Proselytes of a new nation: Muslim conversions to Orthodox Christianity in modern Greece 1821-1862
"The purpose of this book is to explore the conversion of Muslims to Eastern Orthodox Christianity during the Greek War of Independence and the life of the converts during the Greek War of Independence and the first three decades of the post-independence years (1821-1862). The book looks at the...
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| Language: | English |
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Oxford University Press
[2022]
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| Summary: | "The purpose of this book is to explore the conversion of Muslims to Eastern Orthodox Christianity during the Greek War of Independence and the life of the converts during the Greek War of Independence and the first three decades of the post-independence years (1821-1862). The book looks at the neophytes' relations with the Greek and the Ottoman states, as well as the ways in which the neophytes merged into Greek society. Since Greek national identity is inextricably linked to Greek Orthodoxy, the book discusses the extent to which conversion assisted the neophytes' integration into Greek society. The book aims to delve into the little-researched field of religious conversions in the Balkans in modern times, with emphasis on the conversion of Muslims to Christianity. The Greek case is not the only case in the modern Balkans where Muslims convert to Eastern Christian Orthodoxy. Pomaks, Bulgarian-speaking Muslims, were subjected to forcible conversion during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and in the 1940s, whereas in the Cold War era, the Bulgarian communist authorities initiated programs aimed at religious and ethnic assimilation of Pomaks and Turkish-speaking Muslims. Conversions of Muslims to Christian Orthodoxy also occurred in Serbia, Romania and elsewhere in the Balkans. Yet, while Balkan historiography has focused on the Islamization of Christians in the region during the Ottoman period, it has paid little attention to the inverse process of Christianization of Muslims in the age of nationalism"-- |
| Physical Description: | xv, 225 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780197621752 |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Acknowledgements -- Names and Dates -- Transliteration -- Introduction -- 1. The Greek War of Independence -- 2. Muslims in War and Post-War Hellas -- 3. Muslim Converts to Christian Orthodoxy -- 4. Neophytes in the Kingdom of Hellas -- Conclusion -- References -- Index | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "The purpose of this book is to explore the conversion of Muslims to Eastern Orthodox Christianity during the Greek War of Independence and the life of the converts during the Greek War of Independence and the first three decades of the post-independence years (1821-1862). The book looks at the neophytes' relations with the Greek and the Ottoman states, as well as the ways in which the neophytes merged into Greek society. Since Greek national identity is inextricably linked to Greek Orthodoxy, the book discusses the extent to which conversion assisted the neophytes' integration into Greek society. The book aims to delve into the little-researched field of religious conversions in the Balkans in modern times, with emphasis on the conversion of Muslims to Christianity. The Greek case is not the only case in the modern Balkans where Muslims convert to Eastern Christian Orthodoxy. Pomaks, Bulgarian-speaking Muslims, were subjected to forcible conversion during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and in the 1940s, whereas in the Cold War era, the Bulgarian communist authorities initiated programs aimed at religious and ethnic assimilation of Pomaks and Turkish-speaking Muslims. Conversions of Muslims to Christian Orthodoxy also occurred in Serbia, Romania and elsewhere in the Balkans. Yet, while Balkan historiography has focused on the Islamization of Christians in the region during the Ottoman period, it has paid little attention to the inverse process of Christianization of Muslims in the age of nationalism"-- | |
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Contents Acknowledgments Names and Dates Transliteration Introduction ix xiii xvii 1 1. The Greek War of Independence 24 2. Muslims in War and Postwar Hellas 57 3. Muslim Converts to Christian Orthodoxy 84 4. Neophytes in the Kingdom of Hellas Conclusion Notes References Index 124 157 165 195 215
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Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g„ 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Tables are indicated by t following the page number Abbas 1,8-9 Abbas II, 8-9 abductions, of women bride kidnapping, 139-40 cases of, 141-52 overview, 139-41 testimonies of, 152-53 Abdülmecid I, Sultan, 108,144-45,162 Abel, Karl von, 125 About, Edmond François Valentin, 75 Abu Bakr, Caliph, 8 Acrocorinth, 26,59-60 Acropolis of Athens Greek siege of, 29,30 Ottoman siege of, 40 adoption, 151 Aegean islands, 25,26,33-34,65-66 Ahmet, Ali Mullah Deli, property dispute of, 115-16 Ainian, Georgios, 75 Aion (newspaper), 156 Albanian, as term, xiv Albanian-speaking Muslims in Greek army, 68 Greek War of Independence and, 52,62 as mercenaries, 39,45,59 in rebel areas, 32,46,57-58,138 terminology, xiv Albanis, Dervis Ahmet Ali Aga, daughters of 113-15 Alexander I, Tsar, 29,34-35,37 AU Pasha of Tepelena, 24-25,46,62 Anagnostopoulos, P. A., 149-50,152-53 Anatolia, 10-12,14,71 Andrew (the First-Called Apostle), 53 Androutsos, Odysseas, 37-38 Angelis (neo-martyr), 109-10 Antifonisis (Parios), 46-47 apostates/apostasy, 108-23 death penalty and, 108-9,162 inheritance and property disputes, 22,110, 111-12,113-15 national identity and, 16-18 penalty for female, 108-9 Qur’an on, 108,109-10 treatment of, 14 views of, 162-63 Apostolides, Sophocles Evangelinos, 56 Appellate Court of Athens, 115 Areios Pagos, 80-81 Areopagus, 62 Aristovoulos, Vasilios, 99,102 Armansperg, Ludwig von, 125 Armenopoulos, Konstantinos, 76-77 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 140 Athens as
capital, 71,82 coup of 1843,43-44 Ottoman siege of, 40 atrocities against Muslims, 27-34,61,94-95 against non-MusUms, 30-31,61 Attica Muslims in, 57 property sales and settlements in, 78,79,81, 82,97-98,102,111-12,119,120-21 Autocephalous Church of Greece, xiiixiv, 15-16 autocephaly, 53 autonomy, Greek, 40-42 Aztec Empire, 122 Bakolas, Gogos, 37-38 Balkans, the atrocities against Muslims in, 61,94-95 Christianization of Muslims in, 15 historiography and conversions, 13-20 Islamin, 11-12 name changes, xv religion and nationalism in, 15-18 religious practice vs. rehgious faith in, 14 secularization and modernization, 16 “Balkan Sprachbund,” 52-53
216 INDEX Balkan Wars (1912-1913), 19-20,61 baptism, 85,87-88,89-94,133-34,153-54 Basil II, 7 Battle of Dragatsani (1821), 25 Bektash, Alevi Wali Haji, 11-12 Bektashism, 11-12,57,86-87 Belgrade, uprising and atrocities at, 61 Bentham, Jeremy, 67 Bey, Hadji Ismail, 97-98,112-13,146 Bezmiâlem Sultan, 144 Bon, Vassilios, 141-46 borders, Greek, 41-43 Boris, Khan, 5-6 Bosnia, Islam in, 11 Bosnian Church, 11 Boyer, Jean-Pierre, 36-37 bride kidnapping, 139-40 bride price, 140-41 Britain diplomatic interventions, 75,76,82 negotiations of treaties, 40-41,42-44,70-71 support for Greek War of Independence, 36, 37,40-41 See also Great European Powers British East India Company, 122 Bulgaria Christianization of, 5-7 conversions to Islam in, 17-18 nationalism, 54 Principality of, 160 Bulgarian, as term, xiv Bulgarian Church, 6-7 Bulgarian-speaking Muslims, 22 Bulliet, Richard, 160-61 Byron, Lord, 35-36 The Isles of Greece, 35 Byzantine Empire Bulgaria and, 5-7 forced conversions of Jews, 3-4 Kievan Rus’ and, 7 revival of, 47-49 Canning, George, 37,40-41 Castlereagh, Viscount, 34,37 Catherine the Great, 47-48 Celik, Mehmet, 19 Chalkida abduction and conversion of Muslim women in, 141-46 Court of First Instance, 143-45,146-47,149-50 mosques and Sufi sanctuaries in, 57,73,76 Muslim-owned real estate in, 76 Muslims in, 72-73,157 Chalkokondyles, Demetrios, 44-45 Charlemagne, 3,5 Charles II (king of Naples), 3-4 Charles X (king of France), 42-43 children in adopted Greek Orthodox families, 84-85, 96-99,101 baptism of, 84-85 conversion, 159 faith of, 136-37 Chios atrocities against Muslims in,
33-34 massacre of Greek Orthodox in, 26-27, 34-35,36 Christianity/Christian crypto-Christians, 2,9-10,86-87,136-37,139 Greek national identity and, 64-65 in international treaties, 70-71 as majority religion, 3 persecution of, 3 as term, xiii-xiv See also Orthodox Christianity Christianization, 5,15. See also conversion, religious Christian Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, 93-94 Chronos (newspaper), 154,155-56 Church, Sir Richard, 40 Church of St. Nicholas, 73 citizenship, 68-69 civil law, 76-77,121-23 Cochrane, Lord, 40 “Concerning Religion” (Negris), 64-65 concubines, 89,132,140-41,148,159 Congress of Paris (1856), 69-70 Congress ofVienna (1814), 34,51,69-70 Constantine 1,3 Constantinople, xv, 48-49,53,71 Fall of (1453), 44-45 Constitution (1832), 43-44 Constitution (1844), 80,127 constitutions, 64,68-70 first provisional constitution (1822), 64,91-92 Politikon Syntagma tis Ellados (1827) 28, 43-44,64 second provisional (Nomos tis Epidavrou, 1823), 64-65,153 Convention of Istanbul (1881), 69-70 conversion, religious context of, 16,84-89,161 covertly faithful to original faith, 2,5,9-10, 86-87,139
INDEX forced, 2, 3-5,8-9,12,16,94-95,132,158, 159,161-62 “free will” and, 101-2,158-60 Greco-Ottoman diplomatic relations and, 162 integration into Greek society and, 160-61 to Islam, 10-12,86-87 under Islamic rule, 8-12 national identity and, 160,161-62 overview of, 2 procedures, 94-95 reasons and motivation for, 2,84,85,159-61 religious practice vs. religious faith and, 14 spectrum of “voluntary” and “forced,” 158,159 as survival strategy, 101-2,152-53,159-60 symbolic meaning of, 153-54,162-63 voluntary, 2,86-87,157,158,159 Cordington, Edward, 40-41 Corinth, surrender of, 59 Crete, 16-17,136 Crimean War, 75 crypto-Christians, 2,9-10,86-87,136-37,139 crypto-Jews, 2,5,9-10 crypto-Muslims, 2,5 Cyprus, conversions to Islam in, 12 Cyril (Byzantine monk), 5,6-7 Cyrillic alphabet, 6-7 Dagović, Kristo, 52 Damascinos (Christian Orthodox monk), 14 Daniil, 53-54 Danubian principalities, revolt in, 25,29 Delacroix, Eugène, The Massacre ofChios, 36 Deligiannis, Kanellos, 39 dervishes (Sufi ministrants), 10-11 devşirme, 9,13 dhimmi. See “People of the Book” (dhimmï) Dikaios, Grigorios, 65,66 documentation lost or destroyed, 107-8 missing family members and, 101-2 See also registries, of neophytes Dominican inquisitors, 3-4 Dönmeh, 10 dowries of neophyte women, 112-13,126,158-60 property as, 124,132-33 Dragoumis, Nikolalos, 92 Dritsakos, Youpis, 63-64 Easter Crisis conflicts (1875-1878), 61 Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 5,53-54,87-88. See aho Orthodox Christianity 217 Ebussuud (sheik-ul-lslam), 108-9 Ecumenical Patriarchate. See Orthodox Christian Patriarchate of Constantinople Edict
of Milan (313), 3 Edict of Thessalonica (380), 3 education, 7,47-48,49,51,73,154 “Eilines” as term, 54-55,56,64,65,69 See also Hellenes/Hellenism emigration ofMuslims to Ottoman Empire, 59-61, 71, 73-74,80-81,141,162 of neophytes, 72-75,101 Enlightenment European (Age of), 46-47 Modern Greek (Neo-Hellenic), 46-48 ethnikesgaies (national estates), 103-4 amount ofland granted as, 127,128 ceded to neophytes, 103-8,117-18,12631,159-60 factors considered in granting, 126-27 false claims and falsified documents, 128,134-35 income and, 106,107,126,128-29,130 policies and royal decrees, 105-6,107,126-27 political support for petitions, 128-31 as public assets, 78-79 sale of ceded, 105-6 ethnos, xiv-xv, 55 Euboea Muslims in, 23,67-68,69,71,72-73,157 property disputes and settlements in, 76-77, 82,110-13,121-22,146-47 regency’s measures in, 74-75 Europe philhellenic committees in, 36 support for Greek War of Independence, 3435,36,40-41,42-43 See ako Great European Powers European Enlightenment, 49,67 Everett, Edward, 35 Examining Committee on Ottoman Land Properties, 79,81 Executive (ektelestiko) on baptism of neophytes, 89,90-93 disagreements with Parliament, 92 exodus, Muslim, 72-75 families missing members, 96-102 obstacles to reunification, 96 response to conversion, 110 sources and documentation, 101-2
218 INDEX Panari, Muslims of, 58,84-85,88 Fasıl Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier, 9 Feraios, Rigas, 48 “Thourios” (War Song), 48 Fighifor the Faith and the Motherland (Ypsilants), 24 Filiki Etaireia (Society of Friends), 24-25,48-49 Filos tou Notnou, 64-65 Finlay, George, 27-29,32-33,40 First Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church (325, Nicaea), 3 First World War ( 1914-1918), 61 forced conversion to Christian Orthodoxy, 3-4,5,94-95,132, 158,159,161-62 to Islam, 8-9,12,16,94 See also conversion, religious Fotiadis, I., 151-52 France, 40-41 expeditionary troops, 42,60-61 French Revolution, 42-43,48,49 freedom, of religious belief, 50,67,115,146,158 French Revolution, 42-43,48,49 Fthiotida, 74 Gastouni, 86-87,88,139 Gaul, 3-4 Gekas, Mustafa, 62-63 gender, of neophytes, 23,132 Gennadius Scholarios, xiii-xiv genos (nation), xiv-xv, 46-47,55 Germanos of Patra (Metropolitan Bishop), 28,31-32 Ghazi, Hassan, 45 Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad, 8 Glagolitic alphabet, 5,6-7 Golitsyn, Alexander (Prince) ,36 Gordon, Thomas, 26-27,33,38 Gouras, Yannis, 37-38 “Graikoi/Graikos,” as term, 49,54-55 Gratian (Roman emperor), 3 graves, destruction of Muslim, 73 Great Eastern Crisis (1875-1878), 94-95, 121,123 Great European Powers bias against Islam and Ottoman Empire, 7071,140,156 Greek War of Independence and, 34,36 intercessions on behalf of neophytes, 128-90 revolts in Italy and Spain and, 24-25 Greco-Ottoman bilateral agreements, 82 Greco-Ottoman Committee (1836), 7981,82-83 adjudication ofproperty disputes and transactions, 79-80,110-14 reduction and cessation of, 80-81 Greco-Ottoman Committee on
Disputed Forests, 81 Grecophone, as term, xiii-xiv, 55 Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922,19-20,61 Greece as constitutional monarchy, 43-44,80,127 cultural hegemony, 53-54 independence of, 18,39,41-42 influence of civilization, 50,55 as kingdom, 41-42 map of territorial expansion, 42-43 See also Kingdom of Hellas Greek, as term, xiii-xiv Greek army, Muslims serving in, 68,71 ֊72 Greek Catholic Church, 15 Greek Civil War (1823-1825), 39,59-60 Greek courts, property disputes and, SO81,116-17 Greek insurgents motives of, 51-52 negotiations and agreements with Muslims, 37-38,59,62 treatment of collaborators, 38 See also Greek War of Independence Greek language Greek national identity and, 56,64-65, 83,153 Katharevousa, 35 Koine Greek, xiii-xiv, 1-2,53-54,55 prestige of, 53-54 Greek national identity/nationality definition of, 64,83 language and, 56,64-65,83,153 religion and, 64-67,101,153 terminology, 54-55 Greek nationaUsm Megali Idea, 71-72 rise of, 46-52 Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople. See Orthodox Christian Patriarchate of Constantinople “Greek Question,” 40-41,42-43 Greek Royal Secretariat of Foreign Affairs, 14648,149-50,151-52 Greek War of Independence (1821-1832),!, 15-16,18 accounts of, 157 atrocities against Jews, 61 atrocities against Muslims, 27-34 beginnings of, 25-26
INDEX economic impact of, 102-3 European support for, 34-40 financing of, 35-36 Greek merchants and, 50 impact on Muslims and other religious groups, 57-58,61 intelligentsia on, 16,50,51-52 international reaction to, 34-37 motives for, 46 Muslims who supported, 62-63 naval warfare, 26 Ottoman reaction to, 26-27 outcome of, 39-44 in perspective, 44-46 shifting loyalties in, 37-38 turmoil of postwar period, 121,127,158 Grigorios V (Patriarch of Constantinople) execution of, 26-27,29,34-35,37 mistreatment of corpse, 61 Gypsis, as term, xiv Haierists. See Filiki Etaireia (Society of Friends) Haiti, support for Greek War of Independence, 36-37 Halveti tradition, 57,86-87 Hazife (case of abduction), 151-52 Hellenes (“Ellinas”), xiii-xiv, 49,54-55,56,65 Christian Orthodoxy and, 54-55,153-54 status and, 64 “Hellenic Republic,” 48. See also Kingdom of Hellas heretics, 3 Hexabiblos, 76-77 Hilendarski, Paisiy, 54 History of Greecefrom Its Conquest by the Romans to the Present Time, A (Finlay), 29 History ofthe Greek Revolution (Finlay), 28-29 honor killing, 140-41 Howe, Samuel Gridley, 35-36 Huseyn, Sultan, 8-9 Hydra, atrocities against Muslims in, 33-34 Iberian Peninsula, 3-4,5 Ibrahim I, Sultan, 9,12 Ibrahim Pasha French expeditionary troops against, 42 invasion by, 38,39,59-60,102-3,162-63 prisoners of war and, 59-60 siege of Messolonghi, 40,85-86 Idrizis, Mustafa, 73-74 Igemonikon Syntagma tis Ellados (Hegemonic Constitutions of Greece), 43-44 Ignjatovič, Jaša, 17-18 219 India, legal pluralism in, 122 inheritance rights female family members and, 111-12,118-19 loss of,
23,103-4,111-14 property disputes and, 110-11,113-15 Innocent II (Pope), 3-4 integration, into Greek society, 154-55,160-61 lossif, Bishop of Androusa, 90 Islam in Balkans, 17-18 in Bosnia, 11 buildings, 73 conversions to, 8-11,13-14 European bias against, 70-71 mysticism, 10-12 restrictions on customs, practices, and traditions, 73 as universal religion, 9-10 See also Muslims Islamization, 12 re-Islamization, 85-86,120-21,162-63 Islamized Orthodox Christians, conversions to Christian Orthodoxy, 88-89,138-39 Isles of Greece, The (Byron), 35 Ismail I (founder of the Safavid dynasty), 8-9 Istanbul, xv, 41 -42,53,71. See also Constantinople Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya (Hilendarski), 54 Italian Carbonari, 34,48-49 Ivan the Terrible, 4 Jefferson, Thomas, correspondence with Kotais, 49 Jews abductions ofJewish women, 150-51 atrocities against, 61 crypto-Jews, 2,5,9-10 discrimination against, 67 emancipation of, 18-19 forced conversions of, 3-4,5 Joint Greco-Ottoman Committee, 78,103-4, 110-12,113-14,115,116,118-19,146-47 Joseph II (Habsburg emperor), 50 Judicial Committee on Ottoman Land Estates, 79 jus ad bellum (law of war), 103 jus sanguinis (right of blood), 69 jus soli (birthright citizenship), 68-69 Kalamata, 30,57-58 Kalavryta, 30,57-58 Kalliopi (Refye), abduction and conversion of, 141-46
220 INDEX Kanaris, Konstantinos, 131 Kapodistrias, Ioannis, 23,34,42,70-71,96,100 assassination of, 42-43,107-8 bills and proposals on ethnikesgaies, 106,107, 125-26,130 cession of ethnikes gates to neophytes, 104-7 neophytes’ letters and petitions to, 1035,110-11 prisoners of war and, 59-60 on protection ofMuslims in Greece, 60-61 recovery after the war and, 102-3 Kara Ali (Kapudan Pasha), 26-27,33-34 Karaiskakis, Georgios, 37-38 Katartzis, Dimitrios, 54-55 Katsonis, Lambros, 45-46,47-48 Kiev, mass baptism in, 4,7 Kievan Rus’, Christianization of, 7 Kingdom of Hellas, 18,22-23,42-43,56 Bavarian rulers of, 56 civil code of, 76-77 legal environment of, 83,121-23 map (1832-1863), 43-44 minority rights in, 18-19 Muslims in, 67-72,157 population of, 57,67-68 state administration, 72-73 turmoil of postwar period, 121,127 Kızılbaş tradition, 57 Kolettis, Ioannis, 39,71,141 Kollyvades movement, 46-47 Kolokotronis, Theodoros, 33,38,39 Kontostavlos, Alexandros, 63-64 Korals, Adamantios, 35,49,67 Kosmas the Aetolian, 53-54 Kossuth de Udvard et Kossuthfalva, Lajos (Louis Kossuth), 18-19 Kostaki Musurus Pasha. See Mousouros, Konstantinos Kountouriotis, Georgios, 39 Lagoumtzis, Kostas, 111-13 Lagrené, Théodore de, 128-29 Lakonia, registries of neophytes in, 124,132, 133-34,133t, 135,136-38,139,154-55 language Muslims and, 57 national identity and, 64-65 See also Greek language legal dualism/pluralism, 121-22,123 Leopold, Prince of Saxe-Cobourg and Gotha, 41-43 Licinius, 3 Livadia, 45-46,85-86,89 Loidorikis, Panagiotis N., 132,135 London Philhellenic Committee, 36 London Protocol (1829),
41-42 London Protocol (1830), 41-42,69-71,121-22 on ethnikes gaies, 104-5 Muslim emigration to Ottoman Empire, 79,96 Samos excluded, 74 status and rights of Christians, 70-71 status and rights ofMuslims, 68-69,74-75 Londos, Andreas, 39 Louis the German, 5-6 Ludwig I (king of Bavaria), 72,125 Macedonia, 25,26 Magaraševič, Georgije, 17-18 Mahmud Dramali Pasha, 29 Mahmud II, Sultan, 24-25,38,46 Mahmud of Ghazni, 8 Maison, Nicholas Joseph, 42,60-61 Makriyannis, Yannis, 39 Mani/Maniots, 45 Marranos, 5 marriage by abduction or capture, 121,140-41 children of mixed, 85,99 conversion and, 138,139,154,158-59,160 dowries of neophytes and, 112-13,120,124, 132-33,159-60 mixed religion, 12,87-89,93,97,136-37, 139,147-48,154-55,158-59 relocation and, 137 martyrs, 109. See also neo-martyrs Massacre ofChios, The (Delacroix), 36 Massacre of Verden (782), 3 massacres, 26-27,29,30,33-35,36,61 Maurer, Georg Ludwig von, 72,125 Mavrokordatos, Alexandros, 39,62,14445,146 Mavromichalis, Petrobey, 42-43 Mavrommatis, Nikolaos, 1 Megali Idea, 71-72 Mehmed, Kadizade, 9 Mehmet, Dervis, 62-63 Meis (Kizilhisar), 45-46 men, number of neophyte, 132, 154-55,155t merchants/mercantile class, 50,51 Messolonghi, siege and fell of, 40,85-86 Methodius (Byzantine monk), 5 Metternich, Klemens von (Prince), 34 Miaoulis, Andreas, 26 Michael III (Byzantine emperor), 5,6 military personnel, housed with Muslim families, 74-75
INDEX Miller, Jonathan, 35-36 millet-iRûm (Roman nation), 26-27,55, 56,65-66 Hellenization of, 53-54 terminology, 26-27 minority rights, 18-19 missing family members, 96-102 cases, 96-100,101-2 Mizrahi, Rika, abduction of daughter of, 150-51 modernization, 16,94,162 Monastiriotis, R, 101 Monemvasia atrocities at, 30-31 Muslim converts to Christian Orthodoxy in, 86-88,137-38,139 Muslim departure from, 59,60-61,87 Moravia, 5-6 Christianizations of Slavic populations of, 5 Morean war (1684-1699), 44-45 Moreas massacre ofMuslims, 27-29 revolt in, 25,27-28 See also Peloponnese Moriscos (“Secret Moors” or crypto Muslims), 5 mosques demolished or converted, 73 Ottoman funding of repairs, 76 Mourousi, Constantine, 26-27 Mourtarochoria Muslims of, 58,87-88 neophytes in, 87-89 Mousouros, Konstantinos (Ottoman ambassador), 117-18,142-43,144-45, 148,149-50 Muhammad, Prophet, 8,94,108,140 Muhammad Ah, 38,40-41 Muhammad of Ghor, 8 Muslim converts to Christian Orthodoxy. See neophytes Muslim properties, 72-73,76-83,134 compensation for lost, 63-64,103,126-31 information and records, 78,134-35 Ottoman land law and, 77-78 seizure of, 78-79,103 See abo ethnikes gaies (national estates); property disputes Muslims atrocities against, 27-34,61,94-95,157 children in Greek Orthodox families, 84-85, 96-99,101 crypto-Muslims, 2,5 discrimination against, 67 221 displacement or relocation, 58,137 emigration to Ottoman Empire, 59-61,71, 73-74,80-81,141,162 employment of, 90 exposure to non-Islamic lifestyles, 73 Greek citizenship and national identity, 62֊ 67,68-69 in Kingdom of Hellas, 57,67-72
legal framework for, 69-70 massacres of, 27-31,32-34,157 political status, 64 population and ethnic composition, 57, 67-68,157 in rebel areas, 57-61 relations with Christian Orthodox Christians, 58,59,87-88 rights of, 18-19,68-69,76-77 serving in Greek army, 68,71-72,83 serving in Greek War of Independence, 62-63,157 terms for, 69 views and treatment of, 52,71-72,83 See also Islam; neophytes Muslim women abduction and conversion of, 89,121,132, 140-46,159-60 baptism of, 91-92,93 dress, 73 punishment of apostate, 108-9 remaining with Christian Orthodox husbands and families, 99-100 See also gender; marriage Nafplio, 39 during insurgence, 57-58,59 neophytes in, 104-5 registries of, 107-8,124,125-26,132,13334,133t, 135,136-38,139,154-55 Nakşibendi tradition, 57 nation, terminology and, xiv-xv, 55,66 National Assembly First, 62 Second, 64-65,66 Third, 28,92 Fifth, 43-44,103-4,107 nationalism Balkans, 16-18 Greek, 46-52 religious conversion and, 16-18,161-62 revolutionary, 48 nationalized lands. See ethnikes gaies (national estates) naval warfare, 26
222 INDEX Navarino atrocities at, 30-31 battle of, 40-41 fall of, 39 Muslim departure from, 58,60-61 Negris, Theodoros, 64-66 “Concerning Religion,” 64-65 Nenekos, Dimitrios, 38 Neocaesareus, Nathaneal. See Parios, Athanasios neo-martyrs, 109-10 neophytes in adopted Greek Orthodox families, 96-100 ages of, 133-34,133t attitudes towards, 92-93,155-56,162-63 baptism, 89-94 compensation for lost property, 63-64, 103,126-31 disputes with family members, 110-21 economic and social status, 102-3,134,135, 153-56,161,163 exodus and emigration, 72-75,101 family status, 155t gender apportionment, 132 integration into Greek society, 15455,160-61 names of, 136 ordination of, 156 origins of, 88,136-38 population of, 124,125 professions and occupations, 135,155-56 profiles of, 132-39 registries of, 124-25,133-34,135-36 relocation and displacement, 137-38 rights of, 91-92,110-11,126,153 sources ofinformation about, 1,21,134-35 terminology and definition, 1-2,69,154-55 See also conversion, religious Nero, 3 Nicholas I, Tsar, 40-41 Nomos tis Epidavrou (second provisional constitution, 1823), 64-65,153 Northern Crusades, 4 novices, 1-2 obituaries, of neophytes, 154 Old Church Slavonic, 5,6-7 Orlov revolt (1770), 26,45,47-48,86-87 Orthodox Christianity/Christians conversion to, 19-20,92,153 on conversion to Islam, 12,86-87 as dominant religion, 68,83 insurgence and, 22-23,26-27,52 linguistic divisions, 52-53 Muslims and, 58,59,74,87-88 national identity and, 15-16,46,49,52-53, 55,56,64,83,101,153-54 under Ottoman rule, 44-45 asterm,xiii-xiv Orthodox Christian Patriarchate of Constantinople,
xiii-xv, 15-16,53,56 O Sotir (newspaper), 156 Otto (King), 18,19-20,69,72,76,80,124 Regency council of, 125 Ottoman Empire apostasy under, 14,17-18 Conquest (1453), xili-xiv, 11-12 European bias against, 70-71 interventions on behalf of Muslims in Greece, 76 Islam and Islamization under, 9-12,1314,15-16 insurgent incidents against, 44-45,46 military, 39,47-48 non-Muslim groups in, xiii-xiv, 9,14 terminology and, 69 war with Qajar Persia, 24-25,39 Ottoman kin-state, 76 Ottoman Land Code (1858), 77-78 Ottoman law on apostasy, 108,110,111-14,115 in Greek legal environment, 77-78,8283,121-23 on inheritance rights, 103-4,110-14, 115,118-19 land law, 76-78,79 on mixed marriages, 147-48 Ottoman Porte, 26-27,34-35,39,4041,42-43 Ottoman-Venetian war (1684-1699), 44-45 Otto of Wittelsbach (Prince), 43-44 pagans/pagan religions, 3,7,8 Paikos. Andronikos, 148,150 Paine, Thomas, Rights ofMan, 48 Palamidis, Rigas, 132-33,141-42 Palmerston, Lord, 43-44 Parios, Athanasios, Antifonisis, 46-47 Parkas, Dimistrios, 52 Parliament (Vouleftikon) on baptism of Muslim converts, 90,92 disagreements with Executive, 92 Patra, Muslims in, 57-58 patriarchy, 93,140 Pavlos (neo-martyr), 109-10 Peace Convention of Athens (1913), 74
INDEX Peloponnese Ibrahim Pasha invasion of, 38,39,42,60,8586,102-3,162-63 insurgence in, 24-25,26,30, 32,39,40-41, 44-45,57-58,59,60-61,110,121-22 population of neophytes in, 125 turmoil in, 44-45,52 Peloponnesian Senate, on baptism of neophytes, 89-90 “People of the Book” (dhimm։), 8,162 conversions and, 9-11,12 Perdicaris, Gregory, 72-73 Peri ton Ellinikon Symferonton (Concerning Hellenic Interests) (Korais),67 Peter the Great, Tsar, 47-48 Petrovna, Elizabeth (Empress of Russia), 4 Phanariots, 26-27,49-50,51,53 hospodars (princes), 25,49-50 philhellenism/philhellenes, 34-40 committees, 36 monument in Nafplio, 35-36 Muslim, 157 support for Greek War of Independence, 36 volunteers joining insurgents, 35-36 Philippe, Louis (Duke of Orléans), 42-43 Phillips, W. Alison, 27-28,32-33,157 Philosophos, Dionysios, 44-45 Phocas Bardas, 7 Phrantzes, Amvrosios, 30, 31-32 phyle, as term, xiv-xv Pittaris, Ioannis, 74-75 place names, changes to, xv Plapoutas, General, 134-35 Politikon Syntagma tis Ellados (Political Constitution of Greece, 1827), 28,43-44,64 Pomaks, xiv, 22 Porphyrogenita, Anna, 7 Pouqueville, François, 87-88 poverty, 102-3,135 prisoners of war, 59-60 Promptuarium. See Hexabiblos property compensation for neophytes“ lost, 63-64, 103,126-31 conversion to Islam and, 9,11,22,110,11112,113-15 evkaf, 9,77-78,79 Muslim, 72-73,76-83,134-35 rights, 23,77-78,110-14,121-22,126 See also ethnikesgaies (national estates); Muslim properties property disputes adjudication of, 22,79-81,82-83,103-4,110-11 223 cases of, 22,23,110-21,162-63 family members and, 112-13,117-20 frustrations
with, 115-17 Greco-Ottoman bilateral agreements, 82 Greco-Ottoman Committee and, 79-81 in Greek courts, 81 Ottoman land law and, 77-78 proselytism, 2 ProsorinonPolitevma tis Ellados (1822) (first provisional constitution), 64, 91-92 Protocol of St. Petersburg, 40-41 provisional government, 39,41-42,45-46 Pruth River Campaign. See Russo-Ottoman War of 1710-1711 Psyllas, Georgios, 75 Qur’an on apostasy, 108,109-10 on forced conversion, 8,9 rape, 140-41,159-60 Reform Edict (1856), 94-95 refugees, 36,59,102-3 Samian, 74-75,91-92 Regency (1832-1835), 125 on neophytes, 124,125-26,146 registries, of neophytes, 124-26,132,133-34, 135,136-38,154-55 re-Islamization, 85-86,120-21,162-63 religion diversity, 18 Greek nationality and, 64-67,101,153 politics and, 2-3 syncretism, 14,88,160-61 See also Islam; Orthodox Christianity/ Christians religious conversion. See conversion Ridda, wars ofthe, 8 rights apostasy and loss of, 23,103-4,111-14 of Greeks, 64-65,91-92 inheritance, 23,103-4,110-12, ИЗ14,118-19 minority, 18-19,69-70 of Muslims in Greece, 68-71,72-73,74-75 of neophytes, 91-92,110-11,153 property, 23,77-78,110-14,121-22,126 of religious freedom, 69-70,74-75,123,146 Rights ofMan (Paine), 48 Rigny, Henri de, 40-41 Roma, xiv, 22 Roman Catholics, 65-66 Roman Empire, Christianity in, 3
224 INDEX Romanticism, 34-35 “Romioi/Romaioi” (Romans), 49,53-55,56,65 Rostislav (Prince of Moravia), 5 Roúmeli insurgence in, 25,26,37-38,39,40, 42,51-52 legal dualism of, 123 Muslims in, 57 neophytes in, 23 property disputes and settlements in, 76-77, 79-80,82,110-13,121-22 Rûm, as term, xiii-xiv Ruse (Bulgaria), 95,160 Russia, 36,39,40-41,45,47-48 Russo-Ottoman Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), 140 Russo-Ottoman wars, 41-42,45-46,47-48 Sagias, Athanasios (Nenekos’s relative and Kolokotronis’s friend), 38 St. Foteini, massacre at, 31 Saint Nicodemus the Hagiorite, 109 Samaritans of Palestine, 8 Samos, 26,74 refugees, 74-75,91-92 Saxons, forced conversion of, 3 Saxon Wars (772-804), 3 schools, 47-48,73. See also education Sclerus Bardas, 7 Selim I, Sultan, 9,12 Selim III, Sultan, 61 Serbia, 15,17-18 Serbian Revolution (1804-1817), 121 Seyyid Ali Pasha, 109-10 sharia law in Greek legal framework, 76-77,82-83, 121-22,123 on prisoners ofwar, 59-60 property disputes and, 22,77-78,82-83 Sheik-ul-Islam, 9,33-34 Shestiknizhia. SeeHexabiblos Shi’ite Islam, 57 Sikander Shah Miri, 8 Skoufas, Nikolaos, 48-49 slavery, 9,26-27,40,59-60 Slavic languages, 7 Smyrna, massacre at, 26-27,31 Smyrnaios, Mustafa Hodja, 146-48 Spanish Inquisition, 5 Sufism, 10-11,57,86-87 Suleyman Aga, Emine, and children, 117-18 Summary ofthe History ofReborn Greece (Phrantzes), 31-32 Sunni Islam, 8-9,57,108 Symvoulio tis Epikrateias, 79-80 Tanzimat reforms, 18,70-71,94-95,162 taxation, 9,11-12,86-87 tithe tax, 106,126 Tefik, Ahmet, 68 Theocharis, N. G„ 116 Theodosius 1,3 Theodosius II, 3 Thessaly,
25,44-45,69-70,83 “Thourios" (War Song) (Feraios), 48 trade, 47-48,50. See also merchants/ mercantile class treaties, international legal framework for Muslims in, 69-70 rights ofMuslims in, 74-75 See also specific treaties Treaty of Berlin (1878), 160 Treaty of Kalender Köşk (1832), 42-43,68-70, 74-75,79-80, НО, 111-12,121-22 Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji (1774), 47-48,50 Treaty of London (1827), 40-41 Treaty ofthe Holy Alliance, 29,34,51 Trikoupis, Charilaos, 141 Tripolitsa massacre at, 32-33,61 siege and fall of, 26,57-58,59,84-85,137 Tsakalov, Athanasios, 48-49 Turkish-speaking Muslims, 22,57-58 Türk, as term, xiv, 69 ulama (Muslim scholars), 10-11 United States philhellenic committees in, 36 support for Greek War of Independence in, 35 Valentinian II (Co-emperor of Theodosius I), 3 van Heiden, Lodewijk, 40-41 Varnakiotis, Georgios, 37-38 Venice, 44-45 virginity, 140-41 Vlachs, xiv Vladimir (ruler of Kievan Rus’), 4,7 Vladimirescu, Tudor, 25 von Prokesch-Osten (diplomat) 59-60 Vouleftikon. See Parliament (Vouleftikon) Voulgaris, Eugenios, 46-47,55 Vrachori, massacre at, 30,61
INDEX Wellesley, Arthur, 40-41 women and girls abduction and conversion of, 16,23,13953,159 number of neophyte, 132,154-55 role in society, 140 Xanthos, Emannuil, 48-49 Ypsilantis, Alexander, 24,25,29,46 Ypsilantis, Dimitrios, 39,92 Ypsilantis, Nicholas, 25 Yûsuf Pasha, 57-58 Zevi, Sabbatai, 10 Zhivkov, Todor, 17-18 Zografos, Konstantinos, 72,147-48 Bayerische , Staatsbibliothek München 225 |
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Contents Acknowledgments Names and Dates Transliteration Introduction ix xiii xvii 1 1. The Greek War of Independence 24 2. Muslims in War and Postwar Hellas 57 3. Muslim Converts to Christian Orthodoxy 84 4. Neophytes in the Kingdom of Hellas Conclusion Notes References Index 124 157 165 195 215
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Index For the benefit ofdigital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g„ 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages. Tables are indicated by t following the page number Abbas 1,8-9 Abbas II, 8-9 abductions, of women bride kidnapping, 139-40 cases of, 141-52 overview, 139-41 testimonies of, 152-53 Abdülmecid I, Sultan, 108,144-45,162 Abel, Karl von, 125 About, Edmond François Valentin, 75 Abu Bakr, Caliph, 8 Acrocorinth, 26,59-60 Acropolis of Athens Greek siege of, 29,30 Ottoman siege of, 40 adoption, 151 Aegean islands, 25,26,33-34,65-66 Ahmet, Ali Mullah Deli, property dispute of, 115-16 Ainian, Georgios, 75 Aion (newspaper), 156 Albanian, as term, xiv Albanian-speaking Muslims in Greek army, 68 Greek War of Independence and, 52,62 as mercenaries, 39,45,59 in rebel areas, 32,46,57-58,138 terminology, xiv Albanis, Dervis Ahmet Ali Aga, daughters of 113-15 Alexander I, Tsar, 29,34-35,37 AU Pasha of Tepelena, 24-25,46,62 Anagnostopoulos, P. A., 149-50,152-53 Anatolia, 10-12,14,71 Andrew (the First-Called Apostle), 53 Androutsos, Odysseas, 37-38 Angelis (neo-martyr), 109-10 Antifonisis (Parios), 46-47 apostates/apostasy, 108-23 death penalty and, 108-9,162 inheritance and property disputes, 22,110, 111-12,113-15 national identity and, 16-18 penalty for female, 108-9 Qur’an on, 108,109-10 treatment of, 14 views of, 162-63 Apostolides, Sophocles Evangelinos, 56 Appellate Court of Athens, 115 Areios Pagos, 80-81 Areopagus, 62 Aristovoulos, Vasilios, 99,102 Armansperg, Ludwig von, 125 Armenopoulos, Konstantinos, 76-77 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 140 Athens as
capital, 71,82 coup of 1843,43-44 Ottoman siege of, 40 atrocities against Muslims, 27-34,61,94-95 against non-MusUms, 30-31,61 Attica Muslims in, 57 property sales and settlements in, 78,79,81, 82,97-98,102,111-12,119,120-21 Autocephalous Church of Greece, xiiixiv, 15-16 autocephaly, 53 autonomy, Greek, 40-42 Aztec Empire, 122 Bakolas, Gogos, 37-38 Balkans, the atrocities against Muslims in, 61,94-95 Christianization of Muslims in, 15 historiography and conversions, 13-20 Islamin, 11-12 name changes, xv religion and nationalism in, 15-18 religious practice vs. rehgious faith in, 14 secularization and modernization, 16 “Balkan Sprachbund,” 52-53
216 INDEX Balkan Wars (1912-1913), 19-20,61 baptism, 85,87-88,89-94,133-34,153-54 Basil II, 7 Battle of Dragatsani (1821), 25 Bektash, Alevi Wali Haji, 11-12 Bektashism, 11-12,57,86-87 Belgrade, uprising and atrocities at, 61 Bentham, Jeremy, 67 Bey, Hadji Ismail, 97-98,112-13,146 Bezmiâlem Sultan, 144 Bon, Vassilios, 141-46 borders, Greek, 41-43 Boris, Khan, 5-6 Bosnia, Islam in, 11 Bosnian Church, 11 Boyer, Jean-Pierre, 36-37 bride kidnapping, 139-40 bride price, 140-41 Britain diplomatic interventions, 75,76,82 negotiations of treaties, 40-41,42-44,70-71 support for Greek War of Independence, 36, 37,40-41 See also Great European Powers British East India Company, 122 Bulgaria Christianization of, 5-7 conversions to Islam in, 17-18 nationalism, 54 Principality of, 160 Bulgarian, as term, xiv Bulgarian Church, 6-7 Bulgarian-speaking Muslims, 22 Bulliet, Richard, 160-61 Byron, Lord, 35-36 The Isles of Greece, 35 Byzantine Empire Bulgaria and, 5-7 forced conversions of Jews, 3-4 Kievan Rus’ and, 7 revival of, 47-49 Canning, George, 37,40-41 Castlereagh, Viscount, 34,37 Catherine the Great, 47-48 Celik, Mehmet, 19 Chalkida abduction and conversion of Muslim women in, 141-46 Court of First Instance, 143-45,146-47,149-50 mosques and Sufi sanctuaries in, 57,73,76 Muslim-owned real estate in, 76 Muslims in, 72-73,157 Chalkokondyles, Demetrios, 44-45 Charlemagne, 3,5 Charles II (king of Naples), 3-4 Charles X (king of France), 42-43 children in adopted Greek Orthodox families, 84-85, 96-99,101 baptism of, 84-85 conversion, 159 faith of, 136-37 Chios atrocities against Muslims in,
33-34 massacre of Greek Orthodox in, 26-27, 34-35,36 Christianity/Christian crypto-Christians, 2,9-10,86-87,136-37,139 Greek national identity and, 64-65 in international treaties, 70-71 as majority religion, 3 persecution of, 3 as term, xiii-xiv See also Orthodox Christianity Christianization, 5,15. See also conversion, religious Christian Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople, 93-94 Chronos (newspaper), 154,155-56 Church, Sir Richard, 40 Church of St. Nicholas, 73 citizenship, 68-69 civil law, 76-77,121-23 Cochrane, Lord, 40 “Concerning Religion” (Negris), 64-65 concubines, 89,132,140-41,148,159 Congress of Paris (1856), 69-70 Congress ofVienna (1814), 34,51,69-70 Constantine 1,3 Constantinople, xv, 48-49,53,71 Fall of (1453), 44-45 Constitution (1832), 43-44 Constitution (1844), 80,127 constitutions, 64,68-70 first provisional constitution (1822), 64,91-92 Politikon Syntagma tis Ellados (1827) 28, 43-44,64 second provisional (Nomos tis Epidavrou, 1823), 64-65,153 Convention of Istanbul (1881), 69-70 conversion, religious context of, 16,84-89,161 covertly faithful to original faith, 2,5,9-10, 86-87,139
INDEX forced, 2, 3-5,8-9,12,16,94-95,132,158, 159,161-62 “free will” and, 101-2,158-60 Greco-Ottoman diplomatic relations and, 162 integration into Greek society and, 160-61 to Islam, 10-12,86-87 under Islamic rule, 8-12 national identity and, 160,161-62 overview of, 2 procedures, 94-95 reasons and motivation for, 2,84,85,159-61 religious practice vs. religious faith and, 14 spectrum of “voluntary” and “forced,” 158,159 as survival strategy, 101-2,152-53,159-60 symbolic meaning of, 153-54,162-63 voluntary, 2,86-87,157,158,159 Cordington, Edward, 40-41 Corinth, surrender of, 59 Crete, 16-17,136 Crimean War, 75 crypto-Christians, 2,9-10,86-87,136-37,139 crypto-Jews, 2,5,9-10 crypto-Muslims, 2,5 Cyprus, conversions to Islam in, 12 Cyril (Byzantine monk), 5,6-7 Cyrillic alphabet, 6-7 Dagović, Kristo, 52 Damascinos (Christian Orthodox monk), 14 Daniil, 53-54 Danubian principalities, revolt in, 25,29 Delacroix, Eugène, The Massacre ofChios, 36 Deligiannis, Kanellos, 39 dervishes (Sufi ministrants), 10-11 devşirme, 9,13 dhimmi. See “People of the Book” (dhimmï) Dikaios, Grigorios, 65,66 documentation lost or destroyed, 107-8 missing family members and, 101-2 See also registries, of neophytes Dominican inquisitors, 3-4 Dönmeh, 10 dowries of neophyte women, 112-13,126,158-60 property as, 124,132-33 Dragoumis, Nikolalos, 92 Dritsakos, Youpis, 63-64 Easter Crisis conflicts (1875-1878), 61 Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 5,53-54,87-88. See aho Orthodox Christianity 217 Ebussuud (sheik-ul-lslam), 108-9 Ecumenical Patriarchate. See Orthodox Christian Patriarchate of Constantinople Edict
of Milan (313), 3 Edict of Thessalonica (380), 3 education, 7,47-48,49,51,73,154 “Eilines” as term, 54-55,56,64,65,69 See also Hellenes/Hellenism emigration ofMuslims to Ottoman Empire, 59-61, 71, 73-74,80-81,141,162 of neophytes, 72-75,101 Enlightenment European (Age of), 46-47 Modern Greek (Neo-Hellenic), 46-48 ethnikesgaies (national estates), 103-4 amount ofland granted as, 127,128 ceded to neophytes, 103-8,117-18,12631,159-60 factors considered in granting, 126-27 false claims and falsified documents, 128,134-35 income and, 106,107,126,128-29,130 policies and royal decrees, 105-6,107,126-27 political support for petitions, 128-31 as public assets, 78-79 sale of ceded, 105-6 ethnos, xiv-xv, 55 Euboea Muslims in, 23,67-68,69,71,72-73,157 property disputes and settlements in, 76-77, 82,110-13,121-22,146-47 regency’s measures in, 74-75 Europe philhellenic committees in, 36 support for Greek War of Independence, 3435,36,40-41,42-43 See ako Great European Powers European Enlightenment, 49,67 Everett, Edward, 35 Examining Committee on Ottoman Land Properties, 79,81 Executive (ektelestiko) on baptism of neophytes, 89,90-93 disagreements with Parliament, 92 exodus, Muslim, 72-75 families missing members, 96-102 obstacles to reunification, 96 response to conversion, 110 sources and documentation, 101-2
218 INDEX Panari, Muslims of, 58,84-85,88 Fasıl Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier, 9 Feraios, Rigas, 48 “Thourios” (War Song), 48 Fighifor the Faith and the Motherland (Ypsilants), 24 Filiki Etaireia (Society of Friends), 24-25,48-49 Filos tou Notnou, 64-65 Finlay, George, 27-29,32-33,40 First Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church (325, Nicaea), 3 First World War ( 1914-1918), 61 forced conversion to Christian Orthodoxy, 3-4,5,94-95,132, 158,159,161-62 to Islam, 8-9,12,16,94 See also conversion, religious Fotiadis, I., 151-52 France, 40-41 expeditionary troops, 42,60-61 French Revolution, 42-43,48,49 freedom, of religious belief, 50,67,115,146,158 French Revolution, 42-43,48,49 Fthiotida, 74 Gastouni, 86-87,88,139 Gaul, 3-4 Gekas, Mustafa, 62-63 gender, of neophytes, 23,132 Gennadius Scholarios, xiii-xiv genos (nation), xiv-xv, 46-47,55 Germanos of Patra (Metropolitan Bishop), 28,31-32 Ghazi, Hassan, 45 Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad, 8 Glagolitic alphabet, 5,6-7 Golitsyn, Alexander (Prince) ,36 Gordon, Thomas, 26-27,33,38 Gouras, Yannis, 37-38 “Graikoi/Graikos,” as term, 49,54-55 Gratian (Roman emperor), 3 graves, destruction of Muslim, 73 Great Eastern Crisis (1875-1878), 94-95, 121,123 Great European Powers bias against Islam and Ottoman Empire, 7071,140,156 Greek War of Independence and, 34,36 intercessions on behalf of neophytes, 128-90 revolts in Italy and Spain and, 24-25 Greco-Ottoman bilateral agreements, 82 Greco-Ottoman Committee (1836), 7981,82-83 adjudication ofproperty disputes and transactions, 79-80,110-14 reduction and cessation of, 80-81 Greco-Ottoman Committee on
Disputed Forests, 81 Grecophone, as term, xiii-xiv, 55 Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922,19-20,61 Greece as constitutional monarchy, 43-44,80,127 cultural hegemony, 53-54 independence of, 18,39,41-42 influence of civilization, 50,55 as kingdom, 41-42 map of territorial expansion, 42-43 See also Kingdom of Hellas Greek, as term, xiii-xiv Greek army, Muslims serving in, 68,71 ֊72 Greek Catholic Church, 15 Greek Civil War (1823-1825), 39,59-60 Greek courts, property disputes and, SO81,116-17 Greek insurgents motives of, 51-52 negotiations and agreements with Muslims, 37-38,59,62 treatment of collaborators, 38 See also Greek War of Independence Greek language Greek national identity and, 56,64-65, 83,153 Katharevousa, 35 Koine Greek, xiii-xiv, 1-2,53-54,55 prestige of, 53-54 Greek national identity/nationality definition of, 64,83 language and, 56,64-65,83,153 religion and, 64-67,101,153 terminology, 54-55 Greek nationaUsm Megali Idea, 71-72 rise of, 46-52 Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople. See Orthodox Christian Patriarchate of Constantinople “Greek Question,” 40-41,42-43 Greek Royal Secretariat of Foreign Affairs, 14648,149-50,151-52 Greek War of Independence (1821-1832),!, 15-16,18 accounts of, 157 atrocities against Jews, 61 atrocities against Muslims, 27-34 beginnings of, 25-26
INDEX economic impact of, 102-3 European support for, 34-40 financing of, 35-36 Greek merchants and, 50 impact on Muslims and other religious groups, 57-58,61 intelligentsia on, 16,50,51-52 international reaction to, 34-37 motives for, 46 Muslims who supported, 62-63 naval warfare, 26 Ottoman reaction to, 26-27 outcome of, 39-44 in perspective, 44-46 shifting loyalties in, 37-38 turmoil of postwar period, 121,127,158 Grigorios V (Patriarch of Constantinople) execution of, 26-27,29,34-35,37 mistreatment of corpse, 61 Gypsis, as term, xiv Haierists. See Filiki Etaireia (Society of Friends) Haiti, support for Greek War of Independence, 36-37 Halveti tradition, 57,86-87 Hazife (case of abduction), 151-52 Hellenes (“Ellinas”), xiii-xiv, 49,54-55,56,65 Christian Orthodoxy and, 54-55,153-54 status and, 64 “Hellenic Republic,” 48. See also Kingdom of Hellas heretics, 3 Hexabiblos, 76-77 Hilendarski, Paisiy, 54 History of Greecefrom Its Conquest by the Romans to the Present Time, A (Finlay), 29 History ofthe Greek Revolution (Finlay), 28-29 honor killing, 140-41 Howe, Samuel Gridley, 35-36 Huseyn, Sultan, 8-9 Hydra, atrocities against Muslims in, 33-34 Iberian Peninsula, 3-4,5 Ibrahim I, Sultan, 9,12 Ibrahim Pasha French expeditionary troops against, 42 invasion by, 38,39,59-60,102-3,162-63 prisoners of war and, 59-60 siege of Messolonghi, 40,85-86 Idrizis, Mustafa, 73-74 Igemonikon Syntagma tis Ellados (Hegemonic Constitutions of Greece), 43-44 Ignjatovič, Jaša, 17-18 219 India, legal pluralism in, 122 inheritance rights female family members and, 111-12,118-19 loss of,
23,103-4,111-14 property disputes and, 110-11,113-15 Innocent II (Pope), 3-4 integration, into Greek society, 154-55,160-61 lossif, Bishop of Androusa, 90 Islam in Balkans, 17-18 in Bosnia, 11 buildings, 73 conversions to, 8-11,13-14 European bias against, 70-71 mysticism, 10-12 restrictions on customs, practices, and traditions, 73 as universal religion, 9-10 See also Muslims Islamization, 12 re-Islamization, 85-86,120-21,162-63 Islamized Orthodox Christians, conversions to Christian Orthodoxy, 88-89,138-39 Isles of Greece, The (Byron), 35 Ismail I (founder of the Safavid dynasty), 8-9 Istanbul, xv, 41 -42,53,71. See also Constantinople Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya (Hilendarski), 54 Italian Carbonari, 34,48-49 Ivan the Terrible, 4 Jefferson, Thomas, correspondence with Kotais, 49 Jews abductions ofJewish women, 150-51 atrocities against, 61 crypto-Jews, 2,5,9-10 discrimination against, 67 emancipation of, 18-19 forced conversions of, 3-4,5 Joint Greco-Ottoman Committee, 78,103-4, 110-12,113-14,115,116,118-19,146-47 Joseph II (Habsburg emperor), 50 Judicial Committee on Ottoman Land Estates, 79 jus ad bellum (law of war), 103 jus sanguinis (right of blood), 69 jus soli (birthright citizenship), 68-69 Kalamata, 30,57-58 Kalavryta, 30,57-58 Kalliopi (Refye), abduction and conversion of, 141-46
220 INDEX Kanaris, Konstantinos, 131 Kapodistrias, Ioannis, 23,34,42,70-71,96,100 assassination of, 42-43,107-8 bills and proposals on ethnikesgaies, 106,107, 125-26,130 cession of ethnikes gates to neophytes, 104-7 neophytes’ letters and petitions to, 1035,110-11 prisoners of war and, 59-60 on protection ofMuslims in Greece, 60-61 recovery after the war and, 102-3 Kara Ali (Kapudan Pasha), 26-27,33-34 Karaiskakis, Georgios, 37-38 Katartzis, Dimitrios, 54-55 Katsonis, Lambros, 45-46,47-48 Kiev, mass baptism in, 4,7 Kievan Rus’, Christianization of, 7 Kingdom of Hellas, 18,22-23,42-43,56 Bavarian rulers of, 56 civil code of, 76-77 legal environment of, 83,121-23 map (1832-1863), 43-44 minority rights in, 18-19 Muslims in, 67-72,157 population of, 57,67-68 state administration, 72-73 turmoil of postwar period, 121,127 Kızılbaş tradition, 57 Kolettis, Ioannis, 39,71,141 Kollyvades movement, 46-47 Kolokotronis, Theodoros, 33,38,39 Kontostavlos, Alexandros, 63-64 Korals, Adamantios, 35,49,67 Kosmas the Aetolian, 53-54 Kossuth de Udvard et Kossuthfalva, Lajos (Louis Kossuth), 18-19 Kostaki Musurus Pasha. See Mousouros, Konstantinos Kountouriotis, Georgios, 39 Lagoumtzis, Kostas, 111-13 Lagrené, Théodore de, 128-29 Lakonia, registries of neophytes in, 124,132, 133-34,133t, 135,136-38,139,154-55 language Muslims and, 57 national identity and, 64-65 See also Greek language legal dualism/pluralism, 121-22,123 Leopold, Prince of Saxe-Cobourg and Gotha, 41-43 Licinius, 3 Livadia, 45-46,85-86,89 Loidorikis, Panagiotis N., 132,135 London Philhellenic Committee, 36 London Protocol (1829),
41-42 London Protocol (1830), 41-42,69-71,121-22 on ethnikes gaies, 104-5 Muslim emigration to Ottoman Empire, 79,96 Samos excluded, 74 status and rights of Christians, 70-71 status and rights ofMuslims, 68-69,74-75 Londos, Andreas, 39 Louis the German, 5-6 Ludwig I (king of Bavaria), 72,125 Macedonia, 25,26 Magaraševič, Georgije, 17-18 Mahmud Dramali Pasha, 29 Mahmud II, Sultan, 24-25,38,46 Mahmud of Ghazni, 8 Maison, Nicholas Joseph, 42,60-61 Makriyannis, Yannis, 39 Mani/Maniots, 45 Marranos, 5 marriage by abduction or capture, 121,140-41 children of mixed, 85,99 conversion and, 138,139,154,158-59,160 dowries of neophytes and, 112-13,120,124, 132-33,159-60 mixed religion, 12,87-89,93,97,136-37, 139,147-48,154-55,158-59 relocation and, 137 martyrs, 109. See also neo-martyrs Massacre ofChios, The (Delacroix), 36 Massacre of Verden (782), 3 massacres, 26-27,29,30,33-35,36,61 Maurer, Georg Ludwig von, 72,125 Mavrokordatos, Alexandros, 39,62,14445,146 Mavromichalis, Petrobey, 42-43 Mavrommatis, Nikolaos, 1 Megali Idea, 71-72 Mehmed, Kadizade, 9 Mehmet, Dervis, 62-63 Meis (Kizilhisar), 45-46 men, number of neophyte, 132, 154-55,155t merchants/mercantile class, 50,51 Messolonghi, siege and fell of, 40,85-86 Methodius (Byzantine monk), 5 Metternich, Klemens von (Prince), 34 Miaoulis, Andreas, 26 Michael III (Byzantine emperor), 5,6 military personnel, housed with Muslim families, 74-75
INDEX Miller, Jonathan, 35-36 millet-iRûm (Roman nation), 26-27,55, 56,65-66 Hellenization of, 53-54 terminology, 26-27 minority rights, 18-19 missing family members, 96-102 cases, 96-100,101-2 Mizrahi, Rika, abduction of daughter of, 150-51 modernization, 16,94,162 Monastiriotis, R, 101 Monemvasia atrocities at, 30-31 Muslim converts to Christian Orthodoxy in, 86-88,137-38,139 Muslim departure from, 59,60-61,87 Moravia, 5-6 Christianizations of Slavic populations of, 5 Morean war (1684-1699), 44-45 Moreas massacre ofMuslims, 27-29 revolt in, 25,27-28 See also Peloponnese Moriscos (“Secret Moors” or crypto Muslims), 5 mosques demolished or converted, 73 Ottoman funding of repairs, 76 Mourousi, Constantine, 26-27 Mourtarochoria Muslims of, 58,87-88 neophytes in, 87-89 Mousouros, Konstantinos (Ottoman ambassador), 117-18,142-43,144-45, 148,149-50 Muhammad, Prophet, 8,94,108,140 Muhammad Ah, 38,40-41 Muhammad of Ghor, 8 Muslim converts to Christian Orthodoxy. See neophytes Muslim properties, 72-73,76-83,134 compensation for lost, 63-64,103,126-31 information and records, 78,134-35 Ottoman land law and, 77-78 seizure of, 78-79,103 See abo ethnikes gaies (national estates); property disputes Muslims atrocities against, 27-34,61,94-95,157 children in Greek Orthodox families, 84-85, 96-99,101 crypto-Muslims, 2,5 discrimination against, 67 221 displacement or relocation, 58,137 emigration to Ottoman Empire, 59-61,71, 73-74,80-81,141,162 employment of, 90 exposure to non-Islamic lifestyles, 73 Greek citizenship and national identity, 62֊ 67,68-69 in Kingdom of Hellas, 57,67-72
legal framework for, 69-70 massacres of, 27-31,32-34,157 political status, 64 population and ethnic composition, 57, 67-68,157 in rebel areas, 57-61 relations with Christian Orthodox Christians, 58,59,87-88 rights of, 18-19,68-69,76-77 serving in Greek army, 68,71-72,83 serving in Greek War of Independence, 62-63,157 terms for, 69 views and treatment of, 52,71-72,83 See also Islam; neophytes Muslim women abduction and conversion of, 89,121,132, 140-46,159-60 baptism of, 91-92,93 dress, 73 punishment of apostate, 108-9 remaining with Christian Orthodox husbands and families, 99-100 See also gender; marriage Nafplio, 39 during insurgence, 57-58,59 neophytes in, 104-5 registries of, 107-8,124,125-26,132,13334,133t, 135,136-38,139,154-55 Nakşibendi tradition, 57 nation, terminology and, xiv-xv, 55,66 National Assembly First, 62 Second, 64-65,66 Third, 28,92 Fifth, 43-44,103-4,107 nationalism Balkans, 16-18 Greek, 46-52 religious conversion and, 16-18,161-62 revolutionary, 48 nationalized lands. See ethnikes gaies (national estates) naval warfare, 26
222 INDEX Navarino atrocities at, 30-31 battle of, 40-41 fall of, 39 Muslim departure from, 58,60-61 Negris, Theodoros, 64-66 “Concerning Religion,” 64-65 Nenekos, Dimitrios, 38 Neocaesareus, Nathaneal. See Parios, Athanasios neo-martyrs, 109-10 neophytes in adopted Greek Orthodox families, 96-100 ages of, 133-34,133t attitudes towards, 92-93,155-56,162-63 baptism, 89-94 compensation for lost property, 63-64, 103,126-31 disputes with family members, 110-21 economic and social status, 102-3,134,135, 153-56,161,163 exodus and emigration, 72-75,101 family status, 155t gender apportionment, 132 integration into Greek society, 15455,160-61 names of, 136 ordination of, 156 origins of, 88,136-38 population of, 124,125 professions and occupations, 135,155-56 profiles of, 132-39 registries of, 124-25,133-34,135-36 relocation and displacement, 137-38 rights of, 91-92,110-11,126,153 sources ofinformation about, 1,21,134-35 terminology and definition, 1-2,69,154-55 See also conversion, religious Nero, 3 Nicholas I, Tsar, 40-41 Nomos tis Epidavrou (second provisional constitution, 1823), 64-65,153 Northern Crusades, 4 novices, 1-2 obituaries, of neophytes, 154 Old Church Slavonic, 5,6-7 Orlov revolt (1770), 26,45,47-48,86-87 Orthodox Christianity/Christians conversion to, 19-20,92,153 on conversion to Islam, 12,86-87 as dominant religion, 68,83 insurgence and, 22-23,26-27,52 linguistic divisions, 52-53 Muslims and, 58,59,74,87-88 national identity and, 15-16,46,49,52-53, 55,56,64,83,101,153-54 under Ottoman rule, 44-45 asterm,xiii-xiv Orthodox Christian Patriarchate of Constantinople,
xiii-xv, 15-16,53,56 O Sotir (newspaper), 156 Otto (King), 18,19-20,69,72,76,80,124 Regency council of, 125 Ottoman Empire apostasy under, 14,17-18 Conquest (1453), xili-xiv, 11-12 European bias against, 70-71 interventions on behalf of Muslims in Greece, 76 Islam and Islamization under, 9-12,1314,15-16 insurgent incidents against, 44-45,46 military, 39,47-48 non-Muslim groups in, xiii-xiv, 9,14 terminology and, 69 war with Qajar Persia, 24-25,39 Ottoman kin-state, 76 Ottoman Land Code (1858), 77-78 Ottoman law on apostasy, 108,110,111-14,115 in Greek legal environment, 77-78,8283,121-23 on inheritance rights, 103-4,110-14, 115,118-19 land law, 76-78,79 on mixed marriages, 147-48 Ottoman Porte, 26-27,34-35,39,4041,42-43 Ottoman-Venetian war (1684-1699), 44-45 Otto of Wittelsbach (Prince), 43-44 pagans/pagan religions, 3,7,8 Paikos. Andronikos, 148,150 Paine, Thomas, Rights ofMan, 48 Palamidis, Rigas, 132-33,141-42 Palmerston, Lord, 43-44 Parios, Athanasios, Antifonisis, 46-47 Parkas, Dimistrios, 52 Parliament (Vouleftikon) on baptism of Muslim converts, 90,92 disagreements with Executive, 92 Patra, Muslims in, 57-58 patriarchy, 93,140 Pavlos (neo-martyr), 109-10 Peace Convention of Athens (1913), 74
INDEX Peloponnese Ibrahim Pasha invasion of, 38,39,42,60,8586,102-3,162-63 insurgence in, 24-25,26,30, 32,39,40-41, 44-45,57-58,59,60-61,110,121-22 population of neophytes in, 125 turmoil in, 44-45,52 Peloponnesian Senate, on baptism of neophytes, 89-90 “People of the Book” (dhimm։), 8,162 conversions and, 9-11,12 Perdicaris, Gregory, 72-73 Peri ton Ellinikon Symferonton (Concerning Hellenic Interests) (Korais),67 Peter the Great, Tsar, 47-48 Petrovna, Elizabeth (Empress of Russia), 4 Phanariots, 26-27,49-50,51,53 hospodars (princes), 25,49-50 philhellenism/philhellenes, 34-40 committees, 36 monument in Nafplio, 35-36 Muslim, 157 support for Greek War of Independence, 36 volunteers joining insurgents, 35-36 Philippe, Louis (Duke of Orléans), 42-43 Phillips, W. Alison, 27-28,32-33,157 Philosophos, Dionysios, 44-45 Phocas Bardas, 7 Phrantzes, Amvrosios, 30, 31-32 phyle, as term, xiv-xv Pittaris, Ioannis, 74-75 place names, changes to, xv Plapoutas, General, 134-35 Politikon Syntagma tis Ellados (Political Constitution of Greece, 1827), 28,43-44,64 Pomaks, xiv, 22 Porphyrogenita, Anna, 7 Pouqueville, François, 87-88 poverty, 102-3,135 prisoners of war, 59-60 Promptuarium. See Hexabiblos property compensation for neophytes“ lost, 63-64, 103,126-31 conversion to Islam and, 9,11,22,110,11112,113-15 evkaf, 9,77-78,79 Muslim, 72-73,76-83,134-35 rights, 23,77-78,110-14,121-22,126 See also ethnikesgaies (national estates); Muslim properties property disputes adjudication of, 22,79-81,82-83,103-4,110-11 223 cases of, 22,23,110-21,162-63 family members and, 112-13,117-20 frustrations
with, 115-17 Greco-Ottoman bilateral agreements, 82 Greco-Ottoman Committee and, 79-81 in Greek courts, 81 Ottoman land law and, 77-78 proselytism, 2 ProsorinonPolitevma tis Ellados (1822) (first provisional constitution), 64, 91-92 Protocol of St. Petersburg, 40-41 provisional government, 39,41-42,45-46 Pruth River Campaign. See Russo-Ottoman War of 1710-1711 Psyllas, Georgios, 75 Qur’an on apostasy, 108,109-10 on forced conversion, 8,9 rape, 140-41,159-60 Reform Edict (1856), 94-95 refugees, 36,59,102-3 Samian, 74-75,91-92 Regency (1832-1835), 125 on neophytes, 124,125-26,146 registries, of neophytes, 124-26,132,133-34, 135,136-38,154-55 re-Islamization, 85-86,120-21,162-63 religion diversity, 18 Greek nationality and, 64-67,101,153 politics and, 2-3 syncretism, 14,88,160-61 See also Islam; Orthodox Christianity/ Christians religious conversion. See conversion Ridda, wars ofthe, 8 rights apostasy and loss of, 23,103-4,111-14 of Greeks, 64-65,91-92 inheritance, 23,103-4,110-12, ИЗ14,118-19 minority, 18-19,69-70 of Muslims in Greece, 68-71,72-73,74-75 of neophytes, 91-92,110-11,153 property, 23,77-78,110-14,121-22,126 of religious freedom, 69-70,74-75,123,146 Rights ofMan (Paine), 48 Rigny, Henri de, 40-41 Roma, xiv, 22 Roman Catholics, 65-66 Roman Empire, Christianity in, 3
224 INDEX Romanticism, 34-35 “Romioi/Romaioi” (Romans), 49,53-55,56,65 Rostislav (Prince of Moravia), 5 Roúmeli insurgence in, 25,26,37-38,39,40, 42,51-52 legal dualism of, 123 Muslims in, 57 neophytes in, 23 property disputes and settlements in, 76-77, 79-80,82,110-13,121-22 Rûm, as term, xiii-xiv Ruse (Bulgaria), 95,160 Russia, 36,39,40-41,45,47-48 Russo-Ottoman Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), 140 Russo-Ottoman wars, 41-42,45-46,47-48 Sagias, Athanasios (Nenekos’s relative and Kolokotronis’s friend), 38 St. Foteini, massacre at, 31 Saint Nicodemus the Hagiorite, 109 Samaritans of Palestine, 8 Samos, 26,74 refugees, 74-75,91-92 Saxons, forced conversion of, 3 Saxon Wars (772-804), 3 schools, 47-48,73. See also education Sclerus Bardas, 7 Selim I, Sultan, 9,12 Selim III, Sultan, 61 Serbia, 15,17-18 Serbian Revolution (1804-1817), 121 Seyyid Ali Pasha, 109-10 sharia law in Greek legal framework, 76-77,82-83, 121-22,123 on prisoners ofwar, 59-60 property disputes and, 22,77-78,82-83 Sheik-ul-Islam, 9,33-34 Shestiknizhia. SeeHexabiblos Shi’ite Islam, 57 Sikander Shah Miri, 8 Skoufas, Nikolaos, 48-49 slavery, 9,26-27,40,59-60 Slavic languages, 7 Smyrna, massacre at, 26-27,31 Smyrnaios, Mustafa Hodja, 146-48 Spanish Inquisition, 5 Sufism, 10-11,57,86-87 Suleyman Aga, Emine, and children, 117-18 Summary ofthe History ofReborn Greece (Phrantzes), 31-32 Sunni Islam, 8-9,57,108 Symvoulio tis Epikrateias, 79-80 Tanzimat reforms, 18,70-71,94-95,162 taxation, 9,11-12,86-87 tithe tax, 106,126 Tefik, Ahmet, 68 Theocharis, N. G„ 116 Theodosius 1,3 Theodosius II, 3 Thessaly,
25,44-45,69-70,83 “Thourios" (War Song) (Feraios), 48 trade, 47-48,50. See also merchants/ mercantile class treaties, international legal framework for Muslims in, 69-70 rights ofMuslims in, 74-75 See also specific treaties Treaty of Berlin (1878), 160 Treaty of Kalender Köşk (1832), 42-43,68-70, 74-75,79-80, НО, 111-12,121-22 Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji (1774), 47-48,50 Treaty of London (1827), 40-41 Treaty ofthe Holy Alliance, 29,34,51 Trikoupis, Charilaos, 141 Tripolitsa massacre at, 32-33,61 siege and fall of, 26,57-58,59,84-85,137 Tsakalov, Athanasios, 48-49 Turkish-speaking Muslims, 22,57-58 Türk, as term, xiv, 69 ulama (Muslim scholars), 10-11 United States philhellenic committees in, 36 support for Greek War of Independence in, 35 Valentinian II (Co-emperor of Theodosius I), 3 van Heiden, Lodewijk, 40-41 Varnakiotis, Georgios, 37-38 Venice, 44-45 virginity, 140-41 Vlachs, xiv Vladimir (ruler of Kievan Rus’), 4,7 Vladimirescu, Tudor, 25 von Prokesch-Osten (diplomat) 59-60 Vouleftikon. See Parliament (Vouleftikon) Voulgaris, Eugenios, 46-47,55 Vrachori, massacre at, 30,61
INDEX Wellesley, Arthur, 40-41 women and girls abduction and conversion of, 16,23,13953,159 number of neophyte, 132,154-55 role in society, 140 Xanthos, Emannuil, 48-49 Ypsilantis, Alexander, 24,25,29,46 Ypsilantis, Dimitrios, 39,92 Ypsilantis, Nicholas, 25 Yûsuf Pasha, 57-58 Zevi, Sabbatai, 10 Zhivkov, Todor, 17-18 Zografos, Konstantinos, 72,147-48 Bayerische , Staatsbibliothek München 225 |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Katsikas, Stefanos |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1256385689 |
| author_facet | Katsikas, Stefanos |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Katsikas, Stefanos |
| author_variant | s k sk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048403964 |
| contents | Acknowledgements -- Names and Dates -- Transliteration -- Introduction -- 1. The Greek War of Independence -- 2. Muslims in War and Post-War Hellas -- 3. Muslim Converts to Christian Orthodoxy -- 4. Neophytes in the Kingdom of Hellas -- Conclusion -- References -- Index |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1344263315 (DE-599)BVBBV048403964 |
| era | Geschichte 1800-1900 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1800-1900 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV048403964</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20220906</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">220811s2022 b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780197621752</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-19-762175-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1344263315</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV048403964</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Katsikas, Stefanos</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1256385689</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Proselytes of a new nation</subfield><subfield code="b">Muslim conversions to Orthodox Christianity in modern Greece 1821-1862</subfield><subfield code="c">Stefanos Katsikas</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York, NY</subfield><subfield code="b">Oxford University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">[2022]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2022</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xv, 225 Seiten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Acknowledgements -- Names and Dates -- Transliteration -- Introduction -- 1. The Greek War of Independence -- 2. Muslims in War and Post-War Hellas -- 3. Muslim Converts to Christian Orthodoxy -- 4. Neophytes in the Kingdom of Hellas -- Conclusion -- References -- Index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"The purpose of this book is to explore the conversion of Muslims to Eastern Orthodox Christianity during the Greek War of Independence and the life of the converts during the Greek War of Independence and the first three decades of the post-independence years (1821-1862). The book looks at the neophytes' relations with the Greek and the Ottoman states, as well as the ways in which the neophytes merged into Greek society. Since Greek national identity is inextricably linked to Greek Orthodoxy, the book discusses the extent to which conversion assisted the neophytes' integration into Greek society. 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| geographic | Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Griechenland |
| id | DE-604.BV048403964 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:23:30Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-31T00:54:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780197621752 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033782488 |
| oclc_num | 1344263315 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xv, 225 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220906 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Katsikas, Stefanos Verfasser (DE-588)1256385689 aut Proselytes of a new nation Muslim conversions to Orthodox Christianity in modern Greece 1821-1862 Stefanos Katsikas New York, NY Oxford University Press [2022] © 2022 xv, 225 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Acknowledgements -- Names and Dates -- Transliteration -- Introduction -- 1. The Greek War of Independence -- 2. Muslims in War and Post-War Hellas -- 3. Muslim Converts to Christian Orthodoxy -- 4. Neophytes in the Kingdom of Hellas -- Conclusion -- References -- Index "The purpose of this book is to explore the conversion of Muslims to Eastern Orthodox Christianity during the Greek War of Independence and the life of the converts during the Greek War of Independence and the first three decades of the post-independence years (1821-1862). The book looks at the neophytes' relations with the Greek and the Ottoman states, as well as the ways in which the neophytes merged into Greek society. Since Greek national identity is inextricably linked to Greek Orthodoxy, the book discusses the extent to which conversion assisted the neophytes' integration into Greek society. The book aims to delve into the little-researched field of religious conversions in the Balkans in modern times, with emphasis on the conversion of Muslims to Christianity. The Greek case is not the only case in the modern Balkans where Muslims convert to Eastern Christian Orthodoxy. Pomaks, Bulgarian-speaking Muslims, were subjected to forcible conversion during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) and in the 1940s, whereas in the Cold War era, the Bulgarian communist authorities initiated programs aimed at religious and ethnic assimilation of Pomaks and Turkish-speaking Muslims. Conversions of Muslims to Christian Orthodoxy also occurred in Serbia, Romania and elsewhere in the Balkans. Yet, while Balkan historiography has focused on the Islamization of Christians in the region during the Ottoman period, it has paid little attention to the inverse process of Christianization of Muslims in the age of nationalism"-- Geschichte 1800-1900 gnd rswk-swf Orthodoxe Kirche (DE-588)4043912-4 gnd rswk-swf Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd rswk-swf Konversion Religion (DE-588)4127377-1 gnd rswk-swf Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 gnd rswk-swf Christian converts from Islam / Greece Orthodox Eastern Church / Greece Greece / History / 19th century Musulmans convertis au christianisme / Grèce Grèce / Histoire / 19e siècle Orthodox Eastern Church Christian converts from Islam Greece 1800-1899 History Griechenland (DE-588)4022047-3 g Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 s Konversion Religion (DE-588)4127377-1 s Orthodoxe Kirche (DE-588)4043912-4 s Geschichte 1800-1900 z DE-604 Online version 9780197621776 Katsikas, Stefanos Proselytes of a new nation 1 New York : Oxford University Press, 2022 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033782488&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033782488&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033782488&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Katsikas, Stefanos Proselytes of a new nation Muslim conversions to Orthodox Christianity in modern Greece 1821-1862 Acknowledgements -- Names and Dates -- Transliteration -- Introduction -- 1. The Greek War of Independence -- 2. Muslims in War and Post-War Hellas -- 3. Muslim Converts to Christian Orthodoxy -- 4. Neophytes in the Kingdom of Hellas -- Conclusion -- References -- Index Orthodoxe Kirche (DE-588)4043912-4 gnd Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd Konversion Religion (DE-588)4127377-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043912-4 (DE-588)4040921-1 (DE-588)4127377-1 (DE-588)4022047-3 |
| title | Proselytes of a new nation Muslim conversions to Orthodox Christianity in modern Greece 1821-1862 |
| title_auth | Proselytes of a new nation Muslim conversions to Orthodox Christianity in modern Greece 1821-1862 |
| title_exact_search | Proselytes of a new nation Muslim conversions to Orthodox Christianity in modern Greece 1821-1862 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Proselytes of a new nation Muslim conversions to Orthodox Christianity in modern Greece 1821-1862 |
| title_full | Proselytes of a new nation Muslim conversions to Orthodox Christianity in modern Greece 1821-1862 Stefanos Katsikas |
| title_fullStr | Proselytes of a new nation Muslim conversions to Orthodox Christianity in modern Greece 1821-1862 Stefanos Katsikas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Proselytes of a new nation Muslim conversions to Orthodox Christianity in modern Greece 1821-1862 Stefanos Katsikas |
| title_short | Proselytes of a new nation |
| title_sort | proselytes of a new nation muslim conversions to orthodox christianity in modern greece 1821 1862 |
| title_sub | Muslim conversions to Orthodox Christianity in modern Greece 1821-1862 |
| topic | Orthodoxe Kirche (DE-588)4043912-4 gnd Muslim (DE-588)4040921-1 gnd Konversion Religion (DE-588)4127377-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Orthodoxe Kirche Muslim Konversion Religion Griechenland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033782488&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033782488&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033782488&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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