The foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus: local, regional and international dimensions
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[2022]
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Schriftenreihe: | Reform and transition in the Mediterranean
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Beschreibung: | xxi, 372 Seiten |
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Contents Part I Historical Background, Concepts and Foreign Policy Drivers 1 2 3 Introduction: The Foreign Policy of the Republic of Cyprus—The Age of Maturity? Zenonas Tziarras 3 The Republic of Cyprus and Its Foreign Policy: A Historical Overview, 1960-2004 Andreas Karyos 19 All the President’s Decisions: Foreign Policy in the Republic of Cyprus After 2004 Anna Koukkides-Procopiou 45 Part II Between East and West—The International Orientation 4 5 Stuck in the Middle: Constructing Maturity and Restoring Balance in RoC-EU Relations Petros Petrikkos The Republic of Cyprus and the US: A Revamped Relationship with Key Limitations Alexandros Zachariades 77 105 xi
ХІІ CONTENTS 6 Russia’s Place in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Cyprus: Will “Pragmatic Idealism” Survive in the 2020s? Costas Melakopides 137 Part ПІ A Newly-Discovered Identity in the Eastern Mediterranean? 7 8 9 Assessing Maturity in the RoC’s Eastern Mediterranean Foreign Policy Ioannis-Sotirios Ioannou 177 The Eastern Mediterranean Disputes in the RoC’s Foreign Policy: A Socio-Psychological Account Emine Eminél Sülün 199 Towards a Foreign Policy Actor? Turkish Cypriot Perceptions of Cyprus in European Affairs and the Eastern Mediterranean Nur Köprülü 223 Part IV Foreign Policymaking, Institutional Capacities Grand Strategic Concerns 10 11 12 13 International Law and the Republic of Cyprus’ Foreign Policy Nicholas A. loannides 245 Gender Mainstreaming in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Cyprus Constantinos Adamides and Josie Christodoulou 267 The Republic of Cyprus in International and Regional Organizations: Towards a Mature Small State Status Seeking Strategy? Revecca Pedi and Kalliopi Chainoglou Defence Diplomacy by the Republic of Cyprus: A Dynamic Policy in the Process of Maturation Marinos Papaioakeim 287 311
CONTENTS 14 Foreign Policy Maturity and Grand Strategy: The Way Forward for the Republic of Cyprus xiii 343 Zenonas Tziarras Index 363
Index A Abkhazia, 162 Abraham Accords, 188 Acheson Plan, 25 Acquis communautaire, 85 Aegean, 116, 156, 158, 211, 212, 229, 234, 237, 258 Afghanistan, 6, 8 Africa, 26 Agriculture, 79 AKEL (Progressive Party of Working People), 10, 29, 32, 34, 46, 49, 83, 106, 107, 123, 124, 127, 128, 141, 159, 181, 229, 333 Akkuyu (nuclear power plant), 158 Alignment, 46 Alliance(s), 110, 111, 113, 121, 122, 128, 178, 184, 185, 191, 349, 350 Anastasiades, Nicos, 12, 46, 47, 55, 58, 59, 64, 66, 68, 82, 92, 93, 182, 333 Annan, Kofi, 88, 145 Annan Plan, 5, 47, 58, 60, 81, 88, 145, 153, 167, 180, 226, 229 Aphrodite field, 91, 92 Arab-Israeli conflict, 211, 224 Arab Spring, 183, 234, 235 Arab Uprisings, 112, 114, 183, 186, 187, 225, 233, 239, 324 Arab World, 66, 89 Archbishop Makarios III, 4, 20, 22, 50, 57, 107, 140, 180, 225 Armenia, 298, 326, 327, 329 Arms embargo, 327 Asia, 26, 27, 87 Assad, Bashar al, 187, 188, 191, 235 Association Agreement (1972), 33 Austria, 187, 326-329 В Balancing external balancing, 348, 349 hard balancing, 110, 111 internal balancing, 348 soft balancing, 106, 109-111, 115, 122, 127 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 Z. Tziarras (ed.), The Foreign Policy of the Republic of Cyprus, Reform and Transition in the Mediterranean, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91177-5 363
364 INDEX Ball Plan, 24 Bandung Conference, 27 Bandwagoning, 110 Banking sector, 47, 64, 65 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, 269 Bipolar/bipolarity, 8 Bizonal Bicommunal Federation (ВВБ), 128, 358 Black Sea, 116 Blair, Tony, 162 Blue Homeland, 116, 157 Brexit, 67 Britain, 20, 21, 23-25, 31-33, 52, 254, 346 British Foreign Office, 32 British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), 252 British Overseas Territories (BOTs), 252 British Sovereign Base Areas (SBAs), 21, 140, 190, 246, 257, 262 Bush, George W., 162 Byzantine Empire, 346 C Calypso field, 91 Capabilities, 6, 7, 289, 291, 302 power capabilities, 346, 350 Capitalism, 63 Caspian Sea, 211 Çavuşoğlu, Mevlüt, 236 Central Bank, 62 Central Intelligence Service, 49 Chagos Archipelago, 14, 252-257, 262 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 84 China, 66, 67, 160, 169, 346 Christodoulides, Nikos, 47, 55, 56, 65, 66, 82, 83, 86, 89, 90, 92, 97, 117, 121, 225, 272, 332, 354 Christofias, Demetris, 10, 47, 62-65, 83, 106, 122-124, 127, 326, 333 Clark, Arthur Sir, 32 Clausewitz, Carl von, 344 Clerides, Glafkos, 27, 33, 36, 145 Climate change, 48, 65 Cold War, 8, 9, 50, 107, 123, 124, 137-139, 141-143, 180, 181, 225, 312, 316 Colonisation/colonialism/colony/ colonies/decolonisation, 27, 139, 249, 254-257, 262, 263 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), 82, 86, 89, 94, 260 Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), 93, 95 Commonwealth, 20, 28-30, 33, 37, 54, 246, 252 Communism/communist, 23, 29, 32, 34, 54, 58, 62, 63 Constitution/constitutional, 21-23, 30, 32, 37 Continental shelf (CS), 200, 232, 258-260
Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 269 Council for Geostrategic Studies, 190 Council of Europe (CoE), 14, 269, 288, 297-299 Council of Ministers, 63 Council on Foreign Affairs and Defence (KYSEA), 191 Covid-19, 48, 67, 185, 271, 281, 330 Crans Montana, 182, 224, 238 Crime, 79 Crimea, 169 Crisis management, 7 Cuba, 62
INDEX Cultural diplomacy, 51, 65, 68, 179, 193 Cultural heritage, 288, 292-294, 296, 298-303 Culture, 288, 289, 292, 294, 296, 297, 299-303 Customs Union, 34 Cyprus Intelligence Service (CIS), 190 Czechoslovakia, 142 Czech Republic, 36, 81, 187 D Daesh, 183 Davutoglu, Ahmet, 113, 114 Defence, 79, 89, 90, 93-95, 98, 278, 282, 311, 312, 314-317, 319-323, 325, 326, 329, 332-335, 347, 349, 350, 352, 355,357 Defence Attaches (DAs), 315, 321, 324, 327, 328 Defence diplomacy, 7, 15, 311-320, 322, 324, 325, 328-335 Delek, 117, 118 Democratic Party (DIKO), 49, 83 Democratic Peace Theory, 87 Democratic Rally (DISY), 10, 83, 121, 152, 181, 182, 333, 351 Dendias, Nikos, 158 Denktaş, Rauf R., 225 Denmark, 346 Derviș Eroğlu, 153 Digital communication, 50 Digital diplomacy, 50, 68 Diplomacy, 9, 11, 12, 178, 180-182, 184-186, 189, 191, 193, 269, 270, 273, 277, 278, 283, 296, 299, 311-320, 322, 324, 325, 328-335, 345, 352 Direct Trade Regulation, 228, 238 365 Doctrine of the Joint Defence Area, 329 E Eastern Mediterranean, 9-13, 15, 16, 47, 51, 66, 68, 79, 80, 82, 83, 87, 89-92, 98, 106, 107, 109, 111-113, 115-121, 123, 126-128, 138, 151, 152, 154, 156, 159-161, 168, 169, 177, 179, 181-184, 186, 189, 191, 192, 200, 204-210, 212-214, 216, 224, 230, 233, 234, 236-238, 257, 260-262, 320, 321, 324, 330, 346, 354 Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum (EMGF), 48, 112, 207, 236 East Germany, 142 EastMed Pipeline, 127, 211, 212, 215 Economic crisis, 4, 8, 271 Economic diplomacy, 51, 68 Economy, 8, 12, 185, 300, 347 EDEK, 128 Egypt, 8, 9, 11, 48, 66, 89, 106, 111, 112, 114-119, 127, 154, 156, 159,
184-186, 189-191, 207-209, 211-213, 224, 230, 231, 233, 235-239, 258, 259, 281, 282, 323, 326, 328, 329 Energy, 79, 86, 87, 89, 91-93, 96, 98, 111, 113, 116, 117, 119-121, 123, 129, 204, 208-211, 213-215, 224, 230, 231, 233, 236, 282, 322, 326 energy diplomacy, 51 energy security, 7, 9-12, 15, 16, 67, 184, 189, 190, 192, 349, 352 ENI, 67, 91, 186, 189, 209, 212, 231, 232 Enosis (Union with Greece), 53, 245 EOKA, 28, 53, 139, 140 EOKA B, 4
366 INDEX Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 55, 113-116, 126, 138, 154, 156-160, 168, 169, 235, 237, 323 Erim, Nihat, 52 Eroğlu, Derviş, 49 Estonia, 36, 81 EU Council, 84 Eurobarometer, 229 Eurogroup, 64 European Central Bank (ECB), 47, 63 European Commission, 35, 82, 206, 226, 228, 269, 298 European Council (EC), 35, 36, 179, 207 European Defence Agency (EDA), 82, 329 European Economic Community (EEC), 33, 81 European External Action Services (EEAS), 269 Europeanisation, 50, 51, 56, 60, 62, 64, 68, 124 European Neighbourhood Policy, 207, 215 European Parliament (EP), 63, 226, 269 European Presidency, 63 European Security Strategy (ESS), 82 European Union (EU), 4, 19, 46, 62, 66, 78, 86, 90, 91, 105, 148, 179, 206, 207, 209, 214, 224, 237, 260, 268, 288, 311 Eurozone, 47, 51, 62, 64 Evros River, 158 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 8, 9, 13, 67, 91, 92, 113, 116-119, 121, 124, 138, 147, 150, 153, 154, 156-159, 165, 167, 181, 200, 230, 233, 236, 258-260, 322, 348 Extremism, 183, 185, 188 Exxon Mobil, 67, 91, 119, 209 F Feminism/feminist, 269, 277, 278 Feminist foreign policy, 271, 272, 279 Financial Aid Regulation, 228 Financial crisis, 64, 96, 97 Finland, 346 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 87, 125 Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA), 5, 12, 313, 347 Foreign Policy, Defence and Security Council, 48 Foreign Policy Executive (FPE), 354 France, 9, 33, 48, 67, 94, 110, 112, 209, 237, 322, 325-330 Free market, 63 G Gaddafi, Muammar, 186 Gas (natural gas), 113, 114, 117-119, 124, 126, 127, 189, 208-212, 230, 234, 236, 330, 348, 351 Gaza, 114, 235 Gazprom, 126, 127 Gender, 65, 268, 271-274, 278,
279, 281, 283 Gender equality, 267-273, 279, 280, 282, 283 Gender mainstreaming, 14, 268-270, 272, 279, 280, 283 Georgia, 6, 162 Germany, 67, 94, 110, 119, 151, 158, 346 Glafkos field, 91 Government of National Accord (GNA), 116, 212, 233 Grand strategy, 14, 15, 160, 343-352, 355-357 Greece, 3, 11, 20, 21, 26, 27, 30-32, 34, 46, 48, 52, 54, 106, 107, 111, 112, 116-120, 124, 138,
INDEX 139, 142, 144, 148, 156, 157, 159, 160, 168, 179, 182, 184, 185, 187, 209, 211-213, 215, 224, 228, 230, 233-237, 245, 259, 298 Greek Cypriots (GC), 3-5, 13, 20, 47, 53, 57-61, 64, 85, 139, 146, 155, 167, 180, 182, 183, 213, 224-226, 228-232, 234, 236, 238, 300, 301 Greek Junta, 57, 142 Green Line, 199, 225, 227, 230 Green Line Regulation (GRL), 228 Grivas, George, 28 Güdeniz, Cem, 116 Gulf, 66, 67, 87, 156 H Haftar, Khalifa, 116 Hariri, Saad al, 187 HELBROC, 327 Hezbollah, 321 Holy See, 299 House of Representatives, 29, 35 Human rights, 21, 267, 269, 271, 293, 294, 296 Human security, 57, 67 Hungary, 36, 81 Hydrocarbons, 8, 9, 11, 13, 47, 91, 92, 158, 190, 192, 200, 208, 209, 213, 224, 246, 257, 260, 262, 322 367 Interactionist Role Theory (IRT), 200 Interest (national), 6, 54 International Court of Justice (ICJ), 246-249, 252-255, 260-262 Internationalization, 22, 23 International law, 11, 14, 53, 142, 144-147, 153, 157, 158, 167, 169, 245, 247-250, 253-257, 259-263, 292, 293 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 47 International Organizations (IOs), 14, 288-290, 297, 303 International Relations (IR), 5, 9, 14, 109, 113, 200, 202, 313, 320 Iran, 47, 62, 183, 188 Iraq, 8, 11, 110, 112 Ireland, 187 Isaak, Tasos, 57 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), 93, 112, 183, 185, 187, 190, 324 Israel, 8-11, 48, 53, 66, 67, 106, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117-120, 124, 127, 154, 156, 159, 160, 184-186, 188-191, 207-209, 211-213, 224, 230, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239, 259, 281, 322, 323, 326, 328-330, 333, 346 Israel Defence Forces (IDF), 114 Italy, 9, 48, 67, 112, 158, 187, 209, 236,
296, 298, 299, 302, 318, 322, 326, 330 I lacovou, George, 47 Identity, 77, 86, 292 incirlik, 126 India, 51, 66 Inonu, Ismet, 108 Institutional capacities, 347, 350, 355 Institutions, 7 J Japan, 110, 299 Johnson, Lyndon, 108 Jordan, 9, 48, 66, 111, 112, 156, 159, 185, 208, 236, 239, 282 Justice and Development Party (AKP), 113, 126, 235
368 INDEX К Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 30-32 Kasoulides, Ioannis, 47, 54-56, 65, 154 Khrushchev, Nikita, 107, 141, 142, 161, 162, 164 Kissinger, Henry, 108, 142, 167 Kosovo, 14, 248-251, 255 Kosovo Declaration of Independence, 14, 246, 247 Kotzias, Nikos, 58, 181, 182, 194 Kozakou-Marcoullis, Erato, 47, 64, 140, 207, 274 Kyprianou, Markos, 47, 64 Kyprianou, Spyros, 32, 273 L Lakkotrypis, George, 91, 154 Latvia, 81, 299 Lavrov, Sergey, 146, 150, 154, 164, 166, 168 Lebanon, 8, 9, 48, 67, 93, 111, 112, 156, 159, 183, 186, 187, 208, 211, 224, 230, 259, 282, 321, 326, 329 Liberal/liberalism, 79, 82, 87 Libya, 111, 116, 183, 185, 186, 212, 224, 233, 258 Libyan National Army (LNA), 116 Lillikas, Yiorgos, 47 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 211, 348 Lisbon Treaty, 82, 95 Lithuania, 81 Μ Maastricht Treaty, 35, 82 Malta, 81, 88 Mari, 47, 58, 62, 152, 181, 187 Masculinity, 277 Maturity/maturation/mature/immature, 37, 38, 78, 80, 95, 97, 98, 106-108, 127, 128, 177-179, 181, 182, 188, 192, 288, 289, 291, 301, 303, 312-314, 318, 319, 325, 330, 332-335 foreign policy, 5-8, 15, 50, 70, 78, 80, 97, 98, 108, 169, 177, 178, 181, 313, 318, 343-359 Mauritius, 252-257, 262 Mavi Marmara, 114, 117, 124, 185, 236, 323 Mavroyiannis, Andreas, 49, 50 Mediterranean, 91, 96 Medvedev, Dmitry, 147, 150, 154 Menderes, Adnan, 31, 52 Merkel, Angela, 163, 237 Mexico, 299 Middle East, 9, 13, 15, 16, 26, 31, 51, 66, 82, 91,95, 111, 112, 114, 115, 119, 121, 126, 179, 181, 183, 184, 189, 192, 193, 205, 207, 233, 234, 320, 321, 324 Migration/migrant/migrants, 51, 88, 89, 188 Military, 312-315, 317, 318, 321, 324-329,
331-333, 346, 347 Military drills/exercises, 316, 323, 328-330 Ministry of Defence (MoD), 51, 312, 321, 324, 329-331 Ministry of Finance, 51 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), 13, 49, 83, 93, 95, 98, 121, 178, 180, 190-194, 270, 271, 273, 279 Ministry of the Interior, 51 Mitsotakis, Kyriakos, 209, 237 Montenegro, 299 Montreux, 169
INDEX Morsi, Mohamed, 114, 184, 185, 235, 323 Mubarak, Hosni, 112, 114, 184, 235 Muhammadans, 52 Multipolarity, 9 Muslim Brotherhood, 112, 114, 115, 184, 235, 323 N National Council, 49, 191, 192 National Defence Authorization Act (NDAA), 115 National Guard, 125, 320, 328, 329, 331 Nationalism, 278 National liberation, 139, 167 National security, 349, 352 National Security Council (NSC), 48, 191, 237, 355 National Security Strategy (NSS), 49, 54, 193, 349 Natural resources, 66, 209, 224, 236, 238, 348, 349, 355 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 117, 124, 326 Nixon, Richard, 108 Noble Energy, 91, 117-119, 234 Non-Aligned Movement, 27, 28, 54, 81, 181, 225 Nord Stream 2, 119, 127 North Africa, 179, 183, 234 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 11, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, 29-33, 37, 106, 107, 113, 119, 120, 122-124, 126, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144, 159, 161, 162, 169, 181-183, 248, 273 Northern Ireland, 254 Norway, 272, 281 О Obama, Barack, 112, 114, 271 369 Omirou, Yannakis, 145 OPCW, 188 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 280, 327 Ossetia, 162 Özersay, Kudret, 189, 232 P Palestinian Authority/Palestine/Palestinians, 48, 111, 112, 185, 208, 236, 239, 282 Pandemic, 48, 51, 67, 185, 271 Papadopoulos, Tassos, 36, 47, 57, 58, 60-62, 64, 65, 83, 123, 147 Papaioannou, Ezekias, 29 Papandreou, George, 117 Partnership for Peace (PfP), 46, 122, 124, 128, 312 Patriotic Front, 29 Peacebuilding, 271 Peres, Shimon, 235 Permanent Structured Cooperation (PeSCo), 86 Persian Gulf, 205 Pilides, Natasa, 48 Pipeline, 211 Poland, 36, 81, 127 Political economy, 51 Pompeo, Mike, 209
Portugal, 298 Pragmatic idealism/pragmatic idealist, 138, 141-148, 150-152, 154, 164, 166 Public public diplomacy, 68 public opinion, 50, 56-59 Putin, Vladimir, 115
370 INDEX Q Qatar, 209 Qatar Petroleum, 209 Realism, 137, 138, 142, 143, 166, 167 Realpolitik, 141, 151 Referendum/referenda, 58, 59, 61, 81 Regional Security Complexes (RSC), 109, 111 Republika Srpska, 250 Rhodesia, 250 Rolandis, Nicos, 53 Roman Empire, 346 Romania, 187 Russia, 10-12, 63, 66, 67, 87, 105, 106, 110, 115, 119, 121, 123, 125-128, 137, 138, 144, 146-148, 150, 151, 154-156, 158-162, 166, 169, 181, 299, 326, 327, 333, 346 S Sampson, Nikos, 108 San Marino, 298 Saudi Arabia, 51, 183, 187, 188, 235, 346 Schengen, 56 Search and Rescue drills/exercises, 316, 324, 328-330 Securitisation, 109, 111 Security, 6, 9, 12, 15, 46, 48, 51, 54-59, 65-68, 77-79, 82, 85-88, 90-93, 95, 96, 98, 201, 208-210, 212, 213, 224, 227, 233, 269, 271-273, 278, 313, 315, 319, 322, 324 ontological security, 200-207, 210, 214, 215 Security culture, 356 Self-image, 201, 203, 204, 207, 209-216 Serbia, 144, 248, 249, 326 Shell, 118 Sisi, Abdel Fattah al, 115, 118, 185, 235 Slovakia, 81 Slovenia, 36, 81, 299 Small state(s), 288-292, 301-303, 311, 317 Soft power, 30, 85, 151, 169 Solomon, Solomos, 57 Soviet Union/Soviet, 78, 81, 138, 140-142, 161, 181, 316, 346 Spain, 158 Strategy, 7, 14, 15, 343-345, 347, 348, 350-352, 355-357 strategic plan, 15 Survival, 349, 350, 352 national, 20, 35, 37 Sweden, 271, 272, 346 Syria, 11, 47, 62, 111, 112, 115, 169, 181, 183-189, 191, 193, 224, 235, 258, 293, 324 T TANAP, 210, 211 Terrorism, 96, 185, 189, 190, 192, 324 Third World, 27, 224, 225 TOTAL, 67, 209 Tourism, 148, 151, 152, 154, 169, 185 Trade, 178, 185, 189 Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), 211 Treaty of
Accession, 36 Treaty of Guarantees, 23 Treaty of Maastricht, 225 Trilateral alignment, 46
INDEX cooperation, 46, 48, 51, 68 diplomacy, 67, 68 meetings, 91 partnerships, 92, 106, 112, 117, 121, 127, 184, 185 Troika, 63 Tunisia, 235 Turkey, 3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 20-26, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 45, 49, 50, 52-57, 59, 65, 66, 68, 79, 85, 88, 92, 94, 106-109, 111, 113-120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 138, 140-145, 147, 150, 151, 153, 155-160, 167, 169, 179-185, 187-193, 200, 204-207, 209-216, 224, 225, 228-238, 246, 247, 258-262, 277, 278, 293, 319, 322-324, 332, 349-352, 354-357 Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce, 226 Turkish Cypriots (TC), 3, 5, 13, 20, 53, 57, 59-61, 85, 139, 146, 178, 179, 182, 183, 213, 223, 224, 226-231, 233, 234, 236-238, 245, 300, 301, 349 Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO), 190, 232, 237 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), 85, 108, 118, 147, 164, 189, 225, 226, 228-232, 238, 249 TurkStream pipeline, 115 Tyllinä, 53 Tzionis, Tasos, 49, 56, 165 U Ukraine, 119, 127, 162, 163, 169, 299 Underaggression, 6 Underbalancing, 6 Underexpansion, 6 371 UNDP, 300 Unemployment, 79 UN General Assembly, 25, 26, 28, 248, 253-255, 294 Unified Military Defence Doctrine, 329 Union for the Mediterranean, 269 Unipolar/unipolarity, 8 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 9, 51, 67, 235, 329 United Kingdom (UK), 66, 107, 139, 179, 246, 254, 297, 312 United Nations (UN), 3, 20, 53, 139, 224, 246, 288, 298, 331 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 150, 157, 167, 234, 252, 253 United Nations General Assembly, 53 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), 331, 332 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces in Cyprus (UNFICYP), 3, 24, 125, 140, 164, 165, 183, 230
United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 45, 53, 66, 185, 245, 246, 248, 271 United States (US), 5, 6, 23, 47, 81, 105, 138, 139, 148, 153, 163, 316, 346 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 269 UN Security Council (UNSC), 21, 22, 24, 110, 125, 140, 145, 151, 156, 164, 296 UNSC 1325, 272 USSR, 23, 25, 29, 81, 87, 105, 107, 139, 142, 166, 312 V Varosha, 48 Vassiliou, George, 34, 35, 123, 225
372 INDEX w Y Yeltsin, Boris, 145 War on Terror, 8, 112 Warsaw Pact, 27, 181 Women’s rights, 268, 270-272, 279-283 World War II (WWII), 138, 139 Z Zurich and London Agreements, 20, 21, 23, 25, 30-33, 37, 107, 205, 223 Bayerische , Staatsbibliothek ļ München |
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Contents Part I Historical Background, Concepts and Foreign Policy Drivers 1 2 3 Introduction: The Foreign Policy of the Republic of Cyprus—The Age of Maturity? Zenonas Tziarras 3 The Republic of Cyprus and Its Foreign Policy: A Historical Overview, 1960-2004 Andreas Karyos 19 All the President’s Decisions: Foreign Policy in the Republic of Cyprus After 2004 Anna Koukkides-Procopiou 45 Part II Between East and West—The International Orientation 4 5 Stuck in the Middle: Constructing Maturity and Restoring Balance in RoC-EU Relations Petros Petrikkos The Republic of Cyprus and the US: A Revamped Relationship with Key Limitations Alexandros Zachariades 77 105 xi
ХІІ CONTENTS 6 Russia’s Place in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Cyprus: Will “Pragmatic Idealism” Survive in the 2020s? Costas Melakopides 137 Part ПІ A Newly-Discovered Identity in the Eastern Mediterranean? 7 8 9 Assessing Maturity in the RoC’s Eastern Mediterranean Foreign Policy Ioannis-Sotirios Ioannou 177 The Eastern Mediterranean Disputes in the RoC’s Foreign Policy: A Socio-Psychological Account Emine Eminél Sülün 199 Towards a Foreign Policy Actor? Turkish Cypriot Perceptions of Cyprus in European Affairs and the Eastern Mediterranean Nur Köprülü 223 Part IV Foreign Policymaking, Institutional Capacities Grand Strategic Concerns 10 11 12 13 International Law and the Republic of Cyprus’ Foreign Policy Nicholas A. loannides 245 Gender Mainstreaming in the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Cyprus Constantinos Adamides and Josie Christodoulou 267 The Republic of Cyprus in International and Regional Organizations: Towards a Mature Small State Status Seeking Strategy? Revecca Pedi and Kalliopi Chainoglou Defence Diplomacy by the Republic of Cyprus: A Dynamic Policy in the Process of Maturation Marinos Papaioakeim 287 311
CONTENTS 14 Foreign Policy Maturity and Grand Strategy: The Way Forward for the Republic of Cyprus xiii 343 Zenonas Tziarras Index 363
Index A Abkhazia, 162 Abraham Accords, 188 Acheson Plan, 25 Acquis communautaire, 85 Aegean, 116, 156, 158, 211, 212, 229, 234, 237, 258 Afghanistan, 6, 8 Africa, 26 Agriculture, 79 AKEL (Progressive Party of Working People), 10, 29, 32, 34, 46, 49, 83, 106, 107, 123, 124, 127, 128, 141, 159, 181, 229, 333 Akkuyu (nuclear power plant), 158 Alignment, 46 Alliance(s), 110, 111, 113, 121, 122, 128, 178, 184, 185, 191, 349, 350 Anastasiades, Nicos, 12, 46, 47, 55, 58, 59, 64, 66, 68, 82, 92, 93, 182, 333 Annan, Kofi, 88, 145 Annan Plan, 5, 47, 58, 60, 81, 88, 145, 153, 167, 180, 226, 229 Aphrodite field, 91, 92 Arab-Israeli conflict, 211, 224 Arab Spring, 183, 234, 235 Arab Uprisings, 112, 114, 183, 186, 187, 225, 233, 239, 324 Arab World, 66, 89 Archbishop Makarios III, 4, 20, 22, 50, 57, 107, 140, 180, 225 Armenia, 298, 326, 327, 329 Arms embargo, 327 Asia, 26, 27, 87 Assad, Bashar al, 187, 188, 191, 235 Association Agreement (1972), 33 Austria, 187, 326-329 В Balancing external balancing, 348, 349 hard balancing, 110, 111 internal balancing, 348 soft balancing, 106, 109-111, 115, 122, 127 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 Z. Tziarras (ed.), The Foreign Policy of the Republic of Cyprus, Reform and Transition in the Mediterranean, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91177-5 363
364 INDEX Ball Plan, 24 Bandung Conference, 27 Bandwagoning, 110 Banking sector, 47, 64, 65 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, 269 Bipolar/bipolarity, 8 Bizonal Bicommunal Federation (ВВБ), 128, 358 Black Sea, 116 Blair, Tony, 162 Blue Homeland, 116, 157 Brexit, 67 Britain, 20, 21, 23-25, 31-33, 52, 254, 346 British Foreign Office, 32 British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), 252 British Overseas Territories (BOTs), 252 British Sovereign Base Areas (SBAs), 21, 140, 190, 246, 257, 262 Bush, George W., 162 Byzantine Empire, 346 C Calypso field, 91 Capabilities, 6, 7, 289, 291, 302 power capabilities, 346, 350 Capitalism, 63 Caspian Sea, 211 Çavuşoğlu, Mevlüt, 236 Central Bank, 62 Central Intelligence Service, 49 Chagos Archipelago, 14, 252-257, 262 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, 84 China, 66, 67, 160, 169, 346 Christodoulides, Nikos, 47, 55, 56, 65, 66, 82, 83, 86, 89, 90, 92, 97, 117, 121, 225, 272, 332, 354 Christofias, Demetris, 10, 47, 62-65, 83, 106, 122-124, 127, 326, 333 Clark, Arthur Sir, 32 Clausewitz, Carl von, 344 Clerides, Glafkos, 27, 33, 36, 145 Climate change, 48, 65 Cold War, 8, 9, 50, 107, 123, 124, 137-139, 141-143, 180, 181, 225, 312, 316 Colonisation/colonialism/colony/ colonies/decolonisation, 27, 139, 249, 254-257, 262, 263 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), 82, 86, 89, 94, 260 Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), 93, 95 Commonwealth, 20, 28-30, 33, 37, 54, 246, 252 Communism/communist, 23, 29, 32, 34, 54, 58, 62, 63 Constitution/constitutional, 21-23, 30, 32, 37 Continental shelf (CS), 200, 232, 258-260
Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 269 Council for Geostrategic Studies, 190 Council of Europe (CoE), 14, 269, 288, 297-299 Council of Ministers, 63 Council on Foreign Affairs and Defence (KYSEA), 191 Covid-19, 48, 67, 185, 271, 281, 330 Crans Montana, 182, 224, 238 Crime, 79 Crimea, 169 Crisis management, 7 Cuba, 62
INDEX Cultural diplomacy, 51, 65, 68, 179, 193 Cultural heritage, 288, 292-294, 296, 298-303 Culture, 288, 289, 292, 294, 296, 297, 299-303 Customs Union, 34 Cyprus Intelligence Service (CIS), 190 Czechoslovakia, 142 Czech Republic, 36, 81, 187 D Daesh, 183 Davutoglu, Ahmet, 113, 114 Defence, 79, 89, 90, 93-95, 98, 278, 282, 311, 312, 314-317, 319-323, 325, 326, 329, 332-335, 347, 349, 350, 352, 355,357 Defence Attaches (DAs), 315, 321, 324, 327, 328 Defence diplomacy, 7, 15, 311-320, 322, 324, 325, 328-335 Delek, 117, 118 Democratic Party (DIKO), 49, 83 Democratic Peace Theory, 87 Democratic Rally (DISY), 10, 83, 121, 152, 181, 182, 333, 351 Dendias, Nikos, 158 Denktaş, Rauf R., 225 Denmark, 346 Derviș Eroğlu, 153 Digital communication, 50 Digital diplomacy, 50, 68 Diplomacy, 9, 11, 12, 178, 180-182, 184-186, 189, 191, 193, 269, 270, 273, 277, 278, 283, 296, 299, 311-320, 322, 324, 325, 328-335, 345, 352 Direct Trade Regulation, 228, 238 365 Doctrine of the Joint Defence Area, 329 E Eastern Mediterranean, 9-13, 15, 16, 47, 51, 66, 68, 79, 80, 82, 83, 87, 89-92, 98, 106, 107, 109, 111-113, 115-121, 123, 126-128, 138, 151, 152, 154, 156, 159-161, 168, 169, 177, 179, 181-184, 186, 189, 191, 192, 200, 204-210, 212-214, 216, 224, 230, 233, 234, 236-238, 257, 260-262, 320, 321, 324, 330, 346, 354 Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum (EMGF), 48, 112, 207, 236 East Germany, 142 EastMed Pipeline, 127, 211, 212, 215 Economic crisis, 4, 8, 271 Economic diplomacy, 51, 68 Economy, 8, 12, 185, 300, 347 EDEK, 128 Egypt, 8, 9, 11, 48, 66, 89, 106, 111, 112, 114-119, 127, 154, 156, 159,
184-186, 189-191, 207-209, 211-213, 224, 230, 231, 233, 235-239, 258, 259, 281, 282, 323, 326, 328, 329 Energy, 79, 86, 87, 89, 91-93, 96, 98, 111, 113, 116, 117, 119-121, 123, 129, 204, 208-211, 213-215, 224, 230, 231, 233, 236, 282, 322, 326 energy diplomacy, 51 energy security, 7, 9-12, 15, 16, 67, 184, 189, 190, 192, 349, 352 ENI, 67, 91, 186, 189, 209, 212, 231, 232 Enosis (Union with Greece), 53, 245 EOKA, 28, 53, 139, 140 EOKA B, 4
366 INDEX Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 55, 113-116, 126, 138, 154, 156-160, 168, 169, 235, 237, 323 Erim, Nihat, 52 Eroğlu, Derviş, 49 Estonia, 36, 81 EU Council, 84 Eurobarometer, 229 Eurogroup, 64 European Central Bank (ECB), 47, 63 European Commission, 35, 82, 206, 226, 228, 269, 298 European Council (EC), 35, 36, 179, 207 European Defence Agency (EDA), 82, 329 European Economic Community (EEC), 33, 81 European External Action Services (EEAS), 269 Europeanisation, 50, 51, 56, 60, 62, 64, 68, 124 European Neighbourhood Policy, 207, 215 European Parliament (EP), 63, 226, 269 European Presidency, 63 European Security Strategy (ESS), 82 European Union (EU), 4, 19, 46, 62, 66, 78, 86, 90, 91, 105, 148, 179, 206, 207, 209, 214, 224, 237, 260, 268, 288, 311 Eurozone, 47, 51, 62, 64 Evros River, 158 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), 8, 9, 13, 67, 91, 92, 113, 116-119, 121, 124, 138, 147, 150, 153, 154, 156-159, 165, 167, 181, 200, 230, 233, 236, 258-260, 322, 348 Extremism, 183, 185, 188 Exxon Mobil, 67, 91, 119, 209 F Feminism/feminist, 269, 277, 278 Feminist foreign policy, 271, 272, 279 Financial Aid Regulation, 228 Financial crisis, 64, 96, 97 Finland, 346 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 87, 125 Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA), 5, 12, 313, 347 Foreign Policy, Defence and Security Council, 48 Foreign Policy Executive (FPE), 354 France, 9, 33, 48, 67, 94, 110, 112, 209, 237, 322, 325-330 Free market, 63 G Gaddafi, Muammar, 186 Gas (natural gas), 113, 114, 117-119, 124, 126, 127, 189, 208-212, 230, 234, 236, 330, 348, 351 Gaza, 114, 235 Gazprom, 126, 127 Gender, 65, 268, 271-274, 278,
279, 281, 283 Gender equality, 267-273, 279, 280, 282, 283 Gender mainstreaming, 14, 268-270, 272, 279, 280, 283 Georgia, 6, 162 Germany, 67, 94, 110, 119, 151, 158, 346 Glafkos field, 91 Government of National Accord (GNA), 116, 212, 233 Grand strategy, 14, 15, 160, 343-352, 355-357 Greece, 3, 11, 20, 21, 26, 27, 30-32, 34, 46, 48, 52, 54, 106, 107, 111, 112, 116-120, 124, 138,
INDEX 139, 142, 144, 148, 156, 157, 159, 160, 168, 179, 182, 184, 185, 187, 209, 211-213, 215, 224, 228, 230, 233-237, 245, 259, 298 Greek Cypriots (GC), 3-5, 13, 20, 47, 53, 57-61, 64, 85, 139, 146, 155, 167, 180, 182, 183, 213, 224-226, 228-232, 234, 236, 238, 300, 301 Greek Junta, 57, 142 Green Line, 199, 225, 227, 230 Green Line Regulation (GRL), 228 Grivas, George, 28 Güdeniz, Cem, 116 Gulf, 66, 67, 87, 156 H Haftar, Khalifa, 116 Hariri, Saad al, 187 HELBROC, 327 Hezbollah, 321 Holy See, 299 House of Representatives, 29, 35 Human rights, 21, 267, 269, 271, 293, 294, 296 Human security, 57, 67 Hungary, 36, 81 Hydrocarbons, 8, 9, 11, 13, 47, 91, 92, 158, 190, 192, 200, 208, 209, 213, 224, 246, 257, 260, 262, 322 367 Interactionist Role Theory (IRT), 200 Interest (national), 6, 54 International Court of Justice (ICJ), 246-249, 252-255, 260-262 Internationalization, 22, 23 International law, 11, 14, 53, 142, 144-147, 153, 157, 158, 167, 169, 245, 247-250, 253-257, 259-263, 292, 293 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 47 International Organizations (IOs), 14, 288-290, 297, 303 International Relations (IR), 5, 9, 14, 109, 113, 200, 202, 313, 320 Iran, 47, 62, 183, 188 Iraq, 8, 11, 110, 112 Ireland, 187 Isaak, Tasos, 57 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), 93, 112, 183, 185, 187, 190, 324 Israel, 8-11, 48, 53, 66, 67, 106, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117-120, 124, 127, 154, 156, 159, 160, 184-186, 188-191, 207-209, 211-213, 224, 230, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239, 259, 281, 322, 323, 326, 328-330, 333, 346 Israel Defence Forces (IDF), 114 Italy, 9, 48, 67, 112, 158, 187, 209, 236,
296, 298, 299, 302, 318, 322, 326, 330 I lacovou, George, 47 Identity, 77, 86, 292 incirlik, 126 India, 51, 66 Inonu, Ismet, 108 Institutional capacities, 347, 350, 355 Institutions, 7 J Japan, 110, 299 Johnson, Lyndon, 108 Jordan, 9, 48, 66, 111, 112, 156, 159, 185, 208, 236, 239, 282 Justice and Development Party (AKP), 113, 126, 235
368 INDEX К Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 30-32 Kasoulides, Ioannis, 47, 54-56, 65, 154 Khrushchev, Nikita, 107, 141, 142, 161, 162, 164 Kissinger, Henry, 108, 142, 167 Kosovo, 14, 248-251, 255 Kosovo Declaration of Independence, 14, 246, 247 Kotzias, Nikos, 58, 181, 182, 194 Kozakou-Marcoullis, Erato, 47, 64, 140, 207, 274 Kyprianou, Markos, 47, 64 Kyprianou, Spyros, 32, 273 L Lakkotrypis, George, 91, 154 Latvia, 81, 299 Lavrov, Sergey, 146, 150, 154, 164, 166, 168 Lebanon, 8, 9, 48, 67, 93, 111, 112, 156, 159, 183, 186, 187, 208, 211, 224, 230, 259, 282, 321, 326, 329 Liberal/liberalism, 79, 82, 87 Libya, 111, 116, 183, 185, 186, 212, 224, 233, 258 Libyan National Army (LNA), 116 Lillikas, Yiorgos, 47 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), 211, 348 Lisbon Treaty, 82, 95 Lithuania, 81 Μ Maastricht Treaty, 35, 82 Malta, 81, 88 Mari, 47, 58, 62, 152, 181, 187 Masculinity, 277 Maturity/maturation/mature/immature, 37, 38, 78, 80, 95, 97, 98, 106-108, 127, 128, 177-179, 181, 182, 188, 192, 288, 289, 291, 301, 303, 312-314, 318, 319, 325, 330, 332-335 foreign policy, 5-8, 15, 50, 70, 78, 80, 97, 98, 108, 169, 177, 178, 181, 313, 318, 343-359 Mauritius, 252-257, 262 Mavi Marmara, 114, 117, 124, 185, 236, 323 Mavroyiannis, Andreas, 49, 50 Mediterranean, 91, 96 Medvedev, Dmitry, 147, 150, 154 Menderes, Adnan, 31, 52 Merkel, Angela, 163, 237 Mexico, 299 Middle East, 9, 13, 15, 16, 26, 31, 51, 66, 82, 91,95, 111, 112, 114, 115, 119, 121, 126, 179, 181, 183, 184, 189, 192, 193, 205, 207, 233, 234, 320, 321, 324 Migration/migrant/migrants, 51, 88, 89, 188 Military, 312-315, 317, 318, 321, 324-329,
331-333, 346, 347 Military drills/exercises, 316, 323, 328-330 Ministry of Defence (MoD), 51, 312, 321, 324, 329-331 Ministry of Finance, 51 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), 13, 49, 83, 93, 95, 98, 121, 178, 180, 190-194, 270, 271, 273, 279 Ministry of the Interior, 51 Mitsotakis, Kyriakos, 209, 237 Montenegro, 299 Montreux, 169
INDEX Morsi, Mohamed, 114, 184, 185, 235, 323 Mubarak, Hosni, 112, 114, 184, 235 Muhammadans, 52 Multipolarity, 9 Muslim Brotherhood, 112, 114, 115, 184, 235, 323 N National Council, 49, 191, 192 National Defence Authorization Act (NDAA), 115 National Guard, 125, 320, 328, 329, 331 Nationalism, 278 National liberation, 139, 167 National security, 349, 352 National Security Council (NSC), 48, 191, 237, 355 National Security Strategy (NSS), 49, 54, 193, 349 Natural resources, 66, 209, 224, 236, 238, 348, 349, 355 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 117, 124, 326 Nixon, Richard, 108 Noble Energy, 91, 117-119, 234 Non-Aligned Movement, 27, 28, 54, 81, 181, 225 Nord Stream 2, 119, 127 North Africa, 179, 183, 234 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 11, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27, 29-33, 37, 106, 107, 113, 119, 120, 122-124, 126, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144, 159, 161, 162, 169, 181-183, 248, 273 Northern Ireland, 254 Norway, 272, 281 О Obama, Barack, 112, 114, 271 369 Omirou, Yannakis, 145 OPCW, 188 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 280, 327 Ossetia, 162 Özersay, Kudret, 189, 232 P Palestinian Authority/Palestine/Palestinians, 48, 111, 112, 185, 208, 236, 239, 282 Pandemic, 48, 51, 67, 185, 271 Papadopoulos, Tassos, 36, 47, 57, 58, 60-62, 64, 65, 83, 123, 147 Papaioannou, Ezekias, 29 Papandreou, George, 117 Partnership for Peace (PfP), 46, 122, 124, 128, 312 Patriotic Front, 29 Peacebuilding, 271 Peres, Shimon, 235 Permanent Structured Cooperation (PeSCo), 86 Persian Gulf, 205 Pilides, Natasa, 48 Pipeline, 211 Poland, 36, 81, 127 Political economy, 51 Pompeo, Mike, 209
Portugal, 298 Pragmatic idealism/pragmatic idealist, 138, 141-148, 150-152, 154, 164, 166 Public public diplomacy, 68 public opinion, 50, 56-59 Putin, Vladimir, 115
370 INDEX Q Qatar, 209 Qatar Petroleum, 209 Realism, 137, 138, 142, 143, 166, 167 Realpolitik, 141, 151 Referendum/referenda, 58, 59, 61, 81 Regional Security Complexes (RSC), 109, 111 Republika Srpska, 250 Rhodesia, 250 Rolandis, Nicos, 53 Roman Empire, 346 Romania, 187 Russia, 10-12, 63, 66, 67, 87, 105, 106, 110, 115, 119, 121, 123, 125-128, 137, 138, 144, 146-148, 150, 151, 154-156, 158-162, 166, 169, 181, 299, 326, 327, 333, 346 S Sampson, Nikos, 108 San Marino, 298 Saudi Arabia, 51, 183, 187, 188, 235, 346 Schengen, 56 Search and Rescue drills/exercises, 316, 324, 328-330 Securitisation, 109, 111 Security, 6, 9, 12, 15, 46, 48, 51, 54-59, 65-68, 77-79, 82, 85-88, 90-93, 95, 96, 98, 201, 208-210, 212, 213, 224, 227, 233, 269, 271-273, 278, 313, 315, 319, 322, 324 ontological security, 200-207, 210, 214, 215 Security culture, 356 Self-image, 201, 203, 204, 207, 209-216 Serbia, 144, 248, 249, 326 Shell, 118 Sisi, Abdel Fattah al, 115, 118, 185, 235 Slovakia, 81 Slovenia, 36, 81, 299 Small state(s), 288-292, 301-303, 311, 317 Soft power, 30, 85, 151, 169 Solomon, Solomos, 57 Soviet Union/Soviet, 78, 81, 138, 140-142, 161, 181, 316, 346 Spain, 158 Strategy, 7, 14, 15, 343-345, 347, 348, 350-352, 355-357 strategic plan, 15 Survival, 349, 350, 352 national, 20, 35, 37 Sweden, 271, 272, 346 Syria, 11, 47, 62, 111, 112, 115, 169, 181, 183-189, 191, 193, 224, 235, 258, 293, 324 T TANAP, 210, 211 Terrorism, 96, 185, 189, 190, 192, 324 Third World, 27, 224, 225 TOTAL, 67, 209 Tourism, 148, 151, 152, 154, 169, 185 Trade, 178, 185, 189 Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), 211 Treaty of
Accession, 36 Treaty of Guarantees, 23 Treaty of Maastricht, 225 Trilateral alignment, 46
INDEX cooperation, 46, 48, 51, 68 diplomacy, 67, 68 meetings, 91 partnerships, 92, 106, 112, 117, 121, 127, 184, 185 Troika, 63 Tunisia, 235 Turkey, 3, 4, 8, 11, 13, 20-26, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 45, 49, 50, 52-57, 59, 65, 66, 68, 79, 85, 88, 92, 94, 106-109, 111, 113-120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 138, 140-145, 147, 150, 151, 153, 155-160, 167, 169, 179-185, 187-193, 200, 204-207, 209-216, 224, 225, 228-238, 246, 247, 258-262, 277, 278, 293, 319, 322-324, 332, 349-352, 354-357 Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce, 226 Turkish Cypriots (TC), 3, 5, 13, 20, 53, 57, 59-61, 85, 139, 146, 178, 179, 182, 183, 213, 223, 224, 226-231, 233, 234, 236-238, 245, 300, 301, 349 Turkish Petroleum Corporation (TPAO), 190, 232, 237 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), 85, 108, 118, 147, 164, 189, 225, 226, 228-232, 238, 249 TurkStream pipeline, 115 Tyllinä, 53 Tzionis, Tasos, 49, 56, 165 U Ukraine, 119, 127, 162, 163, 169, 299 Underaggression, 6 Underbalancing, 6 Underexpansion, 6 371 UNDP, 300 Unemployment, 79 UN General Assembly, 25, 26, 28, 248, 253-255, 294 Unified Military Defence Doctrine, 329 Union for the Mediterranean, 269 Unipolar/unipolarity, 8 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 9, 51, 67, 235, 329 United Kingdom (UK), 66, 107, 139, 179, 246, 254, 297, 312 United Nations (UN), 3, 20, 53, 139, 224, 246, 288, 298, 331 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 150, 157, 167, 234, 252, 253 United Nations General Assembly, 53 United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), 331, 332 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces in Cyprus (UNFICYP), 3, 24, 125, 140, 164, 165, 183, 230
United Nations Security Council (UNSC), 45, 53, 66, 185, 245, 246, 248, 271 United States (US), 5, 6, 23, 47, 81, 105, 138, 139, 148, 153, 163, 316, 346 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 269 UN Security Council (UNSC), 21, 22, 24, 110, 125, 140, 145, 151, 156, 164, 296 UNSC 1325, 272 USSR, 23, 25, 29, 81, 87, 105, 107, 139, 142, 166, 312 V Varosha, 48 Vassiliou, George, 34, 35, 123, 225
372 INDEX w Y Yeltsin, Boris, 145 War on Terror, 8, 112 Warsaw Pact, 27, 181 Women’s rights, 268, 270-272, 279-283 World War II (WWII), 138, 139 Z Zurich and London Agreements, 20, 21, 23, 25, 30-33, 37, 107, 205, 223 Bayerische , Staatsbibliothek ļ München |
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genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
geographic | Zypern (DE-588)4079596-2 gnd |
geographic_facet | Zypern |
id | DE-604.BV048403247 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-03T20:23:13Z |
indexdate | 2024-10-12T16:00:37Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9783030911768 |
issn | 2945-6428 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033781782 |
oclc_num | 1346082303 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 |
owner_facet | DE-12 |
physical | xxi, 372 Seiten |
psigel | BSB_NED_20220920 |
publishDate | 2022 |
publishDateSearch | 2022 |
publishDateSort | 2022 |
publisher | Palgrave Macmillan |
record_format | marc |
series2 | Reform and transition in the Mediterranean |
spelling | The foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus local, regional and international dimensions Zenonas Tziarras (editor) Cham, Switzerland Palgrave Macmillan [2022] © 2022 xxi, 372 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Reform and transition in the Mediterranean 2945-6428 European Politics Foreign Policy Peace and Conflict Studies Europe—Politics and government International relations Peace Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd rswk-swf Zypern (DE-588)4079596-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Zypern (DE-588)4079596-2 g Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 s DE-604 Tziarras, Zēnōnas ca. 20./21. Jh. (DE-588)1122444036 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-030-91177-5 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033781782&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033781782&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
spellingShingle | The foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus local, regional and international dimensions European Politics Foreign Policy Peace and Conflict Studies Europe—Politics and government International relations Peace Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4003846-4 (DE-588)4079596-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
title | The foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus local, regional and international dimensions |
title_auth | The foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus local, regional and international dimensions |
title_exact_search | The foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus local, regional and international dimensions |
title_exact_search_txtP | The foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus local, regional and international dimensions |
title_full | The foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus local, regional and international dimensions Zenonas Tziarras (editor) |
title_fullStr | The foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus local, regional and international dimensions Zenonas Tziarras (editor) |
title_full_unstemmed | The foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus local, regional and international dimensions Zenonas Tziarras (editor) |
title_short | The foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus |
title_sort | the foreign policy of the republic of cyprus local regional and international dimensions |
title_sub | local, regional and international dimensions |
topic | European Politics Foreign Policy Peace and Conflict Studies Europe—Politics and government International relations Peace Außenpolitik (DE-588)4003846-4 gnd |
topic_facet | European Politics Foreign Policy Peace and Conflict Studies Europe—Politics and government International relations Peace Außenpolitik Zypern Aufsatzsammlung |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033781782&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033781782&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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