Is Social Spending Procyclical?:
This paper studies the cyclical behavior of public spending on health and education in 150 countries during 1987 - 2007. It finds that spending on education and health is procyclical in developing countries and acyclical in developed countries. In addition, education and health expenditures follow a...
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, D.C
International Monetary Fund
2010
|
Schriftenreihe: | IMF Working Papers
Working Paper No. 10/234 |
Online-Zugang: | UBW01 UEI01 LCO01 SBR01 UER01 SBG01 UBG01 FAN01 UBT01 FKE01 UBY01 UBA01 FLA01 UBM01 UPA01 UBR01 FHA01 FNU01 BSB01 TUM01 Volltext |
Zusammenfassung: | This paper studies the cyclical behavior of public spending on health and education in 150 countries during 1987 - 2007. It finds that spending on education and health is procyclical in developing countries and acyclical in developed countries. In addition, education and health expenditures follow an asymmetric pattern in developing countries; they are procyclical during periods of positive output gap and acyclical during periods of negative output gap. Furthermore, the degree of cyclicality is higher the lower the level of economic development |
Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (22 p) |
ISBN: | 1455209341 9781455209347 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nmm a2200000 cb4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV048344704 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 00000000000000.0 | ||
007 | cr|uuu---uuuuu | ||
008 | 220713s2010 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d | ||
020 | |a 1455209341 |c 18.00 USD |9 1-455-20934-1 | ||
020 | |a 9781455209347 |c 18.00 USD |9 978-1-455-20934-7 | ||
035 | |a (ZDB-1-IMF)845842641 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)1337124138 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV048344704 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-20 |a DE-824 |a DE-70 |a DE-155 |a DE-29 |a DE-22 |a DE-473 |a DE-1102 |a DE-703 |a DE-859 |a DE-706 |a DE-384 |a DE-860 |a DE-19 |a DE-739 |a DE-355 |a DE-Aug4 |a DE-1049 |a DE-12 |a DE-91 | ||
100 | 1 | |a Gupta, Sanjeev |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Is Social Spending Procyclical? |c Gupta, Sanjeev |
264 | 1 | |a Washington, D.C |b International Monetary Fund |c 2010 | |
300 | |a 1 Online-Ressource (22 p) | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
490 | 0 | |a IMF Working Papers |v Working Paper No. 10/234 | |
520 | 3 | |a This paper studies the cyclical behavior of public spending on health and education in 150 countries during 1987 - 2007. It finds that spending on education and health is procyclical in developing countries and acyclical in developed countries. In addition, education and health expenditures follow an asymmetric pattern in developing countries; they are procyclical during periods of positive output gap and acyclical during periods of negative output gap. Furthermore, the degree of cyclicality is higher the lower the level of economic development | |
533 | |a Online-Ausg | ||
700 | 1 | |a Arze del Granado, Javier |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
700 | 1 | |a Hajdenberg, Alejandro |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
856 | 4 | 0 | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |x Verlag |z URL des Erstveröffentlichers |3 Volltext |
912 | |a ZDB-1-IMF | ||
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033723972 | ||
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l UBW01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l UEI01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l LCO01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l SBR01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l UER01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l SBG01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l UBG01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l FAN01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l UBT01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l FKE01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l UBY01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l UBA01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l FLA01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l UBM01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l UPA01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l UBR01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l FHA01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l FNU01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l BSB01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
966 | e | |u http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |l TUM01 |p ZDB-1-IMF |x Verlag |3 Volltext |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804184192858193920 |
---|---|
adam_txt | |
any_adam_object | |
any_adam_object_boolean | |
author | Gupta, Sanjeev |
author_facet | Gupta, Sanjeev |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Gupta, Sanjeev |
author_variant | s g sg |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV048344704 |
collection | ZDB-1-IMF |
ctrlnum | (ZDB-1-IMF)845842641 (OCoLC)1337124138 (DE-599)BVBBV048344704 |
format | Electronic eBook |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04980nmm a2200601 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV048344704</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">00000000000000.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr|uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">220713s2010 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1455209341</subfield><subfield code="c">18.00 USD</subfield><subfield code="9">1-455-20934-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781455209347</subfield><subfield code="c">18.00 USD</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-455-20934-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(ZDB-1-IMF)845842641</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1337124138</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV048344704</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-824</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-70</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-155</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-22</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-473</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-1102</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-859</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-706</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-384</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-860</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Aug4</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-1049</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-91</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Gupta, Sanjeev</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Is Social Spending Procyclical?</subfield><subfield code="c">Gupta, Sanjeev</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Washington, D.C</subfield><subfield code="b">International Monetary Fund</subfield><subfield code="c">2010</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (22 p)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">IMF Working Papers</subfield><subfield code="v">Working Paper No. 10/234</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">This paper studies the cyclical behavior of public spending on health and education in 150 countries during 1987 - 2007. It finds that spending on education and health is procyclical in developing countries and acyclical in developed countries. In addition, education and health expenditures follow an asymmetric pattern in developing countries; they are procyclical during periods of positive output gap and acyclical during periods of negative output gap. Furthermore, the degree of cyclicality is higher the lower the level of economic development</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="533" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ausg</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Arze del Granado, Javier</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hajdenberg, Alejandro</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="z">URL des Erstveröffentlichers</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033723972</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">UBW01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">UEI01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">LCO01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">SBR01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">UER01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">SBG01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">UBG01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">FAN01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">UBT01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">FKE01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">UBY01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">UBA01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">FLA01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">UBM01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">UPA01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">UBR01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">FHA01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">FNU01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">BSB01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml</subfield><subfield code="l">TUM01</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-1-IMF</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
id | DE-604.BV048344704 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-03T20:13:19Z |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:35:26Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 1455209341 9781455209347 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033723972 |
oclc_num | 1337124138 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-20 DE-824 DE-70 DE-155 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-22 DE-BY-UBG DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-1102 DE-703 DE-859 DE-706 DE-384 DE-860 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-Aug4 DE-1049 DE-12 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM |
owner_facet | DE-20 DE-824 DE-70 DE-155 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-22 DE-BY-UBG DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-1102 DE-703 DE-859 DE-706 DE-384 DE-860 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-Aug4 DE-1049 DE-12 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM |
physical | 1 Online-Ressource (22 p) |
psigel | ZDB-1-IMF |
publishDate | 2010 |
publishDateSearch | 2010 |
publishDateSort | 2010 |
publisher | International Monetary Fund |
record_format | marc |
series2 | IMF Working Papers |
spelling | Gupta, Sanjeev Verfasser aut Is Social Spending Procyclical? Gupta, Sanjeev Washington, D.C International Monetary Fund 2010 1 Online-Ressource (22 p) txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier IMF Working Papers Working Paper No. 10/234 This paper studies the cyclical behavior of public spending on health and education in 150 countries during 1987 - 2007. It finds that spending on education and health is procyclical in developing countries and acyclical in developed countries. In addition, education and health expenditures follow an asymmetric pattern in developing countries; they are procyclical during periods of positive output gap and acyclical during periods of negative output gap. Furthermore, the degree of cyclicality is higher the lower the level of economic development Online-Ausg Arze del Granado, Javier Sonstige oth Hajdenberg, Alejandro Sonstige oth http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext |
spellingShingle | Gupta, Sanjeev Is Social Spending Procyclical? |
title | Is Social Spending Procyclical? |
title_auth | Is Social Spending Procyclical? |
title_exact_search | Is Social Spending Procyclical? |
title_exact_search_txtP | Is Social Spending Procyclical? |
title_full | Is Social Spending Procyclical? Gupta, Sanjeev |
title_fullStr | Is Social Spending Procyclical? Gupta, Sanjeev |
title_full_unstemmed | Is Social Spending Procyclical? Gupta, Sanjeev |
title_short | Is Social Spending Procyclical? |
title_sort | is social spending procyclical |
url | http://elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF001/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347/11345-9781455209347.xml |
work_keys_str_mv | AT guptasanjeev issocialspendingprocyclical AT arzedelgranadojavier issocialspendingprocyclical AT hajdenbergalejandro issocialspendingprocyclical |