Stalin as warlord:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New Haven ; London
Yale University Press
[2022]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xiv, 360 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts |
| ISBN: | 9780300264616 |
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CONTENTS List of Illustrations Acknowledgements ix xi xiii Preface Introduction: The Paradox of Power 1 PARTI PREPARING FOR WAR 1. 2. Mobilization and Repression at the Centre Mobilization and Purges on the Peripheries 11 59 PARTII FIGHTING THE WAR 3. Forging the Sinews of War 4. 5. The Scientific and Technical Intelligentsia On the Cultural Front 87 134 161 PART III WINNING THE PEACE 6. A Pyrrhic Victory? Epilogue: Remembering the War 217 265
CONĪENĪS viii Chronology 269 Glossary Abbreviations 271 273 Notes Bibliography 274 320 Index 344
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INDEX Abakumov, Viktor Semenovich, 225, 226, 228, 252, 255 conspiring against Zhukov, 227 role in the elimination of JAFC, 252, 316nl27 role in the Leningrad Affair, 255, 257, 259-60, 31 ln54 Academy of Sciences, 136-7 autonomy of, 143,148,155 branches and institutes in the union republics, 138,139,140-1,178 contribution to the war efforts, 136-7, 139-40,141-3, 148 debate over theory versus practice, 135, 141,147-8 evacuation of institutions, 138 reaction to German invasion, 6,138,163 role in wartime economy, 137,139-40 wartime reorganization of, 138-9,140-1 see also institutes, academic/scientific; intelligentsia Adyghe, 68 Afghanistan, Afghans, 61, 70 Agitprop, 184,191 Agitprop Department of the Central Committee, 183,185,187, 228,240, 241, 242, 244,251,257 see also propaganda agriculture agricultural equipment, 88, 111, 220 evacuation of agricultural assets, 88,111 impact of collectivization/centralization on, 3,70 impact of war on, 110-12, 218, 220, 233-5 Lysenkos impact on, 147-8 machine-tractor stations, 14, 220 postwar investment in, 112 reintroducing private production in, 112 scientific contribution to, 138 sovkhoz, 14, 94,112 Stalin and, 12, 235 see also collectivization; kolkhoz Air Force see Soviet Air Forces Akhmatova, Anna, 240, 241, 242, 314nl00 Aleksandrov, Georgy Fedorovich, 187,196, 240,244, 315Ո126 Alexander I (tsar), 169 Alksnis, Iakov Ivanovich, 25, 34 Alter, Wiktor, 181-2, 252 Anders, Władysław, 91,181 Andreev, Andrei Andreevich, 62, 70,101, 194,233 anti-Semitism, 172,181,208, 247,251, 252 Antonov, Alexei Innokentevich, 70,120 Anvelt, Jan, 77 Arcos
raid, 55 Arkhangelsk, 108 Armenia, 68,141, 177, 178, 222,230, 315Ո114 Armenian Central Committee, 68-9 Arutiunov, Gregor, 230 Atomic project, 101,138,144,151-3,154, 238, 255, 296n27, 319Ո13 Austria, 42, 211 Austria-Hungary, 179,197
INDEX aviation, 44 administration of, 90,149, 255 aircraft designers, 28, 29,44,45,108 aircraft losses, 218 aircraft production/industry, 40,43,44, 107,108,237, 282nl01, 291n64 aircraft types, 29, 35, 45, 141, 149 popularization of, 17 scientific contribution to, 141, 142,149, 154 Stalin and, 40, 44 tactical role of, 19, 30-1,125 see also Soviet Air Forces Aviators Affair, 226 Azerbaijan, 69, 91, 177, 178, 230, 286n26 Azrael, Jeremy, 41 Babel, Isaac, 181, 299n4 Baghirov, Mir Jafar, 69, 230 Bagramian, Ivan Khristoforovich, 70,128 Bagration, Petr Ivanovich, 170 Bailes, Kenneth, 29 Baltic Republics annexation of, 80-1, 200,269, 301n34 anti-Soviet resistance in, 92,221 purges in, 50, 70, 80 reaction to German invasion in, 92 see also Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania Bandera, Stepan, 267 Barbarossa, operation, 87,270 see also under Germany Barmine, Alexander, 51 Bashkir ASSR, 179, 230 Basmachi, 63, 70 Belarus, 21, 62,172,175,194,196 academy in, 303n70 Belarus Front, 89, 125 collaboration with Germans in, 93 communist party of, 60, 62, 66, 76,166-7 Jews in, 93,180 military district, 32, 62 military operations in, 29, 89, 93, 76,175 partisans in, 129-30, 294nl27 postwar civil war in, 221 purges in, 33, 66 resistance to collectivization in, 18,61 Western Belarus, 18, 76, 91,181,191 Belarusian Home Guard, 93 Belgium, 199, 206, 209, 211 Beneš, Edvard, 197, 204 Berezhkov, Valentin Mikhailovich, 51 Beria, Lavrenty Pavlovich alliance with Malenkov, 37,103, 238, 240, 241, 254, 256, 257 345 appointment to the head of NKVD, 80 machinations against Kapitsa, 149,155, 262 machinations against
Litvinov, 49 machinations against Voznesensky, 103, 105, 257, 259-60 machinations against Zhukov, 103, 262, 297n49 as member of GOKO, 90,102 overseeing research and production in Gulag, 149-50,154 power grabbing by, 149,213, 222,238, 281n84 purge of, 228,231, 266 relationship to Stalin, 213, 240, 252, 254, 258, ЗІОпЗЗ rivalry of Zhdanov, 37, 240,254, 281n84 role in Kuliks fall, 115 role in Stalins repressive decisions, 37, 39,67, 103,106,149,213,222, 240, 252,254, 258 role in the Caucasus, 67-8 role in the deportations, 67,91,101, 222 role in the Leningrad Affair, 256-8, 260-1 and the atomic program, 101,151-3, 255, 297n57 wartime functions of, 90, 97-8,101, 102, 105, 129, 149-50,159 Berlin, 5 battle of, 4, 70,125-6 Zhukov in, 225-6 Birobidzhan, Autonomous oblast, ЗІбпІЗІ bogatyri (frontier knights), 171,173 Bogomolov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 52, 53, 54 Bolshevik, journal, 240, 257 Bolsheviks, Bolshevism, 13-15,22,75,162, 265,258 ideology, 164,198 national Bolshevism, 169,174 Old Bolsheviks, 137,172 purge of Old, 54,62,67, 68, 69-70, 76-7, 165,176, 198 scientists and, 144,148 spirit/morality of, 4, 28, 58,231, 256, 258 Bolshoi Theatre, 245, 265,414nl02 Bonnet, Georges, 199 Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 21, 68, 73 Brezhnev, Leonid Ilich, 5, 220,230, 266 Bruevich, Nikolai Grigorevich, 137,144 Budenny, Semeon Mikhailovich, 25,117, 118,120,125
346 INDEX Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich, 16,63, 66,71, 101, 156, 157, 159,162,176,277nl9 associates of, 67, 70, 71, 75, 76 Bukovina, 66 Bulganin, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, 226 Bulgaria, 47, 81,194,197, 248,263 Bulgarians as victims of repression, 61, 76,81 communist party of, 72, 76, 81,194,209 Fatherland Front in, 193 Bullitt, William, 55 Burdenko, Nikolai Nilovich, 142 byliny (folk tales), 173 Cairo, 53 Canada, 182,199 Capra, Frank, 96 Carr, E.H., 63 Caspian Sea, 109 Catherine the Great, 65, 91 Caucasus, 109,121,150,167,170,175, 177-8 Council of the Confederation of the Caucasus, 68 military operations in, 25,121,150,177 North Caucasus, 25, 67, 68,177,222,223, 246,270 purges/deportations in, 61, 67, 68-9, 222, 223 South Caucasus, 67,98 Central Asia, 4, 63,109,115,152,167,175, 177, 178,319nll communist parties in, 69 deportations to, 61, 67, 222 evacuation to, 138,141 purges in, 60,69 Central Committee of the Communist Party, 58,103 Agitprop Department of the Central Committee see under Agitprop cadres department of, 103,255,256, 257 Committee on the Arts, 246,243,245, 247 expulsion from, 49,116, 260 Foreign Department of, 209 members of, 102,182,231,241,256 Orgburo of, 103, 230, 242,256, 259 plenums of, 33, 232, 260 of regional parties, 66,69,70,76,77, 92, 94, 258 resolutions of, 90,163,178,179, 246, 248 Secretariat of, 103,157,194,228,254, 255 staff/apparatus of, 103, 241, 257,194, 228,254, 255 Stalin and, 89,254 Charkviani, Kandid Nestorovich, 231 Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Republic, 67 Chelyabinsk, 44,107,109 Chicherin, Georgy Vasilievich, 50 China, 5,47, 79, 95,206,208,
211 China Eastern Railroad, 62 Chinese Communist Party, 16, 76,202, 210,211 Chinese, 61, 78,176 Sino-Japanese War, 96 Christie, J. Walter, 16 Chubar, Vlas Iakovlevich, 63,64,65 Churchill, Winston Spenser, 3, 56,100, 201 civil wars during and after the war in the borderlands, 66, 98, 221 in China, 210 in Yugoslavia, 203, 211 Spanish, 34, 73,203, 307nl35 see also Russian Civil War Clausewitz, Carl von, 167 Cold War, 55,156,159 collectivization, 3,14,15,17,269 as a reason for the Great Terror, 21, 73-4 blame for the shortcomings of, 19 damage caused by, 70, 275n7 in the union republics (borderlands), 67, 72 postwar reimposition of, 235-6 resistance to, 8, 18, 59,61, 64, 234, 275n8 Stalin and, 119,156,168 the temporary relaxation of, 112 and the expansion of party apparatus, 56 Cominform, 201, 210, 270 Comintern dissolution of, 165,200,205,213,217,224 purge of, 21, 71-3,75-9, 80-1 Seventh Congress of, 71, 77,156 Sixth Congress of, 76 and Slavic solidarity, 194-5 Stalin’s view on/control over, 3,11, 50, 71, 83, 89,200-1, 208-9, 225 subordination to Soviet interests, 3,11, 16,71 and the German invasion of USSR, 89, 201-2 and the outbreak of the war, 199 and the strategies of national front, 204-8 and the strategy of popular front, 50,72, 73
INDEX training schools of, 78,194 and world revolution, 26 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (All-Union Communist Party [b]), 11-12,14, 58,103,154,165-8, 174, 223, 228-9, 232 congresses of see party congresses membership, 58, 60,66,166-7 Party Control Commission, 257,260 party, factions within, 16,19, 22,100 postwar rebuilding of, 228-30 program of 1947, 238 purges in, 4, 22, 58, 60,260-1 see also purges; Leningrad Affair relation to army/army as a rival, 24,113, 161,166, 227 significance/role relative to other realms, 58,137, 140,148, 154,158, 176, 231-2 Stalin and, 11,100,165-6, 230-2 wartime revitalization of, 166,168 see aho Central Committee; party apparatus; party congresses; Politburo; and under individual union republics Communist University for the National Minorities of the West, 78 Communist University of the Toilers of the East, 78 corruption, 22, 226, 231,233,234,257, 260 Covai, Nicolae, 230 Crimea, 115,130,159,251,270 Crimean Tatar ASSR, 60,222 see aho Tatars cult of hatred, 183-8 currency reform, 237,270 Curzon Line, 194 Czechoslovakia, 79,156,194,202,203,211, 263, 283Ո109 Dagestan, 178, 230 Daladier, Édouard, 199 Davies, Joseph E., 51, 55, 96,284nl37 Davies, R.W., 20 de Gaulle, Charles, 53,203,279n55 Dekanozov, Vladimir Georgievich, 48, 50, 283Ո115 Dimitrov, Georgi, 21, 72, 73, 79, 80, 89,157, 194, 200, 208 Djilas, Milovan, 195 Doctor’s Plot, ЗІОпЗЗ Donskoi, Dmitry, 170,189 Dovzhenko, Oleksandr Petrovich, 180,186 347 economy allowing elements of market economy in, 112 autarky in, 16, 18 balancing the economy during the 1930s, 101-2, 104 the challenge of
post-revolution development of, 3,12 debates on the postwar development of capitalist economies, 156-9 impact of the repressions on, 34,41 the impact of the war on, 157, 220,221, 232-3 postwar transformation to peacetime economy, 112,233,236-8, 255 preparation for war in, 3,17, 31,42-3, 46, 57,106,132-3 regional economies of the national and autonomous republics, 43, 59, 70, 139-40 wartime transformation/recovery of, 99-100,104,105-12, 137, 232,237 see aho agriculture; industry; New Economic Policy; planning Eden, Anthony, 52 education, 14, 15, 20-1, 57,103,171,177, 180,236, 256, 268 gender question in, 20,31 impact of the wär on, 236 in the army, 18,34, 52,126,128 militarization of general, 20-1 party, 194,229 question of theoretical versus practical, 57,135, 159 see also literacy Egolin, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, 240,242 Egorov, Aleksandr Ilych, 31,35,129 Ehrenburg, Ilya Grigorevich, 164,177,250, 251,252-3, ЗООпІЗ, 313n91 and the cult of hatred, 185,187-8 Ehrlich, Henryk, 181-2 Einstein, Albert, 155,182 Eisenstein, Sergei, 170-1 Eliade, Mircia, 172 Ermler, Fridrikh, 185 Estonia, 77-8, 80,167,191, 319nll academy in, 178 anti-Soviet resistance in, 92 communist party of, 77,79,167 repression against Estonians, 42, 61,167 ethnic groups see nationalities Evzerkhin, Emmanuil, 250 Ezhov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 33, 61-2, 74, 75, 80,106
348 INDEX Fadeev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 195 famines, 3,132,147,219, 220, 234,270 Fefer, Itsik, 251 Fersman, Aleksandr Evgenevich, 133,139, 151,152 Finland, Finns, 36, 54,61, 95,211, 241, 248 Winter War, 36 Flerov, Gregory Nikolaevich, 151 food supplies, 110-12,115,140,220, 223, 256 to the army, 38,90,100,101,115,292n79 foreign policy, 50-1, 54-6, 262-4 Bukharins concept of, 16 isolationist tendencies in, 51 policy of accommodation, 11, 56 see also Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact policy of collective security, 11,46,48, 49, 50-1,79,283Ո109 policy of popular front, 50,73,79, 201 purges in, 46-7, 49, 51, 54 relation to domestic policy, 2, 59,167 of Stalin see under Stalin and the second front, 51 Tukhachevsky’s concept of, 25 France, 16,19,23, 31,34, 36,47,49, 53, 56, 66, 68,69, 72, 80, 95,196 Franc-Tireurs et Partisans, 202 popular front in, 79 resistance in, 200, 202, 203,206, 213 French Communist Party, 5,199, 200, 202, 203, 204,210,211,213 Frenkel, Iakov Ilich, 151 Frontier Forces (Pogranichnye voisk), 97-8, 281Ո88 Frunze Military Academy, 26, 31 Frunze, Mikhail Vasileevich, 17, 24,124 Fuller, J.F.C., 30 Galicia, 94,191, 290n28 Gefter, Mikhail, 163 Georgia, 1-2,177, 231 academyin, 141,178 communist party of, 62-3,67-8,231 music, 245, 315nll8 purges/deportations in, 67-8, 91,222 Stalin and, 1-2,171 German Army, 4, 31-2, 36, 68, 87,95-6, 121,162 armament of, 108,154 compared to Red Army, 32, 35, 45, 87, 108, 109, 121, 123, 218 preparations against, 17, 31, 35-7, 39-40, 80 Germany, 2, 5, 36, 73,187 attitude toward civilian population in occupied Germany, 187
collaboration with, 68, 92, 93, 94,130, 180, 251 German communist party, 72, 76, 207 German Democratic Republic, 78, 263 Germans in Soviet propaganda, 171, 184-6, 195-6, 197, 207 Imperial, 39,168 invasion of the USSR, 4, 6, 35, 38, 87,49, 92 lack of resistance in, 117,207 occupation policies of, 92-4,130,191, 220 pact with see Molotov-Ribbentrop postwar expulsion of Germans, 196,197 postwar relations with, 207, 224, 236 prewar relations with, 11,12, 31, 36, 37, 40,47, 56,80,81,82 repression against Germans within the USSR, 42, 62, 75,91,148 see also Volga Germans Gilan Republic, 69, 76 Ginzburg, Semeon Alexandrovich, 28,105 Glinka, Mikhail, 245 Glushko, Valentin Petrovich, 149,153-4, GOKO (State Defence Committee), 37, 89-90, 92,102-3,104,109,113,114, 115, 117,120, 137,152, 224, 255 Golikov, Filipp Ivanovich, 39 Gomel, 39 Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 200 Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich, 219 Gorky, Maxim, 162,172,185,256,261, 299n4 Gosplan, 18, 90,102, 104-5, 137, 255, 257, 259-60, 261 Graham, Loren, 155 Great Britain, xiv, 41, 95,108, 145, 155,182 England, xiii, 36, 144, 193, 199, 222, 229 Foreign Service, 52, 55 Great Fatherland War (Great Patriotic War), 168, 212, 221, 227, 228, 244, 267 as a defining/unifying event of Soviet experience, 165, 217, 266 order of, 127 parallel to 1812,131,168,169,172,184 Great Terror, the, 4, 21,23, 57, 72, 188, 269 consequences of, 23, 57 continuity of state terrorism, 12 fear/image of the enemy underlying, 21, 74,183 justifications for, 23, 57
INDEX reasons of, 21,72,188 see also purges Grebin, Vasily Gavrilovich, 28 Greece, 47, 202-3, 206, 211, 213 communist party of, 83,211 Greeks, 53, 61, 197 Greek Catholic Church, 94,192 Grigorovich, Dmitri Vasilevich, 28 Grinko, Grigory Fedorovich, 63, 65 Gromyko, Andrei Andreevich, 51-2, 53 Grossman, Vasily, 250, 251, 253 Gudtsov, Nikolai Timofeevich, 143 Gulag, 149-50,188,275n7 Gusev, Fedor Tarasovich, 49, 52 Harrison, Mark, 218-19,220 Heydrich, Reinhard, 204 Hiroshima, 152 Hitler, Adolf, 4, 31, 42, 73, 79, 81, 94,116, 117, 123, 188, 205, 207 compared/contrasted to Stalin, 100,115, 116,117, 120, 143, 172, 241 deal with, 82,194,198,199 Stalins assumption about, 35, 38, 39-40, 56, 82,119,241 Holloway, David, 39, 151, 319n 13 Humbert-Droz, Jules-Frédéric, 71 Hungary, 95,156, 206,207, 208, 248, 263 Hungarian Communist Party, 76, 78, 81, 207 Hungarians, xiii, 145,197 see also Austria-Hungary lagoda, Genrikh Grigoreevich, 181, 259 lakir, Iona Emmanuilovich, 25, 31, 33 Ikramov, Akmal, 70 industry chemical, 43, 144 coal, 43,104,140,150 concentration on heavy, 3,16, 20, 238, 268 consumer production, 238 defence/military industry see military industry energy, 43,105 evacuation of, 107,139 impact of purges on, 41-2,44, 45,100 in national republics, 140 industrial towns, 16 metallurgical, 16,40,41, 43,44,45,105, 144,181 transport, 105,108 see also railways wartime construction of new, 107 wartime losses in, 218-19,236 349 wartime output of, 40, 107-8, 110, 114 Ingush, 67,178,222 inner circle see under Stalin institutes, academić/scientific, 138,136, 105, 135,136, 138,155,181
Astronomical Institute, 141 Central Aero Hydrodynamic Institute, 45 Institute for Physical Problems, xiv, 143-5 Institute for World Economics and World Politics, xiv, 156-8 Institute of Energetics, 137 Institute of Geography, 139 Kazan Institute of Aviation Design, 154 Military-Sanitary Institute, 142 Optical Institute, 142 Physical-Chemical Institute, 142 Physicotechnical Institute, 151 Radium Institute, 151 Reactive Research Institute, 29,153 Uranium Institute, 152 intelligentsia contribution to war efforts, 136-7, 139-40, 141-3,148,164,170-4, 184, 185,186,212 creative/cultural, 162,212, 239, 248, 250, 261, 268 party, 4, 67 postwar regaining of control over, 238-50, 259, 261 pre-revolutionary, 19,134,161,197 prewar control over creative, 162 purges among, 58, 67, 69, 70, 153, 246 reaction to German invasion, 122,138, 163 relation to the party/government, 99, 130, 148,154-5, scientific, 19, 98, 134,144,135, 136,137, 145-6,148,151,155,156, 212,250 Stalin’s relation to, 4, 99,134-6,151, 154-5, 159-60 technical, 19, 58, 82,99,134,135,136 wartime relative autonomy of, 136,143, 155, 161, 212, 239, 246, 268 see also Academy of Sciences; literature; music; praktiki Ioffe, Abram Fedorovich, 137,138,148,151, 152,297n57 Iran, 47, 68, 69, 70, 91,181, 211 Iranians, 61, 79 Tudeh Party in, 211 Israel, 250, 263 paradoxical support for the creation of, 252-4
350 INDEX Italy, 5,48, 60, 73,91,197,203,206,207,211 communist party of, 72,199, 202,207, 208,209, 210, 211, 213, 307nl35 Italians, 197, 203 partisans in, 202,207 Ivan the Terrible, 1,170-1 Japan, 11,21, 39, 56,60,62,73,79, 224, 284nl37 Kwantung Army, 5,96,118 neutrality pact with, 11, 56, 270 occupation of Manchuria, 19, 96 war with, 5, 17, 96, 118, 152 Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, 164,181-2, 213, 270 denunciation and dissolution of, 251-3, 262 Eynigkayt, 182,251,252, ЗІбпІЗІ Jewish Bund, Bundist, 181-2, 251 Jews in the partisan movement, 128 loyalty to the Soviet Union, 180,253 (paradoxical) status among nationalities, 183, 251, 253-4 postwar accusations of excessive nationalism and/or cosmopolitanism, 153, 250-3 rejection of exceptional victimhood of, 250-1 serving in the army, 182,316nl36 social mobility for, 180-1 The Black Book of Soviet Jewry, 251 treatment of Polish, 181 wartime attacks on, 92,93, 251 wartime mobilization of, 180-3 Yiddish language, 182, 315nl26 see ako anti-Semitism; Zionism Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Republic, 67, 91,175, 222 Kaftanov, Sergei Vasilevich, 137,147 Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseevich, 23,40, 88, 101, 107,135, 224,296n31 Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich, 176 Kalmykov, Betal Edikovich, 67 Kamenev, Lev Borisovich, 49,181,277nl9 Kapitsa, Petr, xiii-xiv, 137,143-7,148,149, 151,152,155-6,159,187,260, 262 defending the autonomy of science, 144, 145-7,155 Kapustin, Ya. E, 260 Karaganda, 43, 312n62 Karakhan, Lev Mikhalovich, 46 Karmen, Roman, 250 Karpov, Georgy Gregorovich, 190,192-3 Katyn massacre, 142, 289nl8 Kazakhstan, 70,139,140,177,179, 230,
234 academyin, 138,139,178 communist party of, 60, 70, 317nl46 evacuation/deportation to, 75, 111, 139 purges in, 60, 70 Keldysh, Mstislav Vsevolodovich, 141 Kennan, George, 47, 53, 284nl37 Khachaturian, Aram, 243, 244,245, 246,247 Khaldei, Evgeny, 250 Kharbintsy, 62 Khariton, luli Borisovich, 151,152 Khlevniuk, Oleg, 21, 23,116 Khlopin, Vitaly Grigorievich, 151,152 Khmelnitsky, Bogdan, order of, 127,179 Khodzaev, Faizulla, 70 Khrennikov, Tikhon, 247 Khrulev, Aleksandr Vasilevich, 108,114-15 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich de-stalinization by, 265-6 on Stalin, 5, 88,117 reforms by, 238,253 and the German invasion, 88, 94 and Ukraine, 94,179-80,192, 221, 234-5,281n84,290n31 wartime functions of, 101 Kiev (Kyiv), 98,223,249, 290n28 battle of, 4,93,94,119 military district, 32, 37, 280n67, 281n84 postwar reconstruction of, 249 Kirghiz SSR, 60 academyin, 138,141 Kirhenšteins (Kirchenstein), Augusts, 80 Kirov, Sergei Mironovich, 4,26-7,28,159, 255 assassination of, 4, 32, 72,258-9, 269 Kliuchevsky, Vasily, 1 Klych, Sultan-Girei, 68 kolkhoz, 14 corruption in, 94, 233, 234 impact of war on, 110-11,112, 220, 223, 312n74 postwar crisis of, 232-6, 268 reintroducing private plots in, 112 Kollontai, Aleksandra Mikhailovna, 49, 54 Komarov, Vladimir Leontevich, 137,139, 141,143 Komsomol, 15,43, 70, 92,128,131,176, 222, 235,261, 293Ո100, 305nl05 Komsomoltsy, 244 Konev, Ivan Stepanovich, 125,126, 265 Korea, Koreans, 61, 206,211 Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich, 149,153,154
INDEX Kosmodemianskaia, Zoia, 132,185 Kosygin, Aleksei Nikolaevich, 102,107, 238, 256, 262, 275Ո10, 291n58 Krasnaia Svezda, 184, 185 Krasnodar, 91 Krestinsky, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 46,47,48 Kriukova, Marfa Semenovna, 173 Krylov, Ivan Andreevich, 184 Kuibyshev, Valerian Vladimirovich, 28, 32, 296n31 Kukryniksy (Mikhail Kypriianov, Porfiry Krylov and Nikolai Sokolov), 184-5,188 kulaks, 14, 22, 61, 70, 275n8 Kulik, Grigory Ivanovich, 42,115 Kun, Béla, 156, 157 Kurchatov, Ivan Vasilevich, 138,151,152,255 Kursk, battle of, 95,116, 124-5, 126, 172 Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich, 127,170 Kuznetsov, Aleksei Aleksandrovich, 255-6, 257-8, 259,314nl05 Landau, Lev Davidovich, 143-4,145,153 Latvia, 80, 90, 191,230 academy in, 178 collaboration with Germans in, 92,130 communist party of, 62, 76, 79,167,230 persecution of Latvians, 42, 61, 77 Lazutin, P.G., 260 Lecoeur, August, 200 Lemin, I.M., 158, 298n71 Lencmanis (Lentsman), Jänis, 77 Lend-Lease, 106,124, 218, 236, 239, 291Ո64, 292n79 Lenin, Vladimir Ilych, 13,90,134,165,171, 172, 182, 208 concept of party, 14 dispute with Stalin, 67,135 followers of, 4, 23,48, 77 mausoleum of, 165,266 Order of Lenin, 68,143,145 relation to intelligentsia, 134-5 theory of revolution, 13 theory of war, 167 Leningrad, 4, 101, 102,105, 138,238,239, 245, 250, 254,260 Academic institutions in, 29,141,151 deportations/evacuation from, 61,69, 107,138, 141 Leningrad artists, 239-42,243, 245 Leningrad Symphony (Shostakovich), 187 military district, 26, 28,33, 36 party organization in see Leningrad Affair seen by Stalin as the centre of opposition, 258 351 siege
of, 37,105,138,142,149, 166, 187, 254,255, 259,261, 280n72 Zhdanov and, 241, 254, 257 Leningrad Affair, 238,242,250, 254-61, 311n54 Leningrad magazine, 241, 242 Leonov, Leonid Maksimovich, 164 Lewin, Moshe, 1,155,183,232 Liddell Hart, Basil, 30 literacy, 14,180 literature anti-Soviet manifestations among writers, 240 historical novels in support of patriotic propaganda, 170,171,172 in the service of wartime mobilization, 164,173-4,184, 185, 186,212 Stalin’s personal intervention into the matters of, 162,180, 242 and the attack on Leningrad writers, 213, 239-42 and the concept of socialist realism, 162, 186,212 see also Union of Soviet Writers Literaturnaia gazeta, 186 Lithuania, 78, 80,191, 230 anti-Soviet struggles in, 92,222 collaboration with Germans in, 92 communist party of, 77, 79,167, 230 Litvinov, Ivy, xiii Litvinov, Maksim Maksimovich, xiii-xiv, . 46-50, 52, 53, 54, 79, 158 Litvinovtsy, 46,49 relation to Molotov, 49-50,159 and the policy of collective security, 48,49 and the purges in foreign service, 46-50 livestock production, 14, 70, 88, 111, 138, 140,218, 233,312n74 Los Alamos (Manhattan Project), 145, 152 Lozovsky, Solomon Abramovich, 182, 229, 251,253 Luftwaffe, 35 Lvov (L’viv), 125, 192, 267 Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich, 147-8,149, 153,155,159 MacArthur, Douglas, 96 Magnitogorsk, 16, 43 Maisky, Ivan Mikhailovich, 49-50,51, 52,91 Malenkov, Georgy Maksimilianovich and agitprop affairs, 194,213,229, 240, 241,244, 252
352 INDEX alliance with Beria, 37,103, 238,240, 241,256 as head of aviation production, 90, 255 as head of cadres administration, 103 on Stalin, 88 rivalry with Zhdanov, 37, 240,241,254 role in the Leningrad affair, 256-8, 260-1 sidelining of, 266 and the atomic project, 255 wartime functions, 90,101,102,103 Manchuria, 5, 19, 236,290n42 Mandelstam, Osip, 181 Manuilsky, Dmitrii Zakharovich, 208 Marshak, Samuil Iakovlevich, 184 Marshall, George C., 96 Martin, Terry, 61,285n7 Marxism instruction of, 166, 229,244 Lenin and, 13,134 Marxism-Leninism, 164,165,167,198,209 Marxist economics, 101,237 Stalin and, 2-3, 4, 159,208, 212,262 Stalin’s domestication of, 3,167,169 theory of revolution, 13, 25 Mdivani, Budu, 67 Medvedev, Roy, 34, 60 Meir, Golda, 253 Mekhlis, Lev Zakharovich, 36,130,167, 230, 233 Mensheviks, 14, 22,63,67,68,176 Meretskov, Kirill Afanasievich, 36, 212, 282n99 Merkulov, Vsevolod Nikolaevich, 240 Metropolitan Sergius (Voskresensky), 191, 305Ո109 Metropolitan Sergius of Moscow (Patriarch Sergius), 189-90, 191 Metropolitan Stefan of Pskov, 193 Metropolitan Yosef Slipyy, 192 Mexico, 79,182 Mgeladze, Akaki, 231 Migdal, Arkady Benediktovich, 145 Mihailovič, Draža, 53 Mikhoels, Solomon Mikhailovich, 182,251, murder of, 252 Mikoian, Anastas Ivanovich, 23,89-90,101, 106, 115,124-5,257,291n50, 313n95 Mikulin, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 28 military bureaucracy, 113,120 culture, 116,120 medals and decorations, 127,170,178-9 military academies, 24, 26, 31, 33-4,77, 126, 128,139,170,180 political role of, 32-3,116, 225, 226, 227 theories/doctrines, 24-6, 29-32, 34-5,
95,122-3,129 traditions, 118,126,127-8,170,173,176, 177-8 tribunals, 226, 260, 308nl see also Red Army military industry, 17,18, 24,40-5,100, 105-6, 110, 114 conversion of civil into, 19,43,106 deportations affecting, 61-2 evacuation of, 43 Gulag prisoners in, 149-50 in the eastern part of USSR, 43 organizational rivalry in, 40 purges in, 41,45,100 reconversion of into civil industry, 223, 237 see also aviation; tanks; weapons; weapon designs military-industrial complex 155, 238, 298n69 Mingrelian Affair, 231, ЗІОпЗЗ Ministry of State Security (Ministerstvo Gosudarstvennoi Bezopastnosti, MGB), 248, 252, 255,311n54 mobilization, 6-7,12,13-15, 82,133 among nationalities, 59, 61,177,180, 221 of armed units, 31, 37,93,98 Bolshevik concept of, 14, 58 coercive means of, 5,14, 79, 98, 212, 217 continuities and differences between prewar, wartime, and postwar, 99, 162-3, 182,212,217, 224, 232, 268 contradictory consequences of, 262, 266 cultural, 20, 161, 162-3, 173, 192, 196 of economy and resources, 6,17, 31,43, 58,104, 137,139-40,148, 232, 236 of intelligentsia, 134,162 and militarization, 14,17 themes of, 79,80, 164,166,168-9, 239, 266 of women, 20,131 Moiseev dance troupe, 248 Moldavian SSR, 167, 230 Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich, 50, 56 and church affairs, 190 contempt for Litvinov, 49-50 as foreign minister, 49, 52, 54, 241,253 as head of tank production, 90 position within party leadership after the war, 254,266 radio address of on 22 June, 22, 88, 89, 90
INDEX role in shaping foreign policy, 51, 54, 56, 100 as Stalin’s close associate, 23, 24, 50, 56, 79, 89, 159 and the atomic program, 152 and the Comintern, 208 and the elimination of JAFC, 251 wartime functions of, 90,100,102,104 Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact (Nazi-Soviet pact), 11, 56, 68, 69, 82, 95, 194, 267 impact on foreign service, 49, 54 and the international communist movement, 198-200, 206, 210, 211 and the territories annexed through, 77, 80, 91, 189 wasting the time gained through, 23, 40 Morozov, Aleksandr Aleksandovich, 28 Moscow, xiii, 97, 170,180,190, 193, 195, 199, 201, 153 battle of, 4, 25, 37,107, 118-19, 121, 122, 127, 141, 191,241 émigré communists in, 71, 75-7, 81, 91 evacuation from, 138,139,141 institutions in, 29,182, 229, 265 Moscow Conservatory, 243, 245,249 Moscow Party Committee, 182,261 Moscow Patriarch, 188,190, 192, 193 reaction to the German invasion in, 94, 97 victory celebrations in, 126 Muradeli, Vanno, 243,244-5, 246,247, 315Ո118 music composers in the service of propaganda, 169,173,175 incorporating the music of nationalities, 175, 246, 249 Stalin’s personal intervention into matters of, 246, 248-9 and the attack on formalism, 242-7 war songs, 173 Musavatists, 68 Muslims, 68, 140, 222 Myaskovsky, Nikolai Iakovlevich, 245, 246, 247, 302n57, 314Ո102, 315nll5 Nagasaki, 152 Nakhimov, Pavel Stepanovich, 170 Napoleon Bonaparte, 82,168,169-70 narodnost’, 162,249 Nasedkin, Viktor Grigorevich, 150 national front, 202-3, 206-7,211 nationalities, 132 353 collaboration with Germans among, 68, 92,93,94,68, 94,130,180, 251 collective guilt
of, 222 constitutional gestures toward, 178 cultural gestures toward, 175-7,246, 249 deportations of, 59, 61-2,67,101,192, 222 glorification of the military traditions of, 176, 177-8 in the Red Army, 78,177-8,182,212-13, 289Ո19 mobilization of, 59, 61,177,180 nationality policy, 59, 64,66, 69, 70, 83, 169, 176-7, 222, 246,247 perceived nationalist deviation among, 59, 60, 65-6,68, 70, 179-80,250-2 policy of indigenization, 59-60, 63, 64, 65,177 purges among, 59,60, 62,64, 67, 79, 68-71, 181 Nazi Germany see Germany Nevsky, Alexander, 127,170,171,189 New Economic Policy, 12,19,156,269, 313n83 Niiazov, A.I., 230 NKVD (Narodnyi Kommissariat Vnutrennikh Del), 23, 271 research and production under the supervision of (Fourth Special Department), 149-50,154 role in deportations, 61, 62,67 role in Katyn, 142 role in purges, 74-5, 258 and relation to the army, 38,42, 213 and religious affairs, 190,192 and the JAFC, 181 under Beria, 80 under Ezhov, 33, 61 wartime role, 42, 92, 97-8,129,150, 221-2,308nl Nomenklatura see party apparatus North Ossetia ASSR, 67, 91,230 Novikov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, 226 Novikov, Nikolai Vasilievich, 51, 52-4 Odessa, 94,227 Ogol’tsov Sergei Ivanovich, 252 Ordzhonikidze krai, 91 Ordzhonikidze, Grigory Konstantinovich, 23, 28, 29, 32, 40,41, 245 Orenburg, 109 Organization of the Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 18, 66, 76, 212
354 INDEX Orgburo see under Central Committee of the Communist Party Ossetia see North Ossetia ASSR Oushakine, Serguei, 267 Palchinsky, Petr, 135 Paleckis (Poletskice), Justas, 80 Pankratova, Anna Mikhailovna, 179 Pan-Slavism, 195-6 partiinosť, 162,164,165,176,239,246,249, 250, 258, 271 partisans, 6,127, 128-31,190, 205-6, 221 anti-Soviet, 222 authorities’ dilemma regarding, 130-1 central organization of, 129-30 in France, 202, in Greece, 202 in Italy, 202, 207 in occupied Europe, 201,205-6 in wartime propaganda, 174,185 lack of success in the Baltics, 92-3 women in, 131-2 Yugoslav, 81, 203-4 party apparatus, 57,103,154,229-30, 232 clientelism in, 231-2, 256 nationalities in, 59 purge of, 60 party congresses, 58 Eighteenth, 42,102 Fifteenth, 15 Seventeenth, 20, 64 Sixteenth, 40 Twelfth, 63 Twentieth, 117 Twenty-Second, 265 Patriarch Aleksei, 190 Patriarch Tikhon, 188 Patriarchal Orthodox Church, 188-93 concessions to, 190, 212, 217 contribution to war effort, 189-90, 214 in the Baltic states, 191 in Ukraine, 191-2 persecution of, 188-9 reaction to German invasion, 163,189 role in the occupied territories, 190-2 Pauker, Marcel, 76 Pauker. Ana, 76,208 Pavlov, Dmitri Grigorevich, 97 peasants, 2-3,132 entering the party, 166, 229 and food supplies, 112, 223 impact of war on, 112,220,312n8 in the army, 34,128 in the Baltics, 78 as internal opposition/enemy, 13,22 repression of, 15, 275n7 resistance to collectivization, 8,18, 59, 61, 64,234, 275n8 social mobility for, 34, 57, 58 Stalin presenting himself as, 3,169 Stalin’s policies toward, 3,14,15, 223, 235 traditional practices
of, 147, 234 see also agriculture; collectivization; kulaks penal battalions, 121,235 People’s Home Guard, 121 Pereiaslav Treaty (1649), 63 Pervukhin, Mikhail Georgeevich, 255 Peter the Great, 1,65,102,135,170 Petrov, Fedor Fedorovich, 28 Piatakov, Georgy Leonidovich, 41, 73 Piedmont principle, 60,64,194 Pilsudski, Józef, 18, 73 Pinsk, 93 planning, 3, 12,64, 237 first five-year plan, 3,19-20, 22,109,119, 180 five-year plans, 3,18,26,104 fourth, 237-8,255, 259 military/strategic/operational, 35, 38, 70, 113,119,120, 122,124-5,129,212,225 postwar, 236-8, 260 prewar, 106,122 second five-year plan, 3,16,40,100,107, 109,180 Stalin and, 45, 57,132,155 third five-year plan, 3,17, 44,104,106, 109 Voznesensky’s role in, 101-2,105, 237, 255 wartime, 102,104-5,106,107,110 see also Gosplan Poland, 66, 73,156,196, 263 Anders Army, 91,181 annexation of eastern, 38,66,181,198 anti-German resistance in, 91, 206 Communist Party of, 72-3, 74-5, 76, 78, 79,91, 195,200 German invasion of, 34 idea of a Polish Soviet Socialist Republic, 194 Jews in, 181, 251 national front in, 206 Polish cultural influence, 94,179 Polish Defence Corps, 66 polonization (Volhynia experiment), 66, 74-5
INDEX postwar boundaries of, 194,196 purge/deportation of Poles, 42,61-2,72, 74-5, 91 and Slavic solidarity, 194,196,197 Soviet-Polish relations, 53, 73,196,248 Soviet-Polish war of 1920, 25, 29, 74, 117-18 see also Katyn massacre; Warsaw police battalions (Schutzmannschaft), 93 Polikarpov, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 28, 29 Politburo, 103,114, 225 decisions/resolutions of, 18, 61, 75, 226, 230, 240, 252,257, 260, ЗІбпІЗІ members of, 4,16,44, 62,63,88, 89,94, 101,102, 148, 227, 233,237, 255, 284Ո128 Stalin and, 37, 114, 117, 208, 228,246, 258, 299n3 Ponomarenko, Panteleimon Kondratyevich, 62, 89,129-30, 131, 166 Pöögelmann (Poqelman), Hans, 77 Popkov, Pyotr, 260 Popov, Georgy Μ., 261 popular democracy, 203, 210, 236 popular front, 50, 72, 73, 79, 201,202, 250 Port Arthur, 5 Postyshev, Pavel Petrovich, 64, 65 Potemkin, Vladimir Petrovich, 20, 48,49 praktiki, 32,41, 57,113, 135,146 Pravda, 16,136, 163,177, 184, 185, 187, 242, 252, 265 prisoners of war German, 207, 101 Polish, 91,181 Soviet, 87, 101,191, 223,225 Prokofiev, Sergei, 169,173, 175,243-4, 245, 246, 247, 314nl02 Prometheus group, 68 propaganda, 13,15, 82 aimed at foreign countries, 16, 79, 96, 164, 168, 193-4,209, 228, 250 aimed at nationalities, 59, 98,130,174, 176,177-8 anti-religious, 191, 305nl05 anti-Soviet, 130,141,178,188,191,195, 209, 229, 252 artists and academics promoting, 164, 169,170-5,184-6,212 enemy image in, 162,183-6 historical, 170-3 in the army, 36,167,176,177 main themes of, 164-5,169,172,252 paradoxes of, 95,131,228 post-1989,274nl 355 postwar, 213, 228-9, 240, 246, 252 prewar, 17,95,131,162,169,191
questions of efficiency, 72, 304n91 Radio Moscow, 174, 207 Soviet Information Bureau, 89,163 Sovinformburo, 164,182, 229 wartime, 6, 128, 136, 163-5,168,169-8, 183-8,192,195,212-13,228, 250 see also agitprop purges, 2, 4, 21-4, 60 among the intelligentsia, 58,67,69,70, 153, 246 in Easter Europe, 263-4 postwar, 246,251-3, 260-1,262,264 purges, consequences of, 19, 24,34, 51ζ 54, 55-6, 57, 60, 70-1, 79,80-1,108, 119 purges, in the (defence) industry, 41-2, 44,45, 100 purges, in the foreign service, 46-7,49, 51,54 purges, in the union republics, 33,59-71, 74-5, 91-2, 181 purges, reasons for, 21-3,278n32 Stalins logic/rationale for, 21, 70, 73-4, 79, 227, 261-2 of the army, 24, 33-4, 95,119, 123,226-7 of the Comintern, 21, 71-3, 75-9,80-1 Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 5,267 Quisling, Vidkung, 205 Raczyński, Edward, 53 Radek, Karl, 73 railways, 108-10 construction projects, 4,43 deportation/evacuation by, 67, 89, 91 during the war, 93, 108, 115, 289n20 impact of the purges on, 41,108 military railway units, 27,122 wartime damage in, 87,108,109, 218 Rakovski, Khristian Georgievich, 46, 66 Red Army, 4-5,24-8,113-28 applying industrial methods in, 27-8 command structure of, 113,118-20,128 continuities with the Tsarist military, 24, 113,126 development of, 25, 28, dual command (political commissars) in, 116,118,150,126,166 equipment of see weapons General Staff, 34, 35, 37, 39,113-14,116, 117,119, 124,125,126,127,212 Guards Divisions, 127,128
356 INDEX losses of, 119,218-19, 229 major operations of, 87,95-6,119, 218-19, 229 nationalities in, 78,177-8,182, 212-13, 289Ո19 party membership in, 166 Political Administration of, 17, 33,130, 176,177 political propaganda in, 36,167,176,177 prewar plans of, 31,34-6 see also military under planning purges in, 24,33-4, 95,119,123, 226-7 and the German invasion, 39, 87,93,94, 97, 114, 121 and the prewar occupation of western territories, 38,66,80 in the Winter War, 36 and international revolution, 2, 26, 30 wartime transformation of, 96,113-15, 119-21,122-6,128 women in, 131 see also military; Soviet Air Forces; Stavka religion Anglican Church, 193 anti-religious campaigns, 188-9, 305nl05 Josephite Church, 188, 205nl02 Renovationist Church, 188,189,190, 305Ո102 Uniate (Greek Catholic) Church, 94,192 wartime instrumentalization of, 165,188, 190,191-4 see also Patriarchal Orthodox Church; Roman Catholicism Revolution of 1917 Bolshevik dilemmas during and after, 13, 15, 22 as ill-suited for founding myth, 165,198, 266, 267 role of in Stalins propaganda, 165,172, 176 Stalin’s participation in, 2 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 50,284Ո121 see also Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact Riga, 72,92,98,191, 284nl37 Rimsky-Korsakov, Nicholas, 245 rocketry Reactive Research Institute, 29,153 rocket research, 29,149,153-4 rocket warfare, 20, 29, 41,45,142,153-4 Rodionov, Mikhail Ivanovich, 256,258, 259, 260 Rokossovsky, Konstantin Konstantinovich, 212, 265, 286n32 Roman Catholicism, 66,192,193,196,207, 306Ո114 Romania, 36, 66, 78, 95,159,179, 205,236, 248, 263 communist party of, 76, 81,
208 Romanians, 61 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 3, 55, 56,100, 298n72 Rozengoltz, Arkady, 46 Russian Civil War, 12,13,15,18,22, 67, 69, 70, 82, 90,102, 165, 167, 223, 229, 245, 258 military legacy of, 24, 25, 26, 30, 34,114, 118,128 Stalin and the experience of, 2, 21, 25, 32, 34,67, 73, 81,125 veterans of, 62, 67, 70, 77 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, 14 Russian Technological Society, 135 russification, 130,247 Russo-centrism, 174,178, 300nl4 prewar, 65,164,169 relation to Soviet patriotism, 174,176, 178, 239, 247, 266 and the new Soviet anthem, 172 wartime, 168,172,189, 246 see also national Bolshevism under Bolshevism Rutherford, Ernest, xiii, 144 Samuelson, Lennart, 16 Säre, Karl, 92 Second International, 182 security services, 23,228,231, 253 foreign, 33, 72 leadership of, 226,243, 252,254,255, 257 postwar activities of, 235,240,250, 263, 264 prewar activities of, 19,47, 61 wartime role of, 97,116, 213 and the army, 38,42,130, 213, 226 see also MGB; NKVD; SMERSH Semenov, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 137 Shaginian, Marietta Sergeevna, 164 Shaiakhmetov, Zhumbai, 230 Shakhty Trial, 3,19, 269 Shakhurin, Aleksei Ivanovich, 149 Shaposhnikov, Boris Mikhailovich, 25, 31, 35, 113,117-18,119, 120 Shcherbakov, Aleksandr Sergeevich, 94, 167,177,182, 240,305n97 Shchusev, Alexei Viktorovich, 249 Shebalin, Vissarion Iakovlevich, 243,246 Sheinis, Zinovy, 51
INDEX Shepilov, Dmitry Trofimovich, 102,228, 244-6, 257, 262, 315nl20 Sheptyts’kyi, Andrei, 94,192 Shkiriatov, Matvei Fedorovich, 257, 260, 318nl62 Sholokhov, Mikhail, 164,185,188 Short Course of the All-Union Communist Party (b), 21,80 Shostakovich, Dmitry, 186-7, 195, 243-4, 245, 246, 247, 314nl05 Shtein, Boris Efimovich, 48,49 Shtemenko, Sergei Matveevich, 117,128, 286n32 Shvernik, Nikolai Mikhailovich, 107, 291Ո58,295Ո13 Siberia, 4, 91, 147, 234 Western, 104, 109,139-40,170 Sikorski, Władysław, 53 Sikorski-Maisky agreement, 91 Simonov, Konstantin Mikhailovich, 164, 185,186 Skrypnyk, Mykola, 62, 64 Slavs All-Slav Committee, 164,195,197 contrasted to Germans, 178,195, 196, 197 idea of Slavic federations, 197 Slavic solidarity, 165,193,194-8 and the Orthodox Church, 192,193 see also Pan-Slavism Slovakia, 95, 205, 206, 213 SMERSH, 225, 226, 257 socialist realism, 162,164,186, 213, 242, 245, 248, 249 Socialist Revolutionaries, 22, 278n32 Sokolnikov, Gregor Iakovlevich, 46 Sokolovsky, Vasily Danilovich, 226 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 149, 278n39 Sorge, Viktor, 39 Sovetskaia muzika, journal, 247 Soviet Air Forces, 45, 87, 99,120, 122,127, 141, 189 development of, 25, 26,40 purges in, 33, 34,45, 226 Soviet patriotism, 165,174-8, 181,186,195, 228, 297n57 relation to Russo-centrism, 168,174,176, 178,239, 247, 266 Sovinformburo, 164,182,229 sovkhoz (state farm), 14, 94,112 Sovnarkom (Soviet Narodnikh Kommissariata), 68, 90,102,104,163, 255,256, 291Ո58 Spain, 21, 78, 79, 81,95, 203 357 communist party of, 209 POUM (Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista), 73 Spanish Civil War, 34,
73, 75, 79, 203, 307Ո135 International Brigades in, 75, 202 Stalin Prizes, 144,147, 150,174,179, 181, 182,186,244,246,255,296n27, 314Ո105 Stalin, Joseph compared/contrastedto Hitler, 100,115, 116, 117, 120,143,172,241 cult of, 171, 175,224, 265-6 economic views of, 101 fixation about the connection between domestic and external enemies, 2, 21, 13,61,67, 73-4,183, 222 foreign policy of, 2,11, 50-1, 54, 55-6, 80,82, 192-3,197-8, 253, 262-4, 267 as a military expert, 34,44,116-17,123 as a military leader (supreme commander), 113,115-21, 125,224, 225 as a wartime leader, 5-6, 98,100,102, 120,132-3, 224, 267,268 as arbiter/mediator, 18, 64 as author of the Short Course, 21, 80 and collectivization, 119,156,168 and Georgia, 2,67 inner circle of, 102,167, 225, 239, 241, 254, 262, 310n25 instrumentalization (rehabilitation) of Russian history, 170-3,180,194,196 instrumentalization of religion, 165,188, 190,191-4 instrumentalization of Slavic solidarity, 194-8 interest in aviation, 40,44, justification of terror, 73-4 and Marxism, 2-3, 4,159,167, 169, 208, 212, 262 methods of reimposing control after the war, 238-9, 242-3, 250 nationality policy of, 2, 59,64, 70, 83, 169,176-7, 222, 247 paradoxical character of his rule, 1-7, 37-8, 56-8, 59, 82-3, 128,132-3, 153, 160,161, 171,198, 213, 217-18, 254, 268, 274n3 personal intervention into the matters of arts, 162,180, 242,246, 248-9 personnel policies of, 100-2, 256 and postwar popular democracies, 262-4
358 INDEX pragmatism of, 81,159,182 reaction to the German invasion, 4, 87-91,97,100,118 relation to Comintern, 3, 71, 83, 89, 200-1, 208-9, 225 relation to the intelligentsia, 4, 99,134-6, 151,154-5,159-60 reputation of, 1,5,95,96,98,250,266,267 responsibility for military defeats, 25, 38-40,95, 97,117,119-20 revolution from above, 12, 82 and rocket science, 153-4 and Russian patriotism, 60,168,170 self-presentation of, 3,4,16,18, 44 and socialist realism, 162, 242 style/method of governing, 102,113-14, 115-16,119, 134,213, 225, 262 and the atomic bomb, 151-2 and the experience of the civil war, 2, 21, 25, 32,34, 67, 73,81, 125 and the idea of popular democracy, 203, 210, 263 and the purges, 21, 70, 73-4, 79, 227, 261-2 and the question of succession, 254,256 and the synthesis of contradicting ideological elements, 168-9,212,247 Stalingrad, battle of, 5,120,122,123,166, 167,212, 266 Stavka (Headquarters of Supreme Command), 89,113-14,116,117,119, 120,124 Stomoniakov, Boris Spiridonovich, 46,48, 52 Stučka, Pēteris, 76 Sultan-Zade, Avetis Sultanovich, 76 Surits, Iakov, 49 Surkov, Aleksei, 172,173,185 Surkov, Evgeny Danilovich, 164 Suslov, Mikhail Andreevich, 102,244, 251 Suvorov, Alexander, 127,170 Suvorov schools, 126 Svechin, Aleksandr Andreevich, 31 Szilárd, Leó, 145 Tajikistan, 69, 70,230 Taneev, Sergei, 175 tanks compared to German, 35,42,45,108 designs, 16,28,35,42,44,45,108,149 losses, 87, 218 production of, 35,40,44, 90,107-8, 111, 144 T-34,16,42,44,108 tank battles, 29,124-5 tank forces, 5, 26, 30, 34,121,122, 124-5, 189 tank warfare, 19, 29, 30,122 Tarle, Evgenii
Viktorovich, 169,196 Tashkent, 182 Tatar ASSR, 140,179, 230 Tatars, 175,179 Crimean, 130, 222-3, 251 see also under Crimea Volga, 70 Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich, 245 Tehran Conference, 54, 267,270 terror see Great Terror Thorez, Maurice, 199, 200, 210 Timoshenko, Semeon Konstantinovich, 35, 37, 39,117,120 Tito, Josip Broz, 76, 79, 81, 200, 203 break with Stalin, 197, 263 Togliatti, Palmiro, 199, 200,207,210 Tokarev, Fedor Visilevich, 28 Tolstoy, Aleksei, 164,171,195 Tolstoy, Leo, 164,169 Triandafilov, Vladimir Kiriakovitch, 35, 37 Troianovsky, Oleg Aleksandrovich, 49 Trotsky, Lev Davidovich, 46,49,67,156, 181 “Clemenceau thesis” of, 23-4 concept of army, 24 justification of terror, 278n32 and Lenins theory of revolution, 13 on the Nazi-Soviet pact, 198 Trotskyites, 41, 50,65, 68, 72, 73, 307Ո134, 313n97 Truman, Harry S., 151,236 Truman Doctrine, 263 Tsarapkin, Semeon Konstantinovich, 51 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich, 153 Tucker, Robert, 13 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail Nikolaevich, 25-33 as a military theorist, 29-32 as a promoter of modern warfare, 19, 26 conflict with Voroshilov, 26, 32 defamation and trial of, 33, 39 and de Gaulle, 279n55 and industrial organization, 26-7 relationship with Stalin, 25-6, 27, 32,44 revision/reintroduction of his doctrines, 34,37, 122-3, 124 role in weapons design, 28-9,41, 45,153 and the concept of deep penetration, 30, 34, 35,123,129 and the militarization of society, 17 and the strategy of civil war, 25-6 and Zhukov, 118, 227
INDEX Tula, 91 Tupolev, Andrei Nikolayevich, 28,34,44 Turkestan, 4,64 Turkmenistan academy in, 141 purges in, 70-1 Tvardovsky, Aleksandr Trifonovich, 174 Uborevich, leronim Petrovich, 25,31, 33,118 Ukraine, 62-6,74,94,168, 172,191-2, 194, 221-2, 267-8 anti-Soviet sentiments/resistance in, 18, 61, 66, 94, 98,192, 212,221-2, 235 collaboration with Germans, 94, 251 Communist Party of Ukraine, 74,167, 179 Communist Party of Western Ukraine, 18, 66, 72, 73,76, 179 conflict of historical memories in, 179-80, 267-8 constitutional relationship with USSR, 63,194 deportations from, 111 economic importance of, 35 indigenization in, 60, 63 military operations in, 121,127 policy, 64 purges in, 62-6, 74-5, 76 re-Sovietization of, 192, 221-2, 234-5 role of the Orthodox Church in, 191-2, 213 role of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, 98,192 as a test case of Soviet nationality Ukrainian Communist Party (Borotbisty), 22, 63 Ukrainianization, 64, 65, 66, 215n 17 Western Ukraine, 18, 66, 91,181,191, 194, 221,234-5,267 see also Organization of the Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) Union of Soviet Composers, 163,172,173, 175, 245, 246, 247, 249 Union of Soviet Writers, 162-3,164,269 United States, 53,145,148,157,158, 263 communist party of, 199 relations with USSR, 41, 51, 52, 96,144, 155,182, 209,222, 236,239, 284nl37 Urals, 43, 104,109,138,139-40, 228,256 Ustinov, Dmitri Fedorovich, 102 Uzbekistan, 177, 230,234,249 academyin, 141,138,178 purges in the communist party of, 70 wartime propaganda in, 163 359 Vannikov, Boris Lvovich, 42,106,152, 255 Vares, Johannes, 80 Varga, Eugen (Jenő), xiii-xiv,
78,156-8, 159, 237, 298n67 Vasilevsky, Aleksandr Mikhailovich, 35, 37, 114, 116, 117, 118,119,120,128, 226, 281Ո88 Vatutin, Nikolai Fedorovich, 35,116,128 Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich, 148,159 Vavilov, Sergei Ivanovich, 137,142,297n57 Venezia Giulia, 207 Vernadsky, Vladimir Ivanovich, 144,151-2 Victory Day, 265-7, 318n3 Vienna, 5, 47, 244, 257 Vipper, Robert lurevich, 171 Vlasov, Aleksandr, 249 Vlasov, Andrei Andreevich, 191, 225 Volga Germans, 60, 78,91 Volhynia, 66, 73 Volkogonov, Dmitri Antonovich, 88,89 Voroshilov, Kliment Yefremovich cult of, 173 lack of military competence of, 26, 27, 32, 100,117, 120, 280n72,293n97 and prewar development of the military, 18, 20, 25-7, 34,108 role in Tukhachevskys arrest, 33 Stalin’s relation to, 34, 36,100 and the purges, 34 wartime functions of, 90,102,117,120 Voznesensky, Nikolai Alekseevich, 101-2, 104-5, 255 as a potential successor to Stalin, 256 associates of, 238,256,261,262 Beria’s machinations against 103,105, 257,259-60 criticism of Lysenko, 148 denunciation and fall in the Leningrad Affair, 238,257-60 as head of Gosplan, 102,104, 255 as Politburo member, 237 relation to Stalin, 114,256,257,260 and the atomic project, 255 and the fourth five-year plan, 237,255 and the third five-year plan, 43 wartime functions of, 90,104-5 Vyshinsky, Andrei lanuareevich, 46, 50, 51, 73,76,183, 253, 316Ո133 War Communism, 15 war scares, 276n8 of 1927, 15-16,17-18,23 of 1930, 18 Warsaw, 35, 36,47,75,125
360 INDEX battle of, 25, 29 uprising, 270 Wasilewska, Wanda, 195 weapons compared to German, 35,42, 45,108 investments into, 16 losses in, 87, 218 procurement, 29,40,44,105 production, 40, 45, 90,103, 105-8, 111, 122, 136, 282Ո101 see also aviation; rocketry; tanks weapons design, 24, 28-9, 40, 41,44-5,151, 154 converting foreign into domestic, 16 domestic inventiveness of, 45 in Gulag camps, 149-50 organization of, 26 the question of theory versus practice in, 151,154 Stalins involvement in, 44 weapons designers, 28-9,41,44,45, 149-50,180 Wehrmacht see German Army Werth, Alexander, 172 women in prewar propaganda, 131 in the partisan movement, 131-2 in wartime military service, 131, in wartime propaganda, 20,185-6 postwar proportion to men, 219 rape of German, 304n96 reimposed social control after the war, 132 traditional perceptions of, 20 as wartime labour force, 106,109,110, 303n68 Yalta Conference, 54,159,167,191,194, 267, 270,284Ո137 Yugoslavia, 52, 248, 263 and the idea of south Slavic federation, 197 partisan movement in, 203,204, 206, 207 Yugoslav Communist Party, 81,194,209,263 insurrectionist model of national front, 203, 205,213 popularity of, 202, 206, 210, 211 purge of, 76, 83 and the outbreak of the war, 199, 200 see also Tito Zaporozhets, Ivan Vasilevich, 33, 36 Zaveniagin, Avraamii Pavlovich, 255 Zeldovich, Iakov Borisovich, 151 Zhdanov, Andrei Aleksandrovich, 241 attack on composers, 213, 244-5, 247-8, 314Ո105 attack on Leningrad writers, 213, 239-42 and education/ideology, 20,194, 228 military views of, 36-7, 42 on Russian Federation, 317nl52 protégés of,
101,255, 256, 257,261 relation to Stalin, 241 rivalry with Beria and Malenkov, 37,240, 241,254,281Ո84 and socialist realism, 162, 231 and the cultural front, 213,228 wartime function of, 101 Zhdanovshchina, 239-40 Zhebrak, Anton Romanovich, 148 Zhemchuzhina, Polina Semenovna, 317Ո149 Zhordaniia, Noe, 68 Zhukov, Georgy Konstantinovich, 118 Beria’s machinations against, 103, 213,262 on Stalin, 116,117,118,123,159 popularity of, 227 postwar demotion of, 226-7, 266 role in military operations, 118,119, 120,125 Stalins relation to, 89,103,114,120, 225-8, 260, 293Ո114 and the outbreak of the war, 35, 37,89,114,116,117,118, 281n88 and the reorganization of the army, 113,114 views of Voroshilov, 27, 32 Ziemke, Earl, 120 Zinoviev, Grigory Yevseevich, 16,49,55,67, 73,181,258-9, 277nl9 Zionism, 250, 251, 252,254, 263 Znamia, journal, 259 Zoshchenko Mikhail, 240,241-2, 270, 303n91 Zvezda, journal, 241, 242 |
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| id | DE-604.BV048319350 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:11:36Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:35:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780300264616 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033698743 |
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| physical | xiv, 360 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221125 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
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| publisher | Yale University Press |
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| spelling | Rieber, Alfred J. 1931- Verfasser (DE-588)128438169 aut Stalin as warlord Alfred J. Rieber New Haven ; London Yale University Press [2022] © 2022 xiv, 360 Seiten, 8 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd rswk-swf Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (DE-588)4076906-9 gnd rswk-swf Militärischer Führer (DE-588)4251013-2 gnd rswk-swf Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 p Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (DE-588)4076906-9 s Militärischer Führer (DE-588)4251013-2 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033698743&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033698743&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033698743&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Rieber, Alfred J. 1931- Stalin as warlord Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (DE-588)4076906-9 gnd Militärischer Führer (DE-588)4251013-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118642499 (DE-588)4076906-9 (DE-588)4251013-2 |
| title | Stalin as warlord |
| title_auth | Stalin as warlord |
| title_exact_search | Stalin as warlord |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Stalin as warlord |
| title_full | Stalin as warlord Alfred J. Rieber |
| title_fullStr | Stalin as warlord Alfred J. Rieber |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stalin as warlord Alfred J. Rieber |
| title_short | Stalin as warlord |
| title_sort | stalin as warlord |
| topic | Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (DE-588)4076906-9 gnd Militärischer Führer (DE-588)4251013-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 Russlandfeldzug 1941-1945 Militärischer Führer |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033698743&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033698743&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033698743&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rieberalfredj stalinaswarlord |