clubs Clubs of Catholic Intelligentsia, 21,96-97 Clubs of Young Intelligentsia, 21 club-Cafés (klubokawiarnie)
INDEX and rural communities, 170-71,17273,173/, 178 and young women, 172,182-83 Coca-Cola, 50,100,107,114,190 coffee, 12-13,15-16,40,170-71,178 Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, 106,125-26 Collectivization of agriculture, 15,45,157 Cold War and cultural diplomacy, 25,29-30,15253,191-93 debates over, 107-9,124,214n.22 and the global sixties, 40-41,7273,104-5 colonialism. See also anti-Colonialism at the 1955 World Youth and Student Festival, 26-30 and 1968,117,120,124-26 and media, 17,42-43,69-70, 86,164-65 and protests, 104-5,109, 111 Commandos (Komandosi), 98-101,10514,125-26,134,138-39,199,203 Commission for Radio and Television, 40-41,43 Commission of Culture, 63 Communist Party. See Polish United Workers’ Party communist system collapse of, 207-8 definitions of, 7,20-21,97-98,1078,212n.5 in Poland, 36,46-47,119,123, 124,187-88 consumption, 10-11,45,151,156-57, 203,207 anxieties about, 49-50,88-89,98, 121,175 in socialist societies, 7,15,47 under Gierek, 3-4,184-85,189-90, 193,201,204-5 and foreign goods, 42-43,50,85,107, 114,180,189-90,193 and youth culture, 5,41-43,47,60, 75-76,81,87-88,91,93-90,1001,193 contraception see birth control Contrasts (Kontrasty, periodical), 19,29-30 285 cosmopolitanism, 37-38,170,178-80 and 1968,121-23 Council of Culture and Art, 63-64 countercultural movements. See aho hippies and Catholicism, 130,136-37,144 and drugs, 128,136,144-48 and eastern religions, 135 and gender and sexuality, 142-45 and hippies, 1,3-4,8,12-13,116,125, 127-28,138-45 and identity, 128-33,134-35 and student theater, 151,154 Cross-Section (Przekrój, periodical), 229-30Ո.15 Cuba,
2,7-8,70-71,71/, 104-6,108,10911,136,184,190-91 and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 7071,184 and “literacy brigades,” 70 cultural liberalization during the Thaw, 15-19 under Gierek, 149,187-93 cultural policy, 63-64,79. See also mass culture Cybulski, Zbyszek, 18 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 69-70,118 Czechoslovakia, 10-11,47,122,135-36 Prague Spring, 1,79-80,102-3,133-34, 141-42,204-5 relations with Poland, 34-35 sexual attitudes in, 59,196-97 Częstochowa, 36,141-42,146-47 and icon of Virgin Mary, 169-70 Czuma, Andrzej, 199 Davis, Angela, 1,135 Dąbrowska, Beata, 121-22 de-Colonization, 7-8,52-53,61,71-72, 107-9,203,231-32n.35 Demiański, Marek, 93 democratic socialism, 33,36,38,95-96, 202,207, see also socialism Denmark, 135,152-53 de-Stalinization, 45,203. See also Thaw détente, 7-8,191,205-6 dissidents, 35-36,102-11,199,205-7 Djilas, Milovan, 97-98
286 INDEX Dmowski, Roman, 119-20 Dołęgowski, Andrzej, 57 Dodziuk, Anna, 112 domestic violence, 148,158,160-61 drugs, 128,136,144-48,184 Dudas, József, 33 Dudziak, Urszula, 95 Duszniki, 141-42,142/ Dyoniziak, Ryszard, 4,223-24n.24 Dziady ( The Forefathers’ Eve) ,111-12 Dzierżyński, Feliks, 134-35 East Germany, 78,110-11,163-64 Eastern bloc, 34-35,43,77,83-84,97-98, 104-5,180,184-85,186,190,19193,195,202,207 economics and postwar growth, 44-45 and price increases, 186,205 and postcommunism, 207-8,263n.48, 265Ո.10 and Western bank loans, 188,205 education higher education, 81-85 and literacy, 158-60 in rural communities, 158-62,173-74, 178,181-82 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 14 Eichelberger, Wojciech, 138-39 Elbląg, 186 Empik (Klub Międzynardowej Prasy і Książki), 128-29,249n.9 Endecja (National Democratic Party), 119-20,124-25,245-46n.59 “Eurocentrism,” 95-96,124,125-26,135 “Extra-Parliamentary Opposition,” 118 Fashion. See also blue jeans; miniskirt and countercultural movements, 1,127, 128-29,131-33,149,151-52 and magazines, 21,71-72,193,195 in rural communities, 175-76,181-82 and youth and students, 40,42,49,83, 94-95,121,193 Feliksiak, Jerzy, 49-50 Federation of Socialist Polish Youth Associations (Federacja Socjalistycznych Związków Młodzieży Polskiej), 199-200 Fehérváry, Krisztina, 10-11,233n.64 feminism, 48-49,53-60,87-90,99-100, 124-25,155,171-78,197-99 festivals, 2,11-13,25-31,38,70-71,78, 83,98,128,132,141-42,150-55, 202,238ո.52 Feynman, Richard, 93 Fiat 126P (.maluch), 189-90 Filipinka (periodical), 65-66,67/, 75-76 Finland, 105-6,191 FirstWorld, 3,103-5,207 Forum (weekly),
129 France, 24,78,97-98,156-57 travel to, 107,152,191 and youth, 14,47,135,249n.l 1 French May, 106,109 Fresh Start (Od nowa, periodical), 19, 230Ո.20 Friszke, Andrzej, 95-96,239n,74 Gartner, Katarzyna, 136-37 Gawlikowski, Krzysztof, 122-23 Gdańsk, 39,50-51 and the Bim-Bom Iheater, 17֊ 19,26-27 and students, 17,82-83,91,115 and workers’ protests of December 1970,137-38,186-87 Gdynia, 163-64,186-87 gender roles, 27-29,44,53,57-58,59-60, 94-95,198-99 and 1968,114 and countercultural movements, 14245,148 and higher education, 86,87-90 and masculinity, 21-22,42,58,93-94, 99,121-22,147-48,164-66 and rural communities, 171-78,196-97 Generation (Pokolenie, periodical), 15-16 generational conflict, 35-37,52-53,60, 103,107-8,119,124,128-29, 161֊ 67,178,181-82,187-88,191-93 Gerő, Ernő, 31-32 Gest (pantomime theater), 154 Giedroyc, Jerzy, 107 Giełżyński, Wojciech, 29,66-67 Gierek, Edward, 3-4,12-13 and consumer socialism, 184-85,18990,193,205
INDEX and globalization, 187-93 and rise to power, 149,157,184-85 Girls’ Councils (Rady Dziewcząt), 171-74, 176-77,204 Ginsberg, Allen, 1,2,136,140,252n.47 “global consciousness,” 104,121 globalization, 187-93,202 cultural dimensions, 179-80 definitions of, 7,40-41 under Gierek, 187-93 Global East, 203,212n.6. See also Second World Global North, 212n.6, See also First World Global South, 3,7-8,17,61,69-70,104, 105,106-7,108,126,156-57,184, 203,212n.6. See also Third World Goldberg, Paul, 35-36 Gomułka, Władysław and 1968,117,118-19,120-21 and 1970 workers’ protests, 149,186 rise to power, 3-4,15,35-37,151-52,157 Górecki, Wiktor, 110 Grotowski, Jerzy, 251-52n.40 Grudzińska, Irena (Irena Grudzińska Gross), 107,121 Groblewska, Irena, 133,135,149 Guevara, Che, 2,110-11,243n.27 Hasse, Grażyna, 193 Health Courses (szkoły zdrowia), 17671,182 Hejmo, Komad, 137 Helsinki Accords, 59,206-7 Hendrix, Jimi, 1,135,137,149-50 Herzog, Dagmar, 99,198-99 Hippies. See also countercultural movements and communes, 138-45 and drugs, 144-48 and gender, 142-45 and identity, 1,116,128-33 in the press, 128-29 and sexuality, 143-45 and surveillance, 128,134-35,140,146-48 in the Soviet Union, 127 in the United States, 129,135-36, 145,155 hipisowanie (hippiness), 128,149-50, 195-96,196/ 287 Hiroshima, 137-38 hitchhiking. See travel Ho Chi Minh, 135 Hoff, Barbara, 193 Holocaust and Auschwitz (Oświęcim), 137-38 and memory, 23,37,38 survivors in Poland, 23-24,132 and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 24 Home Army (Armia Krajowa), 23,24-25 human rights, 54,59,125,185,205-7 Hungary, 10-12 1956 Revolution,
31-35,105-6,108, 110-11,125-26,202 and Polish reporting, 32-34 relations with Poland, 34-35 Hybrydy (Hybrids), 90-91,93-94,98,100. See also student clubs Illg, Jerzy, 1,131-32,136 Imlay, Alicja, 76,132 Imieliński, Kazimierz, 197-98,264n.56 India, 16,29,69-70,127 Indonesia, 78-79 internationalism, 7,8-9,27-31,34-35, 61-62,67-68,69-73,118,122-23, 134-35,202-3 International Book Fair (1962), 78 International Festival of Student Theater Festivals in Wrocław, 141-42,15154,153/ International Union of Students (IUS), 25 International Women’s Day (March 8), 102,112,114,195-96 Israel, 26-27 diplomatic relations with, 23,120-21 and the Six-Day War, 104-5,120-21,123 Italy,67-68,78,107,135,156-57 ITD (student periodical), 11 ֊ 12,65-66, 70-73,72/, 75,87-88,89/, 122-23, 195-98,196/ Jackiewiczowa, Elżbieta, 56,58 Jagiellonian University, 85,115,161,187 Janion, Maria, 119-20 jazz, 50-51,63-64,65,131/ and festivals, 78,82,83,132 and student clubs, 2-3,90-95 during the Thaw, 15-16,21,39
288 INDEX Jazz (monthly), 76,233n.66 Jews see Polish Jews Jonas, Stanisław, 18 Joplin, Janis, 137 journalists, 15-16,19-25,32-35,56-60, 61-62,194-95 relations with the state, 19-20,3537,73-74 Junak,” 165,178. See also motorcycles Kamiński, Aleksander, 44 Katowice, 82-83,115,131-32 Katyń massacre, 105-6,117 Kazimierz (town), 141-42 Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 131/, 180 Kenya, 17 Kerouac, Jack, 136,140-41 Kielce, 117,143-44 Khrushchev, Nikita, 43 and the “Secret Speech” (1956), 15, 23,216n.9 Kłodzko, 1 Kłoskowska, Antonina, 62,63 “Kobra” (Polish mystery television series), 171 Kołakowski, Leszek, 24-25 Kolczyński, Janusz, 59 komis stores, 94,121 Konopacki, Andrzej, 29-30 Kopaniec, 140,141/ Kora (Olga Jackowska), 131-32,142-43 Korwin-Mikke, Janusz, 194,263n.48 Kozakiewicz, Mikołaj, 49,59-60 Kołodziejczyk, Ryszard, 48 Kozłowski, Maciej, 98-99 Kozłowa Góra, 77/, 173/, 174/ Koźniewski, Kazimierz, 16 Kraj Rad (The Country of Councils, periodical), 68-69 Kraków, 34,75,133,135-37,143,149, 154,193. See also Jagiellonian University and 1968,115 and students, 17,19,20,76,78,82-83, 85,91,96-97,161,187,194 Krzywicka, Irena, 54,56-60,198 Kultura (émigré periodical), 107,109 Kuroń, Jacek, 107-9,115,123,134,205 Kurtis, Milo, 130,142-43 Kuźniak, Bolesław, 149-50 Lambretta, 258n.32 Lanota, Anna, 56 Lasota, Irena, 112 Latin America, 17,44,73-74,86 Lew-Starowicz, Zbigniew, 198 Líšková, Katarína, 59,196-97 Lithuania, 77,132 Litwiniec, Bogusław, 19,151-52 Lollobrigida, Gina, 48,175 LSD, 145. See also drugs Lublin, 19,20,31-32,82-83,132-33 Lubusz, 179/ Lukács, György, 33 Lukierski, Jerzy, 93
Lovell, Jerzy, 149 Lõpuski, Janusz, 58 Łódź, 82-83,85,90,92/, 115 Łysa Góra, 180-81 magazines, 64-74. See also press circulation of, 19,194-95 controversies over, 35-38,59,73-74 Malenkov’s New Course, 15. See also Ihaw Malewska, Hanna, 54,55-56 Maim, Wojciech, 75 Mao Tse Tung, 1,115,135 Margueritte, Bernard, 112 marijuana, 145-46. See also drugs Marxism and 1968,103,117,118,124-25 and dissidents, 97-98,100-1,103,107, 118,125-26 reform of, 83-84,124-25 and students, 43,83-84 during the Thaw, 19,20-21 “Marxist revisionism,” 64,102,204-5, 224-25Ո.36 Marwick, Arthur, 134,211n.2 mass culture, 5,7-8,10-11,21-22,25,4143,60,62-64,75-80,81,91,168 definition of, 62 debates over, 62,63-64,73-74 Matynia, Elżbieta, 150-51 Mau Mau Uprising, 17
INDEX May Day (International Labor Day), 110,116 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 14,21,63 Mazurian Lakes, 141-42,163-64 memoirs, 9,86,158,160-61,163-64,165, 172-73,177-78,180 Mexico, 26-27,81-82,135 Mexico City, 133-34,25ІП.28 migration after 1968,123-24 internal, 45,132,169 Michnik, Adam, 97-98,99,103,105-6, 107,112-13,115,121,124,12526,205 Michaluk, Eugeniusz, 151-52 Mickiewicz, Adam, 111-12 Mielno, 141-42 Mikołajska, Halina, 17,18 Millennium (1966), 119,169-70 Mingus, Charlie, 93 miniskirt, 2,3,10,83,175,178,184. See also fashion Miodek, Jan, 91-92 Misiek, Wiesław, 91-92 Ministry of Culture and Art, 63,136,152 Ministry of Internal Affairs, 109-10 Moczar, Mieczysław, 119-20 modernity, 3-4,44-50,203 debates over, 49-50,51-53,205-3 and gender roles, 6,48-49,53-60,171 -78 under Gierek, 184-85,189-93 in rural communities, 85-86,157-58, 167,171-78,204 and socialism, 6-9 Modzelewski, Karol, 97-98,99,107,1089,123,204-5 Mondo Beat (Italian periodical), 67-68 morality in sex education, 53-60 and socialism, 49-53,98-99,185 motorcycles and Golden Helmet Competition, 167 and masculinity, 164-66 in rural communities, 165-67,176,178, 182,204 and young women, 166-67 Moscow, 15,19-20,27-29,99-100,106, 124,204-5 289 Motyka, Julian, 152 Mounier, Emmanuel, 21 Nagy, Imre, 31,32,33-34,22ІП.77 Namiotkiewicz, Walery, 105-6 nationalism and 1968,102-3,118-26 and anticommunist opposition, 1023,124 and postcommunism, 126,207-8 and rural communities, 117-18,178-83 Nauman-Hoffer, Gilbert Otto (Diotima), 56-60 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 69-70 Nepal, 135 New Left, 8,99,105-11,122 New York, 61,93,132,152-53,191 New Wave,
44 New Village (Nowa Wieś, periodical), 12829,163,166,167,180-81,190 Niemczyk, Krzysztof, 136 Niesiołowski, Stefan, 199 Nixon, Richard, 190-91 North Vietnam, 109-10 Nowak, Stefan, 46,96 Nowe Drogi (New Paths, monthly), 64 Oasis (The Light and Life Movement), 97. See also Catholicism OBOP. See Center for Research on Public Opinion Olszowski, Stefan, 191,192/ “Open Letter to the Party,” 107-9, 203,204-5 Opole, 82-83,115,163 Polish songfestival, 141-42,257Ո.27 ORMO. See Voluntary Reserve of the Citizens’ Militia Ostaszewski, Jacek, 135 Ostróda, 141-42,159/ Ożarów, 139,139Հ pacifism, 8,127,134-35,137-38,146,203 Pałacyk (Little Palace), 91-92,94,95,98, 132. See also student clubs “Partisans” (Party faction), 118-20, 245Ո.56 Passport Bureau, 30-31,220n.68
290 INDEX Paszkiewicz, Bogumił, 92 Pawełczyńska, Anna, 96-97 “Peaceful Coexistence,” 7-8,43,105-6 People’s Tribune (Trybuna Ludu, newspaper), 32,233n.55 Perspectives (Perspektywy, weekly), 191 Petőfi, Sándor, 31-32 Pewex (hard currency store), 190 Piasecki, Romuald, 116 Podkowa Leśna, 136-37 Poland (periodical), 79 Po prostu (Straight talk, periodical), 17,19-25 Polish Jews and 1968,102-5,118-26 and identity, 84-85 “Polish Road to Socialism,” 3-4,15,37,188 Polish Scouts Association (Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego, ZHP), 41, 79,107 Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS), 107 Polish Student Association (Zrzeszenie Studentów Polskich, ZSP), 2-3, 18-19,41,84,91,108-9,152 and cultural patronage, 65 and the “unification” congress of 1973,200 Polish United Workers’ Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR), 6-7,15,19-20,35-36,37, 45,59,62-63,64,68,74,79,82, 118-26,151,154,157-60,187-88 Polish Youth Association (Związek Młodzieży Polskiej, ZMP), 20-21, 41,97-98 Political Discussion Club, 97-98. See also student clubs Polityka (periodical), 49,165/, 184 popular culture. See mass culture Popielarski, Mariusz, 195 postcommunism, 126,207-8 Poznań,48,137,149,170-71 and 1956 workers’ uprising, 15, 103,146-47 and 1968,115 and students, 17,19,82-83,150,200 Prague, 25,103 Prague Spring. See Czechoslovakia press. See also student press crackdowns on, 37,73-74 during the Thaw, 19-25 and photojournalism, 15-17,21-22,29, 48,61,69-73,76,87-88,163,19193,192/, 195-96,197,200 and sex education columns, 5660,197-99 and travelogues, 15-17,73-74,93 Press Bureau,
35-37,59,62,64,68-69, 73-74,76,78-79,167-68 Pronatalism, 188-89,198 Prophet (Józef Pyrz), 129,134,137-38 race at the 1955 World Youth and Student Festival, 27-29 and 1968,118-26 and international students, 86 and sexuality, 27-29,86 Raczak, Lech, 154 Radar (periodical), 11-12,42-43,56-57, 59-60,64-67,66/, 69,75-76,7879,197 Radio Free Europe, 107,214n.23 Radio Luxembourg, 2-3,75,76,79 Radom, 116-17,205 Rákosi, Mátyás, 31 Réalité (French magazine), 129 Red and Blacks (Czerwono-Czarni, band), 50,136-37 Red Guitars (Czerwone Gitary, band), 50 regionalism, 8-9,178-80 reproductive rights, 53-60,176-77,19899,207-8. See also abortion Riot police (ZOMO), 113-14,115,11617,186-87 Rough Road Ahead (Wyboje, periodical), 19,218Ո.40 rock ‘ri’ roll. See also big beat concerts, 39,50-51,51/, 52/, 66-67, 75,116 “polonization” of, 50-51 reactions to, 39,75,149-50 in youth magazines, 66-68,76,94-95 Rolling Stones concert in Warsaw (1967), 75
INDEX Roszak, Theodore, 127 Różewicz, Tadeusz, 21 ln.3 Ruch (The Movement), 199 Ruciane Nida, 141-42 Runowicz, Roman, 116 Rural Youth Association (Związek Młodzieży Wiejskiej, ZMW), 5,41, 77/ 158,163,170-72,173/, 174/, 177,199 rural communities and Catholicism, 167-71 and childhood, 158-62 and gender roles, 171-78 and memoir competitions, 158 and modernization, 85-86,157-58, 167,171-78,189,204 and national identity, 178-83,204 Russia, 111-12,117,208 Rodowicz, Tomasz, 134,149-50 Sadowski, Andrzej, 76,85-86,156 Sagan, Francoise, 78 Sandomierz, 116-17 Sartre, jean Paul, 39-40 Sawicka, Paula, 98 Salut les Copains (French magazine), 67-68 secularization, 6,10,54,56-57,167-71 Second Poland,” 5,187-88,194,204 Second World, 3-4 security apparatus, 154,220n.61, 252Ո.47 and countercultural movements, 128, 134-35,140,146-48 and treatment of women, 114,12122,147-48 sex education in print, 56-60,197-99 and reproductive rights, 55-59,176-77 sexology, 59-60,264Ո.56 sexual revolution, 54,195-99 and hippies, 144-45 in rural communities, 174-77 and students, 98-99 “shock therapy,” 207-8,263n.48,265Ո.10 Sipowicz, Kamil, 131/, 142-43 Six-Day War (1967), 104-5,120-21, 246Ո.62 291 sixties, 124,134 interpretations of, 1-2,103-4,184 and socialism, 5-6,124-25 “small stabilization (mała stabilizacja), 60,21 ln.3 Socialism. See also Marxism attitudes among youth, 8-9,46-47, 96,124-26 consumer, 184-85,189-90,193,205 and students, 97-101,105-11,199-201 Socialist Youth Association (Związek Młodzieży Socjalistycznej, ZMS), 5,41,42-43,65 Socialist Polish Student Association (Socjalistyczny Związek
Studentów Polskich, SZSP), 199 Society for Conscious Motherhood (Towarzystwo Świadomego Macierzyństwa, TŚM), 55,176-77 sociology as an academic discipline, 45-46 studies ofyouth and students, 46-48, 51-53,86 Socio-Cultural Association of Jews in Poland (Towarzystwo SpołecznoKulturalne Żydów w Polsce, TSKŻ), 84,236n,14 Sokorski, Włodzimierz, 40-41,43,51-53, 54,179-80 Solidarity (Solidarność), 103,125,206-8 Sopot, 39,238Ո.52 Soviet Union, 3,7-8,10-11,96,184,204-5 and imperialism, 34,104,105-6,107-8, 110-11,117-18,120 invasion of Hungary, 31-35,38,12526,202 relations with Poland, 15,19-20,26-27, 32,34,68-69,77,79,117-18, 120,188 Soviet Screen (periodical), 73 Spain, 110,156-57 Spanish Civil War, 107 Stalin, Iosif, 2,14,15,21,32,34-35 Stalinism, 3-4,5-6,14,15-16,20-21,22֊ 24,31,34,37-38,41-42,44,45-46, 48,54-55,60,103,107-8,122,157, 171-72,202 Stanek, Karin, 166
292 INDEX Starczewska, Krystyna, 114,247n,71 state violence, 146-48,186,204,206 and 1968,113-15,121-22,123-24 Student (periodical), 154,194-95,197 student clubs and gender roles, 90,93-95 and memory, 91-92 and student culture, 41-42,81,83, 84,90-95 and the Thaw, 15-16,17-19,26-27, 36,202 student press. See ako ITD and critical journalism, 19-25,36-37, 151-52,194-95,200,202 crackdowns on, 35-37 during the Thaw, 19-25 under Gierek, 195,197-99 student protests. See 1968 students demographic profile, 81-83,85, 87,96-97 and dormitories, 81,83,86 female, 87-90 international, 86 and organizations, 41-42,81,83,84, 90-95,97-101,105-14,125-26, 134,138-39,199,203 from rural backgrounds, 85-86, 156,189 Student Theater, 17-19,26-27,78,83,9394,128,141-42,150-55 Bim-Bom Theater, 17,18,26-27,151 Eighth Day Theater, 150-51,255Ո.127 Kalambur, 91,151-52 Student Theater of Satirists (Studencki Teatr Satyryków, STS), 17,2627,151 Sudety Mountains, 140 Sweden, 96,135 Switzerland, 96 Szabad Nep (Hungarian newspaper), 33 Szczecin, 65-66,76,131/, 186,193 Szczecinek, 133 Szlajfer, Henryk, 109-10 Szumowska, Dorota, 139 Szwarcman, Hanka, 24-25,33 Świętokrzyskie Mountains, 141— 42,146-47 Święty Krzyż, 141-42 Świnoujście, 141-42 Tabkowski, Sławomir, 74,76 Tal, Małgosia, 99-100 Tarnów, 116-17,180-81 “Tarzan” (Michalewski), 143-45,146 Tatra Mountains, 78,175 technology in the household, 12-13,156,171,17374,180 and youth culture, 49,54,69,16467,189-90 Thaw, 3-4,14-19,31-38,194-95, 197,201 effects on the press, 19-25 and gender and sexuality, 21 -22 in the Soviet Union, 15,35-38 Third World,
3,7-9,27-29,65-66,69, 73-74,104,106,107-11,124, 135,191 television, 51-53,77 and the Apollo 11 mission, 180 and international programming, 2-3, 77,178,180 in rural communities, 170,171,17374,177-78,179-81,182-83, 259Ո.60 Tejchma, Józef, 6-7,152 Tenenbaum, Natan, 115 Tito, Josip Bros, 191,192/ Tłuczkiewicz, Tomasz, 76,94,116,127 tourism, 3,180-81. See also travel expansion under Gierek, 191-93 organized for youth, 43,82 “transnational imagination,” 2,8-9,104-5, 124,201,207 travel. See also tourism domestic, 51-52,54,56,85,154,16364,168-69,170-71 and hitchhiking, 39-40,98,140-41 international, 30-31,34-35,99-100, 107,121,135,201 loosening of restrictions, 2,3,30-31,43, 77,191-93 Polish delegations abroad, 34,69-70 in press, 15-17,69,73-74,93,164-65 Toruń, 133
INDEX Toruńczyk, Barbara, 98,107 Trotskyism, 95-96,107,109 Troubadours (Trubadurzy, band), 50 twist (dance), 2-3,10,39-40,67/, 93 Tygodnik Powszechny (periodical), 169 Tyrmand, Leopold, 14,229n.7 Tyszkiewicz, Beata, 70-71 Ukraine, 77,132 United Nations, 25 United States, 27,54,71-72,78,81-82, 96,105,117,122,180,184,191, 205-6,208 cultural influence of, 14,50-52,67-68, 69,72-73,145,151 protests against, 104,109-11 and the Six-Day War, 104-5 and youth, 26-27,44,50-52,82,129,195 Vatican, 191,192/, 207-8 Vatican II Council, 97,169-70 “Vietnamese” (Wietnamczycy), 109-11 Vietnam leaflet, 110-11,125-26 Vietnam War, 7-8,104-5,106,109-11, 117,121,125-26,154,184 Views (Poglądy, periodical), 19,21,22/, 37, 151-52,263Ո.50 Voluntary Reserve of the Citizens’ Militia (Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej, ORMO), 121, 244Ո.37 Wachowicz-Makowska, Jolanta, 93 Wajda, Andrzej, 41-42,70-71,213Ո.17 Walicki, Franciszek, 50-51 Wałęsa, Lech, 187 Warsaw, 14,19,24,37,45,51/, 52/, 63-64, 66-67,75,78,82-83,84-85,90֊ 91,96-97,130-31,130/, 133,13437,138-39,140,148,149,170-71, 191,192/193,205 and the 1944 Uprising, 4-5 and the 1955 World Youth and Student Festival, 2,25-31,38,202 and 1968,81,102,111-18,119-20,121, 124,137-38,163 Warsaw Pact, 1,33-35,102-3,133-34, 141-42,204-5 293 Warsaw University, 17,46-47,76,82,8586,87-88,87/, 97-100,102,105-6, 108-11,119-20,121,130,156 Waschko, Roman, 39,50-51,94-95 welfare state, 157,188-89 West Germany, 25,67-68,78,118,191, 198-99,205 WFM (motorcycle brand), 164-65,178 workers’ protests and 1968,116-17 on the Baltic Coast (1970), 13738,186-87 in Poznań (1956),
15,103 Workers’ Defense Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR), 205,206 World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY),25,65 World War II, 10,44 memory of, 4-5,17,23,117,120 World Youth and Student Festival in Moscow (1957), 27-29 in Warsaw (1955), 2,25-31,38,202 Woroszylski, Wiktor, 32 Wrocław, 19,76,82-83, 86,91-92, 93,94,132-33,139,140,15152,157-58 and 1968,115-16,127 and the International Festival of Student Theater Festivals, 141-42,15154,153/ territorial changes and demographics, 132 Włocławek, 133 Wojtyła, Karol (Pope John Paul II), 169 Wyszyński, Stefan, 115,169,239n.65 Yugoslavia, 33-34,96,106,223n.l8 Yurchak, Alexei, 10-11 You and І (Ту i Ja, periodical), 229-30Ո.15 youth culture, 2,44-50 debates over, 41 emergence of, 4-5,40-41,44 and politics, 5-6,8,12,102,104-5,112֊ 18,123,199-200 in rural communities, 77f 157-58,16267,179-82
294 INDEX youth organizations and the Thaw, 17-19,41 restructuring under Gierek, 199-201 Zagajewski, Adam, 194 Zakopane, 78 Zakrzewska, Stanisława, 140,148 Zakrzewski, Jan, 184 Zebra (periodical), 19,20,37 Zionism, 12,26-27,102,115,117-26. - See also antisemitism Żółkiewski, Stefon, 62,63-64,171, 213Ո.17 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
The filobai Sixties are well known as a period of non-conformist lifestyles, experimentation with consumer products and technology, counterculture, and leftist politics. While the period has been well studied in the West and increasingly researched for the Global South, young people in the “Second World” too were active participants in these movements. The Iron Curtain was hardly a barrier against outside influences, and young people, from students and hippies to mainstream youth in miniskirts and blue jeans, saw themselves as part of the global community of like-minded people as well as citizens of Eastern Bloc countries. Drawing on Polish youth magazines, rural people’s diaries, sex education manuals, and personal testimonies, Malgorzata Fidelis follows jazz lovers, university students, hippies, and young rural rebels. Fidelis colorfully narrates their everyday engagement with a dynamically changing world, from popular media and consumption to counterculture and protest movements. She delineates their antiauthoritarian solidarities and competing visions of transnationalism, with the West as well as the ruling communist regime. Even as youth demonstrations were violently suppressed, Fidelis shows, youth culture was not. By the early 1970s, the state incorporated elements of Sixties culture into their official vision of socialist modernity. From the perspective of youth, Malgorzata Fidelis argues, the post-1989 transition in Poland from communism to liberal democracy, often dubbed as “the return to Europe,” was less of a breakthrough and
more of a continuation of trends in which they participated. Indeed, they had already created new modes of self-expression and cultural spaces in which ideas of alternative social and political organization became imaginable.
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Contents ix Acknowledgments Introduction: Poland and the Global Sixties 1. The Polish Thaw: Youth Carnival, Domestic Revolution, and Cross-border Encounters 1 14 2. YouthasModernity.-EnvisioningYoungPeopleaftertheThaw 39 3. Window to the World: Youth Magazines and the Politics of Apolitics 61 4. Bohemians and Discontents: The Making of a Student Community 81 5. Tensions of Transnationalism: Youth Rebellion, State Backlash, and 1968 102 6. The Counterculture: Hippies, Artists, and Other Subversives 127 7. The World in the Village: Rural Rebels in Search of Modernity 156 8. Domesticating the Sixties: Youth Culture, Globalization, and Consumer Socialism in the 1970s 184 Conclusion: Imagining the World after the Sixties 202 Abbreviations Notes Bibliography Index 209 211 267 283
Bibliography Personal Interviews Leszek Budrewicz, Wrocław, 12 May 2016 Mirosław Chojecki and Magdalena Bocheńska-Chojecka, Konstancin-Jeziorna, 30 July 2013 Edward Chudziński, Kraków, 27 June 2012 Irena Groblewska, Emilianówka, 27 July 2013 Irena Grudzińska Gross, Boston, 23 November 2013 Jan Güntner, Kraków, 26 June 2012 Jerzy Illg, Kraków, 22 June 2011 Alic) a Imlay, Szelej ów Górny, 13 July 2013 Mieczysław Janowski, Wrocław, 17 July 2013 Bogusław Klimsa, Wrocław, 12 May 2016 Milo Kurtis, Warsaw, 15 February 2013 Bogusław Litwiniec, Wilcza, 15-16 July 2013 Magdalena, Warsaw, 18 February 2013 Adam and Zofia Mazurek, Warsaw, 16 June 2011 Hanna Musiał (Anna Musiałówna), Warsaw, 26 June 2013 Andrzej Paczkowski, Warsaw, 22 June 2012 Jan Poprawa, Kraków, 28 June 2012 Andrzej Sadowski, Bialystok, 11 February 2013 Kamil Sipowicz, Warsaw, 26 June 2013 Sławomir Tabkowski, Kraków, 26 June 2012 Józef Tejchma, Warsaw, 1 July 2011 Teresa, Białystok, 16 July 2011 Tomasz Tłuczkiewicz, Warsaw, 12 February 2013 Archives and Libraries Archiwum Akt Nowych, Warsaw Archiwum Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, Warsaw Archiwum Państwowe w Białymstoku Archiwum Państwowe w Krakowie Archiwum Państwowe we Wrocławiu Biblioteka Filozofii i Socjologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warsaw Biblioteka Narodowa, Warsaw Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warsaw Vera and Donald Blinken Open Society Archive, Budapest
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Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Tables, figures, and boxes are indicated by t,f, and b following the page number. 1968,111-18 and antisemitism, 102,118-26 in Europe, 103-4,124-25 and gender, 114,121 -22 as a global phenomenon, 103-5,12426,203 and memory, 124-26,187 in Polish historiography, 103,186 in rural communities, 117-18,162-63 and student protests, 5-6,8,12,102, 104-5,112-17,123,199-200 abortion, 10,54-56,176-77,198,207-8 abortion law, 54-55,207-8 Adamiecka, Hanka, 32-34 Adamski, Jerzy, 64 Africa, 7-8,17,29,44,52-53,69,71-72, 73-74,75,86,105,154,164-65 Against the Wind (Pod Wiatr, periodical), 19,20,31-32 Albania, 117,205-6 Alexeyeva, Ludmila, 35-36 Algeria, 71-72,108,184 Almatur (student tourist bureau), 82,152-53 “Americanization,” 50-51 Amnesty International, 107 Andrycz, Nina, 69-70 anti-Colonialism in public culture, 69-72 in state policy, 7-8 in student protest, 104-5,106,10711,124 anti-imperialism in public culture, 29,38 in state policy, 104-5 in student protest, 104,105-11,124-25 antisemitism, 119-20,236Ո.13 and antisemitic campaign of 19671968,118-26 and cosmopolitanism, 122 in the Party, 37,118-26,219n.49 and the Thaw, 23-25,38 “apolítics” in sociological research, 47,75 and youth magazines, 61,62,64-74 Armstrong, Louis, 93 Around the World (Dookoła Świata, periodical), 11-12,14,15-17,2731,28/, 30/, 33,37,44,61,65-67, 69-74,75-76,140-41,193,201 Austria, 107,191 “authenticity” in countercultural movements, 127, 130-32,203 in public culture, 185 in
student culture, 98-99,104,200 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 194,263n.48, 265Ո.10 Baltic Coast, 19,137-38,149,16364,186-87 and workers’ protests of 1970,149,18687,200,204,206-7 Baranowski, Krzysztof Jerzy, 149 Barańczak, Stanisław, 150,194 Banner of Youth (Sztandar Młodych, newspaper), 32,33-34,39,49-50 “Baptism of Poland”see Millennium (1966) Bardot, Brigitte, 22,48-49,66/, 71-72, 72/, 190 Beatles, The, 50,128-29,133,149-50, 178,184
284 INDEX beatniks (bitnicy), 49,128-29 beat poets, 2-3,136 “Beautiful Girls to the Screen” (contest, 1957), 48 beauty culture during the Thaw, 21-22,29 in youth magazines, 21 -22,29,87-89, 89/, 200 Belarus, 77,132,208 Bem, Józef, 31-32 Beria, Lavrentiy, 24,219n.49 Bialystok, 82-83,163-64 Bielsk Podlaski, 163-64 Bierut, Bolesław, 212n.9 Bieszczady Mountains, 141-42,144 big beat (Polish rock ‘rí roll), 50-51, 66-67,94,163,178. See aho rock ‘rí roll Bikini Boys (.Bikiniarze), 14,128-29 birth control, 53-60,144,176-77,198 “Black Thursday,” 186 Blue and Blacks (Niebiesko-Czarni, band), 50,51/, 52/, 79 blue jeans, 2,3,42,75,85,90,107,193. See also fashion Blumsztajn, Seweryn, 134 Bochwic, Teresa, 40,114 Bogucka, Teresa, 110 “bombshells,” 22 Bonanza (American miniseries), 178,180 Bond (Więź, periodical), 63 Boniecki, Adam, 137 bossa nova (dance), 93 Brandt, Willy, 191 Bratkowski, Andrzej, 34-35 Bratkowski, Stefan, 34,66-67 Bravo (West German periodical), 67-68 Brazil, 26-27,152-53,180-81 Bread and Puppet Theater, 152-54 Bren, Paulina, 10-11,241Ո.7,26ІП.2 Brown, Timothy Scott, 2,23ІП.27 Brus, Włodzimierz, 97-98 Budapest, 25,31-35,38,152-53 Buddhism, 135. See also countercultural movements Bureau of Foreign Tourism for Youth, 43 Burma, 69-70 Bydgoszcz, 133 Cambodia, 69-70 Canada, 135,205-6 Candide (French magazine), 129 Castro, Fidel, 70,106,190,191,192/ Catholic Church. See Catholicism Catholicism and countercultural movements, 130, 136-37,144 and mass culture, 63 and nationalism, 118-20,124-25 in postcommunist Poland, 10,207-8 practice among youth, 10,96,130,170 in rural
communities, 167-71 and sexuality, 54,56-57,177 and student groups, 21,96-97,136-37 and the Thaw, 36,96-97 censorship, 10,19-20,74,115,206 Center for Research on Public Opinion (OBOP), 46 Chałasiński, Józef, 44,181 Chęciny, 141-42 Chudziński, Edward, 154 Cieślewicz, Roman, 229-30n.l5 China, 26-27,78-79,95-96,117,238n.6O cinema, 2-3,18,22,41-43,48-49,61,70֊ 73,82,153,171 Ashes and Diamonds, 18,217n.23 Film magazine, 48 Innocent Sorcerers, 41 -42 Knife in the Water, 41-42 and masculinity, 42,164-66 and the Polish Film School, 41-42 Circles of Military Youth (Koła Młodzieży Wojskowej), 222η. 10 Citizens Militia, 121,244n.37 Ciupak, Edward, 168-69 class divisions, 63-64,99-100,154,158 and countercultural movements, 127, 133,154 among students, 81-83,85,99-100, 161,189 Club of Seekers of Contradictions (Klub Poszukiwaczy Sprzeczności), 9798. See also student clubs Clubs of Catholic Intelligentsia, 21,96-97 Clubs of Young Intelligentsia, 21 club-Cafés (klubokawiarnie)
INDEX and rural communities, 170-71,17273,173/, 178 and young women, 172,182-83 Coca-Cola, 50,100,107,114,190 coffee, 12-13,15-16,40,170-71,178 Cohn-Bendit, Daniel, 106,125-26 Collectivization of agriculture, 15,45,157 Cold War and cultural diplomacy, 25,29-30,15253,191-93 debates over, 107-9,124,214n.22 and the global sixties, 40-41,7273,104-5 colonialism. See also anti-Colonialism at the 1955 World Youth and Student Festival, 26-30 and 1968,117,120,124-26 and media, 17,42-43,69-70, 86,164-65 and protests, 104-5,109, 111 Commandos (Komandosi), 98-101,10514,125-26,134,138-39,199,203 Commission for Radio and Television, 40-41,43 Commission of Culture, 63 Communist Party. See Polish United Workers’ Party communist system collapse of, 207-8 definitions of, 7,20-21,97-98,1078,212n.5 in Poland, 36,46-47,119,123, 124,187-88 consumption, 10-11,45,151,156-57, 203,207 anxieties about, 49-50,88-89,98, 121,175 in socialist societies, 7,15,47 under Gierek, 3-4,184-85,189-90, 193,201,204-5 and foreign goods, 42-43,50,85,107, 114,180,189-90,193 and youth culture, 5,41-43,47,60, 75-76,81,87-88,91,93-90,1001,193 contraception see birth control Contrasts (Kontrasty, periodical), 19,29-30 285 cosmopolitanism, 37-38,170,178-80 and 1968,121-23 Council of Culture and Art, 63-64 countercultural movements. See aho hippies and Catholicism, 130,136-37,144 and drugs, 128,136,144-48 and eastern religions, 135 and gender and sexuality, 142-45 and hippies, 1,3-4,8,12-13,116,125, 127-28,138-45 and identity, 128-33,134-35 and student theater, 151,154 Cross-Section (Przekrój, periodical), 229-30Ո.15 Cuba,
2,7-8,70-71,71/, 104-6,108,10911,136,184,190-91 and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 7071,184 and “literacy brigades,” 70 cultural liberalization during the Thaw, 15-19 under Gierek, 149,187-93 cultural policy, 63-64,79. See also mass culture Cybulski, Zbyszek, 18 Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 69-70,118 Czechoslovakia, 10-11,47,122,135-36 Prague Spring, 1,79-80,102-3,133-34, 141-42,204-5 relations with Poland, 34-35 sexual attitudes in, 59,196-97 Częstochowa, 36,141-42,146-47 and icon of Virgin Mary, 169-70 Czuma, Andrzej, 199 Davis, Angela, 1,135 Dąbrowska, Beata, 121-22 de-Colonization, 7-8,52-53,61,71-72, 107-9,203,231-32n.35 Demiański, Marek, 93 democratic socialism, 33,36,38,95-96, 202,207, see also socialism Denmark, 135,152-53 de-Stalinization, 45,203. See also Thaw détente, 7-8,191,205-6 dissidents, 35-36,102-11,199,205-7 Djilas, Milovan, 97-98
286 INDEX Dmowski, Roman, 119-20 Dołęgowski, Andrzej, 57 Dodziuk, Anna, 112 domestic violence, 148,158,160-61 drugs, 128,136,144-48,184 Dudas, József, 33 Dudziak, Urszula, 95 Duszniki, 141-42,142/ Dyoniziak, Ryszard, 4,223-24n.24 Dziady ( The Forefathers’ Eve) ,111-12 Dzierżyński, Feliks, 134-35 East Germany, 78,110-11,163-64 Eastern bloc, 34-35,43,77,83-84,97-98, 104-5,180,184-85,186,190,19193,195,202,207 economics and postwar growth, 44-45 and price increases, 186,205 and postcommunism, 207-8,263n.48, 265Ո.10 and Western bank loans, 188,205 education higher education, 81-85 and literacy, 158-60 in rural communities, 158-62,173-74, 178,181-82 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 14 Eichelberger, Wojciech, 138-39 Elbląg, 186 Empik (Klub Międzynardowej Prasy і Książki), 128-29,249n.9 Endecja (National Democratic Party), 119-20,124-25,245-46n.59 “Eurocentrism,” 95-96,124,125-26,135 “Extra-Parliamentary Opposition,” 118 Fashion. See also blue jeans; miniskirt and countercultural movements, 1,127, 128-29,131-33,149,151-52 and magazines, 21,71-72,193,195 in rural communities, 175-76,181-82 and youth and students, 40,42,49,83, 94-95,121,193 Feliksiak, Jerzy, 49-50 Federation of Socialist Polish Youth Associations (Federacja Socjalistycznych Związków Młodzieży Polskiej), 199-200 Fehérváry, Krisztina, 10-11,233n.64 feminism, 48-49,53-60,87-90,99-100, 124-25,155,171-78,197-99 festivals, 2,11-13,25-31,38,70-71,78, 83,98,128,132,141-42,150-55, 202,238ո.52 Feynman, Richard, 93 Fiat 126P (.maluch), 189-90 Filipinka (periodical), 65-66,67/, 75-76 Finland, 105-6,191 FirstWorld, 3,103-5,207 Forum (weekly),
129 France, 24,78,97-98,156-57 travel to, 107,152,191 and youth, 14,47,135,249n.l 1 French May, 106,109 Fresh Start (Od nowa, periodical), 19, 230Ո.20 Friszke, Andrzej, 95-96,239n,74 Gartner, Katarzyna, 136-37 Gawlikowski, Krzysztof, 122-23 Gdańsk, 39,50-51 and the Bim-Bom Iheater, 17֊ 19,26-27 and students, 17,82-83,91,115 and workers’ protests of December 1970,137-38,186-87 Gdynia, 163-64,186-87 gender roles, 27-29,44,53,57-58,59-60, 94-95,198-99 and 1968,114 and countercultural movements, 14245,148 and higher education, 86,87-90 and masculinity, 21-22,42,58,93-94, 99,121-22,147-48,164-66 and rural communities, 171-78,196-97 Generation (Pokolenie, periodical), 15-16 generational conflict, 35-37,52-53,60, 103,107-8,119,124,128-29, 161֊ 67,178,181-82,187-88,191-93 Gerő, Ernő, 31-32 Gest (pantomime theater), 154 Giedroyc, Jerzy, 107 Giełżyński, Wojciech, 29,66-67 Gierek, Edward, 3-4,12-13 and consumer socialism, 184-85,18990,193,205
INDEX and globalization, 187-93 and rise to power, 149,157,184-85 Girls’ Councils (Rady Dziewcząt), 171-74, 176-77,204 Ginsberg, Allen, 1,2,136,140,252n.47 “global consciousness,” 104,121 globalization, 187-93,202 cultural dimensions, 179-80 definitions of, 7,40-41 under Gierek, 187-93 Global East, 203,212n.6. See also Second World Global North, 212n.6, See also First World Global South, 3,7-8,17,61,69-70,104, 105,106-7,108,126,156-57,184, 203,212n.6. See also Third World Goldberg, Paul, 35-36 Gomułka, Władysław and 1968,117,118-19,120-21 and 1970 workers’ protests, 149,186 rise to power, 3-4,15,35-37,151-52,157 Górecki, Wiktor, 110 Grotowski, Jerzy, 251-52n.40 Grudzińska, Irena (Irena Grudzińska Gross), 107,121 Groblewska, Irena, 133,135,149 Guevara, Che, 2,110-11,243n.27 Hasse, Grażyna, 193 Health Courses (szkoły zdrowia), 17671,182 Hejmo, Komad, 137 Helsinki Accords, 59,206-7 Hendrix, Jimi, 1,135,137,149-50 Herzog, Dagmar, 99,198-99 Hippies. See also countercultural movements and communes, 138-45 and drugs, 144-48 and gender, 142-45 and identity, 1,116,128-33 in the press, 128-29 and sexuality, 143-45 and surveillance, 128,134-35,140,146-48 in the Soviet Union, 127 in the United States, 129,135-36, 145,155 hipisowanie (hippiness), 128,149-50, 195-96,196/ 287 Hiroshima, 137-38 hitchhiking. See travel Ho Chi Minh, 135 Hoff, Barbara, 193 Holocaust and Auschwitz (Oświęcim), 137-38 and memory, 23,37,38 survivors in Poland, 23-24,132 and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 24 Home Army (Armia Krajowa), 23,24-25 human rights, 54,59,125,185,205-7 Hungary, 10-12 1956 Revolution,
31-35,105-6,108, 110-11,125-26,202 and Polish reporting, 32-34 relations with Poland, 34-35 Hybrydy (Hybrids), 90-91,93-94,98,100. See also student clubs Illg, Jerzy, 1,131-32,136 Imlay, Alicja, 76,132 Imieliński, Kazimierz, 197-98,264n.56 India, 16,29,69-70,127 Indonesia, 78-79 internationalism, 7,8-9,27-31,34-35, 61-62,67-68,69-73,118,122-23, 134-35,202-3 International Book Fair (1962), 78 International Festival of Student Theater Festivals in Wrocław, 141-42,15154,153/ International Union of Students (IUS), 25 International Women’s Day (March 8), 102,112,114,195-96 Israel, 26-27 diplomatic relations with, 23,120-21 and the Six-Day War, 104-5,120-21,123 Italy,67-68,78,107,135,156-57 ITD (student periodical), 11 ֊ 12,65-66, 70-73,72/, 75,87-88,89/, 122-23, 195-98,196/ Jackiewiczowa, Elżbieta, 56,58 Jagiellonian University, 85,115,161,187 Janion, Maria, 119-20 jazz, 50-51,63-64,65,131/ and festivals, 78,82,83,132 and student clubs, 2-3,90-95 during the Thaw, 15-16,21,39
288 INDEX Jazz (monthly), 76,233n.66 Jews see Polish Jews Jonas, Stanisław, 18 Joplin, Janis, 137 journalists, 15-16,19-25,32-35,56-60, 61-62,194-95 relations with the state, 19-20,3537,73-74 "Junak,” 165,178. See also motorcycles Kamiński, Aleksander, 44 Katowice, 82-83,115,131-32 Katyń massacre, 105-6,117 Kazimierz (town), 141-42 Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 131/, 180 Kenya, 17 Kerouac, Jack, 136,140-41 Kielce, 117,143-44 Khrushchev, Nikita, 43 and the “Secret Speech” (1956), 15, 23,216n.9 Kłodzko, 1 Kłoskowska, Antonina, 62,63 “Kobra” (Polish mystery television series), 171 Kołakowski, Leszek, 24-25 Kolczyński, Janusz, 59 komis stores, 94,121 Konopacki, Andrzej, 29-30 Kopaniec, 140,141/ Kora (Olga Jackowska), 131-32,142-43 Korwin-Mikke, Janusz, 194,263n.48 Kozakiewicz, Mikołaj, 49,59-60 Kołodziejczyk, Ryszard, 48 Kozłowski, Maciej, 98-99 Kozłowa Góra, 77/, 173/, 174/ Koźniewski, Kazimierz, 16 Kraj Rad (The Country of Councils, periodical), 68-69 Kraków, 34,75,133,135-37,143,149, 154,193. See also Jagiellonian University and 1968,115 and students, 17,19,20,76,78,82-83, 85,91,96-97,161,187,194 Krzywicka, Irena, 54,56-60,198 Kultura (émigré periodical), 107,109 Kuroń, Jacek, 107-9,115,123,134,205 Kurtis, Milo, 130,142-43 Kuźniak, Bolesław, 149-50 Lambretta, 258n.32 Lanota, Anna, 56 Lasota, Irena, 112 Latin America, 17,44,73-74,86 Lew-Starowicz, Zbigniew, 198 Líšková, Katarína, 59,196-97 Lithuania, 77,132 Litwiniec, Bogusław, 19,151-52 Lollobrigida, Gina, 48,175 LSD, 145. See also drugs Lublin, 19,20,31-32,82-83,132-33 Lubusz, 179/ Lukács, György, 33 Lukierski, Jerzy, 93
Lovell, Jerzy, 149 Lõpuski, Janusz, 58 Łódź, 82-83,85,90,92/, 115 Łysa Góra, 180-81 magazines, 64-74. See also press circulation of, 19,194-95 controversies over, 35-38,59,73-74 Malenkov’s New Course, 15. See also Ihaw Malewska, Hanna, 54,55-56 Maim, Wojciech, 75 Mao Tse Tung, 1,115,135 Margueritte, Bernard, 112 marijuana, 145-46. See also drugs Marxism and 1968,103,117,118,124-25 and dissidents, 97-98,100-1,103,107, 118,125-26 reform of, 83-84,124-25 and students, 43,83-84 during the Thaw, 19,20-21 “Marxist revisionism,” 64,102,204-5, 224-25Ո.36 Marwick, Arthur, 134,211n.2 mass culture, 5,7-8,10-11,21-22,25,4143,60,62-64,75-80,81,91,168 definition of, 62 debates over, 62,63-64,73-74 Matynia, Elżbieta, 150-51 Mau Mau Uprising, 17
INDEX May Day (International Labor Day), 110,116 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 14,21,63 Mazurian Lakes, 141-42,163-64 memoirs, 9,86,158,160-61,163-64,165, 172-73,177-78,180 Mexico, 26-27,81-82,135 Mexico City, 133-34,25ІП.28 migration after 1968,123-24 internal, 45,132,169 Michnik, Adam, 97-98,99,103,105-6, 107,112-13,115,121,124,12526,205 Michaluk, Eugeniusz, 151-52 Mickiewicz, Adam, 111-12 Mielno, 141-42 Mikołajska, Halina, 17,18 Millennium (1966), 119,169-70 Mingus, Charlie, 93 miniskirt, 2,3,10,83,175,178,184. See also fashion Miodek, Jan, 91-92 Misiek, Wiesław, 91-92 Ministry of Culture and Art, 63,136,152 Ministry of Internal Affairs, 109-10 Moczar, Mieczysław, 119-20 modernity, 3-4,44-50,203 debates over, 49-50,51-53,205-3 and gender roles, 6,48-49,53-60,171 -78 under Gierek, 184-85,189-93 in rural communities, 85-86,157-58, 167,171-78,204 and socialism, 6-9 Modzelewski, Karol, 97-98,99,107,1089,123,204-5 Mondo Beat (Italian periodical), 67-68 morality in sex education, 53-60 and socialism, 49-53,98-99,185 motorcycles and Golden Helmet Competition, 167 and masculinity, 164-66 in rural communities, 165-67,176,178, 182,204 and young women, 166-67 Moscow, 15,19-20,27-29,99-100,106, 124,204-5 289 Motyka, Julian, 152 Mounier, Emmanuel, 21 Nagy, Imre, 31,32,33-34,22ІП.77 Namiotkiewicz, Walery, 105-6 nationalism and 1968,102-3,118-26 and anticommunist opposition, 1023,124 and postcommunism, 126,207-8 and rural communities, 117-18,178-83 Nauman-Hoffer, Gilbert Otto (Diotima), 56-60 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 69-70 Nepal, 135 New Left, 8,99,105-11,122 New York, 61,93,132,152-53,191 New Wave,
44 New Village (Nowa Wieś, periodical), 12829,163,166,167,180-81,190 Niemczyk, Krzysztof, 136 Niesiołowski, Stefan, 199 Nixon, Richard, 190-91 North Vietnam, 109-10 Nowak, Stefan, 46,96 Nowe Drogi (New Paths, monthly), 64 Oasis (The Light and Life Movement), 97. See also Catholicism OBOP. See Center for Research on Public Opinion Olszowski, Stefan, 191,192/ “Open Letter to the Party,” 107-9, 203,204-5 Opole, 82-83,115,163 Polish songfestival, 141-42,257Ո.27 ORMO. See Voluntary Reserve of the Citizens’ Militia Ostaszewski, Jacek, 135 Ostróda, 141-42,159/ Ożarów, 139,139Հ pacifism, 8,127,134-35,137-38,146,203 Pałacyk (Little Palace), 91-92,94,95,98, 132. See also student clubs “Partisans” (Party faction), 118-20, 245Ո.56 Passport Bureau, 30-31,220n.68
290 INDEX Paszkiewicz, Bogumił, 92 Pawełczyńska, Anna, 96-97 “Peaceful Coexistence,” 7-8,43,105-6 People’s Tribune (Trybuna Ludu, newspaper), 32,233n.55 Perspectives (Perspektywy, weekly), 191 Petőfi, Sándor, 31-32 Pewex (hard currency store), 190 Piasecki, Romuald, 116 Podkowa Leśna, 136-37 Poland (periodical), 79 Po prostu (Straight talk, periodical), 17,19-25 Polish Jews and 1968,102-5,118-26 and identity, 84-85 “Polish Road to Socialism,” 3-4,15,37,188 Polish Scouts Association (Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego, ZHP), 41, 79,107 Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS), 107 Polish Student Association (Zrzeszenie Studentów Polskich, ZSP), 2-3, 18-19,41,84,91,108-9,152 and cultural patronage, 65 and the “unification” congress of 1973,200 Polish United Workers’ Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR), 6-7,15,19-20,35-36,37, 45,59,62-63,64,68,74,79,82, 118-26,151,154,157-60,187-88 Polish Youth Association (Związek Młodzieży Polskiej, ZMP), 20-21, 41,97-98 Political Discussion Club, 97-98. See also student clubs Polityka (periodical), 49,165/, 184 popular culture. See mass culture Popielarski, Mariusz, 195 postcommunism, 126,207-8 Poznań,48,137,149,170-71 and 1956 workers’ uprising, 15, 103,146-47 and 1968,115 and students, 17,19,82-83,150,200 Prague, 25,103 Prague Spring. See Czechoslovakia press. See also student press crackdowns on, 37,73-74 during the Thaw, 19-25 and photojournalism, 15-17,21-22,29, 48,61,69-73,76,87-88,163,19193,192/, 195-96,197,200 and sex education columns, 5660,197-99 and travelogues, 15-17,73-74,93 Press Bureau,
35-37,59,62,64,68-69, 73-74,76,78-79,167-68 Pronatalism, 188-89,198 Prophet (Józef Pyrz), 129,134,137-38 race at the 1955 World Youth and Student Festival, 27-29 and 1968,118-26 and international students, 86 and sexuality, 27-29,86 Raczak, Lech, 154 Radar (periodical), 11-12,42-43,56-57, 59-60,64-67,66/, 69,75-76,7879,197 Radio Free Europe, 107,214n.23 Radio Luxembourg, 2-3,75,76,79 Radom, 116-17,205 Rákosi, Mátyás, 31 Réalité (French magazine), 129 Red and Blacks (Czerwono-Czarni, band), 50,136-37 Red Guitars (Czerwone Gitary, band), 50 regionalism, 8-9,178-80 reproductive rights, 53-60,176-77,19899,207-8. See also abortion Riot police (ZOMO), 113-14,115,11617,186-87 Rough Road Ahead (Wyboje, periodical), 19,218Ո.40 rock ‘ri’ roll. See also big beat concerts, 39,50-51,51/, 52/, 66-67, 75,116 “polonization” of, 50-51 reactions to, 39,75,149-50 in youth magazines, 66-68,76,94-95 Rolling Stones concert in Warsaw (1967), 75
INDEX Roszak, Theodore, 127 Różewicz, Tadeusz, 21 ln.3 Ruch (The Movement), 199 Ruciane Nida, 141-42 Runowicz, Roman, 116 Rural Youth Association (Związek Młodzieży Wiejskiej, ZMW), 5,41, 77/ 158,163,170-72,173/, 174/, 177,199 rural communities and Catholicism, 167-71 and childhood, 158-62 and gender roles, 171-78 and memoir competitions, 158 and modernization, 85-86,157-58, 167,171-78,189,204 and national identity, 178-83,204 Russia, 111-12,117,208 Rodowicz, Tomasz, 134,149-50 Sadowski, Andrzej, 76,85-86,156 Sagan, Francoise, 78 Sandomierz, 116-17 Sartre, jean Paul, 39-40 Sawicka, Paula, 98 Salut les Copains (French magazine), 67-68 secularization, 6,10,54,56-57,167-71 "Second Poland,” 5,187-88,194,204 Second World, 3-4 security apparatus, 154,220n.61, 252Ո.47 and countercultural movements, 128, 134-35,140,146-48 and treatment of women, 114,12122,147-48 sex education in print, 56-60,197-99 and reproductive rights, 55-59,176-77 sexology, 59-60,264Ո.56 sexual revolution, 54,195-99 and hippies, 144-45 in rural communities, 174-77 and students, 98-99 “shock therapy,” 207-8,263n.48,265Ո.10 Sipowicz, Kamil, 131/, 142-43 Six-Day War (1967), 104-5,120-21, 246Ո.62 291 sixties, 124,134 interpretations of, 1-2,103-4,184 and socialism, 5-6,124-25 “small stabilization" (mała stabilizacja), 60,21 ln.3 Socialism. See also Marxism attitudes among youth, 8-9,46-47, 96,124-26 consumer, 184-85,189-90,193,205 and students, 97-101,105-11,199-201 Socialist Youth Association (Związek Młodzieży Socjalistycznej, ZMS), 5,41,42-43,65 Socialist Polish Student Association (Socjalistyczny Związek
Studentów Polskich, SZSP), 199 Society for Conscious Motherhood (Towarzystwo Świadomego Macierzyństwa, TŚM), 55,176-77 sociology as an academic discipline, 45-46 studies ofyouth and students, 46-48, 51-53,86 Socio-Cultural Association of Jews in Poland (Towarzystwo SpołecznoKulturalne Żydów w Polsce, TSKŻ), 84,236n,14 Sokorski, Włodzimierz, 40-41,43,51-53, 54,179-80 Solidarity (Solidarność), 103,125,206-8 Sopot, 39,238Ո.52 Soviet Union, 3,7-8,10-11,96,184,204-5 and imperialism, 34,104,105-6,107-8, 110-11,117-18,120 invasion of Hungary, 31-35,38,12526,202 relations with Poland, 15,19-20,26-27, 32,34,68-69,77,79,117-18, 120,188 Soviet Screen (periodical), 73 Spain, 110,156-57 Spanish Civil War, 107 Stalin, Iosif, 2,14,15,21,32,34-35 Stalinism, 3-4,5-6,14,15-16,20-21,22֊ 24,31,34,37-38,41-42,44,45-46, 48,54-55,60,103,107-8,122,157, 171-72,202 Stanek, Karin, 166
292 INDEX Starczewska, Krystyna, 114,247n,71 state violence, 146-48,186,204,206 and 1968,113-15,121-22,123-24 Student (periodical), 154,194-95,197 student clubs and gender roles, 90,93-95 and memory, 91-92 and student culture, 41-42,81,83, 84,90-95 and the Thaw, 15-16,17-19,26-27, 36,202 student press. See ako ITD and critical journalism, 19-25,36-37, 151-52,194-95,200,202 crackdowns on, 35-37 during the Thaw, 19-25 under Gierek, 195,197-99 student protests. See 1968 students demographic profile, 81-83,85, 87,96-97 and dormitories, 81,83,86 female, 87-90 international, 86 and organizations, 41-42,81,83,84, 90-95,97-101,105-14,125-26, 134,138-39,199,203 from rural backgrounds, 85-86, 156,189 Student Theater, 17-19,26-27,78,83,9394,128,141-42,150-55 Bim-Bom Theater, 17,18,26-27,151 Eighth Day Theater, 150-51,255Ո.127 Kalambur, 91,151-52 Student Theater of Satirists (Studencki Teatr Satyryków, STS), 17,2627,151 Sudety Mountains, 140 Sweden, 96,135 Switzerland, 96 Szabad Nep (Hungarian newspaper), 33 Szczecin, 65-66,76,131/, 186,193 Szczecinek, 133 Szlajfer, Henryk, 109-10 Szumowska, Dorota, 139 Szwarcman, Hanka, 24-25,33 Świętokrzyskie Mountains, 141— 42,146-47 Święty Krzyż, 141-42 Świnoujście, 141-42 Tabkowski, Sławomir, 74,76 Tal, Małgosia, 99-100 Tarnów, 116-17,180-81 “Tarzan” (Michalewski), 143-45,146 Tatra Mountains, 78,175 technology in the household, 12-13,156,171,17374,180 and youth culture, 49,54,69,16467,189-90 Thaw, 3-4,14-19,31-38,194-95, 197,201 effects on the press, 19-25 and gender and sexuality, 21 -22 in the Soviet Union, 15,35-38 Third World,
3,7-9,27-29,65-66,69, 73-74,104,106,107-11,124, 135,191 television, 51-53,77 and the Apollo 11 mission, 180 and international programming, 2-3, 77,178,180 in rural communities, 170,171,17374,177-78,179-81,182-83, 259Ո.60 Tejchma, Józef, 6-7,152 Tenenbaum, Natan, 115 Tito, Josip Bros, 191,192/ Tłuczkiewicz, Tomasz, 76,94,116,127 tourism, 3,180-81. See also travel expansion under Gierek, 191-93 organized for youth, 43,82 “transnational imagination,” 2,8-9,104-5, 124,201,207 travel. See also tourism domestic, 51-52,54,56,85,154,16364,168-69,170-71 and hitchhiking, 39-40,98,140-41 international, 30-31,34-35,99-100, 107,121,135,201 loosening of restrictions, 2,3,30-31,43, 77,191-93 Polish delegations abroad, 34,69-70 in press, 15-17,69,73-74,93,164-65 Toruń, 133
INDEX Toruńczyk, Barbara, 98,107 Trotskyism, 95-96,107,109 Troubadours (Trubadurzy, band), 50 twist (dance), 2-3,10,39-40,67/, 93 Tygodnik Powszechny (periodical), 169 Tyrmand, Leopold, 14,229n.7 Tyszkiewicz, Beata, 70-71 Ukraine, 77,132 United Nations, 25 United States, 27,54,71-72,78,81-82, 96,105,117,122,180,184,191, 205-6,208 cultural influence of, 14,50-52,67-68, 69,72-73,145,151 protests against, 104,109-11 and the Six-Day War, 104-5 and youth, 26-27,44,50-52,82,129,195 Vatican, 191,192/, 207-8 Vatican II Council, 97,169-70 “Vietnamese” (Wietnamczycy), 109-11 Vietnam leaflet, 110-11,125-26 Vietnam War, 7-8,104-5,106,109-11, 117,121,125-26,154,184 Views (Poglądy, periodical), 19,21,22/, 37, 151-52,263Ո.50 Voluntary Reserve of the Citizens’ Militia (Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej, ORMO), 121, 244Ո.37 Wachowicz-Makowska, Jolanta, 93 Wajda, Andrzej, 41-42,70-71,213Ո.17 Walicki, Franciszek, 50-51 Wałęsa, Lech, 187 Warsaw, 14,19,24,37,45,51/, 52/, 63-64, 66-67,75,78,82-83,84-85,90֊ 91,96-97,130-31,130/, 133,13437,138-39,140,148,149,170-71, 191,192/193,205 and the 1944 Uprising, 4-5 and the 1955 World Youth and Student Festival, 2,25-31,38,202 and 1968,81,102,111-18,119-20,121, 124,137-38,163 Warsaw Pact, 1,33-35,102-3,133-34, 141-42,204-5 293 Warsaw University, 17,46-47,76,82,8586,87-88,87/, 97-100,102,105-6, 108-11,119-20,121,130,156 Waschko, Roman, 39,50-51,94-95 welfare state, 157,188-89 West Germany, 25,67-68,78,118,191, 198-99,205 WFM (motorcycle brand), 164-65,178 workers’ protests and 1968,116-17 on the Baltic Coast (1970), 13738,186-87 in Poznań (1956),
15,103 Workers’ Defense Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR), 205,206 World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY),25,65 World War II, 10,44 memory of, 4-5,17,23,117,120 World Youth and Student Festival in Moscow (1957), 27-29 in Warsaw (1955), 2,25-31,38,202 Woroszylski, Wiktor, 32 Wrocław, 19,76,82-83, 86,91-92, 93,94,132-33,139,140,15152,157-58 and 1968,115-16,127 and the International Festival of Student Theater Festivals, 141-42,15154,153/ territorial changes and demographics, 132 Włocławek, 133 Wojtyła, Karol (Pope John Paul II), 169 Wyszyński, Stefan, 115,169,239n.65 Yugoslavia, 33-34,96,106,223n.l8 Yurchak, Alexei, 10-11 You and І (Ту i Ja, periodical), 229-30Ո.15 youth culture, 2,44-50 debates over, 41 emergence of, 4-5,40-41,44 and politics, 5-6,8,12,102,104-5,112֊ 18,123,199-200 in rural communities, 77f 157-58,16267,179-82
294 INDEX youth organizations and the Thaw, 17-19,41 restructuring under Gierek, 199-201 Zagajewski, Adam, 194 Zakopane, 78 Zakrzewska, Stanisława, 140,148 Zakrzewski, Jan, 184 Zebra (periodical), 19,20,37 Zionism, 12,26-27,102,115,117-26. - See also antisemitism Żółkiewski, Stefon, 62,63-64,171, 213Ո.17 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München
The filobai Sixties are well known as a period of non-conformist lifestyles, experimentation with consumer products and technology, counterculture, and leftist politics. While the period has been well studied in the West and increasingly researched for the Global South, young people in the “Second World” too were active participants in these movements. The Iron Curtain was hardly a barrier against outside influences, and young people, from students and hippies to mainstream youth in miniskirts and blue jeans, saw themselves as part of the global community of like-minded people as well as citizens of Eastern Bloc countries. Drawing on Polish youth magazines, rural people’s diaries, sex education manuals, and personal testimonies, Malgorzata Fidelis follows jazz lovers, university students, hippies, and young rural rebels. Fidelis colorfully narrates their everyday engagement with a dynamically changing world, from popular media and consumption to counterculture and protest movements. She delineates their antiauthoritarian solidarities and competing visions of transnationalism, with the West as well as the ruling communist regime. Even as youth demonstrations were violently suppressed, Fidelis shows, youth culture was not. By the early 1970s, the state incorporated elements of Sixties culture into their official vision of socialist modernity. From the perspective of youth, Malgorzata Fidelis argues, the post-1989 transition in Poland from communism to liberal democracy, often dubbed as “the return to Europe,” was less of a breakthrough and
more of a continuation of trends in which they participated. Indeed, they had already created new modes of self-expression and cultural spaces in which ideas of alternative social and political organization became imaginable. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Fidelis, Malgorzata 1971- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)142078034 |
| author_facet | Fidelis, Malgorzata 1971- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Fidelis, Malgorzata 1971- |
| author_variant | m f mf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048405027 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8280 MG 92280 MG 92030 MS 1220 MS 2150 MG 92010 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1342605986 (DE-599)BVBBV048405027 |
| discipline | Politologie Soziologie Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie Soziologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1955-1973 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1955-1973 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV048405027 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:23:55Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:37:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780197643402 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033783534 |
| oclc_num | 1342605986 |
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| owner | DE-12 DE-384 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-384 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 |
| physical | xii, 294 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220907 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fidelis, Malgorzata 1971- Verfasser (DE-588)142078034 aut Imagining the world from behind the Iron Curtain youth and the global sixties in Poland Malgorzata Fidelis New York Oxford University Press 2022 xii, 294 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1955-1973 gnd rswk-swf Jugend (DE-588)4028859-6 gnd rswk-swf Jugendkultur (DE-588)4114114-3 gnd rswk-swf Gegenkultur (DE-588)4130375-1 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Youth / Social conditions / Poland Nineteen sixties Poland / Social conditions / 1945- Social conditions Youth / Social conditions Poland Since 1945 Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Jugend (DE-588)4028859-6 s Jugendkultur (DE-588)4114114-3 s Gegenkultur (DE-588)4130375-1 s Geschichte 1955-1973 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-764343-3 (DE-604)BV048661987 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033783534&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033783534&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033783534&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033783534&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Fidelis, Malgorzata 1971- Imagining the world from behind the Iron Curtain youth and the global sixties in Poland Jugend (DE-588)4028859-6 gnd Jugendkultur (DE-588)4114114-3 gnd Gegenkultur (DE-588)4130375-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4028859-6 (DE-588)4114114-3 (DE-588)4130375-1 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Imagining the world from behind the Iron Curtain youth and the global sixties in Poland |
| title_auth | Imagining the world from behind the Iron Curtain youth and the global sixties in Poland |
| title_exact_search | Imagining the world from behind the Iron Curtain youth and the global sixties in Poland |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Imagining the world from behind the Iron Curtain youth and the global sixties in Poland |
| title_full | Imagining the world from behind the Iron Curtain youth and the global sixties in Poland Malgorzata Fidelis |
| title_fullStr | Imagining the world from behind the Iron Curtain youth and the global sixties in Poland Malgorzata Fidelis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Imagining the world from behind the Iron Curtain youth and the global sixties in Poland Malgorzata Fidelis |
| title_short | Imagining the world from behind the Iron Curtain |
| title_sort | imagining the world from behind the iron curtain youth and the global sixties in poland |
| title_sub | youth and the global sixties in Poland |
| topic | Jugend (DE-588)4028859-6 gnd Jugendkultur (DE-588)4114114-3 gnd Gegenkultur (DE-588)4130375-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Jugend Jugendkultur Gegenkultur Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033783534&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033783534&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033783534&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033783534&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fidelismalgorzata imaginingtheworldfrombehindtheironcurtainyouthandtheglobalsixtiesinpoland |