Word order variation: semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact
In the Iranic-Semitic-Turkic contact area, where many languages are described as verb-final, ‘Targets’ (Goals, Recipients, etc.) tend to appear in the immediate postverbal position, a pattern violating the alleged ‘basic word order’. Investigating empirical material, the present volume examines the...
Gespeichert in:
Weitere Verfasser: | , |
---|---|
Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin ; Boston
De Gruyter Mouton
[2022]
|
Schriftenreihe: | Studia typologica. Beihefte/Supplements
volume 31 |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | DE-12 DE-1043 DE-1046 DE-858 DE-859 DE-860 DE-473 DE-20 DE-739 Volltext |
Zusammenfassung: | In the Iranic-Semitic-Turkic contact area, where many languages are described as verb-final, ‘Targets’ (Goals, Recipients, etc.) tend to appear in the immediate postverbal position, a pattern violating the alleged ‘basic word order’. Investigating empirical material, the present volume examines the idea of its contact-induced origin by combining various languages from inside and outside this contact area: the Greek variety Romeyka; Indic Domari; Iranic Balochi, Kurdish, Middle Persian, Parthian, Bactrian and Sogdian; Nilotic Maa; Semitic Arabic and Aramaic; Siberian and Iran-Turkic. The contributors investigate word order variation of transitive, ditransitive, and copula structures as well as intransitives with Targets. Their analyses highlight the relevance of grammatical, discourse-pragmatic, and cognitive principles. The volume highlights the importance of Target structures for linguistic theory by offering new perspectives and will be of interest to typologists and linguists interested in word order variation and information structure |
Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (VIII, 269 Seiten) |
ISBN: | 9783110790368 9783110790535 |
DOI: | 10.1515/9783110790368 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV048392119 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 20241205 | ||
007 | cr|uuu---uuuuu | ||
008 | 220804s2022 xx o|||| 00||| eng d | ||
020 | |a 9783110790368 |c PDF |9 978-3-11-079036-8 | ||
020 | |a 9783110790535 |c EPUB |9 978-3-11-079053-5 | ||
024 | 7 | |a 10.1515/9783110790368 |2 doi | |
035 | |a (ZDB-23-DGG)9783110790368 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)1339083908 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV048392119 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-1043 |a DE-1046 |a DE-858 |a DE-859 |a DE-860 |a DE-473 |a DE-739 |a DE-20 |a DE-11 | ||
082 | 0 | |a 306.440956 |2 23//eng/20220726eng | |
084 | |a EH 2140 |0 (DE-625)23620: |2 rvk | ||
084 | |a EM 4400 |0 (DE-625)24962: |2 rvk | ||
084 | |a EU 650 |0 (DE-625)28184: |2 rvk | ||
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Word order variation |b semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact |c edited by Hiwa Asadpour and Thomas Jügel |
264 | 1 | |a Berlin ; Boston |b De Gruyter Mouton |c [2022] | |
264 | 4 | |c © 2022 | |
300 | |a 1 Online-Ressource (VIII, 269 Seiten) | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 1 | |a Studia typologica. Beihefte/Supplements |v volume 31 | |
520 | |a In the Iranic-Semitic-Turkic contact area, where many languages are described as verb-final, ‘Targets’ (Goals, Recipients, etc.) tend to appear in the immediate postverbal position, a pattern violating the alleged ‘basic word order’. Investigating empirical material, the present volume examines the idea of its contact-induced origin by combining various languages from inside and outside this contact area: the Greek variety Romeyka; Indic Domari; Iranic Balochi, Kurdish, Middle Persian, Parthian, Bactrian and Sogdian; Nilotic Maa; Semitic Arabic and Aramaic; Siberian and Iran-Turkic. The contributors investigate word order variation of transitive, ditransitive, and copula structures as well as intransitives with Targets. Their analyses highlight the relevance of grammatical, discourse-pragmatic, and cognitive principles. The volume highlights the importance of Target structures for linguistic theory by offering new perspectives and will be of interest to typologists and linguists interested in word order variation and information structure | ||
650 | 4 | |a Indo-Europäisch | |
650 | 4 | |a Semitische Sprachen | |
650 | 4 | |a Sprachkontakt | |
650 | 7 | |a LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General |2 bisacsh | |
650 | 4 | |a Grammar, Comparative and general |x Word order | |
650 | 4 | |a Languages in contact |z Middle East | |
650 | 4 | |a Typology (Linguistics) | |
700 | 1 | |a Asadpour, Hiwa |0 (DE-588)1265806128 |4 edt | |
700 | 1 | |a Jügel, Thomas |0 (DE-588)1077318871 |4 edt | |
776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Druck-Ausgabe |z 978-3-11-079021-4 |
830 | 0 | |a Studia typologica. Beihefte/Supplements |v volume 31 |w (DE-604)BV045245806 |9 31 | |
856 | 4 | 0 | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368 |x Verlag |z URL des Erstveröffentlichers |3 Volltext |
912 | |a ZDB-23-DGG | ||
912 | |a ZDB-23-DSP | ||
943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033770821 | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368 |l DE-12 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q BSB_PDA_DGG_Kauf |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368 |l DE-1043 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FAB_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368 |l DE-1046 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FAW_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368 |l DE-858 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FCO_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368 |l DE-859 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FKE_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368 |l DE-860 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q FLA_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368 |l DE-473 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q UBG_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368 |l DE-20 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q UBW_Einzelkauf |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368 |l DE-739 |p ZDB-23-DGG |q UPA_PDA_DGG |x Verlag |3 Volltext |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1824508097635287040 |
---|---|
adam_text | |
adam_txt | |
any_adam_object | |
any_adam_object_boolean | |
author2 | Asadpour, Hiwa Jügel, Thomas |
author2_role | edt edt |
author2_variant | h a ha t j tj |
author_GND | (DE-588)1265806128 (DE-588)1077318871 |
author_facet | Asadpour, Hiwa Jügel, Thomas |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV048392119 |
classification_rvk | EH 2140 EM 4400 EU 650 |
collection | ZDB-23-DGG ZDB-23-DSP |
ctrlnum | (ZDB-23-DGG)9783110790368 (OCoLC)1339083908 (DE-599)BVBBV048392119 |
dewey-full | 306.440956 |
dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
dewey-ones | 306 - Culture and institutions |
dewey-raw | 306.440956 |
dewey-search | 306.440956 |
dewey-sort | 3306.440956 |
dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
discipline | Soziologie Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft Indogermanistik |
discipline_str_mv | Soziologie |
doi_str_mv | 10.1515/9783110790368 |
format | Electronic eBook |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV048392119</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20241205</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr|uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">220804s2022 xx o|||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783110790368</subfield><subfield code="c">PDF</subfield><subfield code="9">978-3-11-079036-8</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783110790535</subfield><subfield code="c">EPUB</subfield><subfield code="9">978-3-11-079053-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1515/9783110790368</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(ZDB-23-DGG)9783110790368</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1339083908</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV048392119</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-1043</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-1046</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-858</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-859</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-860</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">306.440956</subfield><subfield code="2">23//eng/20220726eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EH 2140</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)23620:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EM 4400</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)24962:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EU 650</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)28184:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Word order variation</subfield><subfield code="b">semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Hiwa Asadpour and Thomas Jügel</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Berlin ; Boston</subfield><subfield code="b">De Gruyter Mouton</subfield><subfield code="c">[2022]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2022</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (VIII, 269 Seiten)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Studia typologica. Beihefte/Supplements</subfield><subfield code="v">volume 31</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">In the Iranic-Semitic-Turkic contact area, where many languages are described as verb-final, ‘Targets’ (Goals, Recipients, etc.) tend to appear in the immediate postverbal position, a pattern violating the alleged ‘basic word order’. Investigating empirical material, the present volume examines the idea of its contact-induced origin by combining various languages from inside and outside this contact area: the Greek variety Romeyka; Indic Domari; Iranic Balochi, Kurdish, Middle Persian, Parthian, Bactrian and Sogdian; Nilotic Maa; Semitic Arabic and Aramaic; Siberian and Iran-Turkic. The contributors investigate word order variation of transitive, ditransitive, and copula structures as well as intransitives with Targets. Their analyses highlight the relevance of grammatical, discourse-pragmatic, and cognitive principles. The volume highlights the importance of Target structures for linguistic theory by offering new perspectives and will be of interest to typologists and linguists interested in word order variation and information structure</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Indo-Europäisch</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Semitische Sprachen</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Sprachkontakt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General</subfield><subfield code="2">bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Grammar, Comparative and general</subfield><subfield code="x">Word order</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Languages in contact</subfield><subfield code="z">Middle East</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Typology (Linguistics)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Asadpour, Hiwa</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1265806128</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Jügel, Thomas</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1077318871</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Druck-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-3-11-079021-4</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Studia typologica. Beihefte/Supplements</subfield><subfield code="v">volume 31</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV045245806</subfield><subfield code="9">31</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="z">URL des Erstveröffentlichers</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-23-DSP</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="943" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033770821</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">BSB_PDA_DGG_Kauf</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-1043</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FAB_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-1046</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FAW_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-858</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FCO_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-859</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FKE_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-860</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">FLA_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-473</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">UBG_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-20</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">UBW_Einzelkauf</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-23-DGG</subfield><subfield code="q">UPA_PDA_DGG</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
id | DE-604.BV048392119 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-03T20:21:07Z |
indexdate | 2025-02-19T17:35:12Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9783110790368 9783110790535 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033770821 |
oclc_num | 1339083908 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-12 DE-1043 DE-1046 DE-858 DE-859 DE-860 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 DE-20 DE-11 |
owner_facet | DE-12 DE-1043 DE-1046 DE-858 DE-859 DE-860 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-739 DE-20 DE-11 |
physical | 1 Online-Ressource (VIII, 269 Seiten) |
psigel | ZDB-23-DGG ZDB-23-DSP ZDB-23-DGG BSB_PDA_DGG_Kauf ZDB-23-DGG FAB_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FAW_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FCO_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FKE_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG FLA_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG UBG_PDA_DGG ZDB-23-DGG UBW_Einzelkauf ZDB-23-DGG UPA_PDA_DGG |
publishDate | 2022 |
publishDateSearch | 2022 |
publishDateSort | 2022 |
publisher | De Gruyter Mouton |
record_format | marc |
series | Studia typologica. Beihefte/Supplements |
series2 | Studia typologica. Beihefte/Supplements |
spelling | Word order variation semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact edited by Hiwa Asadpour and Thomas Jügel Berlin ; Boston De Gruyter Mouton [2022] © 2022 1 Online-Ressource (VIII, 269 Seiten) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Studia typologica. Beihefte/Supplements volume 31 In the Iranic-Semitic-Turkic contact area, where many languages are described as verb-final, ‘Targets’ (Goals, Recipients, etc.) tend to appear in the immediate postverbal position, a pattern violating the alleged ‘basic word order’. Investigating empirical material, the present volume examines the idea of its contact-induced origin by combining various languages from inside and outside this contact area: the Greek variety Romeyka; Indic Domari; Iranic Balochi, Kurdish, Middle Persian, Parthian, Bactrian and Sogdian; Nilotic Maa; Semitic Arabic and Aramaic; Siberian and Iran-Turkic. The contributors investigate word order variation of transitive, ditransitive, and copula structures as well as intransitives with Targets. Their analyses highlight the relevance of grammatical, discourse-pragmatic, and cognitive principles. The volume highlights the importance of Target structures for linguistic theory by offering new perspectives and will be of interest to typologists and linguists interested in word order variation and information structure Indo-Europäisch Semitische Sprachen Sprachkontakt LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General bisacsh Grammar, Comparative and general Word order Languages in contact Middle East Typology (Linguistics) Asadpour, Hiwa (DE-588)1265806128 edt Jügel, Thomas (DE-588)1077318871 edt Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe 978-3-11-079021-4 Studia typologica. Beihefte/Supplements volume 31 (DE-604)BV045245806 31 https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368 Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext |
spellingShingle | Word order variation semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact Studia typologica. Beihefte/Supplements Indo-Europäisch Semitische Sprachen Sprachkontakt LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General bisacsh Grammar, Comparative and general Word order Languages in contact Middle East Typology (Linguistics) |
title | Word order variation semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact |
title_auth | Word order variation semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact |
title_exact_search | Word order variation semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact |
title_exact_search_txtP | Word order variation semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact |
title_full | Word order variation semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact edited by Hiwa Asadpour and Thomas Jügel |
title_fullStr | Word order variation semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact edited by Hiwa Asadpour and Thomas Jügel |
title_full_unstemmed | Word order variation semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact edited by Hiwa Asadpour and Thomas Jügel |
title_short | Word order variation |
title_sort | word order variation semitic turkic and indo european languages in contact |
title_sub | semitic, turkic and indo-european languages in contact |
topic | Indo-Europäisch Semitische Sprachen Sprachkontakt LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General bisacsh Grammar, Comparative and general Word order Languages in contact Middle East Typology (Linguistics) |
topic_facet | Indo-Europäisch Semitische Sprachen Sprachkontakt LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General Grammar, Comparative and general Word order Languages in contact Middle East Typology (Linguistics) |
url | https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110790368 |
volume_link | (DE-604)BV045245806 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT asadpourhiwa wordordervariationsemiticturkicandindoeuropeanlanguagesincontact AT jugelthomas wordordervariationsemiticturkicandindoeuropeanlanguagesincontact |