The fascist faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-1941: martyrdom and national purification
"The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-41 engages critically with recent works on fascism, totalitarianism, and religion, and advances an original theoretical and methodological approach to fascism as a political faith. On this basis, the book constructs...
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge
2023
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge studies in fascism and the far right
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-41 engages critically with recent works on fascism, totalitarianism, and religion, and advances an original theoretical and methodological approach to fascism as a political faith. On this basis, the book constructs an innovative comparative research framework for reconceptualizing the history of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-41. It contends that the Legion put forward a palingenetic political faith of a theological type, called legionarism. To provide a comprehensive analysis of the origins, main features, mechanisms of institutionalization and demise of this self-proclaimed salvific political faith, the book documents the palingenetic foundations of the Legionary faith, the syncretism between fascist and Christian rites and rituals, and the intricate relationship between the Legion and the Orthodox Church and its dogma. The book documents three main sacrificial strategies employed by the Legion to 're-evangelize' the people in the new faith: (1) the appropriation of the cult of the fallen soldiers; (2) terrorist missions meant to create fascist heroes through violent sacrifice; and (3) sanctification through heroic fight for Christianity in the Spanish Civil War, in an attempt to link legionarism with the transnational crusade against "Judeo-Bolshevism." As well as providing a detailed historical and interpretive account of the Legion, the book makes a significant contribution to debates about defining fascism and its relation to religion. It also provides novel comparative perspectives for studying other attempts at constructing fascist faiths in interwar Europe, most notably in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of fascism, politics and religion, political theory, Romanian history, youth radicalization, violence, and the emergence of terrorism" |
| Beschreibung: | "An earlier version of this English-language monograph was also translated in Hungarian and published with L'Harmattan publishing house."--Acknowledgments |
| Beschreibung: | xvii, 474 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (teilweise farbig) |
| ISBN: | 9781138624559 9781138624436 |
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| 500 | |a "An earlier version of this English-language monograph was also translated in Hungarian and published with L'Harmattan publishing house."--Acknowledgments | ||
| 520 | |a "The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-41 engages critically with recent works on fascism, totalitarianism, and religion, and advances an original theoretical and methodological approach to fascism as a political faith. On this basis, the book constructs an innovative comparative research framework for reconceptualizing the history of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-41. It contends that the Legion put forward a palingenetic political faith of a theological type, called legionarism. To provide a comprehensive analysis of the origins, main features, mechanisms of institutionalization and demise of this self-proclaimed salvific political faith, the book documents the palingenetic foundations of the Legionary faith, the syncretism between fascist and Christian rites and rituals, and the intricate relationship between the Legion and the Orthodox Church and its dogma. The book documents three main sacrificial strategies employed by the Legion to 're-evangelize' the people in the new faith: (1) the appropriation of the cult of the fallen soldiers; (2) terrorist missions meant to create fascist heroes through violent sacrifice; and (3) sanctification through heroic fight for Christianity in the Spanish Civil War, in an attempt to link legionarism with the transnational crusade against "Judeo-Bolshevism." As well as providing a detailed historical and interpretive account of the Legion, the book makes a significant contribution to debates about defining fascism and its relation to religion. It also provides novel comparative perspectives for studying other attempts at constructing fascist faiths in interwar Europe, most notably in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of fascism, politics and religion, political theory, Romanian history, youth radicalization, violence, and the emergence of terrorism" | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS List of Figures, Maps, Graphs, Diagrams, and Tables Preface ix xii Introduction: Fascism as a Political Faith: Toward a New Research Framework 1 PART I A New Covenant: The Making of the Legionary Political Faith, 1927-1937 1 National Unification, Cleavages, and Charismatic Nationalism in Greater Romania 2 A New Political Faith: National Authenticity and the Cult of the Ancestors 49 51 78 3 Charismatic Nationalism, Patriarchalism, and Salvation: The Cult of the “Captain” 152 4 Manufacturing Martyrdom: The Cult of the Fallen Soldiers, Terrorism, and Salvific Sacrifice 187 5 Fascist Constituencies: Social Identities and Fascist Radicalization 238
viii Contents PART II A Continuum of Dictatorships: Hybrid Totalitarian Experiments, 1937-1944 6 Carol Il’s Dictatorship: From Antifascism to Fascistization (1938-1940) 7 Teaching the New Faith: The Legion’s Rule (1940-1941) 8 A Fascist Festival of the Dead: Codreanu’s Reburial and the Politics of National Resurrection 9 The Legionary Faith and the Romanian Orthodox Church Conclusion: From a Civil Religion to a Fascist Political Faith References Index 267 269 289 308 362 414 433 462
INDEX Acterian, Arşavir 118 Action Française 67-68, 437 Adjud 219 Advetists, Greater Romania 373 Alba Iulia 101, 219, 321, 322, 347, 348, 349 Alcazar 214 Alea Vulpache, Bucharest 314 Alecsandri, Vasile, “Union’s Round Dance” 190 Alexander I, King of Yugoslavia (1929-1931) 269 Alexander of Macedon 102 All for the Country Party (Totul pentru Țară) 28, 83, 87-89, 127, 133, 164, 168, 197, 199, 214, 216, 219, 227, 228, 242, 254, 282, 378, 382, 389, 393, 396, 397; disbanding of 276-277; election results 255-260, 267 American Revolution 388 Anania, Bartolomeu 429 Anastasescu, Fănică 345 Anderson, Benedict 64 Andrei, Petre 126 Andrei, Vasile 340 D’Annunzio, Gabriele 225 Anti-Christian 135, 292, 325, 375, 376, 398 anticommunist resistance xiii; anti-Bolshevism 108; “The Anti-Communist Falange” 80; see also Bolshevism antisemitism 347, 108, 154; alleged anti-Romanian actions 105; alleged ‘invasion’ of foreign Jews 206; anti-Jewish decrees during royal dictatorship 284-285; anti-Jewish plot 66; and trial 66-67; anti-Jewish student plot 66, 244; anti-Jewish violence 299; demonization of 91-92, 100, 103-106, 110, 113, 115, 123, 126, 130, 172, 188, 196, 203, 214, 240, 242, 245, 250, 258, 322, 346, 347, 364, 366, 418; denatu ralization of 270, 271, 284; deportation and extermination xiii, 7, 302-303, 424; numerus clausus 50, 63, 64, 85, 105, 106, 110; numerus nullus 50, 105; opposition to Jewish emancipation 65-66; status under the National Legionary Regime 292-294, 296, 302; see also Jews Anton of Padua, Catholic Saint 161 Antonescu, Ion 6, 7, 10, 30, 113, 268, 270, 289-303, 306,
313-314, 317, 319-320, 328-330, 334, 335, 340, 341, 347, 350-351, 373-374, 398-403, 422-425, 429 Antonescu, Mihai 293, 319 Antonio, Jose xiv Apărarea națională [National Defense], newspaper 69, 156 Arad 342 “Arboroasa” Association 213 Archangel Gabriel 78, 101, 190, 429 Archangel Michael, and the monarchy 107, 426, 429; archangelism 109; “Archangelists’ Question” 70; and the cult of war heroes 191-193; depiction in the Coronation Cathedral 99; icon
Index 463 Bănescu, Eugen 323, 327, 328 Baptists, Greater Romania 370, 373; German Baptists 373; Hungarian Baptists 373; Romanian Baptists 373 Barbu, Zeev 4, 5, 239-240 Bârnova sanatorium 319 Barres, Maurice 69, 70, 72, 158, 214 Bârșa 317 Bartolomeu (also Vartolomeiu) Stănescu, Bishop of Râmnicu Noul Severin (1921-1938) 387-389, 392; and Center for Social-Christian studies (Centrul de Studii Social-Creștine) 388; and social Christianism 388-389 Basarab Avenue, Bucharest 337, 340 Belimace, Doru 204-206, 208; “Doru Belimace Height” 316; house of 324; family of 340; see also Nicadori Belu Cemetery, Bucharest 227 Beneyto Luis, the delegate of the Spanish Phalange in Romania 336 Berdiaef, Nicolas 134 Berghof 279 Berlin 68, 115, 117, 120, 153, 218, 292, 298, 333, 338 Bernea, Ernest 118 Bessarabia 51, 52, 53, 62, 64, 65, 79, 80, 102, 167, 191, 205, 212, 213, 250, 252, 254, 255, 256, 260, 289, 294, 303, 368, 369, 378, 382-385, 392, 393; Bessarabian Metropolitan Seat 368; Bessarabian Orthodox Church 367; Southern Bessarabia 239, 243 Biberi, I. 118 Bacău 219 Bidinaru, A. 387 Bagdad, Elena 319 Billington, James H. 18 Baia 383 Bismarck, Otto von 107 Bălan, Nicolae (1882-1955), Metropolitan Bistrița Monastery 289, 389 of Transylvania 220, 368, 372-373, “Black Hill” (Dealul Negru) Legionary 383, 385-387, 393, 396, 397, 401, 403 unit 323 Bălcescu, Nicolae and palingenetic laws Blănaru, Ion 332, 334 175, 414, 418; and messianic nationalism Blum, Léon 217, 218 250, 344; and the cult of Michael the Bogdan-Duică, Gheorghe 90 Brave 281 Bohle, Ernst Wilhelm, head of the Nazi Balkans 115, 121,
201, 246, 269 Organization for Germans Abroad 335 Boldeanu, Vasile 324, 396-397 Ballanche, Pierre-Simon (1776-1847), Bolshevik Revolution 104-105, 250 Essais de palingénésie sociale (1820) 17 Bălți County, Bessarabia 253, 254, 383, 384 Bolshevism 80, 81, 115, 119, 121, 123, 126; contamination with 64; Banat 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 62, 70, 80, 255, Bolshevisation of Romania 214; fear of 257, 258, 303, 310, 347, 351, 367 225; and internationalism 251; attack Bandae, Leonida 66 on the Russian Orthodox Church 375 Banea, Dumitru 338 Bonnet, Charles, La Palingenesie Banea, Ion 81, 90, 167, 168, 178, 221, philosophique (1769—1770) 17 282, 338, 363; and the cult of the Captain 157—158 Boris III, King ofBulgaria (1938-1943) 269 of 78, 89, 95, 96-99, 100, 163, 342; Legionary cult of 9, 68, 70, 78, 89, 90, 95-102, 120, 168, 172, 207, 321, 327, 331, 336-337, 340-344, 346, 364, 377, 421, 426, 427; 190; links with the cult of Michael the Brave 96-102, 190-193, 210, 216, 415-416; and the personality cult of Antonescu 401; as symbol of Mărășești 191 Arendt, Hannah 25-26 Argeșanu, Gheorghe, General 282 Argetoianu, Constantin 82, 117 Aries River 337-338 Armenia 24 Arnota labour camp 389 Arnota Monastery 389 Aromanians, within the Legion 202, 203, 210, 347 Arrow Cross, Hungary 252 Aryans 156 Astra 348 Atheneum, Bucharest 349 Austria 251; Nazi annexation of 277, 283 Austria-Hungary 51, 52, 53, 54, 64, 164, 349; Austrian-Hungarian Army 187, 248 Authoritarianism 7, 25, 283, 289, 422 Averescu, Alexandru, General, Marshall from 1930 56, 83, 85, 124, 129 AXA group 90-91, 107, 112, 113-116, 117, 120,
131, 174, 209, 222, 282, 363 AXA journal 131, 157, 209, 246, 251-252, 375, 377
464 Index Borzea, Aurel 316 Botoșani 254 Botta, Dan 118 Brăileanu, Traian 107, 124-129, 162, 213, 251; and the Cernăuți sociological group 179, 395; as Minister of National Education 319, 395, 398, 399, 401; see also Iconar Brâncoveanu, Constantin, Wallachian Prince 190 Brașov 282, 317, 321, 342 Brătianu Avenue, Bucharest 337; statue of Brătianu, statue 340 Brauner, Eliza, Corneliu Zelea-Codreanu’s mother 64 British Union of Fascists (BUF) xiv Brotherhoods of the Cross (Frățiile de Crucé) 3, 163, 164-169, 172-174, 209, 282, 318, 319, 338, 340, 351, 363 Bucharest 219, 282, 317, 319, 320 bucium (bugle) 338 Bukovina 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 90, 102, 104, 124, 126, 128, 164, 167, 212, 219, 252, 254, 255, 258, 262, 294, 337, 338, 367, 382, 393; deportation ofjews from 303; Northern Bukovina 289; Southern Bukovina 80 Bulgaria 73, 201, 246, 269, 281, 289 Bulgarians in Dobrudja 53, 205, 248, 257; Bulgarian Exarchate 367 Buna Vestire (The Annunciation) 133, 164, 216, 299, 318, 327, 332 Burgos 218 Butnaru, G. 336 Byzantium 24 Cadrilater/Southern Dobrudja colonization of 115, 201, 203, 205; annexation by Bulgaria 289 Cahul 254 Calea Șerban Vodă, Bucharest 318 Caledoniu, Ovid 124 Călinescu, Armand 81, 282, 318, 319, 326 Călugăreni, battle of 101 Calvinists, Greater Romania 370 Campiña 317, 392 Câmpulung 102 Cantacuzino, Alexandrina 192, 313 Cantacuzino, Alexandru 4, 21, 90, 215, 218, 221, 222, 224, 282, 313; and fascist theology 133-137 Cantacuzino, George Matei 118 Cantacuzino, Gheorghe “Zizi” Grănicerul (Border Guard) 83-84, 134, 189, 197, 198, 205, 207, 208, 214, 215,
218; burial of 226-228, 310 Cantonieru, Nicolae 125 Caraiman Mountain 345 Caraiman, Carol 117, 129; see also Carol II, King of Romania Caranica, Ion 204, 206, 208, 210, 316; “Ion Caranica Height” 315; see also Nicadori Carol II, King of Romania (r. 1939-1940) 82, 84, 192, 204, 206, 212, 246, 259, 267, 289, 291, 308, 310, 311, 314, 321, 323, 348, 385, 390-394, 396, 423-425; royal dictatorship of 269-285; see also Caraiman, Carol Carpathian Mountains 314-315, 321 Cașin 101 Cathedral of the Coronation, Alba Iulia 96-99 Caucasus 115 Central Europe 5, 10, 82, 115, 279, 288, 303 Cenușa [Ashes] Crematorium, Bucharest 318 Cernăuți county 129, 253, 256, 262 Cernăuți/Cernowitz 1, 55, 28, 62, 63, 66, 194, 219, 220, 395, 421; Cathedral 213; Cernăuți Conservatory 125; Monument for the Union of Bukovina 213; Square of the Union 213 Cernăuți/Czernowitz Cathedral 213; Monument for the Union ofBukovina 213; Square of the Union 213 Černica Monastery 318; Černica Monastic Seminary Choir 339 charisma and fascism 20-22 charismatic nationalism 11-12, 21, 26, 51, 70, 137, 220, 403, 419 Charlotenville, Virginia xiv Charlottesville rally xiv Chelaru, Traian 125 Chișinău 10, 58, 62, 206, 208, 384, 385 Christescu, Vasile 90, 112, 116, 222 Ciano, Galeazzo, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy 335 Ciocănești 205 Cioran, Emil xiii, 120-121, 118, 346; Schimbarea la față 121 Ciorogariu, Gheorghe ЗОЇ Ciumetti “Sterie Ciumetti Height” 316 Ciumetti, Maria 340 Civil Code, Romania 327 Clime, Gheorghe, leader of “All for the Country” 89, 218, 282 Cluj 66, 219
Index Cobălcescu avenue, Bucharest 318 Codrii Câmpulungului, Bukovina 337 Cold War 25-26 Comănești 219 Comarnescu, Petru 118 Commission of Investigation of the Legionary Crimes 328 Company of Honor of the Hunters’ Regiment No. 17, Transylvania 317 Constant, Alexandru 114 Constantin, Theodor 124 Constantinescu, Nicolae (Niki) 206, 207, 208, 210; “Nicolae Constantinescu Height” 315-316; family of 340; see also Nicadori Constantinescu, Titus H. 68, 155 Corneliu Zelea-Codreanu Grouping [Gruparea Corneliu Zelea-Codreanu) 28, 157, 164 Corporativism 12, 107, 114, 115, 418; “corporative ethnocracy” 110; in Crainic’s work 110-111, 113; in the Legionary doctrine 114-116; in Manoilescu’s work 129-133; and the organization of the Legion 169; and social Christianity 388; under the royal dictatorship 270, 273-274; totalitarian-corporatist state 107, 423 Coşbuc, George 97, 141 Costeşti 101 Crainic, Nichifor 107-113, 116, 119, 130, 132, 177, 198, 379, 382; and corporatism 110-111, 113 Crețu, Gheorghe, Legionary Police Commissar 328 Crișana 167, 255, 256, 257, 258 Cristea, Miron, Patriarch 101, 220, 271, 310, 320, 350, 368, 384, 394, 401; funeral of 310, 311, 350 Cristescu, Eugen, director of the Romanian Intelligence Service 242 Cristescu, Grigorie, Father 227, 370, 379, 380, 389 Crișul Alb river 338 Criterion debating circle (1932-1933) 118 Croatia 246 Cruciada Românismului (the Crusade of Romanianism), newspaper 85, 209-210 Curentul 332 Cuvântul 319, 346, 347 Cuza, A. C. 65, 68, 69, 85, 90, 103, 112-114, 124, 131, 154, 156, 159, 244, 270, 418 465 Cuza, Alexandru loan, (r. 1859-1866) 102,
103, 190, 365-366 Czechoslovakia 52, 70; partition of 283 Dacia, Kingdom of 101, 327; war against the Roman Empire (105-106 CE) 101 Dacians 56, 97, 101; and the cult of authenticity 338 Dancu, Cristòfor 336 Danilă, Constantin 81 Day of Legionary Suffering (1940) 84 Dealu Mare Monastery 96, 190, 195, 344; “St. Nicholas Church” 96 Dealu Military School 96, 415, 416 Decemviri 211, 279, 311, 312; reburial of 320-325, 330, 339, 341-343 Degeneration fascism and 27; Jews as agents of 245, 346, 416-418; in the Legionary ideology 92-93, 103-104, 110, 214, 416-418 Degrelle, Léon xiv Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro GmbH 117 Dinicu Golescu avenue, Bucharest 318 Dobre, Bănică 214 Dobre, Gheorghe, General 329 Dobre, Ion 198; prefect of Tecuci county 317 Dobrudja 52, 191, 243, 255, 256, 351, 383, 393; Bulgarians in 205, 243; Northern Dobrudja 257-258, 367, 368 Dolj 387 Dollfuss, Engelbert Austrian chancellor 350 Dornești 219 Drăgănescu, Ștefan 323 Drăgășani 389 Dragomirescu, Theodor 124 Dragomirescu, Victor 160, 281, 318 Drumur, Gheorghe 125 Dubneac, monk deacon Felix 339 Duca, L G. 82, 83, 84, 203, 204, 205, 326, 420; assassination of 160, 177, 204-206, 208, 210, 213, 326, 376 Dumas, Alexandre, The Three Musketeers 173 Dumitrescu-Borșa, Ion, Father 83, 214, 301, 389, 396, 397 Dumitrescu, Miti 218, 318 Durkheim, Emile (1905-1909) 387; Durkheim’s social theory 388 East-Central Europe 52, 246 Eatwell, Roger 6, 20 Education Nouvelle, also nouvelle pédagogie 171-172
466 Index Edward VII, funerals of 218 Elektra 327 Eliade, Mircea xiii, 118-120, 125; “Spiritual Itinerary” (Itineráriu spiritual) (1927) 118 Elian, Alexandru 118 Elisabeta Avenue, Bucharest 227, 337 Eminescu, Mihai (1850-1889) 103, 416 Fabricius, Wilhelm the Ministry of Nazi Germany to Bucharest 317, 335 Fălciu 254 Farben Industrie, I. G. 117 Felice, Renzo de 5 Ferdinand I, King of Romania (1914-1927) 56, 190, 191, 384, 399; coronation 190, 416 Filipescu, Nicolae 415-416 Flondor, Iancu 56 Florescu, Antipa 336 Focșani 155 Foucault, Michel 26 France 16, 17, 18, 19, 69, 82, 121, 122, 126, 153, 174, 217, 218, 225, 279, 283, 283, 310 Franco, Francisco, General 335 freemasonry 135, 213-215; “Jewish Masonic hydra” 299; Judeo-Masonic bankers 204; Judeo-Masonic front 176; “Liberal Masonic hydra” 299; masonic influence 195; masonic plot 176; masonic policy of the National Liberal Party 214 French revolution 121, 388 Galata Prison 159 Galați 80 Galați County 79 Galicia 153, 272 Gandhi, Mahatma 188 Gărneață, Ilie 66, 98-99, 316, 319, 323, 330, 334 Gârniceanu, Puiu 66; and the cult of the Captain 158 Găvănescu, Ion, Professor 246 Gazeta Transilvaniei 349 Generic fascism 10, 17; approach to generic fascism 10-27; ideal-type definition 12; new consensus 11 Gentile, Emilio 6, 24-25 Gentile, Giovanni 20 Georgescu, Corneliu 66, 190, 222, 316, 323, 329; autobiographical account 243-244 Georgescu, Serafim, Archimandrite, abbot of the Sinaia Monastery 316, 319 Georgescu-Edineț, Nicolae 195, 222, 227, 336, 375, 379 German air force mission (Deutsches Luftwaffe Mission in Rumänien) 335 Germany
iii, 3, 7, 25, 52, 68, 107, 113, 115, 121, 133, 134, 153, 189, 210, 215, 217, 218, 252, 270, 276, 277, 279, 283, 293, 295, 298, 300, 303, 317, 321, 335, 387, 423 Gheorghiu, Aristotle 316 Gheorgieni railway station 316 Ghici, Pellegrino the Ministry of Italy to Bucharest 317, 336 Ghighiu Monastery 316 Giurgiu, Marcu (1733-1785), alias Crișan 349 Glasul Bucovinei 125 Goebbels, Paul Joseph 117 Goga, Octavian 54, 61, 85, 100, 112, 270; and church policy 390, 395; and the denaturalization ofjews 284, 292; Goga government 289; and the Jewish invasion of cities 100; see also National Christian Party; National-Agrarian Party Golopenția, Anton 118 Goring, Hermann 218 Gramsci, Antonio 4 Great Britain 82 Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia in 1918 322, 347, 348 Greece 24, 248; ancient Greece 327 Greek Catholic Church 349 Greek Phanariots, as agents of degeneration 103, 347, 418 Green House (Casa Verde), Bucharest 314, 321, 322, 334, 337, 340, 341, 342; construction of 82 Griffin, Roger on the Iron Guard 6; on charismatic leadership 20; and the paligenetic nature of fascism 17-18 Grigor, Gheorghe 189; burial of 212-213 Grigore Ghica Vodă 219 Grigoriu, Constantin 427 Grivița Avenue, Bucharest 337 Grivița Workshops, Bucharest 340 Groza, Dumitru, chief of the Workers’ Corps 328, 340 Gurie, Orthodox Metropolitan of Bessarabia 197, 336, 351, 384 Gustloff, Wilhelm 218 Gyr, Radu 3, 120, 189, 389
Index 467 haiducs 344 Hannibal 157 Hansen, Erik, General, military attaché to Bucharest 335 Harmel, Léon 388 Heimbach, Matthew xiv; and the US Traditionalist Worker Party xiv Heinen, Armin 5, 240, 242, 260, 295 Heliade Radulescu, Ion 96, 103, 104, 109, 250, 344, 415, 416; Mihaida, poem epic 96; “theological” philosophy of palingenesis 415-418 Heroism 189; Codreanu as an model of heroism 155, 162, 173, 345; Crainic’s view on 108; and the Cross Brotherhood 173; heroic Christianity 93; in Iconar 125; Legionary heroism 83, 101, 216, 313, 315, 321, 345 Herseni, Traian 118, 395 High Court of Cassation and Justice 327 Himmler, Heinrich, Reichsführer SS 336 Hitler, Adolf Mein Kampf 13, 117, 127, 131, 133, 174, 210, 279, 300, 302, 335, 387; and political faith 13, 21 Hitlerism 123 Hobsbawm, Eric 5 Hoinic, Mircea 339 “Hoist the Flag and Close Your Ranks” [Drapelul sus și rândurile strânse] Legionary anthem 317 Holocaust 10; Holocaust studies 22 Horthy, Miklós 316 Hotin 101, 384 Hungarians in Greater Romania 51, 53, 54, 61, 188, 240, 243, 256, 257, 258 Hungary 7, 252, 289, 316, 322 Iancu, Avram 101, 102, 119, 349 lamandi, Victor 208, 376, 385, 391 Iași 66, 96, 383 Iași Cultural House 78 Iași Metropolitan Church 190 lasinschi, Vasile 1, 213, 316, 317, 319, 330 Iconar 107, 124-126, 212, 246 Imbrescu, Ilie, Father 90, 195, 332, 377, 393-394, 403, 419 imitatio Christi 93, 160, 321, 332 integral nationalism 9, 16, 51, 60, 68, 104, 112, 130, 131, 173, 270, 289, 290, 292, 293, 295, 297, 301, 424; Christian-integral nationalism 65; integral Romanianism 130 Ioan the Terrible (Ioan cel
Cumplit), Wallachian prince 101 Ionescu, Andrei 332 Ionescu, D. N. 380 Ionescu, Dominic 227 Ionescu (Ionesco), Eugen (1909-1994) xiii, 122 Ionescu, Nae xiii, 107, 112, 116-118, 119, 123, 126, 132, 157, 215, 379-382, 389, 395, 419 Ionescu, Șerban 388 Ionescu, Virgil 112, 113, 114, 216 Iorga, Nicolae 54, 58, 61, 87, 90, 103, 111, 112, 117, 124, 226, 278, 328, 329, 344, 365, 416-418 lovin, Vasile 338 Iron Guard, establishment 79-80, 81; ban of 81, 82, 83, 106, 116, 164; see also Legion “Archangel Michael” Irun 218 Islamic religion, Greater Romania 370 Ismail 254 Ispir, Vasile Gh. 388 Istrate, Gheorghe leader of the Cross Brotherhoods 282 Italian Fascism 4, 13, 25, 68, 107, 110, 114, 116, 119, 120, 121, 125, 133, 134, 174, 199 Italy iii, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25, 52, 71, 107, 113, 115, 121, 133, 134, 189, 218, 225, 270, 276, 295, 298, 317, 321, 335, 336, 423 Japan 321; status ofjapanese citizens in Romania 335 Jena 68 Jews, in Old Kingdom 52, 60, 62; alleged ‘invasion’ by foreign Jews 206; alleged anti-Romanian actions 105; antiJewish decrees during royal dictatorship 284-285; anti-Jewish plot 66; anti-Jewish violence 299; demonization of 91-92, 100, 103-106, 110, 113, 115, 123, 126, 130, 172, 188, 196, 203, 214, 240, 242, 245, 250, 258, 322, 346, 347, 364, 366, 418; denaturalization of 270, 271, 284; deportation and extermination xiii, 7, 302—303, 424; in Greater Romania 53, 54, 60, 61; legal status of the mosaic religion, Greater Romania 370; opposition to Jewish emancipation 65-66; status under the National Legionary Regime 292-294, 296, 302; and trial 66-67; see also
antisemitism Jianu, Ionel 118 Jilava Prison 322, 323, 326, 338
468 Index Jiu River 101 Judaism 135 Judea 24 Judeo-Bolshevism iii, 8, 9, 50, 70, 105, 213, 250, 402, 417 Julius Caesar 102 Junimea Literară 124 Kemalist Turkey 134 Kempis, Thomas, The Imitation of Christ {De imitatione Christi, 1418) 160 Kiev 384 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 52 Knights of the “Michael the Brave” Military Order 227, 334, 340 Kraft durch Freude, KdF, Nazi Germany 274 Krakow 217, 218 Krasiński, Zygmunt (1812-1859) 19 Kraus, Erwin King, Colonel 334, 340 Lady’s Stone (Pietrele Doamnei) 315 Lapedatu, Alexandru 374 Lapușna 205 Latinity 215, 218, 225; pan-Latinism 225; ‘non-Bolshevized Latinity’ 226 Lauric, Filon 213 Lazăr, Gheorghe 414, 418 League of Nations 82 League of the Archangel Michael, Russia 96 Lecca, R. priest 316 Lefter, Mile, Commander of the Annunciation 81, 317, 319, 323, 330 Legion “Archangel Michael” 70; anti liberalism 154; anti-Marxism 250-251; ban on 81, 83; charismatic scenario of salvation 89-96; confrontation with the Army 298-299, 320, 350, 423-424; electoral results 89; establishment ceremony 100-101; Legion’s charismatic ideology xv; Legionary Senate 81; Legionary Superior Council 81; membership 1934-37 84; and the new man and woman 6, 12, 13, 26, 91, 106, 133, 136, 137, 164, 169-180, 243, 323, 363, 401, 427, 428; and the Orthodox Church 351, 352, 362-403; origins in Northern Moldova 253-254, 270, 281; “rebellion” ofjanuary 1941 300, 330-331, 383, 396, 401; seat on Gutenberg Street no. 3 324, 332; and violent revenge 326-330; see also All for the Country Party; Iron Guard Legionary Workers’ Corps 319, 326, 327, 332, 340 Lenin
(Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) 118; funerals of 218 Leninism 121 Leo XIII, Pope 388 Leuca, Ioan 316 Libertatea (Freedom) 64, 78, 344, 386 Liebenfels, Lanz von 104 Liga culturală 348 Lincoln, Abraham, funerals of 218 Livezeanu, Bartolomeu 170, 318, 337 Livezeanu, Irina 61-62, 240 Lorenz, Werner, Obergruppenführer 336 Loyola, Ignatius, Spiritual Exercises (1522-1524) 160 Lucifer 191, 394; see also Satan Lumea Nouă (The New World) 107, 129-133 Lumina Satelor, newspaper 386 Lupescu, Elena 205, 314 Lutherans, Greater Romania 370 Macrin, George 125, 126, 213 Madgearu, Virgil 329 Măgură, Victor 124 Majadahonda 218, 320 Malaxa, Nicolae, industrialist 239 Malaxa Locomotive Factory, Bucharest 239 Mamu Monastery 389 Manciù 326; assassination of 155 Maniu, Iuliu xiii, 55, 57, 58, 87, 259, 260 Mann, Michael 6, 61, 238, 240, 258-259 Manoilescu, Mihail 107, 129-133, 379; and corporatism 129-133; see also Lumea Nouă (The New World) Manoliu, Petru 118 Mărășești 65, 96, 101 Mărăști 101, 191 March on Rome (1922) 297 Mares, Nicolae, General 329 Maria, Queen of Romania 190 Marie, Adrien Albert, Comte de Mun 388 Marin, Aurel 125 Marin, Firmilian, arch-priest 336 Marin, Vasile 66, 91; as theoretician of totalitarianism 116; Crez de Generație (Creed of a Generation) 222; see also Moța and Marin Marinescu, Gabriel, Prefect of Police 212 Marinescu-Filipesti, Μ. 316 Marxism 15, 134, 135, 250, 362, 426; German Marxism 119 Maurras, Charles 68, 119
Index 469 Mosse, George 309 Mausoleum of Mărășesti 192-193, 416, 429 Moța and Marin, death of 49, 216, 421; Mausoleum of the Martyrs, Green House, cult of 1, 220-226, 322, 341, 343, Bucharest 217, 311, 314, 322, 324, 341; 391; funerals of 1, 86, 216-221, 226, see also Moța and Marin 228, 295, 310, 312, 314, 316, 340-341, Mazzini, Giuseppe 20 352, 382, 387, 389, 392; Legionary Mecca 315 Mausoleum of the Martyrs 311, 334; Mehedinți 253 Moța-Marin Corps 134, 224, 282; Mehedinți, Simion 379 “Moța and Marin” Legionary Metempsychosis 9, 93, 94, 417 anthem 317 Michael I (Mihai I) King of Romania Moța, Ioan, Father 64, 65, 78, 86, 219, (r. 1927-1930, 1940-1947) 290, 291, 311, 320, 321, 322, 341, 386, 387; 334, 380, 399, 425, 429 burial of 320-321 “Michael the Brave” Church, Moța, Ion I. 1, 2, 64-68, 78, 86, 90, 91, Bucharest 227 96, 98, 99, 104, 106, 114, 115, 134, 164, Michael the Brave cult of, as unifier and 177, 189, 195, 209, 244-245, 320-321, redemptive hero 101, 102, 190-192, 327, 362, 363; acquittal for assassination 349, 387, 415, 416; death 281; divine 205; and antisemistism 103-105; and mission 96; grave of 101, 420; link with AXA 114-115, 209; and the cult of the cult of Archangel Michael 96, Codreanu 90, 155-157; as creator of 190-192, 193; military medal “Michael Codreanu’s cult 156-157; cult of 420, the Brave” 83, 198; model for 427; death 215-216; fighting missing Ferdinand I 399; reburial of (1920) in Spain 214; and suicide terrorism 218, 416; and the sacralization of 188; and view on corporatism 130-131; politics 190 Wooden Skulls 174; see also Moța and “Michael
the Brave” Military Order 226; Marin see also Knights of the “Michael the Moța, Iridenta 340 Brave” Military Order Munich 110 Mickiewicz, Adam (1798-1855) 19 Muntenia 52, 167, 219, 255, 396 Miercurea Ciuc 282, 316 Mussolini, Benito 68, 118, 335 Mihalache, Ion 81 Mihăilescu, Ion, arch-priest 319 Mihăilescu-Gorgani, Andrei 336 Naciu, Vasile 319 militarism 301, 416; and fascism 9, 137; Nadoleanu, Enache 318 and Romantic nationalism 416; social Napoleon I 102 militarism 301; see also paramilitarism National Christian Defense League Mircești 190 {Liga Apărării Național-Creștine, LANC) Mironescu, G. G. 81 61, 65, 68, 69, 70, 79, 85, 90, 97, 112, Mironovici, Radu 66, 98, 323, 330, 114, 124, 133, 155, 156, 159, 194, 203, 334, 337 210, 219, 244, 256, 267; lancieri 270, Moglan, PSS Valeriu, the Vicar of the 295, 303, 384, 393 National Christian Party 85, 112, 197, Metropolitan of Moldova 336 Moldova 19, 52, 54, 64, 79, 101, 167, 195, 219, 254, 255, 257, 259, 260, 267, 270, 200, 219, 254, 255, 256, 258, 320, 295, 390, 422; and Goga-Cuza 338, 351, 365, 384; Central Moldova government 380 258; earthquake in 320; and the Jewish National Democratic Party 89 National Legionary State 10, 110, 122, Question 65; metropolitan seat 366, 382; Northern Moldova 60, 79, 153, 268, 290-302, 311-312; and the 239, 254, 260; and the origins of the Church 394-402 National Liberal Party 55, 81-82, 84, 205 Legion 253-254, 270, 281; problema 246, 267, 386, 425 stilistă in 383; Southern Moldova 239, 254, 258; union with Wallachia 301, national messianism xiii, 16, 19, 109, 271, 394, 423; and charisma 21;
French365, 366, 415; Western Moldova 79 Slavonic messianism 19; generational Moscardó, José 214, 215 messianism 419; Polish national Mosley, Oswarld, Sir xiv
470 Index messianism 19; Romantic messianism 8, 19 National Orthodox Society of Romanian Women 192 National Party of Transylvania 56, 58, 277 National Peasant Party (NPP) 57, 81, 117, 196, 248, 267, 277, 379, 425 National salvation xiii, xiv, 2, 3, 20, 51, 71, 89, 90, 107, 109, 128, 137, 172, 187, 193, 224, 226, 260, 279, ЗОЇ, 312, 343, 346, 350, 366, 402, 414-422, 426, 429 National Union of Christian Romanian Students 164, 209, 222, 242, 244, 378, 387; Craiova Congresses 388; Piatra-Neamț Congress 70; Târgu Mureș Congress 134, 209, 211, 228 National-Agrarian Party 61 Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) 13, 252, 387; National Socialism 119, 121 Nazi Ministry of Propaganda 218 Neamț 101, 383 Near East 24 Negură, Ion 125 Neocleous, Mark 309 Neubacher, Hermann 335 Nicadori 211, 279, 311, 312; reburial of 320-325, 330, 339, 341-343 Nicodim, Patriarch 291, 294, 310, 320, 351, 352, 378, 383, 389, 393, 398, 399, 400, 401 Nicola, Ursu (1731-1785), alias Horea 101, 349 Nicolae, Panait 124 Nicolescu, Nicoleta 170, 318 Nicoloiu, Valeriu archimandrite 319 Nicorești 205 Niculescu, Ilie 340 Nietzsche, Friedrich 15 Nistor, Ion 125 Noica, Constantin 118, 327 Northern Railway Station (Gara de Nord'), Bucharest 318, 321 Northwestern Transylvania 80, 322 Nuremberg, in Nazi propaganda 311 Oarga, Ion (1747-1785), alias Cloșca 349 Octavian L. Veștemean printing house 387 Odessa 190 Office for the Education of the Romanian Youth 274 Oituz 101, 191 Oltenia 52, 167, 219, 255, 257; Southern Oltenia 258, 259 Onciulescu, Dimitrie, Father 213 Opera nazionale dopolavoro, Fascist Italy
274 Opris, Romulus, Colonel 323, 327 Orășanu, Constantin 327, 328 Orăștie 219, 320 Orăștie Orthodox Cathedral 321 Orestes 327 Orthodox Theological Academy “Andreiana,” Sibiu 387 Ottoman Empire 211, 366; Ottomans 101, 196 Outram, Dorina, The Body and the French Revolution 152-143 Palace ofjustice, Bucharest 66 Palaghiță, Ștefan 336 palingenesis approach to 17-18; crique of Griffin’s approach 17-18; Romantic palingenesis 19; social palingenesis xvi, 11, 17, 18, 27, 171, 414; Heliade’s “theological” philosophy of palingenesis 415; and the Legionary ideology 93, 417 Pământul Strămoșesc (The Ancestral Land) 78, 90, 97-99 Panaitescu, Petre P. 319, 344, 345 Pantea, Nicolae 316 Papanace, Constantin 90, 347 Papen, Franz 13 paramilitarism 27, 86, 172, 260, 391 Párvan, Vasile 119 Pașcani 134, 219 Pătrășcanu, Lucrețiu 4, 6, 239 Paulescu, Nicolae 246 Payne, Stanley G. 20, 246, 247 Pentecostals, Greater Romania 373 People’s Party 83, 85, 124, 129; see also Averescu, Alexandru Persia 24 Petrașcu, Nicolae 249, 332, 396, 397, 427 Petraşincu, Dan 118 Petrescu, Costin 190 Petrescu, I. D. 380 Petrovicescu, Constantin General, Minister of Interior General Constantin 329 Petru Rares 219 Piatra Olt 219 Pitești 219, 319 Ploeșteanu, PSS Veniamin, the first Vicar of the Patriarchate 336 Ploiești 317, 319, 321, 342
Index 471 Podul înalt 101 Poland 18, 19, 218 Polihroniade, Mihail 90, 105-106, 112, 114-115, 118, 134, 277, 282, 421, 422; and antisemitism 105-106 political faith nationalism as a political faith 18-20; Carol Il’s attempts to eradicate it 270; Codreanu as creator of the political faith 353; as a culde-sac 430; fascism as a political faith esp. xvi, 10-18, 32; Legionaries’ refusal to abjure it 280; Legionary political faith esp. 1-8, 49, 89-137, 153, 164, 169, 173, 210, 225, 241; and martyrdom 188; and radicalization 180; and terrorism 201-208; and the Orthodox dogma 294, 362-403; and the political religion approach 22-27; and totalitarianism 25-27 political religions approach 22-27 Polytechnic School in Bucharest 323 Pop, Amos Horațiu 81 Popa, George 125 Popa, Ioan 316 Popescu, Atanasie, Father, Abbot of the Ghighiu Monastery 316, 336 Popescu, Gheorghe Dan 339 Popescu, Nicolae Μ. 380 Popescu, Șerban 380 Popescu, Tudose 66, 98 Popovici, Dumitru 427 Portugal 225 Porunca Vremii 389 Posteucă, Vasile 125, 213 Potecaș, Ion 125, 339 Prahova Valley 317 praxeological approach to Fascism 12 Predania: Revistă de critică teologică (Tradition: Review of Theological Critique) 364, 379-382, 395 Predeal 314-319, 342 Predeal Monastery, and Legionary Cemetery 314-319, 321 Prefecture of Bucharest Police 327 Primitive Christianity 313 “Prince Michael” Monastery (Mănăstirea Mihai Vodă), Turda 429 Prodan, Nicandru 316 “Progresul” (Progress) Church 324 Prussia 18 Prut River 79, 80 Purishkevich, Vladimir 96 Putin, Vladimir xiv Putna 383 Pythagoras 94 Racoveanu, Gheorghe 377, 379, 382, 399, 400,
419 Rădăuți 125 Radical right iv, xiii, xv, 59-61, 85, 106, 114, 269, 270, 295, 303; see also National Christian Defense League (Liga Apărării Național-Creștine, LÁNC) Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin 110 Râmnicu Sărat 282, 317 Râmnicu Sărat Prison 313 Rarău Mountain 315, 316 Râșnov 317 Războeni (also Războieni) 101, 219 Răzleții [Scattered] Legionary unit 318, 319, 340 Regional Council (Sfatul Țării), Bessarabia 384 Regional Inspectorate of Police, Bessarabia 80 Renaissance, Priestly Association 388 Republic of Moldova 10 Rerum novarum (1891), Papal encyclical 388 Rexist Party, Belgium xiv Ribbentrop, Joachim von, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nazi Germany 335 Rilke, Rainer Maria, German poet 125 Rioșanu (Rioșianu), Alexandru 327 Risorgimento 51 Roberts, David 26 Robu, Nichifor 112 Roma, as agents of degeneration 347 Roma, and discrimination, and deportation during WWII 347 Roman Catholics, Greater Romania 370 Roman Empire 101, 219, 225 Roman-Catholic Church, in Greater Romania, Concordat with the Romanian state 372-373, 376; see also Vatican Romanian Army and the monarchy 107, 112, 115, 128, 189-190, 191, 193, 270-271, 414-416; and burial of Călinescu 282; and the burial of Codreanu 351; and burial of General Cantacuzino 227; confrontation with the Legion 298-299, 320, 350, 423-424; and the peasantry 107, 247; in power 290-292, 301; in WWI 191, 197, 199, 243 Romanian National Party, Bessarabia 384 Romanian Orthodox Church legal status 365-374, 386; adoption of the Gregorian Calendar 369, 383; campaign against the Condordat with
472 Index Vatican 372-374, 386; doctrine of the Romanian National Orthodoxy 374; Holy Synod 276, 210, 366, 368, 371, 376, 378, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 390, 391, 392, 393, 399, 400; and the Legion 351, 352, 362-403; and resistance (problema stilista) 383; status under the National Legionary state 394-402 Ronianianism (Românism) 117, 157, 172, 191, 390, 418; and Orthodoxism 109; integral Romanianism 130 Rome 89, 115, 131, 155, 276, 374, 397 Romulus Opriș, Quaestor of Police 327, 328 Roșcani 101 Rosenberg, Alfred 117 Royal dictatorships, the Balkans 269 Ruginoasa 190 Russia 18, 19, 24, 51, 52, 96, 126, 250, 369, 369; Bolshevik Russia 91, 121, 218, 362; Slavophilism 19; Stalinist Russia 7, 134, 214 Russian minority in Romania 53 Russian Orthodox Church 370 Russian patriarchy, Moscow 367 Rusu, Liviu 125 Rybiczka, Rudolf 125 Sacralization of politics 24-25; and the Iron Guard 6; in the Old Kingdom 89, 190 Saint-Jean-de-Luz 218 Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira 131, 225 San Sebastian 218 Sarmizegetusa 101, 155 Satan 91, 160; see also Lucifer Săulescu, Edward 192 Sava, Valentin 323 Saxony, Ludolph, De Vita Christi (1474) 160 Schirach, Baldur von, Governor of Vienna 335 Schitu Mägureanu, Bucharest 227, 318 Schleich, Eduard Ritter von, General-major 335 School of Bridges and Roads, Bucharest 129 Sebastian, Mihail (1907-1945), writer xiii, 118, 122-124; Sebastian’s critique of totalitarianism 123; relation to Nae Ionescu 122-124 Sebeș 219 Second Balkan War (1913) 83 Securitatea informants of 296, 427; archives of 11, 426, 397 Siberia 115 Sibiu 219 Siguranța 1, 10, 74, 87, 117, 230, 286,
370, 383 Silenzi, Mussolini’s personal representative 336 Sima, Horia 169, 284, 290, 291, 296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 308, 313, 319, 320, 321, 329, 330, 334, 340, 341, 350, 362, 363, 365, 366, 397, 422, 427 Sinaia 83, 317, 321, 342 Sinaia Monastery 316 Sirbu, Sergeant, Codreanu’s hangman 328 Slatina 219 Słowacki, Juliusz 19 Slușanschi, Barbu 125, 126, 213 Smulțea, Ilie 340 Social Darwinism 134, 136, 415, 418 Society ofTheologian Students 387 Solidaritatea (Solidarity) (1920-1929) 388 Sorbonne University 387 Sorel, Georges theory of violence and impact on Romanian fascism 136, 327 Soroca 101 Soviet Union 214, 246; annexation of Bukovina and Bessaravia 289, 294; anti-Soviet feelings in Romania xiii; war with 303, 402, 425 Spain 216, 224, 321, 336 Spanish Civil War iii, 1, 134, 188, 214, 216, 225, 421 Spanish Foreign Legion 215 Speidel, Wilhelm, Luftwaffe Lieutenant General 335 Spengler, Oswald 108, 121 Splaiul Dâmboviței, Bucharest 318 “St. Anton” Church, Bucharest 389 “St. Ilie Gorgani” Church, Bucharest 320, 321, 322, 324, 330-334, 337 Stahl, H. H. and Codreanu’s physical charisma 159 Stalinism 23, 43, 46, 75, 79, 123, 186, 194, 249 (fnt 1), 306; Stalinist Russia 134 Stan, Liviu Dr. (1910-1973) 364, 386, 397-398; General Director in the Ministry of Religious Cults 336, 397-398 Stanca, wife of Michael the Brave 190 Stăniloaie, Dumitru 398 Stelescu, Mihail 80, 81, 85, 86, 160, 164, 209, 210, 211, 212, 228, 251, 326, 364, 375, 420; manifesto of “Battalion I Covurlui” 80; and antisemitism 80
Index 473 Stephen the Great (Stefan cel Mare) 101, 102, 158, 193, 344, 349 Stephen the Great Avenue, Iași 190 Sternhell, Zeev 16 Stoicănescu, Constantin 316 Stojadinovic, Alexander 122 Stony Mountain (Pietrosul) 316 Streinul, Mircea, writer 124, 125 Suceava 101 Suceava county 253, 254, 255, 384 Susai Mountain 342 Swastika 68, 97, 102, 156, 194, 197, 363 Take Ionescu avenue, Bucharest 340 Talmon, Jacob 19 Țara Moților, Apuseni Mountains 323, 337 Târgoviște 190 Târgu Mureș 219 Tarnavschi, Cose 125 Tatar-Bunar, Soviet-sponsored terrorist attack 209 Tătărescu, Cheorghe, Prime Minister 84, 209 Tecuci 129, 319 Tecuci county 317 Teiuș 219 Tell, Alexandru Cristian 118, 282 Terchila, Nicolae 387 Terpezița-Dolj 387 Thiel, Č. 117 Tibet 101 Tighina 254 Tincoca, Remus 336, 339 Titulescu, Nicolae 82, 204, 214, 215 Toledo 218 Țopa, Leon 128 Toropești, Vaslui County 383 Totalitarianism 9, 11, 283; and Christian “technologies of the self” 27; “fascism-totalitarianism-political religion” Triad 22-27; Marin as theoretician of totalitarianism 116; National Legionary State as a totalitarian experiment 268; and “pastoral power” 26-27; and political faith 12; Sebastian’s critique of totalitarianism 123; “totalitarian Messianic democracy” 12; “totalitarianism of the right” 12, 16, 17; unitotalitarianism 134 Totu, Nicolae 81 Trajan, Roman Emperor 225 Trandafir, Ion, family of 340 Trandafir, Lucia 340 Transylvania 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 62, 63, 64, 191, 200, 213, 219, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 270, 277, 282, 311, 317, 322, 347, 348, 349, 351, 368, 369, 370, 372, 383, 385, 386, 415; 1848-1849
revolution 101; Central Transylvania 79, 239, 254, 257, 258; Northern Transylvania, annexation by Hungary 289, 322; Ruling Council of Transylvania 56; Southern Transylvania 243, 303 Tremaglia, Mirko 196 Triaj 134 Trieste 193 Trifa, Iosif 386 Trifa, Viorel D., deputy president of the Bucharest Student Circle 389 Tripartite Pact, the Axis 313, 334, 335, 341, 425 Triteanu, Lucian, Bishop of Roman 220, 398 Tsar Alexander III, funerals of 218 Țurcan, Ion 125, 126 Turda 101 Turner, Bryan 419-420 Turtucaia 101 Țuțea, Petre 118 Tutová 254 Udișteanu, Dionisie 318, 324, 336 Ukraine xiv ultranationalism 11, 240 Union of Russian People 96 Union of the Russian People of the Archangel Michael 96 Union Square, Iași 190 Unitarians, Greater Romania 370 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, USA 10 United States of America, political life in xiv University of Berlin 68 University ofBucharest xii, 107, 110, 134, 319, 387, 388, 395 University of Cernăuți 108, 124, 128, 246, 368, 393, 397 University of Cluj 64, 90, 243, 396 University of Iași 64, 65, 153, 154, 155, 243, 246 Ursu, Nicolae S. 125 Usatiuc, Claudiu 125 Văcăreșteni group 67, 90, 95, 154, 164, 177, 222, 242, 330
474 Index Văcărești Monastery Prison 66, 69, 95, 202, 212 Vaida-Voevod, Alexandru 82 Val, Merry del, chargé d'affaires 336 Valeriu, Sandu 324 Vasiliu, Constantin 427 Vaslui 282, 317, 319, 383 Vaslui Internment Camp 317 Vatican 372, 376; see also the Roman-Catholic Church Vernichescu, Alexandru 66, 67 Versailles system 82, 271, 277, 283 Vesper, Iulian 125 Victoria Square, Bucharest 337, 340 Victory Avenue, Bucharest 227, 276 Vienna Diktat (August 30, 1940) 322 violent cleansing (curățire) xiv, 17, 27, 91-93, 103-106, 136, 187,.215, 243, 252, 302, 303, 312, 347, 401, 428, 429; see also antisemitism Virchow, Rudolf 96 Visarion, Orthodox Metropolitan of Bukovina 213, 378, 389 Vitencu, Dragos 124, 125 Vlad Țepeș League 84 Vlad the Impaler (Vlad Țepes) 102 Vladimirescu, Tudor 102, 211 Vlașca 205 Vojen, Ioan Victor 112, 222, 301 Vulcănescu, Mircea 118—119 Walicki, Andrzej 19 Wallachia 19, 52, 102, 190, 195, 200, 227, 243, 253, 254, 255, 256, ЗОЇ, 351, 365, 366, 368, 415; Northwestern Wallachia 258; Southern Wallachia 383; Wallachian regional identity 346 Weber, Eugen 4, 5, 239, 241, 258 Weber, Max, theory of charismatic leadership 20-21, 153, 241, 419; ideal-types 187 Western Europe 19, 24 Women Fortresses (Cetățui) within the Legion 319, 340 women, and emancipation 106-107; and citizenship rights 272; within the Legion 85, 165, 167, 340, 419; and the new fascist woman 1, 10, 26, 89, 91, 93, 171, 249 wooden crucifix (troița) 200, 338, 342 Work and Leisure (Munca și Voe Bună) 274 World War I (Great War) 2, 10, 15, 17, 27, 49, 51, 65, 83, 101, 106, 118, 119, 154, 189, 190, 191, 195,
196, 197, 199, 215, 225, 226, 247, 267, 315, 368, 380, 387, 393, 402, 415, 429 World War II 7, 122, 246 Yugoslavia 269; see also Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Zamolxis 94, 135 Zävoianu, Ștefan 327, 328, 336 Zelea-Codreanu, Codreanu xiii, xiv, 2, З, 28, 50, 64-68, 78, 79, 81, 82, 89, 91, 93, 94, 96, 101-104, 106, 112, 113-117, 120, 121, 122, 124, 131, 134; and antisemistism 103-105; assassination of Prefect Manciù 155; as Bălcescu 344; as Căpitan 155, 158; charismatic attraction 112-113, 120, 124, 327, 387; as Commander-in-Chief of the Legion 347; cult of: as model of heroism 155, 162, 173, 345; diary of 160; execution of280; as Făt Frumos (Prince Charming) 344; For my Legionaries 79, 93, 101, 160-162; and imitatio Christi 345, 350, 351; and imitation Christi 162; înseninări de la Jilava [Notes from Jilava] 161-162; as Jesus Christ 345; and the making of charismatic authority 152-164; as Messiah 350-351; The Nest Leader’s Manual 326; as a new Stephen the Great 344; and the Orthodox Church 350-351; and physical charisma 159; as predestined leader 90, 127-128, 164; print run (For my Legionaries) 162, 343; print run (The Nest Leader’s Manual) 163, 343; reburial of321-353; as Sky’s Messenger 345; stay in Berlin 68; stay in Jena 68; trial of 66-69, 154-155, 278-279, 425; view of the army 193, 198 Zelea-Codreanu, Elena 313, 323, 340 Zelea-Codreanu, Ion 64, 65, 66, 79, 81; and antisemistism 105; election as deputy of Tutová County 81, 323, 340, 393, 397 Zoppa, Constantin 213 |
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CONTENTS List of Figures, Maps, Graphs, Diagrams, and Tables Preface ix xii Introduction: Fascism as a Political Faith: Toward a New Research Framework 1 PART I A New Covenant: The Making of the Legionary Political Faith, 1927-1937 1 National Unification, Cleavages, and Charismatic Nationalism in Greater Romania 2 A New Political Faith: National Authenticity and the Cult of the Ancestors 49 51 78 3 Charismatic Nationalism, Patriarchalism, and Salvation: The Cult of the “Captain” 152 4 Manufacturing Martyrdom: The Cult of the Fallen Soldiers, Terrorism, and Salvific Sacrifice 187 5 Fascist Constituencies: Social Identities and Fascist Radicalization 238
viii Contents PART II A Continuum of Dictatorships: Hybrid Totalitarian Experiments, 1937-1944 6 Carol Il’s Dictatorship: From Antifascism to Fascistization (1938-1940) 7 Teaching the New Faith: The Legion’s Rule (1940-1941) 8 A Fascist Festival of the Dead: Codreanu’s Reburial and the Politics of National Resurrection 9 The Legionary Faith and the Romanian Orthodox Church Conclusion: From a Civil Religion to a Fascist Political Faith References Index 267 269 289 308 362 414 433 462
INDEX Acterian, Arşavir 118 Action Française 67-68, 437 Adjud 219 Advetists, Greater Romania 373 Alba Iulia 101, 219, 321, 322, 347, 348, 349 Alcazar 214 Alea Vulpache, Bucharest 314 Alecsandri, Vasile, “Union’s Round Dance” 190 Alexander I, King of Yugoslavia (1929-1931) 269 Alexander of Macedon 102 All for the Country Party (Totul pentru Țară) 28, 83, 87-89, 127, 133, 164, 168, 197, 199, 214, 216, 219, 227, 228, 242, 254, 282, 378, 382, 389, 393, 396, 397; disbanding of 276-277; election results 255-260, 267 American Revolution 388 Anania, Bartolomeu 429 Anastasescu, Fănică 345 Anderson, Benedict 64 Andrei, Petre 126 Andrei, Vasile 340 D’Annunzio, Gabriele 225 Anti-Christian 135, 292, 325, 375, 376, 398 anticommunist resistance xiii; anti-Bolshevism 108; “The Anti-Communist Falange” 80; see also Bolshevism antisemitism 347, 108, 154; alleged anti-Romanian actions 105; alleged ‘invasion’ of foreign Jews 206; anti-Jewish decrees during royal dictatorship 284-285; anti-Jewish plot 66; and trial 66-67; anti-Jewish student plot 66, 244; anti-Jewish violence 299; demonization of 91-92, 100, 103-106, 110, 113, 115, 123, 126, 130, 172, 188, 196, 203, 214, 240, 242, 245, 250, 258, 322, 346, 347, 364, 366, 418; denatu ralization of 270, 271, 284; deportation and extermination xiii, 7, 302-303, 424; numerus clausus 50, 63, 64, 85, 105, 106, 110; numerus nullus 50, 105; opposition to Jewish emancipation 65-66; status under the National Legionary Regime 292-294, 296, 302; see also Jews Anton of Padua, Catholic Saint 161 Antonescu, Ion 6, 7, 10, 30, 113, 268, 270, 289-303, 306,
313-314, 317, 319-320, 328-330, 334, 335, 340, 341, 347, 350-351, 373-374, 398-403, 422-425, 429 Antonescu, Mihai 293, 319 Antonio, Jose xiv Apărarea națională [National Defense], newspaper 69, 156 Arad 342 “Arboroasa” Association 213 Archangel Gabriel 78, 101, 190, 429 Archangel Michael, and the monarchy 107, 426, 429; archangelism 109; “Archangelists’ Question” 70; and the cult of war heroes 191-193; depiction in the Coronation Cathedral 99; icon
Index 463 Bănescu, Eugen 323, 327, 328 Baptists, Greater Romania 370, 373; German Baptists 373; Hungarian Baptists 373; Romanian Baptists 373 Barbu, Zeev 4, 5, 239-240 Bârnova sanatorium 319 Barres, Maurice 69, 70, 72, 158, 214 Bârșa 317 Bartolomeu (also Vartolomeiu) Stănescu, Bishop of Râmnicu Noul Severin (1921-1938) 387-389, 392; and Center for Social-Christian studies (Centrul de Studii Social-Creștine) 388; and social Christianism 388-389 Basarab Avenue, Bucharest 337, 340 Belimace, Doru 204-206, 208; “Doru Belimace Height” 316; house of 324; family of 340; see also Nicadori Belu Cemetery, Bucharest 227 Beneyto Luis, the delegate of the Spanish Phalange in Romania 336 Berdiaef, Nicolas 134 Berghof 279 Berlin 68, 115, 117, 120, 153, 218, 292, 298, 333, 338 Bernea, Ernest 118 Bessarabia 51, 52, 53, 62, 64, 65, 79, 80, 102, 167, 191, 205, 212, 213, 250, 252, 254, 255, 256, 260, 289, 294, 303, 368, 369, 378, 382-385, 392, 393; Bessarabian Metropolitan Seat 368; Bessarabian Orthodox Church 367; Southern Bessarabia 239, 243 Biberi, I. 118 Bacău 219 Bidinaru, A. 387 Bagdad, Elena 319 Billington, James H. 18 Baia 383 Bismarck, Otto von 107 Bălan, Nicolae (1882-1955), Metropolitan Bistrița Monastery 289, 389 of Transylvania 220, 368, 372-373, “Black Hill” (Dealul Negru) Legionary 383, 385-387, 393, 396, 397, 401, 403 unit 323 Bălcescu, Nicolae and palingenetic laws Blănaru, Ion 332, 334 175, 414, 418; and messianic nationalism Blum, Léon 217, 218 250, 344; and the cult of Michael the Bogdan-Duică, Gheorghe 90 Brave 281 Bohle, Ernst Wilhelm, head of the Nazi Balkans 115, 121,
201, 246, 269 Organization for Germans Abroad 335 Boldeanu, Vasile 324, 396-397 Ballanche, Pierre-Simon (1776-1847), Bolshevik Revolution 104-105, 250 Essais de palingénésie sociale (1820) 17 Bălți County, Bessarabia 253, 254, 383, 384 Bolshevism 80, 81, 115, 119, 121, 123, 126; contamination with 64; Banat 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 62, 70, 80, 255, Bolshevisation of Romania 214; fear of 257, 258, 303, 310, 347, 351, 367 225; and internationalism 251; attack Bandae, Leonida 66 on the Russian Orthodox Church 375 Banea, Dumitru 338 Bonnet, Charles, La Palingenesie Banea, Ion 81, 90, 167, 168, 178, 221, philosophique (1769—1770) 17 282, 338, 363; and the cult of the Captain 157—158 Boris III, King ofBulgaria (1938-1943) 269 of 78, 89, 95, 96-99, 100, 163, 342; Legionary cult of 9, 68, 70, 78, 89, 90, 95-102, 120, 168, 172, 207, 321, 327, 331, 336-337, 340-344, 346, 364, 377, 421, 426, 427; 190; links with the cult of Michael the Brave 96-102, 190-193, 210, 216, 415-416; and the personality cult of Antonescu 401; as symbol of Mărășești 191 Arendt, Hannah 25-26 Argeșanu, Gheorghe, General 282 Argetoianu, Constantin 82, 117 Aries River 337-338 Armenia 24 Arnota labour camp 389 Arnota Monastery 389 Aromanians, within the Legion 202, 203, 210, 347 Arrow Cross, Hungary 252 Aryans 156 Astra 348 Atheneum, Bucharest 349 Austria 251; Nazi annexation of 277, 283 Austria-Hungary 51, 52, 53, 54, 64, 164, 349; Austrian-Hungarian Army 187, 248 Authoritarianism 7, 25, 283, 289, 422 Averescu, Alexandru, General, Marshall from 1930 56, 83, 85, 124, 129 AXA group 90-91, 107, 112, 113-116, 117, 120,
131, 174, 209, 222, 282, 363 AXA journal 131, 157, 209, 246, 251-252, 375, 377
464 Index Borzea, Aurel 316 Botoșani 254 Botta, Dan 118 Brăileanu, Traian 107, 124-129, 162, 213, 251; and the Cernăuți sociological group 179, 395; as Minister of National Education 319, 395, 398, 399, 401; see also Iconar Brâncoveanu, Constantin, Wallachian Prince 190 Brașov 282, 317, 321, 342 Brătianu Avenue, Bucharest 337; statue of Brătianu, statue 340 Brauner, Eliza, Corneliu Zelea-Codreanu’s mother 64 British Union of Fascists (BUF) xiv Brotherhoods of the Cross (Frățiile de Crucé) 3, 163, 164-169, 172-174, 209, 282, 318, 319, 338, 340, 351, 363 Bucharest 219, 282, 317, 319, 320 bucium (bugle) 338 Bukovina 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 90, 102, 104, 124, 126, 128, 164, 167, 212, 219, 252, 254, 255, 258, 262, 294, 337, 338, 367, 382, 393; deportation ofjews from 303; Northern Bukovina 289; Southern Bukovina 80 Bulgaria 73, 201, 246, 269, 281, 289 Bulgarians in Dobrudja 53, 205, 248, 257; Bulgarian Exarchate 367 Buna Vestire (The Annunciation) 133, 164, 216, 299, 318, 327, 332 Burgos 218 Butnaru, G. 336 Byzantium 24 Cadrilater/Southern Dobrudja colonization of 115, 201, 203, 205; annexation by Bulgaria 289 Cahul 254 Calea Șerban Vodă, Bucharest 318 Caledoniu, Ovid 124 Călinescu, Armand 81, 282, 318, 319, 326 Călugăreni, battle of 101 Calvinists, Greater Romania 370 Campiña 317, 392 Câmpulung 102 Cantacuzino, Alexandrina 192, 313 Cantacuzino, Alexandru 4, 21, 90, 215, 218, 221, 222, 224, 282, 313; and fascist theology 133-137 Cantacuzino, George Matei 118 Cantacuzino, Gheorghe “Zizi” Grănicerul (Border Guard) 83-84, 134, 189, 197, 198, 205, 207, 208, 214, 215,
218; burial of 226-228, 310 Cantonieru, Nicolae 125 Caraiman Mountain 345 Caraiman, Carol 117, 129; see also Carol II, King of Romania Caranica, Ion 204, 206, 208, 210, 316; “Ion Caranica Height” 315; see also Nicadori Carol II, King of Romania (r. 1939-1940) 82, 84, 192, 204, 206, 212, 246, 259, 267, 289, 291, 308, 310, 311, 314, 321, 323, 348, 385, 390-394, 396, 423-425; royal dictatorship of 269-285; see also Caraiman, Carol Carpathian Mountains 314-315, 321 Cașin 101 Cathedral of the Coronation, Alba Iulia 96-99 Caucasus 115 Central Europe 5, 10, 82, 115, 279, 288, 303 Cenușa [Ashes] Crematorium, Bucharest 318 Cernăuți county 129, 253, 256, 262 Cernăuți/Cernowitz 1, 55, 28, 62, 63, 66, 194, 219, 220, 395, 421; Cathedral 213; Cernăuți Conservatory 125; Monument for the Union of Bukovina 213; Square of the Union 213 Cernăuți/Czernowitz Cathedral 213; Monument for the Union ofBukovina 213; Square of the Union 213 Černica Monastery 318; Černica Monastic Seminary Choir 339 charisma and fascism 20-22 charismatic nationalism 11-12, 21, 26, 51, 70, 137, 220, 403, 419 Charlotenville, Virginia xiv Charlottesville rally xiv Chelaru, Traian 125 Chișinău 10, 58, 62, 206, 208, 384, 385 Christescu, Vasile 90, 112, 116, 222 Ciano, Galeazzo, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Italy 335 Ciocănești 205 Cioran, Emil xiii, 120-121, 118, 346; Schimbarea la față 121 Ciorogariu, Gheorghe ЗОЇ Ciumetti “Sterie Ciumetti Height” 316 Ciumetti, Maria 340 Civil Code, Romania 327 Clime, Gheorghe, leader of “All for the Country” 89, 218, 282 Cluj 66, 219
Index Cobălcescu avenue, Bucharest 318 Codrii Câmpulungului, Bukovina 337 Cold War 25-26 Comănești 219 Comarnescu, Petru 118 Commission of Investigation of the Legionary Crimes 328 Company of Honor of the Hunters’ Regiment No. 17, Transylvania 317 Constant, Alexandru 114 Constantin, Theodor 124 Constantinescu, Nicolae (Niki) 206, 207, 208, 210; “Nicolae Constantinescu Height” 315-316; family of 340; see also Nicadori Constantinescu, Titus H. 68, 155 Corneliu Zelea-Codreanu Grouping [Gruparea Corneliu Zelea-Codreanu) 28, 157, 164 Corporativism 12, 107, 114, 115, 418; “corporative ethnocracy” 110; in Crainic’s work 110-111, 113; in the Legionary doctrine 114-116; in Manoilescu’s work 129-133; and the organization of the Legion 169; and social Christianity 388; under the royal dictatorship 270, 273-274; totalitarian-corporatist state 107, 423 Coşbuc, George 97, 141 Costeşti 101 Crainic, Nichifor 107-113, 116, 119, 130, 132, 177, 198, 379, 382; and corporatism 110-111, 113 Crețu, Gheorghe, Legionary Police Commissar 328 Crișana 167, 255, 256, 257, 258 Cristea, Miron, Patriarch 101, 220, 271, 310, 320, 350, 368, 384, 394, 401; funeral of 310, 311, 350 Cristescu, Eugen, director of the Romanian Intelligence Service 242 Cristescu, Grigorie, Father 227, 370, 379, 380, 389 Crișul Alb river 338 Criterion debating circle (1932-1933) 118 Croatia 246 Cruciada Românismului (the Crusade of Romanianism), newspaper 85, 209-210 Curentul 332 Cuvântul 319, 346, 347 Cuza, A. C. 65, 68, 69, 85, 90, 103, 112-114, 124, 131, 154, 156, 159, 244, 270, 418 465 Cuza, Alexandru loan, (r. 1859-1866) 102,
103, 190, 365-366 Czechoslovakia 52, 70; partition of 283 Dacia, Kingdom of 101, 327; war against the Roman Empire (105-106 CE) 101 Dacians 56, 97, 101; and the cult of authenticity 338 Dancu, Cristòfor 336 Danilă, Constantin 81 Day of Legionary Suffering (1940) 84 Dealu Mare Monastery 96, 190, 195, 344; “St. Nicholas Church” 96 Dealu Military School 96, 415, 416 Decemviri 211, 279, 311, 312; reburial of 320-325, 330, 339, 341-343 Degeneration fascism and 27; Jews as agents of 245, 346, 416-418; in the Legionary ideology 92-93, 103-104, 110, 214, 416-418 Degrelle, Léon xiv Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro GmbH 117 Dinicu Golescu avenue, Bucharest 318 Dobre, Bănică 214 Dobre, Gheorghe, General 329 Dobre, Ion 198; prefect of Tecuci county 317 Dobrudja 52, 191, 243, 255, 256, 351, 383, 393; Bulgarians in 205, 243; Northern Dobrudja 257-258, 367, 368 Dolj 387 Dollfuss, Engelbert Austrian chancellor 350 Dornești 219 Drăgănescu, Ștefan 323 Drăgășani 389 Dragomirescu, Theodor 124 Dragomirescu, Victor 160, 281, 318 Drumur, Gheorghe 125 Dubneac, monk deacon Felix 339 Duca, L G. 82, 83, 84, 203, 204, 205, 326, 420; assassination of 160, 177, 204-206, 208, 210, 213, 326, 376 Dumas, Alexandre, The Three Musketeers 173 Dumitrescu-Borșa, Ion, Father 83, 214, 301, 389, 396, 397 Dumitrescu, Miti 218, 318 Durkheim, Emile (1905-1909) 387; Durkheim’s social theory 388 East-Central Europe 52, 246 Eatwell, Roger 6, 20 Education Nouvelle, also nouvelle pédagogie 171-172
466 Index Edward VII, funerals of 218 Elektra 327 Eliade, Mircea xiii, 118-120, 125; “Spiritual Itinerary” (Itineráriu spiritual) (1927) 118 Elian, Alexandru 118 Elisabeta Avenue, Bucharest 227, 337 Eminescu, Mihai (1850-1889) 103, 416 Fabricius, Wilhelm the Ministry of Nazi Germany to Bucharest 317, 335 Fălciu 254 Farben Industrie, I. G. 117 Felice, Renzo de 5 Ferdinand I, King of Romania (1914-1927) 56, 190, 191, 384, 399; coronation 190, 416 Filipescu, Nicolae 415-416 Flondor, Iancu 56 Florescu, Antipa 336 Focșani 155 Foucault, Michel 26 France 16, 17, 18, 19, 69, 82, 121, 122, 126, 153, 174, 217, 218, 225, 279, 283, 283, 310 Franco, Francisco, General 335 freemasonry 135, 213-215; “Jewish Masonic hydra” 299; Judeo-Masonic bankers 204; Judeo-Masonic front 176; “Liberal Masonic hydra” 299; masonic influence 195; masonic plot 176; masonic policy of the National Liberal Party 214 French revolution 121, 388 Galata Prison 159 Galați 80 Galați County 79 Galicia 153, 272 Gandhi, Mahatma 188 Gărneață, Ilie 66, 98-99, 316, 319, 323, 330, 334 Gârniceanu, Puiu 66; and the cult of the Captain 158 Găvănescu, Ion, Professor 246 Gazeta Transilvaniei 349 Generic fascism 10, 17; approach to generic fascism 10-27; ideal-type definition 12; new consensus 11 Gentile, Emilio 6, 24-25 Gentile, Giovanni 20 Georgescu, Corneliu 66, 190, 222, 316, 323, 329; autobiographical account 243-244 Georgescu, Serafim, Archimandrite, abbot of the Sinaia Monastery 316, 319 Georgescu-Edineț, Nicolae 195, 222, 227, 336, 375, 379 German air force mission (Deutsches Luftwaffe Mission in Rumänien) 335 Germany
iii, 3, 7, 25, 52, 68, 107, 113, 115, 121, 133, 134, 153, 189, 210, 215, 217, 218, 252, 270, 276, 277, 279, 283, 293, 295, 298, 300, 303, 317, 321, 335, 387, 423 Gheorghiu, Aristotle 316 Gheorgieni railway station 316 Ghici, Pellegrino the Ministry of Italy to Bucharest 317, 336 Ghighiu Monastery 316 Giurgiu, Marcu (1733-1785), alias Crișan 349 Glasul Bucovinei 125 Goebbels, Paul Joseph 117 Goga, Octavian 54, 61, 85, 100, 112, 270; and church policy 390, 395; and the denaturalization ofjews 284, 292; Goga government 289; and the Jewish invasion of cities 100; see also National Christian Party; National-Agrarian Party Golopenția, Anton 118 Goring, Hermann 218 Gramsci, Antonio 4 Great Britain 82 Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia in 1918 322, 347, 348 Greece 24, 248; ancient Greece 327 Greek Catholic Church 349 Greek Phanariots, as agents of degeneration 103, 347, 418 Green House (Casa Verde), Bucharest 314, 321, 322, 334, 337, 340, 341, 342; construction of 82 Griffin, Roger on the Iron Guard 6; on charismatic leadership 20; and the paligenetic nature of fascism 17-18 Grigor, Gheorghe 189; burial of 212-213 Grigore Ghica Vodă 219 Grigoriu, Constantin 427 Grivița Avenue, Bucharest 337 Grivița Workshops, Bucharest 340 Groza, Dumitru, chief of the Workers’ Corps 328, 340 Gurie, Orthodox Metropolitan of Bessarabia 197, 336, 351, 384 Gustloff, Wilhelm 218 Gyr, Radu 3, 120, 189, 389
Index 467 haiducs 344 Hannibal 157 Hansen, Erik, General, military attaché to Bucharest 335 Harmel, Léon 388 Heimbach, Matthew xiv; and the US Traditionalist Worker Party xiv Heinen, Armin 5, 240, 242, 260, 295 Heliade Radulescu, Ion 96, 103, 104, 109, 250, 344, 415, 416; Mihaida, poem epic 96; “theological” philosophy of palingenesis 415-418 Heroism 189; Codreanu as an model of heroism 155, 162, 173, 345; Crainic’s view on 108; and the Cross Brotherhood 173; heroic Christianity 93; in Iconar 125; Legionary heroism 83, 101, 216, 313, 315, 321, 345 Herseni, Traian 118, 395 High Court of Cassation and Justice 327 Himmler, Heinrich, Reichsführer SS 336 Hitler, Adolf Mein Kampf 13, 117, 127, 131, 133, 174, 210, 279, 300, 302, 335, 387; and political faith 13, 21 Hitlerism 123 Hobsbawm, Eric 5 Hoinic, Mircea 339 “Hoist the Flag and Close Your Ranks” [Drapelul sus și rândurile strânse] Legionary anthem 317 Holocaust 10; Holocaust studies 22 Horthy, Miklós 316 Hotin 101, 384 Hungarians in Greater Romania 51, 53, 54, 61, 188, 240, 243, 256, 257, 258 Hungary 7, 252, 289, 316, 322 Iancu, Avram 101, 102, 119, 349 lamandi, Victor 208, 376, 385, 391 Iași 66, 96, 383 Iași Cultural House 78 Iași Metropolitan Church 190 lasinschi, Vasile 1, 213, 316, 317, 319, 330 Iconar 107, 124-126, 212, 246 Imbrescu, Ilie, Father 90, 195, 332, 377, 393-394, 403, 419 imitatio Christi 93, 160, 321, 332 integral nationalism 9, 16, 51, 60, 68, 104, 112, 130, 131, 173, 270, 289, 290, 292, 293, 295, 297, 301, 424; Christian-integral nationalism 65; integral Romanianism 130 Ioan the Terrible (Ioan cel
Cumplit), Wallachian prince 101 Ionescu, Andrei 332 Ionescu, D. N. 380 Ionescu, Dominic 227 Ionescu (Ionesco), Eugen (1909-1994) xiii, 122 Ionescu, Nae xiii, 107, 112, 116-118, 119, 123, 126, 132, 157, 215, 379-382, 389, 395, 419 Ionescu, Șerban 388 Ionescu, Virgil 112, 113, 114, 216 Iorga, Nicolae 54, 58, 61, 87, 90, 103, 111, 112, 117, 124, 226, 278, 328, 329, 344, 365, 416-418 lovin, Vasile 338 Iron Guard, establishment 79-80, 81; ban of 81, 82, 83, 106, 116, 164; see also Legion “Archangel Michael” Irun 218 Islamic religion, Greater Romania 370 Ismail 254 Ispir, Vasile Gh. 388 Istrate, Gheorghe leader of the Cross Brotherhoods 282 Italian Fascism 4, 13, 25, 68, 107, 110, 114, 116, 119, 120, 121, 125, 133, 134, 174, 199 Italy iii, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25, 52, 71, 107, 113, 115, 121, 133, 134, 189, 218, 225, 270, 276, 295, 298, 317, 321, 335, 336, 423 Japan 321; status ofjapanese citizens in Romania 335 Jena 68 Jews, in Old Kingdom 52, 60, 62; alleged ‘invasion’ by foreign Jews 206; alleged anti-Romanian actions 105; antiJewish decrees during royal dictatorship 284-285; anti-Jewish plot 66; anti-Jewish violence 299; demonization of 91-92, 100, 103-106, 110, 113, 115, 123, 126, 130, 172, 188, 196, 203, 214, 240, 242, 245, 250, 258, 322, 346, 347, 364, 366, 418; denaturalization of 270, 271, 284; deportation and extermination xiii, 7, 302—303, 424; in Greater Romania 53, 54, 60, 61; legal status of the mosaic religion, Greater Romania 370; opposition to Jewish emancipation 65-66; status under the National Legionary Regime 292-294, 296, 302; and trial 66-67; see also
antisemitism Jianu, Ionel 118 Jilava Prison 322, 323, 326, 338
468 Index Jiu River 101 Judaism 135 Judea 24 Judeo-Bolshevism iii, 8, 9, 50, 70, 105, 213, 250, 402, 417 Julius Caesar 102 Junimea Literară 124 Kemalist Turkey 134 Kempis, Thomas, The Imitation of Christ {De imitatione Christi, 1418) 160 Kiev 384 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 52 Knights of the “Michael the Brave” Military Order 227, 334, 340 Kraft durch Freude, KdF, Nazi Germany 274 Krakow 217, 218 Krasiński, Zygmunt (1812-1859) 19 Kraus, Erwin King, Colonel 334, 340 Lady’s Stone (Pietrele Doamnei) 315 Lapedatu, Alexandru 374 Lapușna 205 Latinity 215, 218, 225; pan-Latinism 225; ‘non-Bolshevized Latinity’ 226 Lauric, Filon 213 Lazăr, Gheorghe 414, 418 League of Nations 82 League of the Archangel Michael, Russia 96 Lecca, R. priest 316 Lefter, Mile, Commander of the Annunciation 81, 317, 319, 323, 330 Legion “Archangel Michael” 70; anti liberalism 154; anti-Marxism 250-251; ban on 81, 83; charismatic scenario of salvation 89-96; confrontation with the Army 298-299, 320, 350, 423-424; electoral results 89; establishment ceremony 100-101; Legion’s charismatic ideology xv; Legionary Senate 81; Legionary Superior Council 81; membership 1934-37 84; and the new man and woman 6, 12, 13, 26, 91, 106, 133, 136, 137, 164, 169-180, 243, 323, 363, 401, 427, 428; and the Orthodox Church 351, 352, 362-403; origins in Northern Moldova 253-254, 270, 281; “rebellion” ofjanuary 1941 300, 330-331, 383, 396, 401; seat on Gutenberg Street no. 3 324, 332; and violent revenge 326-330; see also All for the Country Party; Iron Guard Legionary Workers’ Corps 319, 326, 327, 332, 340 Lenin
(Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) 118; funerals of 218 Leninism 121 Leo XIII, Pope 388 Leuca, Ioan 316 Libertatea (Freedom) 64, 78, 344, 386 Liebenfels, Lanz von 104 Liga culturală 348 Lincoln, Abraham, funerals of 218 Livezeanu, Bartolomeu 170, 318, 337 Livezeanu, Irina 61-62, 240 Lorenz, Werner, Obergruppenführer 336 Loyola, Ignatius, Spiritual Exercises (1522-1524) 160 Lucifer 191, 394; see also Satan Lumea Nouă (The New World) 107, 129-133 Lumina Satelor, newspaper 386 Lupescu, Elena 205, 314 Lutherans, Greater Romania 370 Macrin, George 125, 126, 213 Madgearu, Virgil 329 Măgură, Victor 124 Majadahonda 218, 320 Malaxa, Nicolae, industrialist 239 Malaxa Locomotive Factory, Bucharest 239 Mamu Monastery 389 Manciù 326; assassination of 155 Maniu, Iuliu xiii, 55, 57, 58, 87, 259, 260 Mann, Michael 6, 61, 238, 240, 258-259 Manoilescu, Mihail 107, 129-133, 379; and corporatism 129-133; see also Lumea Nouă (The New World) Manoliu, Petru 118 Mărășești 65, 96, 101 Mărăști 101, 191 March on Rome (1922) 297 Mares, Nicolae, General 329 Maria, Queen of Romania 190 Marie, Adrien Albert, Comte de Mun 388 Marin, Aurel 125 Marin, Firmilian, arch-priest 336 Marin, Vasile 66, 91; as theoretician of totalitarianism 116; Crez de Generație (Creed of a Generation) 222; see also Moța and Marin Marinescu, Gabriel, Prefect of Police 212 Marinescu-Filipesti, Μ. 316 Marxism 15, 134, 135, 250, 362, 426; German Marxism 119 Maurras, Charles 68, 119
Index 469 Mosse, George 309 Mausoleum of Mărășesti 192-193, 416, 429 Moța and Marin, death of 49, 216, 421; Mausoleum of the Martyrs, Green House, cult of 1, 220-226, 322, 341, 343, Bucharest 217, 311, 314, 322, 324, 341; 391; funerals of 1, 86, 216-221, 226, see also Moța and Marin 228, 295, 310, 312, 314, 316, 340-341, Mazzini, Giuseppe 20 352, 382, 387, 389, 392; Legionary Mecca 315 Mausoleum of the Martyrs 311, 334; Mehedinți 253 Moța-Marin Corps 134, 224, 282; Mehedinți, Simion 379 “Moța and Marin” Legionary Metempsychosis 9, 93, 94, 417 anthem 317 Michael I (Mihai I) King of Romania Moța, Ioan, Father 64, 65, 78, 86, 219, (r. 1927-1930, 1940-1947) 290, 291, 311, 320, 321, 322, 341, 386, 387; 334, 380, 399, 425, 429 burial of 320-321 “Michael the Brave” Church, Moța, Ion I. 1, 2, 64-68, 78, 86, 90, 91, Bucharest 227 96, 98, 99, 104, 106, 114, 115, 134, 164, Michael the Brave cult of, as unifier and 177, 189, 195, 209, 244-245, 320-321, redemptive hero 101, 102, 190-192, 327, 362, 363; acquittal for assassination 349, 387, 415, 416; death 281; divine 205; and antisemistism 103-105; and mission 96; grave of 101, 420; link with AXA 114-115, 209; and the cult of the cult of Archangel Michael 96, Codreanu 90, 155-157; as creator of 190-192, 193; military medal “Michael Codreanu’s cult 156-157; cult of 420, the Brave” 83, 198; model for 427; death 215-216; fighting missing Ferdinand I 399; reburial of (1920) in Spain 214; and suicide terrorism 218, 416; and the sacralization of 188; and view on corporatism 130-131; politics 190 Wooden Skulls 174; see also Moța and “Michael
the Brave” Military Order 226; Marin see also Knights of the “Michael the Moța, Iridenta 340 Brave” Military Order Munich 110 Mickiewicz, Adam (1798-1855) 19 Muntenia 52, 167, 219, 255, 396 Miercurea Ciuc 282, 316 Mussolini, Benito 68, 118, 335 Mihalache, Ion 81 Mihăilescu, Ion, arch-priest 319 Mihăilescu-Gorgani, Andrei 336 Naciu, Vasile 319 militarism 301, 416; and fascism 9, 137; Nadoleanu, Enache 318 and Romantic nationalism 416; social Napoleon I 102 militarism 301; see also paramilitarism National Christian Defense League Mircești 190 {Liga Apărării Național-Creștine, LANC) Mironescu, G. G. 81 61, 65, 68, 69, 70, 79, 85, 90, 97, 112, Mironovici, Radu 66, 98, 323, 330, 114, 124, 133, 155, 156, 159, 194, 203, 334, 337 210, 219, 244, 256, 267; lancieri 270, Moglan, PSS Valeriu, the Vicar of the 295, 303, 384, 393 National Christian Party 85, 112, 197, Metropolitan of Moldova 336 Moldova 19, 52, 54, 64, 79, 101, 167, 195, 219, 254, 255, 257, 259, 260, 267, 270, 200, 219, 254, 255, 256, 258, 320, 295, 390, 422; and Goga-Cuza 338, 351, 365, 384; Central Moldova government 380 258; earthquake in 320; and the Jewish National Democratic Party 89 National Legionary State 10, 110, 122, Question 65; metropolitan seat 366, 382; Northern Moldova 60, 79, 153, 268, 290-302, 311-312; and the 239, 254, 260; and the origins of the Church 394-402 National Liberal Party 55, 81-82, 84, 205 Legion 253-254, 270, 281; problema 246, 267, 386, 425 stilistă in 383; Southern Moldova 239, 254, 258; union with Wallachia 301, national messianism xiii, 16, 19, 109, 271, 394, 423; and charisma 21;
French365, 366, 415; Western Moldova 79 Slavonic messianism 19; generational Moscardó, José 214, 215 messianism 419; Polish national Mosley, Oswarld, Sir xiv
470 Index messianism 19; Romantic messianism 8, 19 National Orthodox Society of Romanian Women 192 National Party of Transylvania 56, 58, 277 National Peasant Party (NPP) 57, 81, 117, 196, 248, 267, 277, 379, 425 National salvation xiii, xiv, 2, 3, 20, 51, 71, 89, 90, 107, 109, 128, 137, 172, 187, 193, 224, 226, 260, 279, ЗОЇ, 312, 343, 346, 350, 366, 402, 414-422, 426, 429 National Union of Christian Romanian Students 164, 209, 222, 242, 244, 378, 387; Craiova Congresses 388; Piatra-Neamț Congress 70; Târgu Mureș Congress 134, 209, 211, 228 National-Agrarian Party 61 Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) 13, 252, 387; National Socialism 119, 121 Nazi Ministry of Propaganda 218 Neamț 101, 383 Near East 24 Negură, Ion 125 Neocleous, Mark 309 Neubacher, Hermann 335 Nicadori 211, 279, 311, 312; reburial of 320-325, 330, 339, 341-343 Nicodim, Patriarch 291, 294, 310, 320, 351, 352, 378, 383, 389, 393, 398, 399, 400, 401 Nicola, Ursu (1731-1785), alias Horea 101, 349 Nicolae, Panait 124 Nicolescu, Nicoleta 170, 318 Nicoloiu, Valeriu archimandrite 319 Nicorești 205 Niculescu, Ilie 340 Nietzsche, Friedrich 15 Nistor, Ion 125 Noica, Constantin 118, 327 Northern Railway Station (Gara de Nord'), Bucharest 318, 321 Northwestern Transylvania 80, 322 Nuremberg, in Nazi propaganda 311 Oarga, Ion (1747-1785), alias Cloșca 349 Octavian L. Veștemean printing house 387 Odessa 190 Office for the Education of the Romanian Youth 274 Oituz 101, 191 Oltenia 52, 167, 219, 255, 257; Southern Oltenia 258, 259 Onciulescu, Dimitrie, Father 213 Opera nazionale dopolavoro, Fascist Italy
274 Opris, Romulus, Colonel 323, 327 Orășanu, Constantin 327, 328 Orăștie 219, 320 Orăștie Orthodox Cathedral 321 Orestes 327 Orthodox Theological Academy “Andreiana,” Sibiu 387 Ottoman Empire 211, 366; Ottomans 101, 196 Outram, Dorina, The Body and the French Revolution 152-143 Palace ofjustice, Bucharest 66 Palaghiță, Ștefan 336 palingenesis approach to 17-18; crique of Griffin’s approach 17-18; Romantic palingenesis 19; social palingenesis xvi, 11, 17, 18, 27, 171, 414; Heliade’s “theological” philosophy of palingenesis 415; and the Legionary ideology 93, 417 Pământul Strămoșesc (The Ancestral Land) 78, 90, 97-99 Panaitescu, Petre P. 319, 344, 345 Pantea, Nicolae 316 Papanace, Constantin 90, 347 Papen, Franz 13 paramilitarism 27, 86, 172, 260, 391 Párvan, Vasile 119 Pașcani 134, 219 Pătrășcanu, Lucrețiu 4, 6, 239 Paulescu, Nicolae 246 Payne, Stanley G. 20, 246, 247 Pentecostals, Greater Romania 373 People’s Party 83, 85, 124, 129; see also Averescu, Alexandru Persia 24 Petrașcu, Nicolae 249, 332, 396, 397, 427 Petraşincu, Dan 118 Petrescu, Costin 190 Petrescu, I. D. 380 Petrovicescu, Constantin General, Minister of Interior General Constantin 329 Petru Rares 219 Piatra Olt 219 Pitești 219, 319 Ploeșteanu, PSS Veniamin, the first Vicar of the Patriarchate 336 Ploiești 317, 319, 321, 342
Index 471 Podul înalt 101 Poland 18, 19, 218 Polihroniade, Mihail 90, 105-106, 112, 114-115, 118, 134, 277, 282, 421, 422; and antisemitism 105-106 political faith nationalism as a political faith 18-20; Carol Il’s attempts to eradicate it 270; Codreanu as creator of the political faith 353; as a culde-sac 430; fascism as a political faith esp. xvi, 10-18, 32; Legionaries’ refusal to abjure it 280; Legionary political faith esp. 1-8, 49, 89-137, 153, 164, 169, 173, 210, 225, 241; and martyrdom 188; and radicalization 180; and terrorism 201-208; and the Orthodox dogma 294, 362-403; and the political religion approach 22-27; and totalitarianism 25-27 political religions approach 22-27 Polytechnic School in Bucharest 323 Pop, Amos Horațiu 81 Popa, George 125 Popa, Ioan 316 Popescu, Atanasie, Father, Abbot of the Ghighiu Monastery 316, 336 Popescu, Gheorghe Dan 339 Popescu, Nicolae Μ. 380 Popescu, Șerban 380 Popescu, Tudose 66, 98 Popovici, Dumitru 427 Portugal 225 Porunca Vremii 389 Posteucă, Vasile 125, 213 Potecaș, Ion 125, 339 Prahova Valley 317 praxeological approach to Fascism 12 Predania: Revistă de critică teologică (Tradition: Review of Theological Critique) 364, 379-382, 395 Predeal 314-319, 342 Predeal Monastery, and Legionary Cemetery 314-319, 321 Prefecture of Bucharest Police 327 Primitive Christianity 313 “Prince Michael” Monastery (Mănăstirea Mihai Vodă), Turda 429 Prodan, Nicandru 316 “Progresul” (Progress) Church 324 Prussia 18 Prut River 79, 80 Purishkevich, Vladimir 96 Putin, Vladimir xiv Putna 383 Pythagoras 94 Racoveanu, Gheorghe 377, 379, 382, 399, 400,
419 Rădăuți 125 Radical right iv, xiii, xv, 59-61, 85, 106, 114, 269, 270, 295, 303; see also National Christian Defense League (Liga Apărării Național-Creștine, LÁNC) Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin 110 Râmnicu Sărat 282, 317 Râmnicu Sărat Prison 313 Rarău Mountain 315, 316 Râșnov 317 Războeni (also Războieni) 101, 219 Răzleții [Scattered] Legionary unit 318, 319, 340 Regional Council (Sfatul Țării), Bessarabia 384 Regional Inspectorate of Police, Bessarabia 80 Renaissance, Priestly Association 388 Republic of Moldova 10 Rerum novarum (1891), Papal encyclical 388 Rexist Party, Belgium xiv Ribbentrop, Joachim von, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nazi Germany 335 Rilke, Rainer Maria, German poet 125 Rioșanu (Rioșianu), Alexandru 327 Risorgimento 51 Roberts, David 26 Robu, Nichifor 112 Roma, as agents of degeneration 347 Roma, and discrimination, and deportation during WWII 347 Roman Catholics, Greater Romania 370 Roman Empire 101, 219, 225 Roman-Catholic Church, in Greater Romania, Concordat with the Romanian state 372-373, 376; see also Vatican Romanian Army and the monarchy 107, 112, 115, 128, 189-190, 191, 193, 270-271, 414-416; and burial of Călinescu 282; and the burial of Codreanu 351; and burial of General Cantacuzino 227; confrontation with the Legion 298-299, 320, 350, 423-424; and the peasantry 107, 247; in power 290-292, 301; in WWI 191, 197, 199, 243 Romanian National Party, Bessarabia 384 Romanian Orthodox Church legal status 365-374, 386; adoption of the Gregorian Calendar 369, 383; campaign against the Condordat with
472 Index Vatican 372-374, 386; doctrine of the Romanian National Orthodoxy 374; Holy Synod 276, 210, 366, 368, 371, 376, 378, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 390, 391, 392, 393, 399, 400; and the Legion 351, 352, 362-403; and resistance (problema stilista) 383; status under the National Legionary state 394-402 Ronianianism (Românism) 117, 157, 172, 191, 390, 418; and Orthodoxism 109; integral Romanianism 130 Rome 89, 115, 131, 155, 276, 374, 397 Romulus Opriș, Quaestor of Police 327, 328 Roșcani 101 Rosenberg, Alfred 117 Royal dictatorships, the Balkans 269 Ruginoasa 190 Russia 18, 19, 24, 51, 52, 96, 126, 250, 369, 369; Bolshevik Russia 91, 121, 218, 362; Slavophilism 19; Stalinist Russia 7, 134, 214 Russian minority in Romania 53 Russian Orthodox Church 370 Russian patriarchy, Moscow 367 Rusu, Liviu 125 Rybiczka, Rudolf 125 Sacralization of politics 24-25; and the Iron Guard 6; in the Old Kingdom 89, 190 Saint-Jean-de-Luz 218 Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira 131, 225 San Sebastian 218 Sarmizegetusa 101, 155 Satan 91, 160; see also Lucifer Săulescu, Edward 192 Sava, Valentin 323 Saxony, Ludolph, De Vita Christi (1474) 160 Schirach, Baldur von, Governor of Vienna 335 Schitu Mägureanu, Bucharest 227, 318 Schleich, Eduard Ritter von, General-major 335 School of Bridges and Roads, Bucharest 129 Sebastian, Mihail (1907-1945), writer xiii, 118, 122-124; Sebastian’s critique of totalitarianism 123; relation to Nae Ionescu 122-124 Sebeș 219 Second Balkan War (1913) 83 Securitatea informants of 296, 427; archives of 11, 426, 397 Siberia 115 Sibiu 219 Siguranța 1, 10, 74, 87, 117, 230, 286,
370, 383 Silenzi, Mussolini’s personal representative 336 Sima, Horia 169, 284, 290, 291, 296, 298, 299, 300, 301, 308, 313, 319, 320, 321, 329, 330, 334, 340, 341, 350, 362, 363, 365, 366, 397, 422, 427 Sinaia 83, 317, 321, 342 Sinaia Monastery 316 Sirbu, Sergeant, Codreanu’s hangman 328 Slatina 219 Słowacki, Juliusz 19 Slușanschi, Barbu 125, 126, 213 Smulțea, Ilie 340 Social Darwinism 134, 136, 415, 418 Society ofTheologian Students 387 Solidaritatea (Solidarity) (1920-1929) 388 Sorbonne University 387 Sorel, Georges theory of violence and impact on Romanian fascism 136, 327 Soroca 101 Soviet Union 214, 246; annexation of Bukovina and Bessaravia 289, 294; anti-Soviet feelings in Romania xiii; war with 303, 402, 425 Spain 216, 224, 321, 336 Spanish Civil War iii, 1, 134, 188, 214, 216, 225, 421 Spanish Foreign Legion 215 Speidel, Wilhelm, Luftwaffe Lieutenant General 335 Spengler, Oswald 108, 121 Splaiul Dâmboviței, Bucharest 318 “St. Anton” Church, Bucharest 389 “St. Ilie Gorgani” Church, Bucharest 320, 321, 322, 324, 330-334, 337 Stahl, H. H. and Codreanu’s physical charisma 159 Stalinism 23, 43, 46, 75, 79, 123, 186, 194, 249 (fnt 1), 306; Stalinist Russia 134 Stan, Liviu Dr. (1910-1973) 364, 386, 397-398; General Director in the Ministry of Religious Cults 336, 397-398 Stanca, wife of Michael the Brave 190 Stăniloaie, Dumitru 398 Stelescu, Mihail 80, 81, 85, 86, 160, 164, 209, 210, 211, 212, 228, 251, 326, 364, 375, 420; manifesto of “Battalion I Covurlui” 80; and antisemitism 80
Index 473 Stephen the Great (Stefan cel Mare) 101, 102, 158, 193, 344, 349 Stephen the Great Avenue, Iași 190 Sternhell, Zeev 16 Stoicănescu, Constantin 316 Stojadinovic, Alexander 122 Stony Mountain (Pietrosul) 316 Streinul, Mircea, writer 124, 125 Suceava 101 Suceava county 253, 254, 255, 384 Susai Mountain 342 Swastika 68, 97, 102, 156, 194, 197, 363 Take Ionescu avenue, Bucharest 340 Talmon, Jacob 19 Țara Moților, Apuseni Mountains 323, 337 Târgoviște 190 Târgu Mureș 219 Tarnavschi, Cose 125 Tatar-Bunar, Soviet-sponsored terrorist attack 209 Tătărescu, Cheorghe, Prime Minister 84, 209 Tecuci 129, 319 Tecuci county 317 Teiuș 219 Tell, Alexandru Cristian 118, 282 Terchila, Nicolae 387 Terpezița-Dolj 387 Thiel, Č. 117 Tibet 101 Tighina 254 Tincoca, Remus 336, 339 Titulescu, Nicolae 82, 204, 214, 215 Toledo 218 Țopa, Leon 128 Toropești, Vaslui County 383 Totalitarianism 9, 11, 283; and Christian “technologies of the self” 27; “fascism-totalitarianism-political religion” Triad 22-27; Marin as theoretician of totalitarianism 116; National Legionary State as a totalitarian experiment 268; and “pastoral power” 26-27; and political faith 12; Sebastian’s critique of totalitarianism 123; “totalitarian Messianic democracy” 12; “totalitarianism of the right” 12, 16, 17; unitotalitarianism 134 Totu, Nicolae 81 Trajan, Roman Emperor 225 Trandafir, Ion, family of 340 Trandafir, Lucia 340 Transylvania 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 62, 63, 64, 191, 200, 213, 219, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 270, 277, 282, 311, 317, 322, 347, 348, 349, 351, 368, 369, 370, 372, 383, 385, 386, 415; 1848-1849
revolution 101; Central Transylvania 79, 239, 254, 257, 258; Northern Transylvania, annexation by Hungary 289, 322; Ruling Council of Transylvania 56; Southern Transylvania 243, 303 Tremaglia, Mirko 196 Triaj 134 Trieste 193 Trifa, Iosif 386 Trifa, Viorel D., deputy president of the Bucharest Student Circle 389 Tripartite Pact, the Axis 313, 334, 335, 341, 425 Triteanu, Lucian, Bishop of Roman 220, 398 Tsar Alexander III, funerals of 218 Țurcan, Ion 125, 126 Turda 101 Turner, Bryan 419-420 Turtucaia 101 Țuțea, Petre 118 Tutová 254 Udișteanu, Dionisie 318, 324, 336 Ukraine xiv ultranationalism 11, 240 Union of Russian People 96 Union of the Russian People of the Archangel Michael 96 Union Square, Iași 190 Unitarians, Greater Romania 370 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, USA 10 United States of America, political life in xiv University of Berlin 68 University ofBucharest xii, 107, 110, 134, 319, 387, 388, 395 University of Cernăuți 108, 124, 128, 246, 368, 393, 397 University of Cluj 64, 90, 243, 396 University of Iași 64, 65, 153, 154, 155, 243, 246 Ursu, Nicolae S. 125 Usatiuc, Claudiu 125 Văcăreșteni group 67, 90, 95, 154, 164, 177, 222, 242, 330
474 Index Văcărești Monastery Prison 66, 69, 95, 202, 212 Vaida-Voevod, Alexandru 82 Val, Merry del, chargé d'affaires 336 Valeriu, Sandu 324 Vasiliu, Constantin 427 Vaslui 282, 317, 319, 383 Vaslui Internment Camp 317 Vatican 372, 376; see also the Roman-Catholic Church Vernichescu, Alexandru 66, 67 Versailles system 82, 271, 277, 283 Vesper, Iulian 125 Victoria Square, Bucharest 337, 340 Victory Avenue, Bucharest 227, 276 Vienna Diktat (August 30, 1940) 322 violent cleansing (curățire) xiv, 17, 27, 91-93, 103-106, 136, 187,.215, 243, 252, 302, 303, 312, 347, 401, 428, 429; see also antisemitism Virchow, Rudolf 96 Visarion, Orthodox Metropolitan of Bukovina 213, 378, 389 Vitencu, Dragos 124, 125 Vlad Țepeș League 84 Vlad the Impaler (Vlad Țepes) 102 Vladimirescu, Tudor 102, 211 Vlașca 205 Vojen, Ioan Victor 112, 222, 301 Vulcănescu, Mircea 118—119 Walicki, Andrzej 19 Wallachia 19, 52, 102, 190, 195, 200, 227, 243, 253, 254, 255, 256, ЗОЇ, 351, 365, 366, 368, 415; Northwestern Wallachia 258; Southern Wallachia 383; Wallachian regional identity 346 Weber, Eugen 4, 5, 239, 241, 258 Weber, Max, theory of charismatic leadership 20-21, 153, 241, 419; ideal-types 187 Western Europe 19, 24 Women Fortresses (Cetățui) within the Legion 319, 340 women, and emancipation 106-107; and citizenship rights 272; within the Legion 85, 165, 167, 340, 419; and the new fascist woman 1, 10, 26, 89, 91, 93, 171, 249 wooden crucifix (troița) 200, 338, 342 Work and Leisure (Munca și Voe Bună) 274 World War I (Great War) 2, 10, 15, 17, 27, 49, 51, 65, 83, 101, 106, 118, 119, 154, 189, 190, 191, 195,
196, 197, 199, 215, 225, 226, 247, 267, 315, 368, 380, 387, 393, 402, 415, 429 World War II 7, 122, 246 Yugoslavia 269; see also Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes Zamolxis 94, 135 Zävoianu, Ștefan 327, 328, 336 Zelea-Codreanu, Codreanu xiii, xiv, 2, З, 28, 50, 64-68, 78, 79, 81, 82, 89, 91, 93, 94, 96, 101-104, 106, 112, 113-117, 120, 121, 122, 124, 131, 134; and antisemistism 103-105; assassination of Prefect Manciù 155; as Bălcescu 344; as Căpitan 155, 158; charismatic attraction 112-113, 120, 124, 327, 387; as Commander-in-Chief of the Legion 347; cult of: as model of heroism 155, 162, 173, 345; diary of 160; execution of280; as Făt Frumos (Prince Charming) 344; For my Legionaries 79, 93, 101, 160-162; and imitatio Christi 345, 350, 351; and imitation Christi 162; înseninări de la Jilava [Notes from Jilava] 161-162; as Jesus Christ 345; and the making of charismatic authority 152-164; as Messiah 350-351; The Nest Leader’s Manual 326; as a new Stephen the Great 344; and the Orthodox Church 350-351; and physical charisma 159; as predestined leader 90, 127-128, 164; print run (For my Legionaries) 162, 343; print run (The Nest Leader’s Manual) 163, 343; reburial of321-353; as Sky’s Messenger 345; stay in Berlin 68; stay in Jena 68; trial of 66-69, 154-155, 278-279, 425; view of the army 193, 198 Zelea-Codreanu, Elena 313, 323, 340 Zelea-Codreanu, Ion 64, 65, 66, 79, 81; and antisemistism 105; election as deputy of Tutová County 81, 323, 340, 393, 397 Zoppa, Constantin 213 |
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| author | Iordachi, Constantin 1970- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)138942978 |
| author_facet | Iordachi, Constantin 1970- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Iordachi, Constantin 1970- |
| author_variant | c i ci |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048381320 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 4630 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1339062178 (DE-599)BVBBV048381320 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1927-1941 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1927-1941 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Romania / History / 1914-1944 Romania / Politics and government / 1914-1944 Romania fast |
| geographic_facet | Romania / History / 1914-1944 Romania / Politics and government / 1914-1944 Romania |
| id | DE-604.BV048381320 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:18:52Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T09:04:37Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781138624559 9781138624436 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033760168 |
| oclc_num | 1339062178 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | xvii, 474 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (teilweise farbig) |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230614 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publishDateSearch | 2023 |
| publishDateSort | 2023 |
| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge studies in fascism and the far right |
| spelling | Iordachi, Constantin 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)138942978 aut The fascist faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-1941 martyrdom and national purification Constantin Iordachi London ; New York Routledge 2023 xvii, 474 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten (teilweise farbig) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge studies in fascism and the far right "An earlier version of this English-language monograph was also translated in Hungarian and published with L'Harmattan publishing house."--Acknowledgments "The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-41 engages critically with recent works on fascism, totalitarianism, and religion, and advances an original theoretical and methodological approach to fascism as a political faith. On this basis, the book constructs an innovative comparative research framework for reconceptualizing the history of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-41. It contends that the Legion put forward a palingenetic political faith of a theological type, called legionarism. To provide a comprehensive analysis of the origins, main features, mechanisms of institutionalization and demise of this self-proclaimed salvific political faith, the book documents the palingenetic foundations of the Legionary faith, the syncretism between fascist and Christian rites and rituals, and the intricate relationship between the Legion and the Orthodox Church and its dogma. The book documents three main sacrificial strategies employed by the Legion to 're-evangelize' the people in the new faith: (1) the appropriation of the cult of the fallen soldiers; (2) terrorist missions meant to create fascist heroes through violent sacrifice; and (3) sanctification through heroic fight for Christianity in the Spanish Civil War, in an attempt to link legionarism with the transnational crusade against "Judeo-Bolshevism." As well as providing a detailed historical and interpretive account of the Legion, the book makes a significant contribution to debates about defining fascism and its relation to religion. It also provides novel comparative perspectives for studying other attempts at constructing fascist faiths in interwar Europe, most notably in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of fascism, politics and religion, political theory, Romanian history, youth radicalization, violence, and the emergence of terrorism" Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea / 1899-1938 / Influence Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea / 1899-1938 fast Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail / History Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail fast Eiserne Garde (DE-588)4014103-2 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1927-1941 gnd rswk-swf Fascism / Romania / History / 20th century Nationalism / Romania / History / 20th century Fascism fast Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.) fast Nationalism fast Politics and government fast Faschismus (DE-588)4016494-9 gnd rswk-swf Romania / History / 1914-1944 Romania / Politics and government / 1914-1944 Romania fast Eiserne Garde (DE-588)4014103-2 b Faschismus (DE-588)4016494-9 s Geschichte 1927-1941 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-429-76581-0 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9780429428043 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033760168&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033760168&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Iordachi, Constantin 1970- The fascist faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-1941 martyrdom and national purification Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea / 1899-1938 / Influence Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea / 1899-1938 fast Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail / History Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail fast Eiserne Garde (DE-588)4014103-2 gnd Fascism / Romania / History / 20th century Nationalism / Romania / History / 20th century Fascism fast Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.) fast Nationalism fast Politics and government fast Faschismus (DE-588)4016494-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014103-2 (DE-588)4016494-9 |
| title | The fascist faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-1941 martyrdom and national purification |
| title_auth | The fascist faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-1941 martyrdom and national purification |
| title_exact_search | The fascist faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-1941 martyrdom and national purification |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The fascist faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-41 martyrdom and national purification |
| title_full | The fascist faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-1941 martyrdom and national purification Constantin Iordachi |
| title_fullStr | The fascist faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-1941 martyrdom and national purification Constantin Iordachi |
| title_full_unstemmed | The fascist faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-1941 martyrdom and national purification Constantin Iordachi |
| title_short | The fascist faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927-1941 |
| title_sort | the fascist faith of the legion archangel michael in romania 1927 1941 martyrdom and national purification |
| title_sub | martyrdom and national purification |
| topic | Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea / 1899-1938 / Influence Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea / 1899-1938 fast Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail / History Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail fast Eiserne Garde (DE-588)4014103-2 gnd Fascism / Romania / History / 20th century Nationalism / Romania / History / 20th century Fascism fast Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.) fast Nationalism fast Politics and government fast Faschismus (DE-588)4016494-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea / 1899-1938 / Influence Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea / 1899-1938 Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail / History Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail Eiserne Garde Fascism / Romania / History / 20th century Nationalism / Romania / History / 20th century Fascism Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.) Nationalism Politics and government Faschismus Romania / History / 1914-1944 Romania / Politics and government / 1914-1944 Romania |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033760168&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033760168&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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