Behavioral economics:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York, NY
Oxford University Press
[2023]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 432-438 |
| Beschreibung: | xix, 449 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780197515921 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Preface xx Acknowledgements PART 1 xxi INTRODUCTION Introduction and Key Concepts of Microeconomics 1 1.1 What Is Behavioral Economics? 2 3 Review the Concepts 1.1 1.2 Key Concepts: Marginal Reasoning 4 Opportunity Cost 4 The Marginal Principle 4 The Equimarginal Principle 6 Review the Concepts 1.2 8 1.3 Key Concepts: Equilibrium and Efficiency Nash Equilibrium 8 8 Comparative Statics 10 Pareto Efficiency 11 Review the Concepts 1.3 12 Key Terms 12 · Takeaways 13 · Discuss the Concepts 13 · Apply the Concepts 15 Insights from Behavioral Science 16 2.1 Social Preferences and Social Norms 17 Adam Smith on Social Norms and the Impartial Spectator 18 Rule-Following Task: Avatar Pedestrian 19 v
vi CONTENTS 2.2 Sharing the Rewards of Collaboration 20 Incurring a Cost to Enforce a Social Norm 22 Review the Concepts 2.1 25 Mental Shortcuts 26 Mental Accounting 26 Default Options 27 Review the Concepts 2.2 27 2.3 Cognitive Bias 28 The Decoy Effect 28 Present Bias 30 Review the Concepts 2.3 31 2.4 Problems with Probabilities 32 Rare Events 32 The Gambler’s Fallacy 32 Review the Concepts 2.4 34 2.5 Instinctive Urges and Thoughtful Deliberation 34 Apple versus Cupcake 34 Hunting Practices of the Ju/’hoansi 35 Why Do We Do That? 35 Review the Concepts 2.5 36 Key Terms 36 · Takeaways 36 · Discuss the Concepts 37 · Apply the Concepts 38 Appendix to Chapter 2: More Insights from Behavioral Science 40 1 Anchors 40 2 Confirmation Bias 40 3 Overconfidence Effect 41 4 Availability Heuristic 41 Review the Concepts 2A 42 Key Terms 43
CONTENTS PART 2 3 1 VII SOCIAL PREFERENCES AND PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Social Norms: Sharing and Enforcement 3.1 44 Utility Maximization with a Social Norm 45 Trade-Off Between Material Benefit and Norm-Violation Cost 46 Utility Maximization 47 Review the Concepts 3.1 49 3.2 Sharing Behavior: The Dictator Game 49 Game Structure and Results 49 Variation in Sharing Behavior 50 Review the Concepts 3.2 52 3.3 Costly Norm Enforcement 52 Third-Party Punishment of Norm Violators 53 Structure of the Ultimatum Game 54 A Norm-Sensitive Responder 55 Equilibrium Responder Share 56 A Norm-Sensitive Proposer 58 Review the Concepts 3.3 59 3.4 Results from Ultimatum-Game Experiments 59 Meta-Analysis of Ultimatum Experiments 59 Crosswalk Rules and the Ultimatum Game 60 Review the Concepts 3.4 60 3.5 Market Engagement and Social Norms Review the Concepts 3.5 61 63 Key Terms 63 · Takeaways 63 · Discuss the Concepts 64 · Apply the Concepts 65 · Math Solutions 66 Appendix to Chapter 3: Fehr-Schmidt Inequity Cost 68 Key Terms 70 4 4.1 The Trust Game: Investment and Production 73 Game Structure 74 Outcome in the Absence of a Sharing Norm 75 Review the Concepts 4.1 75
viii CONTENTS 76 4.2 A Sharing Norm for the Producer The Producer’s Trade-Off: Material Benefit versus Norm-Violation Cost 76 Varying Norm Sensitivity and Return Fractions 79 The Investor Decision 79 Review the Concepts 4.2 80 4.3 A Sharing Norm for the Investor 81 The Investor’s Trade-Off: Material Benefit versus Norm-Violation Cost 81 4.4 Relative Norm Sensitivity and Equilibrium 82 Social Norms, Efficiency, and Social Capital 83 Review the Concepts 4.3 84 Experiments and Implications 84 Experimental Results 85 The Trust Game and Social Capital 87 The Trust Game and Oxytocin 88 Review the Concepts 4.4 89 Key Terms 89 · Takeaways 89 · Discuss the Concepts 90 · Apply the Concepts 90 · Math Solutions 92 Public Goods and Voluntary Contributions 94 5.1 Free Riding and Economic Experiments 96 The Free-Rider Problem 96 Results from Voluntary-Contribution Experiments 98 Review the Concepts 5.1 99 5.2 Social Norms and Voluntary Contributions 99 Norm: Efficient Contribution 100 Norm: Equal Contribution 103 Explaining a Path of Decreasing Contributions 104 Review the Concepts 5.2 105 5.3 Punish Free Riders? 106 Punishing Norm Violators 106 Summary of Experimental Results 107 Review the Concepts 5.3 107 Key Terms 108 · Takeaways 108 · Discuss the Concepts 108 · Apply the Concepts 109 · Math Solutions 110
ІХ CONTENTS 6 1 Identity, Norms, and Reciprocity in the Workplace 6.1 112 Worker Reciprocity and Social Capital 114 Perfect or Imperfect Information in the Workplace? 6.2 6.3 6.4 114 Social Norms and Pareto Improvements 115 Review the Concepts 6.1 115 Worker Identity and Effort 115 Utility Maximizing Effort 116 Insiders versus Outsiders 119 Producer Investment in Identity Management 121 Review the Concepts 6.2 121 Response to a Higher Wage 122 Wages and a Sharing Norm 122 Wages and the Work-Effort Norm 123 Review the Concepts 6.3 125 Evidence of Worker Reciprocity 125 Field Experiments 125 A Gift-Exchange Experiment 126 Review the Concepts 6.4 127 Takeaways 128 · Discuss the Concepts 128 · Apply the Concepts 129 · Math Solutions 129 7 1 Voluntary Prices 7.1 131 Voluntary Prices: Pay What You Want 132 The Equal-Sharing Price and Norm-Violation Cost 132 Sustainability of PWW Systems 136 Economic Experiment: Pay What You Want versus Pay It Forward 137 Review the Concepts 7.1 137 7.2 Public Broadcasting: Free Riders and Guilt-Tripping Pledge Drives 138 Payoffs to Members and Free Riders 138 Choosing the Length of a Pledge Drive 141 Review the Concepts 7.2 143 Key Terms 143 · Takeaways 143 · Discuss the Concepts 143 · Apply the Concepts 144 · Math Solutions 145
X CONTENTS 8 Imitation and Cultural Learning 146 8.1 Imitation and Conformity 147 Over-Imitation by Humans 147 Over-Imitation: Humans versus Chimpanzees 148 Conformity and Matching Pennies 149 Review the Concepts 8.1 151 8.2 Faithful Imitation and Cultural Learning 151 Manioc and Obscure Production Processes 151 Social Learning: Humans versus Chimpanzees 153 Review the Concepts 8.2 154 Key Terms 155 · Takeaways 155 · Discuss the Concepts 155 · Apply the Concepts 156 PART 3 TIME PREFERENCES AND INTERTEMPORAL CHOICE Discounting and Present Bias 9.1 157 Conventional Discounting and Present Bias 158 The Quasi-Hyperbolic Discount Function 158 Present Bias and Doubling Your Apples 160 Time Inconsistency 161 Time Inconsistency and the Relative Values of Bundles 162 Present Bias and Regret 163 Review the Concepts 9.1 164 9.2 Estimates of Discounting Parameters 164 Estimates of Conventional Discounting and Present Bias 164 Economic Experiment: Patience among Mothers and Children 165 Review the Concepts 9.2 166 9.3 Illustrations: Cupcake, Weed, Bucket List 167 Cupcake versus Apple 167 Homeowner versus Weed 168 The Bucket List 170 Review the Concepts 9.3 172 Key Terms 173 · Takeaways 173 · Discuss the Concepts 173 · Apply the Concepts 174 · Math Solutions 175
ХІ CONTENTS 10 Time Preferences and Saving 177 10.1 Discounting and Intertemporal Choice 178 Saving and the Equimarginal Principle 178 Present Bias and Regret 180 Review the Concepts 10.1 181 10.2 Saving Mandates and Nudges 182 Response to Mandate: Active Saver 182 Response to Mandate: Non-Saver 183 Nudges: Defaults, Save More Tomorrow, and Saving Lotteries 184 Review the Concepts 10.2 185 10.3 Clueless versus Savvy Consumers 186 Three-Period Model of Intertemporal Choice 186 Consumption Path of the Clueless 187 Regret of the Clueless 189 Consumption Path of a Savvy Consumer 190 Commitment Devices and Saving 191 Review the Concepts 10.3 191 10.4 Impulse Control by Pigeons 192 Review the Concepts 10.4 193 Takeaways 193 · Discuss the Concepts 194 · Apply the Concepts 194 · Math Solutions 197 When to Act 200 11.1 Procrastination: Waiting Too Long 201 Present Bias and a Clueless Decision-Maker 202 Conditions for Procrastination 204 Review the Concepts 11.1 204 11.2 Self-Awareness and Procrastination 205 Backward Induction 205 Evidence of Present Bias and Self-Awareness 206 Clueless versus Self-Aware: How to Tell the Difference 207 Review the Concepts 11.2 208 11.3 Preproperation: Acting Too Soon Present Bias and a Clueless Decision-Maker 209 209
xii CONTENTS Conditions for Preproperation 211 Review the Concepts 11.3 212 11.4 Self-Awareness and Preproperation 212 Backward Induction 212 Is Being Clueless Better? 215 Review the Concepts 11.4 215 Key Terms 215 · Takeaways 216 · Discuss the Concepts 216 · Apply the Concepts 217 12 Application of Present Bias—Sin Taxes and Fertilizer 219 12.1 Personally Harmful Products and Sin Taxes 220 A Model of a Personally Harmful Good 220 Present Bias and a Personally Harmful Good 221 Savvy Consumers and Hobbling 223 Support for Sin Taxes 223 Review the Concepts 12.1 225 12.2 Present Bias and Fertilizer Investment 226 Review of Intertemporal Choice Model 226 Present Bias and the Fertilizer Investment 227 Policy Options: Subsidy versus Nudge 230 Review the Concepts 12.2 231 Takeaways 231 · Discuss the Concepts 232 · Apply the Concepts 232 · Math Solutions 233 PART 4 13 MENTAL ACCOUNTING AND THE POWER OF LOSS Mental Accounting for Consumers 236 13.1 Mental Accounting and Fungibility 237 Consumer Budgets and Fungibility 237 Mental Accounting and Coupons 239 Review the Concepts 13.1 242 13.2 Other Implications of Consumer Mental Accounting 242
ХІІІ CONTENTS Mental Accounting and Sunk Cost 242 Decoupling Cost and Benefit: Credit Cards and Ride-Hailing Services 243 Regular versus Premium Gasoline 244 Review the Concepts 13.2 245 Key Term 245 · Takeaways 245 · Discuss the Concepts 246 · Apply the Concepts 247 14 Loss versus Gain 249 14.1 Asymmetric Influences of Loss and Gain 250 The Greater Weight of Loss 250 Measuring the Greater Weight of Loss 251 Reappraisal and the Weight of Loss 252 Review the Concepts 14.1 252 14.2 The Endowment Effect 253 Willingness to Pay versus Willingness to Accept 253 Classic Endowment Experiment 254 Evidence for the Endowment Effect 254 Endowment Effect for Chimpanzees and Capuchin Monkeys 255 The Endowment Effect and Exchange 256 Greater Weight of Loss and Loss Aversion 257 Review the Concepts 14.2 258 Key Terms 258 · Takeaways 258 · Discuss the Concepts 259 • Apply the Concepts 259 PART 5 RISK PREFERENCES AND DECISIONS IN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENTS 15 I Risk Preferences and Prospect Theory 15.1 Features of Prospect Theory 261 262 Utility Function for Prospect Theory 263 Utility Value and Certainty Equivalent 264 Review the Concepts 15.1 266
xiv CONTENTS 15.2 Risk Aversion and Risk Neutrality 266 Risk Aversion and the Risk Premium 267 Risk Neutrality: Linear Utility and Equal Weight of Loss and Gain 268 Sources of Risk Aversion 269 Review the Concepts 15.2 270 15.3 The Values of Key Parameters 270 Relative Weight of Loss 271 Decreasing Sensitivity to Gain and Loss 271 Measuring Sensitivity to Stimulus 273 Economic Experiment: Risk Preferences and Cognitive Ability 274 Review the Concepts 15.3 275 15.4 Risk Preferences for Rats 275 Review the Concepts 15.4 277 Key Terms 277 · Takeaways 278 · Discuss the Concepts 278 · Apply the Concepts 279 · Math Solution 281 16 Problems with Probability 282 16.1 Probability in Prospect Theory 283 Prelec Probability Weighting 283 Psychological Foundations 284 A Closer Look at Rare Events 285 Review the Concepts 16.1 286 16.2 Learning by Description versusLearning by Experience Review the Concepts 16.2 16.3 Solving Puzzles with Probability Weighting 287 289 289 The Numbers-Game Puzzle 289 Solving the Numbers-Game Puzzle 290 The Longshot Puzzle 292 Review the Concepts 16.3 294 Key Terms 295 · Takeaways 295 · Discuss the Concepts 296 · Apply the Concepts 296
CONTENTS 17 Prospect Theory and Asset Markets XV 298 17.1 Decreasing Sensitivity and Attitudes toward Risk 299 Decreasing Sensitivity to Gain and Risk Aversion 299 Decreasing Sensitivity to Loss and Risk Seeking 300 Constant Sensitivity and Risk Neutrality 302 Review the Concepts 17.1 304 17.2 The Disposition Puzzle 305 Reservation Price in a Winner Market 306 Reservation Price in a Loser Market 306 Reservation Prices and Time on the Market 307 Evidence for the Disposition Puzzle 308 Review the Concepts 17.2 308 17.3 Disposition Puzzle Disappears? 309 Let Bygones Be Bygones 309 Constant Sensitivity to Gain and Loss ЗЮ Review the Concepts 17.3 311 17.4 The Equity Premium Puzzle 311 Greater Weight of Loss and Loss Aversion 311 Loss Aversion Solves the Equity Premium Puzzle 312 Professional Traders: Too Much Information? 314 Review the Concepts 17.4 314 Key Terms 315 · Takeaways 315 · Discuss the Concepts 315 · Apply the Concepts 316 18 Prospect Theory and Insurance 319 18.1 Decreasing Sensitivity and the Willingness to Pay for Insurance 320 Decreasing Marginal Disutility of Loss 320 Certainty Equivalent and Willingness to Pay for Insurance 322 Willingness to Pay for Insurance versus Break-Even Price 322 Economic Experiment: Willingness to Pay for Insurance 323 Review the Concepts 18.1 323 18.2 Probability Weighting and Insurance Puzzles Decreasing Sensitivity and Probability Weighting 324 324
xvi CONTENTS Conflicting Forces: Decreasing Sensitivity and Probability Weighting 326 The Hazard-Insurance Puzzle 328 The Insurance-Deductible Puzzle 328 Review the Concepts 18.2 330 Key Terms 331 · Takeaways 331 · Discuss the Concepts 332 · Apply the Concepts 332 · Math Solution 333 19 Reference Points and Goals 335 19.1 Goals and the Marginal Principle 336 Goal-Related Marginal Benefit 337 Full Marginal Benefit and Choice 338 Goals on the Golf Course 340 Review the Concepts 19.1 341 19.2 Applications: Rainy-Day Taxis and Abstinence 341 Rainy-Day Taxis 342 Inefficiency and a Pareto Improvement 343 Abstinence 344 Review the Concepts 19.2 346 Takeaways 347 · Discuss the Concepts 347 · Apply the Concepts 348 · Math Solution 349 PART 6 1 NATURAL SELECTION AND CULTURE Natural Selection and Co-Evolution of Genes and Culture 20.1 Background Concepts from Evolutionary Biology 351 352 DNA, Genetic Mutations, and Natural Selection 353 Illustration: A Fire-Building Manual 354 Review the Concepts 20.1 355 20.2 A Closer Look at Fitness and Evolution 355 Fitness, Natural Selection, and Evolution 356 Fitness Contests and Geometric Mean Fitness 357 Economics versus Biology: Spider Somersaults 360
CONTENTS Review the Concepts 20.2 XVII 361 20.3 Genes, Environment, Norms, Culture, and Cognition 361 Genes and the Environment 361 Genes and Culture 362 Genes and Social Norms 363 Instinctive Urges versus Thoughtful Deliberation 364 Review the Concepts 20.3 364 Key Terms 365 · Takeaways 365 · Discuss the Concepts 365 · Apply the Concepts 366 · Math Solution 366 21 Cooperation 367 21.1 Humans versus Chimpanzees 368 Cooperation: Skills and Motivation 368 Sharing 369 Bearing a Cost to Enforce Norms 370 Review the Concepts 21.1 372 21.2 Consumption and Production Benefits of Cooperation 372 Benefits from Consumption Smoothing 373 Benefits from Economies of Scale 374 Review the Concepts 21.2 375 21.3 Co-Evolution of Genes and Culture 375 Genes and Culture 375 Cultural Learning 376 Review the Concepts 21.3 378 Key Term 378 · Takeaways 378 · Discuss the Concepts 379 · Apply the Concepts 379 22 Loss Aversion and Time Preferences 380 22.1 Natural Selection and Loss Aversion 381 Steady versus Fluctuating Reproduction 382 Gain Equals the Loss 382 Gain Exceeds the Loss 384 Fitness Equivalence 386
xviii CONTENTS Environmental Conditions and Genetic Mixes 388 Review the Concepts 22.1 389 22.2 Natural Selection, Culture, and Time Preferences 390 Trade-Offs from Investment 390 Low Investment Productivity 391 High Investment Productivity 392 Lessons from Historical Data 393 Review the Concepts 22.2 395 Key Terms 396 · Takeaways 396 · Discuss the Concepts 396 · Apply the Concepts 397 · Math Solution 398 23 I Natural Selection and Risk Preferences 400 23.1 Small Reward and Risk Aversion 401 Geometric Mean Fitness 402 Natural Selection and Risk Aversion 403 Review the Concepts 23.1 404 23.2 Large Reward and Risk Neutrality 404 Greater Fitness for Risk Takers 405 Natural Selection Favors Risk Taking 405 Fitness Equivalence 407 Risk Aversion in Bonobos, Shrews, and Other Creatures 408 Review the Concepts 23.2 408 23.3 Subsistence and Risk Seeking 409 Subsistence and Risk Preferences 409 The Flexible Risk Preferences of Juncos 410 Review the Concepts 23.3 411 Takeaways 411 · Discuss the Concepts 412 · Apply the Concepts 412 · Math Solution 414 Bargaining and the Endowment Effect 415 24.1 A Hunter-Gatherer Exchange Economy 416 Hunter-Gatherer Fitness 416 Edgeworth Box and Gains from Exchange 416
CONTENTS ХІХ Bargaining and Equilibrium 418 Review the Concepts 24.1 420 24.2 Natural Selection: Bargaining Outcomes 420 Endowment Effect and Nash Equilibrium 420 Disagreement Value and the Nash Bargaining Solution 422 The Endowment Effect and Group Fitness 423 Egalitarian Economy and the Endowment Effect 424 Review the Concepts 24.2 424 Key Terms 424 · Takeaways 425 · Discuss the Concepts 425 · Apply the Concepts 426 · Math Solutions 427 Glossary 429 References 432 Index 439
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CONTENTS Preface xx Acknowledgements PART 1 xxi INTRODUCTION Introduction and Key Concepts of Microeconomics 1 1.1 What Is Behavioral Economics? 2 3 Review the Concepts 1.1 1.2 Key Concepts: Marginal Reasoning 4 Opportunity Cost 4 The Marginal Principle 4 The Equimarginal Principle 6 Review the Concepts 1.2 8 1.3 Key Concepts: Equilibrium and Efficiency Nash Equilibrium 8 8 Comparative Statics 10 Pareto Efficiency 11 Review the Concepts 1.3 12 Key Terms 12 · Takeaways 13 · Discuss the Concepts 13 · Apply the Concepts 15 Insights from Behavioral Science 16 2.1 Social Preferences and Social Norms 17 Adam Smith on Social Norms and the Impartial Spectator 18 Rule-Following Task: Avatar Pedestrian 19 v
vi CONTENTS 2.2 Sharing the Rewards of Collaboration 20 Incurring a Cost to Enforce a Social Norm 22 Review the Concepts 2.1 25 Mental Shortcuts 26 Mental Accounting 26 Default Options 27 Review the Concepts 2.2 27 2.3 Cognitive Bias 28 The Decoy Effect 28 Present Bias 30 Review the Concepts 2.3 31 2.4 Problems with Probabilities 32 Rare Events 32 The Gambler’s Fallacy 32 Review the Concepts 2.4 34 2.5 Instinctive Urges and Thoughtful Deliberation 34 Apple versus Cupcake 34 Hunting Practices of the Ju/’hoansi 35 Why Do We Do That? 35 Review the Concepts 2.5 36 Key Terms 36 · Takeaways 36 · Discuss the Concepts 37 · Apply the Concepts 38 Appendix to Chapter 2: More Insights from Behavioral Science 40 1 Anchors 40 2 Confirmation Bias 40 3 Overconfidence Effect 41 4 Availability Heuristic 41 Review the Concepts 2A 42 Key Terms 43
CONTENTS PART 2 3 1 VII SOCIAL PREFERENCES AND PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Social Norms: Sharing and Enforcement 3.1 44 Utility Maximization with a Social Norm 45 Trade-Off Between Material Benefit and Norm-Violation Cost 46 Utility Maximization 47 Review the Concepts 3.1 49 3.2 Sharing Behavior: The Dictator Game 49 Game Structure and Results 49 Variation in Sharing Behavior 50 Review the Concepts 3.2 52 3.3 Costly Norm Enforcement 52 Third-Party Punishment of Norm Violators 53 Structure of the Ultimatum Game 54 A Norm-Sensitive Responder 55 Equilibrium Responder Share 56 A Norm-Sensitive Proposer 58 Review the Concepts 3.3 59 3.4 Results from Ultimatum-Game Experiments 59 Meta-Analysis of Ultimatum Experiments 59 Crosswalk Rules and the Ultimatum Game 60 Review the Concepts 3.4 60 3.5 Market Engagement and Social Norms Review the Concepts 3.5 61 63 Key Terms 63 · Takeaways 63 · Discuss the Concepts 64 · Apply the Concepts 65 · Math Solutions 66 Appendix to Chapter 3: Fehr-Schmidt Inequity Cost 68 Key Terms 70 4 4.1 The Trust Game: Investment and Production 73 Game Structure 74 Outcome in the Absence of a Sharing Norm 75 Review the Concepts 4.1 75
viii CONTENTS 76 4.2 A Sharing Norm for the Producer The Producer’s Trade-Off: Material Benefit versus Norm-Violation Cost 76 Varying Norm Sensitivity and Return Fractions 79 The Investor Decision 79 Review the Concepts 4.2 80 4.3 A Sharing Norm for the Investor 81 The Investor’s Trade-Off: Material Benefit versus Norm-Violation Cost 81 4.4 Relative Norm Sensitivity and Equilibrium 82 Social Norms, Efficiency, and Social Capital 83 Review the Concepts 4.3 84 Experiments and Implications 84 Experimental Results 85 The Trust Game and Social Capital 87 The Trust Game and Oxytocin 88 Review the Concepts 4.4 89 Key Terms 89 · Takeaways 89 · Discuss the Concepts 90 · Apply the Concepts 90 · Math Solutions 92 Public Goods and Voluntary Contributions 94 5.1 Free Riding and Economic Experiments 96 The Free-Rider Problem 96 Results from Voluntary-Contribution Experiments 98 Review the Concepts 5.1 99 5.2 Social Norms and Voluntary Contributions 99 Norm: Efficient Contribution 100 Norm: Equal Contribution 103 Explaining a Path of Decreasing Contributions 104 Review the Concepts 5.2 105 5.3 Punish Free Riders? 106 Punishing Norm Violators 106 Summary of Experimental Results 107 Review the Concepts 5.3 107 Key Terms 108 · Takeaways 108 · Discuss the Concepts 108 · Apply the Concepts 109 · Math Solutions 110
ІХ CONTENTS 6 1 Identity, Norms, and Reciprocity in the Workplace 6.1 112 Worker Reciprocity and Social Capital 114 Perfect or Imperfect Information in the Workplace? 6.2 6.3 6.4 114 Social Norms and Pareto Improvements 115 Review the Concepts 6.1 115 Worker Identity and Effort 115 Utility Maximizing Effort 116 Insiders versus Outsiders 119 Producer Investment in Identity Management 121 Review the Concepts 6.2 121 Response to a Higher Wage 122 Wages and a Sharing Norm 122 Wages and the Work-Effort Norm 123 Review the Concepts 6.3 125 Evidence of Worker Reciprocity 125 Field Experiments 125 A Gift-Exchange Experiment 126 Review the Concepts 6.4 127 Takeaways 128 · Discuss the Concepts 128 · Apply the Concepts 129 · Math Solutions 129 7 1 Voluntary Prices 7.1 131 Voluntary Prices: Pay What You Want 132 The Equal-Sharing Price and Norm-Violation Cost 132 Sustainability of PWW Systems 136 Economic Experiment: Pay What You Want versus Pay It Forward 137 Review the Concepts 7.1 137 7.2 Public Broadcasting: Free Riders and Guilt-Tripping Pledge Drives 138 Payoffs to Members and Free Riders 138 Choosing the Length of a Pledge Drive 141 Review the Concepts 7.2 143 Key Terms 143 · Takeaways 143 · Discuss the Concepts 143 · Apply the Concepts 144 · Math Solutions 145
X CONTENTS 8 Imitation and Cultural Learning 146 8.1 Imitation and Conformity 147 Over-Imitation by Humans 147 Over-Imitation: Humans versus Chimpanzees 148 Conformity and Matching Pennies 149 Review the Concepts 8.1 151 8.2 Faithful Imitation and Cultural Learning 151 Manioc and Obscure Production Processes 151 Social Learning: Humans versus Chimpanzees 153 Review the Concepts 8.2 154 Key Terms 155 · Takeaways 155 · Discuss the Concepts 155 · Apply the Concepts 156 PART 3 TIME PREFERENCES AND INTERTEMPORAL CHOICE Discounting and Present Bias 9.1 157 Conventional Discounting and Present Bias 158 The Quasi-Hyperbolic Discount Function 158 Present Bias and Doubling Your Apples 160 Time Inconsistency 161 Time Inconsistency and the Relative Values of Bundles 162 Present Bias and Regret 163 Review the Concepts 9.1 164 9.2 Estimates of Discounting Parameters 164 Estimates of Conventional Discounting and Present Bias 164 Economic Experiment: Patience among Mothers and Children 165 Review the Concepts 9.2 166 9.3 Illustrations: Cupcake, Weed, Bucket List 167 Cupcake versus Apple 167 Homeowner versus Weed 168 The Bucket List 170 Review the Concepts 9.3 172 Key Terms 173 · Takeaways 173 · Discuss the Concepts 173 · Apply the Concepts 174 · Math Solutions 175
ХІ CONTENTS 10 Time Preferences and Saving 177 10.1 Discounting and Intertemporal Choice 178 Saving and the Equimarginal Principle 178 Present Bias and Regret 180 Review the Concepts 10.1 181 10.2 Saving Mandates and Nudges 182 Response to Mandate: Active Saver 182 Response to Mandate: Non-Saver 183 Nudges: Defaults, Save More Tomorrow, and Saving Lotteries 184 Review the Concepts 10.2 185 10.3 Clueless versus Savvy Consumers 186 Three-Period Model of Intertemporal Choice 186 Consumption Path of the Clueless 187 Regret of the Clueless 189 Consumption Path of a Savvy Consumer 190 Commitment Devices and Saving 191 Review the Concepts 10.3 191 10.4 Impulse Control by Pigeons 192 Review the Concepts 10.4 193 Takeaways 193 · Discuss the Concepts 194 · Apply the Concepts 194 · Math Solutions 197 When to Act 200 11.1 Procrastination: Waiting Too Long 201 Present Bias and a Clueless Decision-Maker 202 Conditions for Procrastination 204 Review the Concepts 11.1 204 11.2 Self-Awareness and Procrastination 205 Backward Induction 205 Evidence of Present Bias and Self-Awareness 206 Clueless versus Self-Aware: How to Tell the Difference 207 Review the Concepts 11.2 208 11.3 Preproperation: Acting Too Soon Present Bias and a Clueless Decision-Maker 209 209
xii CONTENTS Conditions for Preproperation 211 Review the Concepts 11.3 212 11.4 Self-Awareness and Preproperation 212 Backward Induction 212 Is Being Clueless Better? 215 Review the Concepts 11.4 215 Key Terms 215 · Takeaways 216 · Discuss the Concepts 216 · Apply the Concepts 217 12 Application of Present Bias—Sin Taxes and Fertilizer 219 12.1 Personally Harmful Products and Sin Taxes 220 A Model of a Personally Harmful Good 220 Present Bias and a Personally Harmful Good 221 Savvy Consumers and Hobbling 223 Support for Sin Taxes 223 Review the Concepts 12.1 225 12.2 Present Bias and Fertilizer Investment 226 Review of Intertemporal Choice Model 226 Present Bias and the Fertilizer Investment 227 Policy Options: Subsidy versus Nudge 230 Review the Concepts 12.2 231 Takeaways 231 · Discuss the Concepts 232 · Apply the Concepts 232 · Math Solutions 233 PART 4 13 MENTAL ACCOUNTING AND THE POWER OF LOSS Mental Accounting for Consumers 236 13.1 Mental Accounting and Fungibility 237 Consumer Budgets and Fungibility 237 Mental Accounting and Coupons 239 Review the Concepts 13.1 242 13.2 Other Implications of Consumer Mental Accounting 242
ХІІІ CONTENTS Mental Accounting and Sunk Cost 242 Decoupling Cost and Benefit: Credit Cards and Ride-Hailing Services 243 Regular versus Premium Gasoline 244 Review the Concepts 13.2 245 Key Term 245 · Takeaways 245 · Discuss the Concepts 246 · Apply the Concepts 247 14 Loss versus Gain 249 14.1 Asymmetric Influences of Loss and Gain 250 The Greater Weight of Loss 250 Measuring the Greater Weight of Loss 251 Reappraisal and the Weight of Loss 252 Review the Concepts 14.1 252 14.2 The Endowment Effect 253 Willingness to Pay versus Willingness to Accept 253 Classic Endowment Experiment 254 Evidence for the Endowment Effect 254 Endowment Effect for Chimpanzees and Capuchin Monkeys 255 The Endowment Effect and Exchange 256 Greater Weight of Loss and Loss Aversion 257 Review the Concepts 14.2 258 Key Terms 258 · Takeaways 258 · Discuss the Concepts 259 • Apply the Concepts 259 PART 5 RISK PREFERENCES AND DECISIONS IN UNCERTAIN ENVIRONMENTS 15 I Risk Preferences and Prospect Theory 15.1 Features of Prospect Theory 261 262 Utility Function for Prospect Theory 263 Utility Value and Certainty Equivalent 264 Review the Concepts 15.1 266
xiv CONTENTS 15.2 Risk Aversion and Risk Neutrality 266 Risk Aversion and the Risk Premium 267 Risk Neutrality: Linear Utility and Equal Weight of Loss and Gain 268 Sources of Risk Aversion 269 Review the Concepts 15.2 270 15.3 The Values of Key Parameters 270 Relative Weight of Loss 271 Decreasing Sensitivity to Gain and Loss 271 Measuring Sensitivity to Stimulus 273 Economic Experiment: Risk Preferences and Cognitive Ability 274 Review the Concepts 15.3 275 15.4 Risk Preferences for Rats 275 Review the Concepts 15.4 277 Key Terms 277 · Takeaways 278 · Discuss the Concepts 278 · Apply the Concepts 279 · Math Solution 281 16 Problems with Probability 282 16.1 Probability in Prospect Theory 283 Prelec Probability Weighting 283 Psychological Foundations 284 A Closer Look at Rare Events 285 Review the Concepts 16.1 286 16.2 Learning by Description versusLearning by Experience Review the Concepts 16.2 16.3 Solving Puzzles with Probability Weighting 287 289 289 The Numbers-Game Puzzle 289 Solving the Numbers-Game Puzzle 290 The Longshot Puzzle 292 Review the Concepts 16.3 294 Key Terms 295 · Takeaways 295 · Discuss the Concepts 296 · Apply the Concepts 296
CONTENTS 17 Prospect Theory and Asset Markets XV 298 17.1 Decreasing Sensitivity and Attitudes toward Risk 299 Decreasing Sensitivity to Gain and Risk Aversion 299 Decreasing Sensitivity to Loss and Risk Seeking 300 Constant Sensitivity and Risk Neutrality 302 Review the Concepts 17.1 304 17.2 The Disposition Puzzle 305 Reservation Price in a Winner Market 306 Reservation Price in a Loser Market 306 Reservation Prices and Time on the Market 307 Evidence for the Disposition Puzzle 308 Review the Concepts 17.2 308 17.3 Disposition Puzzle Disappears? 309 Let Bygones Be Bygones 309 Constant Sensitivity to Gain and Loss ЗЮ Review the Concepts 17.3 311 17.4 The Equity Premium Puzzle 311 Greater Weight of Loss and Loss Aversion 311 Loss Aversion Solves the Equity Premium Puzzle 312 Professional Traders: Too Much Information? 314 Review the Concepts 17.4 314 Key Terms 315 · Takeaways 315 · Discuss the Concepts 315 · Apply the Concepts 316 18 Prospect Theory and Insurance 319 18.1 Decreasing Sensitivity and the Willingness to Pay for Insurance 320 Decreasing Marginal Disutility of Loss 320 Certainty Equivalent and Willingness to Pay for Insurance 322 Willingness to Pay for Insurance versus Break-Even Price 322 Economic Experiment: Willingness to Pay for Insurance 323 Review the Concepts 18.1 323 18.2 Probability Weighting and Insurance Puzzles Decreasing Sensitivity and Probability Weighting 324 324
xvi CONTENTS Conflicting Forces: Decreasing Sensitivity and Probability Weighting 326 The Hazard-Insurance Puzzle 328 The Insurance-Deductible Puzzle 328 Review the Concepts 18.2 330 Key Terms 331 · Takeaways 331 · Discuss the Concepts 332 · Apply the Concepts 332 · Math Solution 333 19 Reference Points and Goals 335 19.1 Goals and the Marginal Principle 336 Goal-Related Marginal Benefit 337 Full Marginal Benefit and Choice 338 Goals on the Golf Course 340 Review the Concepts 19.1 341 19.2 Applications: Rainy-Day Taxis and Abstinence 341 Rainy-Day Taxis 342 Inefficiency and a Pareto Improvement 343 Abstinence 344 Review the Concepts 19.2 346 Takeaways 347 · Discuss the Concepts 347 · Apply the Concepts 348 · Math Solution 349 PART 6 1 NATURAL SELECTION AND CULTURE Natural Selection and Co-Evolution of Genes and Culture 20.1 Background Concepts from Evolutionary Biology 351 352 DNA, Genetic Mutations, and Natural Selection 353 Illustration: A Fire-Building Manual 354 Review the Concepts 20.1 355 20.2 A Closer Look at Fitness and Evolution 355 Fitness, Natural Selection, and Evolution 356 Fitness Contests and Geometric Mean Fitness 357 Economics versus Biology: Spider Somersaults 360
CONTENTS Review the Concepts 20.2 XVII 361 20.3 Genes, Environment, Norms, Culture, and Cognition 361 Genes and the Environment 361 Genes and Culture 362 Genes and Social Norms 363 Instinctive Urges versus Thoughtful Deliberation 364 Review the Concepts 20.3 364 Key Terms 365 · Takeaways 365 · Discuss the Concepts 365 · Apply the Concepts 366 · Math Solution 366 21 Cooperation 367 21.1 Humans versus Chimpanzees 368 Cooperation: Skills and Motivation 368 Sharing 369 Bearing a Cost to Enforce Norms 370 Review the Concepts 21.1 372 21.2 Consumption and Production Benefits of Cooperation 372 Benefits from Consumption Smoothing 373 Benefits from Economies of Scale 374 Review the Concepts 21.2 375 21.3 Co-Evolution of Genes and Culture 375 Genes and Culture 375 Cultural Learning 376 Review the Concepts 21.3 378 Key Term 378 · Takeaways 378 · Discuss the Concepts 379 · Apply the Concepts 379 22 Loss Aversion and Time Preferences 380 22.1 Natural Selection and Loss Aversion 381 Steady versus Fluctuating Reproduction 382 Gain Equals the Loss 382 Gain Exceeds the Loss 384 Fitness Equivalence 386
xviii CONTENTS Environmental Conditions and Genetic Mixes 388 Review the Concepts 22.1 389 22.2 Natural Selection, Culture, and Time Preferences 390 Trade-Offs from Investment 390 Low Investment Productivity 391 High Investment Productivity 392 Lessons from Historical Data 393 Review the Concepts 22.2 395 Key Terms 396 · Takeaways 396 · Discuss the Concepts 396 · Apply the Concepts 397 · Math Solution 398 23 I Natural Selection and Risk Preferences 400 23.1 Small Reward and Risk Aversion 401 Geometric Mean Fitness 402 Natural Selection and Risk Aversion 403 Review the Concepts 23.1 404 23.2 Large Reward and Risk Neutrality 404 Greater Fitness for Risk Takers 405 Natural Selection Favors Risk Taking 405 Fitness Equivalence 407 Risk Aversion in Bonobos, Shrews, and Other Creatures 408 Review the Concepts 23.2 408 23.3 Subsistence and Risk Seeking 409 Subsistence and Risk Preferences 409 The Flexible Risk Preferences of Juncos 410 Review the Concepts 23.3 411 Takeaways 411 · Discuss the Concepts 412 · Apply the Concepts 412 · Math Solution 414 Bargaining and the Endowment Effect 415 24.1 A Hunter-Gatherer Exchange Economy 416 Hunter-Gatherer Fitness 416 Edgeworth Box and Gains from Exchange 416
CONTENTS ХІХ Bargaining and Equilibrium 418 Review the Concepts 24.1 420 24.2 Natural Selection: Bargaining Outcomes 420 Endowment Effect and Nash Equilibrium 420 Disagreement Value and the Nash Bargaining Solution 422 The Endowment Effect and Group Fitness 423 Egalitarian Economy and the Endowment Effect 424 Review the Concepts 24.2 424 Key Terms 424 · Takeaways 425 · Discuss the Concepts 425 · Apply the Concepts 426 · Math Solutions 427 Glossary 429 References 432 Index 439 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:15:52Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:36:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780197515921 |
| language | English |
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| physical | xix, 449 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
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| publisher | Oxford University Press |
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| spelling | O'Sullivan, Arthur 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)1015149162 aut Behavioral economics Arthur O'Sullivan New York, NY Oxford University Press [2023] © 2023 xix, 449 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 432-438 Verhaltensökonomie (DE-588)7751254-6 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftliches Verhalten (DE-588)4197971-0 gnd rswk-swf Verhaltensökonomie (DE-588)7751254-6 s Wirtschaftliches Verhalten (DE-588)4197971-0 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-0-19-751593-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-0-19-751597-6 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033746516&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | O'Sullivan, Arthur 1953- Behavioral economics Verhaltensökonomie (DE-588)7751254-6 gnd Wirtschaftliches Verhalten (DE-588)4197971-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)7751254-6 (DE-588)4197971-0 |
| title | Behavioral economics |
| title_auth | Behavioral economics |
| title_exact_search | Behavioral economics |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Behavioral economics |
| title_full | Behavioral economics Arthur O'Sullivan |
| title_fullStr | Behavioral economics Arthur O'Sullivan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Behavioral economics Arthur O'Sullivan |
| title_short | Behavioral economics |
| title_sort | behavioral economics |
| topic | Verhaltensökonomie (DE-588)7751254-6 gnd Wirtschaftliches Verhalten (DE-588)4197971-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Verhaltensökonomie Wirtschaftliches Verhalten |
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