Neutral beyond the cold: neutral states and the post-Cold War international system
"This book analyzes the application of neutrality policies after the end of the Cold War with a focus on Eurasian states and international organizations. The 15 chapters discuss Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Serbia, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, the UN, ASEAN, and several theoretic...
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Lexington Books
[2022]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This book analyzes the application of neutrality policies after the end of the Cold War with a focus on Eurasian states and international organizations. The 15 chapters discuss Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Serbia, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, the UN, ASEAN, and several theoretical neutrality developments between 1991 and 2021" |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 310 Seiten Diagramme, Karte |
| ISBN: | 9781666901665 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Neutral beyond the cold |b neutral states and the post-Cold War international system |c edited by Pascal Lottaz, Heinz Gärtner, and Herbert R. Reginbogin |
| 264 | 1 | |a Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London |b Lexington Books |c [2022] | |
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| 505 | 8 | |a Neutrality and geopolitics : responding to change / Laurent Goetschel -- Neutrality and small states : a strategic approach / Hillary Briffa -- Neutrality and neutralization : a geopolitical statecraft / Herbert Reginbogin -- Neutrality and peacemaking : a compass for Austrian peace policy / Thomas Roithner -- Neutrality and diplomacy : voices of diplomats / Eva Nowotny and Peter Jankowitsch -- Neutrality in international organizations I : The United Nations / Angela Kane -- Neutrality in international organizations II : ASEAN / Charis Si En Tay -- Belarus : between alliance and neutralism / Yauheni Preiherman and Pascal Lottaz -- Moldova : the whims of neutrality politics / David X. Noack -- Ukraine : overcoming geopolitical insecurity / Heinz Gärtner and Maya Janik -- Georgia : neutrality as an alternative to the Atlantic course? / Heinz Gärtner and Maya Janik -- Serbia : origins and impacts of the military neutrality policy / Keiichi Kubo -- Turkmenistan : the eccentric neutral / Luca Anceschi -- Afghanistan : a path toward stability with permanent neutrality? / Nasir A. Andisha -- Mongolia : neutrality, a nice horse / Pascal Lottaz and Tumurjin Ganbaatar | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "This book analyzes the application of neutrality policies after the end of the Cold War with a focus on Eurasian states and international organizations. The 15 chapters discuss Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Serbia, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, the UN, ASEAN, and several theoretical neutrality developments between 1991 and 2021" | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction Pascal Lottaz ix PART I: RE-IMAGINING NEUTRALITY IN THE POST-COLD WAR 1 1 Neutrality and Geopolitics: Responding to Change Laurent Goetschel 3 2 Neutrality and Small States: A Strategic Approach Hillary Briffa 19 3 Neutrality and Neutralization: A Geopolitical Statecraft Herbert R. Reginbogin 39 4 Neutrality and Peacemaking: A Compass for Austrian Peace Policy Thomas Roithner 59 5 Neutrality and Diplomacy: Voices of Diplomats Eva Nowotny and Peter Jankowitsch 81 6 Neutrality in International Organizations I: The United Nations Angela Kane 91 7 Neutrality in International Organizations II: ASEAN Charis Si En Tay v 111
vi Contents PART II: THE NEW NEUTRALS IN THE POST-COMMUNIST SPACE 127 8 Belarus: Between Alliance and Neutralism Yauheni Preiherman and Pascal Lottaz 9 Moldova: The Whims of Neutrality Politics David X. Noack 151 10 Ukraine: Overcoming Geopolitical Insecurity Heinz Gartner and Maya Janik 169 11 Georgia: Neutrality as an Alternative to the Atlantic Course? Heinz Gartner and Maya Janik 195 12 Serbia: Origins and Impacts of the Military Neutrality Policy Keiichi Kubo 217 13 Turkmenistan: The Eccentric Neutral Luca Anceschi 233 14 Afghanistan: A Path toward Stability with Permanent Neutrality? Nasir A. Andisha 249 15 Mongolia: Neutrality, a Nice Horse Pascal Lottaz and Tumurjin Ganbaatar 273 129 Index 293 About the Contributors 307
Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes. 1893 Durand-Abdul Rahman Agreement, 263 1905 Russo-Japanese War, 275 1917 October Revolution, 151, 276 1945 Yalta agreement, 279 1955 Austrian State Treaty, 178, 180, 182-83, 206 2008 Russian-Georgia war, 211 AA. See Association Agreements Abkhazia, 39, 44, 137, 138, 200, 202, 208-9 Adamec, Ludwig, 250 Afghanistan, xiv; analysis framework, 259-60; conflict, 238; diplomatic history, 250; foreign policy, 251-59; neutrality and alliance, 249; neutrality policy, 250-51; poverty line, 262 Afghanistan’s foreign policy: allies search, 252-53; Ashraf Ghani presidency, 258-59; Hamid Karzai presidency, 258; independent foreign policy, 252-53; neutralism and nonalignment, 256-58; neutrality and balance, 253-56 Afghan National Assembly, 253 Ahtisaari, Martti, 222 Alabama Claims, 149n72 Albania, 140 Alliance of Patriots of Georgia (APG), 200 Allison, Graham, 19Խ20, 213nl5 Al Qaeda, 264 Amanullah (King), 252-53 “An Agenda for Peace,” 101-2, 105 analytical framework, 260 Anceschi, Luca, xii Andisha, Nasir A., xiii Annan, Kofi, 103, 222 anti-Chinese views, 279 anti-NATO sentiments, 221 anti-personnel mines, 74—75 anti-Russian sentiment, 196, 211 anti-Russian slogans, 211 APG. See Alliance of Patriots of Georgia Applebaum, Anne, 48 Arch of Neutrality, 233 armed neutrality, 179, 205 ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN Charter, 118; Article 20, 118 ASEAN-China Maritime Exercise, 120 293
294 Index ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 118 ASEAN-Russia Maritime Exercise, 120 ASEAN-US Maritime Exercise (AUMX), 120 Ashgabat, xii Ashton, Catherine, 70 Assad, Bashir, 39 Association Agreements (AA), 197 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), xi; “The ASEAN Way,” 118-20; establishment, 111, 112; Foreign Ministers’ Retreat, 114; Great Powers, 117-18; neutrality, 112-13; 37th Summit, 111 Atlantic Alliance, 198 Austria, 6-7, 10; anti-personnel mines, 74-75; armed neutrality, 179; arms exports, 65; Austrian Society for European Policy survey, 66-67; bridge-building, 84; classic neutrality, 178; Council of Europe in 1956, 179; EC membership, 62; EUand NATO-directed peacekeeping operations, 83; European Free Trade Association, 179; experience with neutrality, 204-8; external pressure, 180-81; foreign policy, 65; “Humanitarian Pledge,” 73; international organizations, 64-66; lessons for Ukraine, 180-81; military alliance, 177; military dynamics after 2016, 69; military intervention, 6263; military obligations, 179; military personnel dominance, 71; national identity, 181; NATO Partnership for Peace (PfP), 68; neutrality, 59-60, 170, 178, 179, 204; nuclear disarmament, 73-74; paradigm shift, 67-68; peace policy proposal, 72-73; PESCO, 68, 70; Security Council, 82; sovereignty, 180-81; State Treaty, 81-82; strategic foreign policy, 181; in United Nations, 96; UN Mandate, 66-67 Austrian National Assembly, 178, 205, 206 Austro-Prussian War, 174, 203 authoritarian centralization, 234 authoritarianism, 234-36 autonomy, 19-22 Baker, James, 282 balancing, 19, 21, 280-82 Bali
Concord (1976), 113 bandwagoning, 19, 21, 22, 136 Bangkok, 114, 117-18 Ban Ki-moon, 105 Battulga, Khaltmaagiin, 274 behaviour political principle, 174 Belarus, 24, 152-53, 156-58; alliance making, 130, 142; bandwagoning, Russia, 136-37; crossroads position, Europe, 131; “de facto” neutral state, 142; economic structure, 131; European context, 139-42; geostrategic position, 130; inhabitants, 131; military assistance, 129; multi-vectored foreign policy, 132-33; neutralist agenda, brand making characteristic, 133-36; neutrality-leaning inclinations, 136-39; political system, transformation, 131-32; presidential administration, 132 Belavezha Accords, 152 Belgrade, xiii, 25, 217, 223, 288 Belgrade conference (1961), 25 Benedek, Wolfgang, 60, 61 Berdimuhamedov, Gurbanguly, 233, 240 Bessarabia, 153-54 Bilateral Security Agreements (BSA), 258 Bindeschedler Doctrine, 141-42 bipolar geopolitical environment, 282 Bitaraplyk baýramy (Neutrality Day), 241 Bitarap Türkmenistan şayoly (Avenue of Neutral Turkmenistan), 241
Index Bjo], Erling, 28-29 borderland, 169, 190η 14 Bordyuzha, Nikolai, 238 Bott, Sandra, 129 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 101-2 Boxer Rebellion, 275 Brezhnev, Leonid, 179, 206 bridge builder, 66-67, 181, 207 bridge-building, 84, 134, 143 Briffa, Hillary, xi British imperialism, 254 British India, 263, 267nl7 British vulnerability, 250 Broczą, Stefan, 66 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 19Խ16, 213nl5 “buck-passing,” 21-22 Budapest Memorandum (2004), 39, 51, 131 Bush, George H. W„ 39, 65-66 Carafino, 26 Caruana Galizia, Daphne, 28 Carvalho, Benjamin De, 29 Çeku, Agim, 222 “chain-ganging,” 21-22 Charter of the United Nations, 152 Chiang, 24 China: in Article I, 276; foreign power, 276; Han-Chinese immigration, 274; and India, 10; and Mongolia, 152; road-andbelt-initiative, 11; and Russia, xiii; sound foreign policy, 274; U.S. national security, 46 China Central Television (CCTV), 273 Chinese Communist Party, 278 Choi Insù, 22, 32 Chong, Allan, 27 Chowdhury, Subrata Roy, 93 Cisse, Lassana, 28 Civil Peace Service, 73 classic neutrality, 178, 205 Clinton, Bill, 42, 45 codification, xiii, 115 Cohn, Georg, 7 295 Cold War, 5-8, 174-76, 181, 196, 203, 235, 278; international peacebuilding, 8; multilateral institutions, 26; nonalignment, 24-25; small states, 22 Collective Security Treaty (CST), 93, 133, 157, 238 Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), 133-35, 157, 195, 200, 237 colonial domination, 85 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), 83 Commonwealth Heads of States, 238 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 152-53, 157, 161, 237, 280 communism, 274 Communist Party (PCRM), 159-60
Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 50 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), 7-8, 60, 65, 140, 153, 174, 203 Congo, 70 consolidating function, 183 Coordinating Bureau (CB), 86 Corbett, Jack, 27, 30 correct balance, 256 Costa Rica, 98 Council of Europe in 1956, 179 Council of Foreign Ministers, 204 COVID-19 pandemic, 211 credible neutrality doctrine, 6 Crimea, 9, 11,41, 62, 138; annexation, 188; Crimean War, 203 Critical Geopolitics, 9 CSCE. See Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe A Cultural Theory of International Relations (Lebow), 29 cyber-space, 13-14 Cyprus, 25 Czempiel, Ernst-Otto, 59, 60, 64 Đačić, Ivica, 228 Darwazi, Mohammad Wali Khan, 253 Daud, Mohammed, 255-57
296 Index DCFTA. See Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Decaux, Emmanuel, 238 Declaration of State Sovereignty, 171, 173 decolonization, 115 Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), 161, 197 “de facto neutrality,” 130, 142 Defense Strategy, 223, 224 Defense White Paper 2010, 223 demilitarization, 60 Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), 221 Democratic Party (DP), 274 Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS), 221 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), 104 Đinđić, Zoran, 221, 222 diplomacy, 105 DM. See Georgia’s Dream Dniester valley, 154 Dodon, Igor, 161 domestic stability and cohesion, 262 “Donetsk People’s Republic” (DNR), 41 Dragaš, Orhan, 228 Dulles, John Foster, 268n41 Durand, Mortimer Sir., 251 Durand Line, 255, 263 Durban Summit, 88 Durkheim, Émile, 29 EAEU. See Eurasian Economic Union Eastern Europa, 82-83 Eastern Partnership initiative (EaP), 134, 197 Eastern Ukraine, 169 East Turkestan Independence Movement (ΕΊΙΜ), 264 East-West conflict, 204 East-West confrontation, 174 economic and military capabilities, 262 EDF. See European Defence Fund EEC. See European Economic Community EFTA. See European Free Trade Association EG. See European Georgia Eide, Kai, 269n49 Elbegdorj, Tsakhiagiin, 273 Elleman, Bruce, 277 “end of multivectorism,” 172 engaged neutrality, 179 English School of international relations, 30 “equidistant diplomacy,” 119-20 “Era of Tranquility,” 249 ethnolinguistic east-west divergence, 171 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), 135, 185, 195 Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian security community, 188 Euro-Atlantic community, 170 Euro-Atlantic foreign policy, 197
Euro-Atlantic integration, 172 Euro-Atlantic security, 173 Euro-Maidan protest movement, 42 European and Euro-Atlantic structures, 196-98 European Defence Fund (EDF), 69 European Economic Community (EEC), 112 European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 179, 205 European Georgia (EG), 210 European neutral states, 3; disarmament, 60; historic roles, 5-7; international cooperation, 75; peacekeeping, 7; Western states, 7, 11 European security architecture, 176 European Union, 11,47, 67-70, 83, 180, 197; common foreign policy, 204; Common Security and Defence Policy, 98 EU Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), 68 external pressure, 180-81 Far Eastern Republic, 277 Federal Constitutional Law, 60
Index Federal Constitutional Law on the Neutrality of Austria, 178, 205 Finland, 6, 24, 98, 108n26, 129, 139-40 “Finlandisation,” 6, 129 Force Intervention Brigade (FIB), 104 foreign and security policy, 170, 172, 208 foreign deployments, 70-73 foreign policy, xii-xiii, 3-5, 23, 30, 62, 64, 74, 113, 183, 234-36, 281 Foreign Policy Concept of Turkmenistan, 236 foreign power, 276 Fox, Annette Baker, 23 Frank, Johann, 182, 208 Freedom House Index, xii Frei, Daniel, 6 French Delegation, 92 Fukuyama, Francis, 40, 41 Gabriel, J. Μ., ix Galtung, Johan, 61 Ganbaatar, Tumuņin, xiii Gärtner, Heinz, xii, 61, 228 Geneva Convention (1949), 141 geopolitics: balance, 169; dilemma, 169; importance, 200; neutrality, 3-5, 8-Ю, 14—15; position, 260-61 George V (King), 251 Georgia: conflict in 2008, 182; Euro-Atlantic foreign policy, 197; European and Euro-Atlantic structures, 196-98; 2011 National Security Strategy, 197; NATO membership, 198-202; neutral Georgia, 208-11; neutrality concept, 202-4; relations with Russia, 195; transatlantic aspirations vs. reality, 198-99 Georgian State Treaty, 209 Georgia’s Dream (DM), 197, 210 Germany, 152-54, 156-58 Ghani, Ashraf, 258-59 Ghaus, Abdul Samad, 253 globalization, 88 297 global space, 4 Goetschei, L., xi, 19, 23, 26, 29, 32 Goodrich, Leland Μ., 93 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 155 Graham, Malbone W., 218 Grand Geopolitical Statecraft, 41 “Granville-Gorchakov” agreement 1873, 251 Great Power Rivalry, 40, 42 Great Powers, xi, 117-18 Gregorian, Vartan, 253 Habibullah I, Amir, 251 Hague Convention 1907, xiii, 98, 115, 141, 179,202, 252, 281 Hambro, Edvard, 93
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 94—96, 107 Han-Chinese-Mongolian marriages, 275 Han-Chinese settlement, 275 “handsoff’ approach, 5-6 Haqqani network, 264 Harding, Warren G., 253 Hashim, Mohamed, 254 Heidegger, Klaus, 60 Helmand Valley, 268n36 Helsinki Final Act, 65, 136, 140, 174, 203 “hiding” strategies, 23 high-intensity balancing, 21 Hitler, 174 Hobbes, 25 honest broker approach, 27-28 Hopmann, Terrance, 174, 203 Horak, Slavomír, 242 humanitarian disarmament, 73-75 “humanitarianism,” 12 Human Rights Council (HRC), 89 Hungary, 73, 140 IAEA. See International Atomic Energy Agency ICAN. See International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons ICRC. See International Committee of the Red Cross
298 Index ICTY. See International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia idealist perspective, 5, 7 immaterial spaces, 11 IMU. See Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan in-between states, 40, 55n38 India defense policy, 250 Indonesia, 116 Information Security Concept (2019), 136 insecurity, 175, 184 institutional abstinence, 5-6 institutionalism, 61 institutional pluralism, 66-67 instrumentalization, 63 “integration of integrations” concept, 135 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 31, 74, 179, 206 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), 74 international civil service, 94-96 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 6 international conflict management, 207 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 221 international crisis management, 85 International Day of Neutrality, xii, 106 International Institute for Security in Belgrade, 228 international legal standards, 63 international organizations, 64-66 Iran, 152 Ireland, 5, 8, 24, 99,139 Iron Curtain, 140 ISIL-affiliated Khorasan group, 264 Islamic International Law (Siyar), 265 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), 264 Islamic polity temporarily, 265 Isono, Fujiko, 278 Izvestiya (newspaper), 135 Janik, Maya, xii Jankowitsch, Peter, xii, 81, 84-90 Japan, 90, 98, 152, 275, 277, 278, 284 Japanese-Mongolian partnership, 284 Japanese threat, 279 Jargalsaikhan, Enkhsaikhan, 274 Joint Control Commission (JCC), 155-56 Kalakani, Amir Habibullah, 253 Kampuchea, 113-14 Kane, Angela, xi Kant, Immanuel, 64 Karsh, E., 23 Karzai, Hamid, 258, 269n49 Kausikan, Bilahari, 113 Kennan, George,
44 Kennedy, John F., 179, 206 Khan, Bogdo, 276 Khan, Genghis, 275 Khan, Nasrallah, 252 Kharchenko, Ihor, 172 Khrushchev, Nikita, 179, 206 Kiepenheuer-Drechsler, Barbara, 242 Kiev: political communities, 170; political elites, 171; Westward policy, 172 Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS), 173 Kim Jong-Un, 119 Kissinger, Henry, 19Խ16, 213nl5 Kobyakov, Andrey, 134 Koeck, Heribert Franz, 93 Koh, Tommy, 111 Kosovo war, 66 Koštunica, Vojislav, 218, 221, 222, 229 Kozak Memorandum, 158 Kramer, Helmut, 66-67 Kramer, Mark, x Krauthammer, Charles, 40,41 Kravchuk, Leonid, 152 Kreisky, Bruno, 6, 62, 65, 75, 181, 207 Krushchev, 94 Kubo, Keiichi, xiii
Index Kuchma, Leonid, 171, 172 Kuchma policy, 171 Kuru, Ahmet, 242 Kvitsinsky Doctrine, 157 Lacroix, Jean-Pierre, 99 Lane, Erwin, 61 Latent Semantic Scaling (LSS), 225, 226 Law on the Main Directions of the Domestic and Foreign Policy, 132 The League of Nations, 15 Lebow, Ned, 29 Leitmotif, 5 “liberal” period, 9 Libya, 28 LNR. See “Luhansk People’s Republic” Lottaz, Pascal, xiii, 202 low-intensity balancing, 21 Loya Jirga, 255 LSS. See Latent Semantic Scaling “Luhansk People’s Republic” (LNR), 41 Luif, Paul, 60, 67 Lukashenko, Alexander, 132, 135, 138, 158 Maastricht EC Treaty (1992), 67 MacFarlane, Stephen, 39 Macron, Emanuel, x Mader, Gerald, 60 Maidan revolution, 170, 173 Makko, Aryo, x Malaysia, 116 Malta, 27-28, 30, 98 Manchu Emperors, 275 Mao Zedong, 278-79 market economy, 206 Marshall Plan, 181, 186 MASSR. See Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Mearsheimer, John J., 45, 19Խ16, 213nl5 Mediterranean conflicts, 89 Medvedev, Dmitry, 283 Melyantsou, Dzianis, 135 Menagarishvili, Irakli, 201 299 Meyers, Reinhard, 64 Miklashevich, Piotr, 164n39 military alliances, 173, 179, 202 military doctrine, 133, 172 Military Neutrality Policy (MNP), xiii, 4, 179, 223, 224, 228; domestic impacts, 223-28; international impacts, 228; origins and impacts, 217; origins of, 219-23 military “non-alliance” in peace time, 280-82 military personnel dominance, 71 military-political alliance, 281 Military Staff Committee, 92 military stalemate, 261 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), 132 minority rights issue, 182-83 Minsk, 130, 131, 133-35, 137 Minsk-I Agreement, 135 Minsk-II Agreement,
136, 186 Minsk II negotiations, 52 MINUSMA mission, 71 MNP. See Military Neutrality Policy Mock, Alois, 62 Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR), xiii, 153-54 “Moldovan Interfront,” 154-55 Mongolia: bipolar geopolitical environment, 282; foreign policy, 283; geostrategic position, 278; military “non-alliance” in peace time, 280-82; Mongolian People’s Republic, 277-80; neutrality politics, 280-82; shielding empires, 275-77; single state nuclear weapon-free zone, 285-87; Third Neighbor Policy, 282-85 Mongolian People’s Party (MPP), 274, 277-80 “Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party” (MPRP), 277 Mongolian revolution, 278 “moral conscience of the world,” Sweden, 6 Morgenthau, Hans, 202
зоо Index Moscow Memorandum, 40, 177-78 MPP. See Mongolian People’s Party MPRP. See “Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party” multilateral cooperation mechanism, 145n31 multi-national KFOR mission, 219 multi-vectored foreign policy, 132 Muslim Ummah, 265 NACC. See North-Atlantic Cooperation Council Nadir, Mohammed, 253 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, 201 Nagy, Imre, 140 NAM. See non-aligned movement National Assembly, 221 National Democratic Institute (NDI), 210, 211 national identity, 181 national role conception, 29 National Security Concept of Belarus, 133-34 National Security Strategy, 223, 281 NATO, 156, 171-72, 196, 258; membership in, 210; military cooperation, 181; nonalignment, 51; Partnership for Peace programme, 181; PfP programme, 180; responsibility of, 176; Russia, 46-47; summit in Bucharest in April 2008, 173; Ukrainian membership, 187. See also North-Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO Bucharest Summit, 44 NATO-Georgia Commission, 197 NATO Information and Documentation Center in Kiev, 172 NATO Membership Action Plan, 173 NATO-security umbrella, 170 NATO-Ukraine Commission (NUC), 172,173 Nazi Germany, 254 Nazi organisations dissolution, 178 neighboring states agreements, 261-62 Neitral’nyi Turkmenistan, 241 neo-neutrality, 7, 13 Nepal, 10-11 Neumann, Iver, 29 “neutral demilitarized state,” 160 neutral foreign policy, 234 neutrality, 233; active neutrality, possibilities, 64; adoption of, 187; alliance-making, 130; areas of conflict, 62; Austria experience with, 204—8; Austrian model of, 177-83; Belarus. See Belarus; bitafari, 259; classic principles of, 237; concept
of, 182, 218; cyber-space, 13-14; declaration of, 255; diplomacy, xii; end of cold war, 5-8; “equidistant diplomacy,” 119-20; European Union, 67-70; foreign policy, xii-xiii, 5; fuzzy concept, xi; geopolitics, 3-5, 8-Ю, 14-15; idealist core functions, 3; international civil service, 94—96; international law, 4—5; international politics, 13, 15; interpretation of, 97-99; Jankowitsch’s views, 84-90; law, xiv, 59-64; legal basis, 12; legal core, 67-70; modem, 4; Moldova. See Republic of Moldova; multiple interpretations, 61-62; nation-building narrative, 240-42; nonalignment, 114—16; Nowotny’s views, 81-84; peacekeeping operations, UN, 93-94, 99-101; peacetime neutrality, 141-42; policy, 59-64; politics, 280-82; “post liberal” period, 9-14; principle of, 238; as problem-solving model, 175-77; and resilient Ukraine, 188-89; small states. See small states; Soviet Union, 151-53; status seeking, 28-31; UN resolutions, xi; world politics, ix neutral states, 3; abstention of war, 4-5; civilian and preventive approaches, 63; codified neutrality, 115; geopolitical contingencies, 12
Index neutral Ukraine, 170 New International Economic Order, 152 New Serbia (NS), 222 “New World Order,” 65-66 Nicholas II, Tsar, 250 Niedermayer-Hentig Expedition, 252 Nixon, Richard, 179, 206, 268n41 Niyazov, Saparmurat, 153, 233, 235, 240, 241; foreign policy trademark, 236 Noack, David X., xiii Nobel, Alfred, 72 non-aligned movement (NAM), xii, 25, 84-90, 98, 115, 134, 152, 160-61, 218, 256 nonalignment, 24—25, 281; neutrality, 114-16 nongovernmental peace experts, 73 nonmembership, 129 “non-prejudicial attitude,” 100 Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 285 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 73 Nordic alliance, 139 Nordic countries, 7 Normandy format, 135, 136 normative thinking, 7 North-Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC), 196 North-Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 5 North Korea, xii, 119, 123-24n60 North-West Frontiers of India, 251 Norway, 5, 12 Nowotny, Eva, xii, 81-84 NUC. See NATO-Ukraine Commission nuclear disarmament, 73-74 nuclear test ban treaty, 279 Nuclear Weapons Free Zone (NWFZ), 285 Nuclear Weapon State (NWS), 285, 286 Nuland, Victoria, 42 NWFZ. See Nuclear Weapons Free Zone NWS. See Nuclear Weapon State ЗОЇ obligations, 174—75 OCST. See Organization of the Collective Security Treaty O’Hanlon, Michael, 176, 201 “On Perpetual Peace” (Kant), 64 Opium Wars, 275 Oppenheim, L. F. L., 141 Orange Revolution, 172 Organization for Security and Co-operation (OSCE), 185-86, 201 Organization of the Collective Security Treaty (OCST), 224 Ørvik, Nils, ix OSCE. See Organization for Security and Co-operation OSCE Trilateral Contact Group, 136 Ottawa Convention,
74 Ottoman Empire, 218 “Outer Mongolia Period,” xiii, 275 “over-balancing,” 22 Pakistan, 257, 261, 263 Palestine, 89 Pan-Mongolian movement, 277 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA), 238 Partnership for Peace (PfP) program, 44, 49, 68, 159, 172, 196, 206, 237 Pascu, Ioan Mircea, 157 Pashtunism, 256 Pazhwak, Abdul Rahman, 256 peacekeeping, 93-94, 102,103 “peacekeeping power” Finland, 6 peacemaking, 102 Peace of Paris (1856), 218 peace policy proposal, 72-73 Peace programme, 181, 182 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 274 “permanent neutrality,” 159 Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), 68, 98; civilian core, 70 perpetual neutrality, 218 PESCO. See Permanent Structured Cooperation Petersberg activities, 83
302 PfP program. See Partnership for Peace (PfP) program Philippines, 117 Piez, William, 257 PMSSR. See Pridnestrovian Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic Podvoiskii, N. I., 241 “Policy of Neutrality: International Cooperation for Peace, Security and Development,” 106 political disunity, 68 political manoeuvre, 182 political schizophrenia, 171 Politis, Nicolas, ix Popular Front of Moldova (PFM), 154-55 Poroshenko, Petro, 170, 173 post-Cold War, 175, 204 post-colonial regions, 263 post-liberal order, 3 “post-liberal” period, 9-14 post-Milošević era, 219 post-Soviet region, 169 post-Soviet Turkmenistan, 235 potential alternative model, 176 poverty line, 262 power balance, 261 power politics, 45-48 Power Rivalry, 52 pozablokovist, 157 Prague NATO summit in 2002, 196 PRC. See People’s Republic of China Preparatory Nonaligned Conference, 116 preventive diplomacy, 102, 105 Pridnestrovian Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic (PMSSR), 155 “principle based realism,” 83 privileged interests, 200 pro-Eastern policy, 226 pro-German domestic lobby, 252 pro-Pakistani approach, 256 pro-Russian course, 171 pro-Russian Socialist Party (PSRM), 161 Index protection strategy, 183 Protocol of Mutual Assistance, 278 pro-Western policy, 196 public attitudes, 61 Putin, Vladimir, x, 39,43, 44, 46, 138, 283 Puyi (Manchu Emperor), 276 Qing dynasty, 275, 280 Raab, Julius, 179 Rada, Verkhovna, 187 Radoman, J., 26 Rahman, Amir Abdul, 251 Rajapaksa, Gotabaya, 25 Ramos, Narciso, 112 RAND Corporation, 177 realist perspective, 5, 7, 25 “Realpolitik,” 5 Red Army, 277-79 Reginbogin, Herbert R., xii regional
resilience, 118 Regional Security Complexes (RSCs), 260 Reiter, Dan, 19ІПІ6 Republic of China (ROC), 276 Republic of Moldova: “contractually unsecured neutrality,” 162; first constitution, 159; foreign policy orientation, 158-59; history of, 15354; international peacekeeping, 160; “neutral demilitarized state,” 160; parliamentary election campaigns, 161-62; regional context, 156-58 Reshtia, Sayed Qasim, 256 Resolution A/50/80, 236; policy implications, 237 “Resolution on the Concept of Foreign Policy,” 280 resource pooling, 21 Ri Yong Ho, 119 “road-and belt-initiative”, 11 Roithner, Thomas, xii Romania, 155-58 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 91
Index Rose Revolution, 196 Rothstein, R., 20 Rotter, Manfred, 60 Roy, Olivier, 257 Ruggenthaler, Peter, x Russia, 39-40, 136-39, 169, 170; civil war, 276; economy, 47; language, 241; NATO, 46-47; post-Cold War Era, 44-45; power politics, 45-48; pragmatic approach, 197; rejection of NATO, 44; United States, 43. See also Ukraine Russia-Georgia conflict, 196-97 Russian Empire, 275 Russian-speaking minority, 171 Russian-Ukrainian Friendship Treaty (1997), 41 Russia-West standoff, 176 Russo-Chinese border, 279 Russo-Georgian five-day, 137 Rwanda, 103, 107 Saadabad Pact 1937, 254 Saakashvili, Mikhail, 196 Saikai, Amin, 256 Salame, Ghassan, 85 Sandu, Maia, 161-62 Scandinavian Defence Union (SDU), 139 Schweller, Randall, 21 SCO. See Shanghai Cooperation Organisation SDGs. See Sustainable Development Goals SDU. See Scandinavian Defence Union SEANWFZ. See Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Second Gulf War, 65 Security Strategy (2013), 71 seed words, 225 Sejdiu, Fatmir, 222 “self-help system,” 25 self-serving strategy, 139 Sendungsgedanken, 6 Sens, Allen, 20 303 Serbia, 44; background, 218-19; cultural and ideological outlook, 264; foreign policy, 223, 224, 228; military neutrality policy, 219-28 Serbian Progressive Party (SNS), 224 Serbian Radical Party (SRS), 222 Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), 222 Serbian Socialist Party (SPS), 221 SGR system. See strategic gas reserve system Shah, Nadir, 253 Shah Mahmoud, 255 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), 134, 284 Sharia Law, 264 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 196 Shushkevich, Stanislav, 152 Siberian-Chinese border, 280 Siddiq Farhang, 255
Simpson, A., 23 single state nuclear weapon-free zone, 285-87 Sino-Russian projects, 283 Sino-Soviet Split, 279 “situational neutrality,” 135 small states, 19; autonomy, 20-22; balancing, 19, 21; bandwagoning, 19, 21; foreign policy, 23, 32; international system, 22, 32; neutrality, 23-24, 31 ; security, 20; “self-help system,” 25; smart state strategy, 26-28; strategy deciding factors, 25-26 Small State Status Seeking: Norway’s Quest for International Standing (Neumann and Carvalho), 29 smart state strategy, xi, 19, 26-28 Snegur, Mircea, 155, 159 SNS. See Serbian Progressive Party social actors, 61 Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 113-14 SOFA. See Status of Forces Agreement Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone (SEANWFZ), 118 South Korea, 119
304 Index South Ossetia, 39, 137, 138 South Tyrol case, 186 sovereignty, 180-81 “Soviet assembly shop,” 131 Soviet Union, 240; collapse of, 176; economic interests, 177; neutrality, 151-53 special relationship, 172 “spheres of influence,” 40 SPO. See Serbian Renewal Movement SPS. See Serbian Socialist Party Sri Lanka, 10-11, 25 SRS. See Serbian Radical Party Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA), 222 Stalin, 278 “The Stalin Note,” 152 state-building project, xii State language policy, 186 “State of War,” 281 “State Treaty for the Reestablishment of an Independent and Democratic Austria,” 204-5 Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), 258 status seeking, 28-31 Stent, Angela, 46 strategic foreign policy, 169, 181 strategic gas reserve (SGR) system, 47 strategic mission, 187 Sun Yat-sen, 276 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 12, 15 Sweden, 6, 96, 98-99,139 Swiss concept, 178, 205 Switzerland, 5-6, 31, 97,100, 141, 174, 182; neutrality, 174 Syria, 9, 39 “Systemschliessung”/”defensive isolation,” 23 Tabone, Vincent Dr., 30 Tadič, Boris, 222 Taliban, 259, 261 Tan Sri Muhammad Ghazali bin Shafie, 116 Taraki, Noor Mohammed, 257 Tarzi, Mahmud, 252, 253 Taubenfeld, Howard L, 93 Tay, Charis Si En, xi terrorism, 204 Thailand, 114, 116 Thessaloniki European Council in 2003, 221 Third Neighbor Policy, 282-85 Third World powers, 89 Tibetan Buddhism, 275 Tito, Josip Broz, 140 Torna, Ben, 93 trade liberalization, 88 Transnistria, xiii, 155, 162nl, 163nl7 Trans-Siberian Railway, 278 Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), 69 Treaty of Berlin (1878), 218 Treaty of
Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance (1948), 6 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union, 157 Treaty of Kyakhta, 275 Treaty on Alliance and Integration with Abkhazia, 197 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces, 132 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 39, 74, 86, 131 “Triple Lock” policy, 99 Trump, Donald, 83, 119 TsAES. See Tsentral’no-Aziatskoe Ekonomicheskoe Soobshchestvo Tsagaan, Puntsag, 273 Tsar Nicolas II, 276 TsAS. See Tsentral’no-Aziatskoe Sotrudinchestvo Tsentral ’no-Aziatskoe Ekonomicheskoe Soobshchestvo (TsAES), 238 Tsentral ’no-Aziatskoe Sotrudinchestvo (TsAS), 238 Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman, 116 Turchynov, Oleksandr, 138
Index Turco-German delegation, 252 Turkmenistan, xii, 31, 106, 107, 153; authoritarianism, 234-36; early postSoviet era, 234-36; foreign policy, 234-36; nation-building narrative, 240-42; post-Soviet Turkmenistan, 237-40; regime propaganda, 240-42 Turkmen Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 234 Turkmenskaya Iskra, 241 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 172 UBD. See “Ulaanbaatar Dialogue on Northeast Asia Security” Ukraine, 10, 39, 46-47, 62, 152-53, 156-58; economic cooperation, 185; “Finlandization,” x; foreign and security policy, 170-73; geopolitical balance, 169; “geopolitical dilemma,” 169; military doctrine, 172; NATO-security umbrella, 170; neutral and resilient, 188-89; neutrality relevance, 174-75; neutral Ukraine, 183-88; new currency, 175; Russia, tensions between, 169; strategic foreign policy, 169; US/ NATO-Russian crisis, 48-51 Ukraine crisis, x, 134—36, 138, 175, 201, 228 “Ulaanbaatar Dialogue on Northeast Asia Security” (UBD), xiii, 27, 284 Ulitsa Povdoiskogo, 241 ultra-nationalist party, 222 UN charter, 23, 63, 65, 90, 92-93; Article 2, 92; Article 6, 73; Article 11, 159; Article 23f, 66; Article 33, 63; Article 40, 100; Article 42, 93, 94; Article 53, 92; Article 57, 92; Article 97-101, 95; Chapter ѴП, 94 “unconditional” assistance, 257 UNCTAD. See United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UN Declaration, 91 “under-balancing,” 22 305 UNDP. See United Nations Development Program UN General Assembly (GA), 30, 31, 85-87, 233, 235 Ungern-Sternberg, Baron Roman F., 277 United Kingdom (UK), 117 United National Movement (UNM), 210 United Nations (UN), 15, 85-86, 91, 180, 234;
“An Agenda for Peace,” 101-2, 105; impartiality, peacekeeping, 102-4, 107; military operations, 6; peacekeeping operations, 93-94, 99-101 “United Nations Conference on International Organization,” 91-92 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 86 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 86 “United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines,” 103-4 United States, 117, 152; neutrality, 52; North Korean nuclear negotiations, 123-24n60; Russia, 43; South Korean military exercises, 119; state centric “realist” approach, 42 United States (US) Navy, 278 United Work Collective Council (UWCC), 155 UNM. See United National Movement UN Mandate, 66-67 UN Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia, 238 UN Security Council (UNSC), 73, 86, 87, 92, 96, 97, 100, 105 U.N. Security Council Resolutions, 119 US-Chinatensions, 111, 120 US National Security Doctrine, 83 US-Russian relations, 40 value-oriented political system, 61 Väyrynen, R., 29-30 Vedrine, Hubert, 88
306 Index Verdross, Alfred, 96 Vietnam-Cambodia conflict, 114, 117 violent trans-border non-state actors, 264 Visegrad Group, 176 volatile security environment, 170 Voronin, Vladimir, 159 Vukadinović, R., 24 Vysotskaya, Alena, 138 Xi, President, 48 Waldheim, Kurt, 65 Walt, Stephen, 21, 19Խ16, 213nl5 Waltz, Kenneth, 21-22 Warsaw Pact, 82, 140 Warsaw Treaty Organization, 174, 203 Western military alliance, 181 Westward policy, 172 Wivel, Anders, 19, 23, 25 World Bank, 258 world politics, 4 World Summit (2005), 105 World War I, 174, 218, 251, 252, 276 World War П, 4, 23, 24, 93, 112, 115, 117, 130, 139, 140, 152, 156, 174, 177, 180, 183, 186, 19Խ16, 204, 206, 218, 254, 278, 282 Zagreb Summit 2000, 221 Zahir, Mohammed, 254, 255 Zahir Shah, 255 zealous ideology, 257 Zelensky, Volodymyr, 51, 173; military alliance, 173; NATO-Ukraine Commission, 173 zero-sum-game situation, 10 Zhungar Khanate, 275 Zhvania, Zurab, 197 Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN), xi, 111-14, 116, 117, 120 ZOPFAN. See Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality Zurabishvili, Salome, 201 Yanukovych, Viktor, 42, 173 Yatsenyuk, Arseniy, 172 Yeltsin, Boris, 45, 152, 155 Yugoslavia, xiii, 50, 65, 89, 140, 221, 257 Yushchenko, Viktor, 172, 173
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Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction Pascal Lottaz ix PART I: RE-IMAGINING NEUTRALITY IN THE POST-COLD WAR 1 1 Neutrality and Geopolitics: Responding to Change Laurent Goetschel 3 2 Neutrality and Small States: A Strategic Approach Hillary Briffa 19 3 Neutrality and Neutralization: A Geopolitical Statecraft Herbert R. Reginbogin 39 4 Neutrality and Peacemaking: A Compass for Austrian Peace Policy Thomas Roithner 59 5 Neutrality and Diplomacy: Voices of Diplomats Eva Nowotny and Peter Jankowitsch 81 6 Neutrality in International Organizations I: The United Nations Angela Kane 91 7 Neutrality in International Organizations II: ASEAN Charis Si En Tay v 111
vi Contents PART II: THE NEW NEUTRALS IN THE POST-COMMUNIST SPACE 127 8 Belarus: Between Alliance and Neutralism Yauheni Preiherman and Pascal Lottaz 9 Moldova: The Whims of Neutrality Politics David X. Noack 151 10 Ukraine: Overcoming Geopolitical Insecurity Heinz Gartner and Maya Janik 169 11 Georgia: Neutrality as an Alternative to the Atlantic Course? Heinz Gartner and Maya Janik 195 12 Serbia: Origins and Impacts of the Military Neutrality Policy Keiichi Kubo 217 13 Turkmenistan: The Eccentric Neutral Luca Anceschi 233 14 Afghanistan: A Path toward Stability with Permanent Neutrality? Nasir A. Andisha 249 15 Mongolia: Neutrality, a Nice Horse Pascal Lottaz and Tumurjin Ganbaatar 273 129 Index 293 About the Contributors 307
Index Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes. 1893 Durand-Abdul Rahman Agreement, 263 1905 Russo-Japanese War, 275 1917 October Revolution, 151, 276 1945 Yalta agreement, 279 1955 Austrian State Treaty, 178, 180, 182-83, 206 2008 Russian-Georgia war, 211 AA. See Association Agreements Abkhazia, 39, 44, 137, 138, 200, 202, 208-9 Adamec, Ludwig, 250 Afghanistan, xiv; analysis framework, 259-60; conflict, 238; diplomatic history, 250; foreign policy, 251-59; neutrality and alliance, 249; neutrality policy, 250-51; poverty line, 262 Afghanistan’s foreign policy: allies search, 252-53; Ashraf Ghani presidency, 258-59; Hamid Karzai presidency, 258; independent foreign policy, 252-53; neutralism and nonalignment, 256-58; neutrality and balance, 253-56 Afghan National Assembly, 253 Ahtisaari, Martti, 222 Alabama Claims, 149n72 Albania, 140 Alliance of Patriots of Georgia (APG), 200 Allison, Graham, 19Խ20, 213nl5 Al Qaeda, 264 Amanullah (King), 252-53 “An Agenda for Peace,” 101-2, 105 analytical framework, 260 Anceschi, Luca, xii Andisha, Nasir A., xiii Annan, Kofi, 103, 222 anti-Chinese views, 279 anti-NATO sentiments, 221 anti-personnel mines, 74—75 anti-Russian sentiment, 196, 211 anti-Russian slogans, 211 APG. See Alliance of Patriots of Georgia Applebaum, Anne, 48 Arch of Neutrality, 233 armed neutrality, 179, 205 ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN Charter, 118; Article 20, 118 ASEAN-China Maritime Exercise, 120 293
294 Index ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 118 ASEAN-Russia Maritime Exercise, 120 ASEAN-US Maritime Exercise (AUMX), 120 Ashgabat, xii Ashton, Catherine, 70 Assad, Bashir, 39 Association Agreements (AA), 197 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), xi; “The ASEAN Way,” 118-20; establishment, 111, 112; Foreign Ministers’ Retreat, 114; Great Powers, 117-18; neutrality, 112-13; 37th Summit, 111 Atlantic Alliance, 198 Austria, 6-7, 10; anti-personnel mines, 74-75; armed neutrality, 179; arms exports, 65; Austrian Society for European Policy survey, 66-67; bridge-building, 84; classic neutrality, 178; Council of Europe in 1956, 179; EC membership, 62; EUand NATO-directed peacekeeping operations, 83; European Free Trade Association, 179; experience with neutrality, 204-8; external pressure, 180-81; foreign policy, 65; “Humanitarian Pledge,” 73; international organizations, 64-66; lessons for Ukraine, 180-81; military alliance, 177; military dynamics after 2016, 69; military intervention, 6263; military obligations, 179; military personnel dominance, 71; national identity, 181; NATO Partnership for Peace (PfP), 68; neutrality, 59-60, 170, 178, 179, 204; nuclear disarmament, 73-74; paradigm shift, 67-68; peace policy proposal, 72-73; PESCO, 68, 70; Security Council, 82; sovereignty, 180-81; State Treaty, 81-82; strategic foreign policy, 181; in United Nations, 96; UN Mandate, 66-67 Austrian National Assembly, 178, 205, 206 Austro-Prussian War, 174, 203 authoritarian centralization, 234 authoritarianism, 234-36 autonomy, 19-22 Baker, James, 282 balancing, 19, 21, 280-82 Bali
Concord (1976), 113 bandwagoning, 19, 21, 22, 136 Bangkok, 114, 117-18 Ban Ki-moon, 105 Battulga, Khaltmaagiin, 274 behaviour political principle, 174 Belarus, 24, 152-53, 156-58; alliance making, 130, 142; bandwagoning, Russia, 136-37; crossroads position, Europe, 131; “de facto” neutral state, 142; economic structure, 131; European context, 139-42; geostrategic position, 130; inhabitants, 131; military assistance, 129; multi-vectored foreign policy, 132-33; neutralist agenda, brand making characteristic, 133-36; neutrality-leaning inclinations, 136-39; political system, transformation, 131-32; presidential administration, 132 Belavezha Accords, 152 Belgrade, xiii, 25, 217, 223, 288 Belgrade conference (1961), 25 Benedek, Wolfgang, 60, 61 Berdimuhamedov, Gurbanguly, 233, 240 Bessarabia, 153-54 Bilateral Security Agreements (BSA), 258 Bindeschedler Doctrine, 141-42 bipolar geopolitical environment, 282 Bitaraplyk baýramy (Neutrality Day), 241 Bitarap Türkmenistan şayoly (Avenue of Neutral Turkmenistan), 241
Index Bjo], Erling, 28-29 borderland, 169, 190η 14 Bordyuzha, Nikolai, 238 Bott, Sandra, 129 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 101-2 Boxer Rebellion, 275 Brezhnev, Leonid, 179, 206 bridge builder, 66-67, 181, 207 bridge-building, 84, 134, 143 Briffa, Hillary, xi British imperialism, 254 British India, 263, 267nl7 British vulnerability, 250 Broczą, Stefan, 66 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 19Խ16, 213nl5 “buck-passing,” 21-22 Budapest Memorandum (2004), 39, 51, 131 Bush, George H. W„ 39, 65-66 Carafino, 26 Caruana Galizia, Daphne, 28 Carvalho, Benjamin De, 29 Çeku, Agim, 222 “chain-ganging,” 21-22 Charter of the United Nations, 152 Chiang, 24 China: in Article I, 276; foreign power, 276; Han-Chinese immigration, 274; and India, 10; and Mongolia, 152; road-andbelt-initiative, 11; and Russia, xiii; sound foreign policy, 274; U.S. national security, 46 China Central Television (CCTV), 273 Chinese Communist Party, 278 Choi Insù, 22, 32 Chong, Allan, 27 Chowdhury, Subrata Roy, 93 Cisse, Lassana, 28 Civil Peace Service, 73 classic neutrality, 178, 205 Clinton, Bill, 42, 45 codification, xiii, 115 Cohn, Georg, 7 295 Cold War, 5-8, 174-76, 181, 196, 203, 235, 278; international peacebuilding, 8; multilateral institutions, 26; nonalignment, 24-25; small states, 22 Collective Security Treaty (CST), 93, 133, 157, 238 Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), 133-35, 157, 195, 200, 237 colonial domination, 85 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), 83 Commonwealth Heads of States, 238 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 152-53, 157, 161, 237, 280 communism, 274 Communist Party (PCRM), 159-60
Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 50 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), 7-8, 60, 65, 140, 153, 174, 203 Congo, 70 consolidating function, 183 Coordinating Bureau (CB), 86 Corbett, Jack, 27, 30 correct balance, 256 Costa Rica, 98 Council of Europe in 1956, 179 Council of Foreign Ministers, 204 COVID-19 pandemic, 211 credible neutrality doctrine, 6 Crimea, 9, 11,41, 62, 138; annexation, 188; Crimean War, 203 Critical Geopolitics, 9 CSCE. See Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe A Cultural Theory of International Relations (Lebow), 29 cyber-space, 13-14 Cyprus, 25 Czempiel, Ernst-Otto, 59, 60, 64 Đačić, Ivica, 228 Darwazi, Mohammad Wali Khan, 253 Daud, Mohammed, 255-57
296 Index DCFTA. See Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Decaux, Emmanuel, 238 Declaration of State Sovereignty, 171, 173 decolonization, 115 Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), 161, 197 “de facto neutrality,” 130, 142 Defense Strategy, 223, 224 Defense White Paper 2010, 223 demilitarization, 60 Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), 221 Democratic Party (DP), 274 Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS), 221 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), 104 Đinđić, Zoran, 221, 222 diplomacy, 105 DM. See Georgia’s Dream Dniester valley, 154 Dodon, Igor, 161 domestic stability and cohesion, 262 “Donetsk People’s Republic” (DNR), 41 Dragaš, Orhan, 228 Dulles, John Foster, 268n41 Durand, Mortimer Sir., 251 Durand Line, 255, 263 Durban Summit, 88 Durkheim, Émile, 29 EAEU. See Eurasian Economic Union Eastern Europa, 82-83 Eastern Partnership initiative (EaP), 134, 197 Eastern Ukraine, 169 East Turkestan Independence Movement (ΕΊΙΜ), 264 East-West conflict, 204 East-West confrontation, 174 economic and military capabilities, 262 EDF. See European Defence Fund EEC. See European Economic Community EFTA. See European Free Trade Association EG. See European Georgia Eide, Kai, 269n49 Elbegdorj, Tsakhiagiin, 273 Elleman, Bruce, 277 “end of multivectorism,” 172 engaged neutrality, 179 English School of international relations, 30 “equidistant diplomacy,” 119-20 “Era of Tranquility,” 249 ethnolinguistic east-west divergence, 171 Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), 135, 185, 195 Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian security community, 188 Euro-Atlantic community, 170 Euro-Atlantic foreign policy, 197
Euro-Atlantic integration, 172 Euro-Atlantic security, 173 Euro-Maidan protest movement, 42 European and Euro-Atlantic structures, 196-98 European Defence Fund (EDF), 69 European Economic Community (EEC), 112 European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 179, 205 European Georgia (EG), 210 European neutral states, 3; disarmament, 60; historic roles, 5-7; international cooperation, 75; peacekeeping, 7; Western states, 7, 11 European security architecture, 176 European Union, 11,47, 67-70, 83, 180, 197; common foreign policy, 204; Common Security and Defence Policy, 98 EU Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), 68 external pressure, 180-81 Far Eastern Republic, 277 Federal Constitutional Law, 60
Index Federal Constitutional Law on the Neutrality of Austria, 178, 205 Finland, 6, 24, 98, 108n26, 129, 139-40 “Finlandisation,” 6, 129 Force Intervention Brigade (FIB), 104 foreign and security policy, 170, 172, 208 foreign deployments, 70-73 foreign policy, xii-xiii, 3-5, 23, 30, 62, 64, 74, 113, 183, 234-36, 281 Foreign Policy Concept of Turkmenistan, 236 foreign power, 276 Fox, Annette Baker, 23 Frank, Johann, 182, 208 Freedom House Index, xii Frei, Daniel, 6 French Delegation, 92 Fukuyama, Francis, 40, 41 Gabriel, J. Μ., ix Galtung, Johan, 61 Ganbaatar, Tumuņin, xiii Gärtner, Heinz, xii, 61, 228 Geneva Convention (1949), 141 geopolitics: balance, 169; dilemma, 169; importance, 200; neutrality, 3-5, 8-Ю, 14—15; position, 260-61 George V (King), 251 Georgia: conflict in 2008, 182; Euro-Atlantic foreign policy, 197; European and Euro-Atlantic structures, 196-98; 2011 National Security Strategy, 197; NATO membership, 198-202; neutral Georgia, 208-11; neutrality concept, 202-4; relations with Russia, 195; transatlantic aspirations vs. reality, 198-99 Georgian State Treaty, 209 Georgia’s Dream (DM), 197, 210 Germany, 152-54, 156-58 Ghani, Ashraf, 258-59 Ghaus, Abdul Samad, 253 globalization, 88 297 global space, 4 Goetschei, L., xi, 19, 23, 26, 29, 32 Goodrich, Leland Μ., 93 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 155 Graham, Malbone W., 218 Grand Geopolitical Statecraft, 41 “Granville-Gorchakov” agreement 1873, 251 Great Power Rivalry, 40, 42 Great Powers, xi, 117-18 Gregorian, Vartan, 253 Habibullah I, Amir, 251 Hague Convention 1907, xiii, 98, 115, 141, 179,202, 252, 281 Hambro, Edvard, 93
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 94—96, 107 Han-Chinese-Mongolian marriages, 275 Han-Chinese settlement, 275 “handsoff’ approach, 5-6 Haqqani network, 264 Harding, Warren G., 253 Hashim, Mohamed, 254 Heidegger, Klaus, 60 Helmand Valley, 268n36 Helsinki Final Act, 65, 136, 140, 174, 203 “hiding” strategies, 23 high-intensity balancing, 21 Hitler, 174 Hobbes, 25 honest broker approach, 27-28 Hopmann, Terrance, 174, 203 Horak, Slavomír, 242 humanitarian disarmament, 73-75 “humanitarianism,” 12 Human Rights Council (HRC), 89 Hungary, 73, 140 IAEA. See International Atomic Energy Agency ICAN. See International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons ICRC. See International Committee of the Red Cross
298 Index ICTY. See International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia idealist perspective, 5, 7 immaterial spaces, 11 IMU. See Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan in-between states, 40, 55n38 India defense policy, 250 Indonesia, 116 Information Security Concept (2019), 136 insecurity, 175, 184 institutional abstinence, 5-6 institutionalism, 61 institutional pluralism, 66-67 instrumentalization, 63 “integration of integrations” concept, 135 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 31, 74, 179, 206 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), 74 international civil service, 94-96 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 6 international conflict management, 207 International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), 221 international crisis management, 85 International Day of Neutrality, xii, 106 International Institute for Security in Belgrade, 228 international legal standards, 63 international organizations, 64-66 Iran, 152 Ireland, 5, 8, 24, 99,139 Iron Curtain, 140 ISIL-affiliated Khorasan group, 264 Islamic International Law (Siyar), 265 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), 264 Islamic polity temporarily, 265 Isono, Fujiko, 278 Izvestiya (newspaper), 135 Janik, Maya, xii Jankowitsch, Peter, xii, 81, 84-90 Japan, 90, 98, 152, 275, 277, 278, 284 Japanese-Mongolian partnership, 284 Japanese threat, 279 Jargalsaikhan, Enkhsaikhan, 274 Joint Control Commission (JCC), 155-56 Kalakani, Amir Habibullah, 253 Kampuchea, 113-14 Kane, Angela, xi Kant, Immanuel, 64 Karsh, E., 23 Karzai, Hamid, 258, 269n49 Kausikan, Bilahari, 113 Kennan, George,
44 Kennedy, John F., 179, 206 Khan, Bogdo, 276 Khan, Genghis, 275 Khan, Nasrallah, 252 Kharchenko, Ihor, 172 Khrushchev, Nikita, 179, 206 Kiepenheuer-Drechsler, Barbara, 242 Kiev: political communities, 170; political elites, 171; Westward policy, 172 Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS), 173 Kim Jong-Un, 119 Kissinger, Henry, 19Խ16, 213nl5 Kobyakov, Andrey, 134 Koeck, Heribert Franz, 93 Koh, Tommy, 111 Kosovo war, 66 Koštunica, Vojislav, 218, 221, 222, 229 Kozak Memorandum, 158 Kramer, Helmut, 66-67 Kramer, Mark, x Krauthammer, Charles, 40,41 Kravchuk, Leonid, 152 Kreisky, Bruno, 6, 62, 65, 75, 181, 207 Krushchev, 94 Kubo, Keiichi, xiii
Index Kuchma, Leonid, 171, 172 Kuchma policy, 171 Kuru, Ahmet, 242 Kvitsinsky Doctrine, 157 Lacroix, Jean-Pierre, 99 Lane, Erwin, 61 Latent Semantic Scaling (LSS), 225, 226 Law on the Main Directions of the Domestic and Foreign Policy, 132 The League of Nations, 15 Lebow, Ned, 29 Leitmotif, 5 “liberal” period, 9 Libya, 28 LNR. See “Luhansk People’s Republic” Lottaz, Pascal, xiii, 202 low-intensity balancing, 21 Loya Jirga, 255 LSS. See Latent Semantic Scaling “Luhansk People’s Republic” (LNR), 41 Luif, Paul, 60, 67 Lukashenko, Alexander, 132, 135, 138, 158 Maastricht EC Treaty (1992), 67 MacFarlane, Stephen, 39 Macron, Emanuel, x Mader, Gerald, 60 Maidan revolution, 170, 173 Makko, Aryo, x Malaysia, 116 Malta, 27-28, 30, 98 Manchu Emperors, 275 Mao Zedong, 278-79 market economy, 206 Marshall Plan, 181, 186 MASSR. See Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Mearsheimer, John J., 45, 19Խ16, 213nl5 Mediterranean conflicts, 89 Medvedev, Dmitry, 283 Melyantsou, Dzianis, 135 Menagarishvili, Irakli, 201 299 Meyers, Reinhard, 64 Miklashevich, Piotr, 164n39 military alliances, 173, 179, 202 military doctrine, 133, 172 Military Neutrality Policy (MNP), xiii, 4, 179, 223, 224, 228; domestic impacts, 223-28; international impacts, 228; origins and impacts, 217; origins of, 219-23 military “non-alliance” in peace time, 280-82 military personnel dominance, 71 military-political alliance, 281 Military Staff Committee, 92 military stalemate, 261 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), 132 minority rights issue, 182-83 Minsk, 130, 131, 133-35, 137 Minsk-I Agreement, 135 Minsk-II Agreement,
136, 186 Minsk II negotiations, 52 MINUSMA mission, 71 MNP. See Military Neutrality Policy Mock, Alois, 62 Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR), xiii, 153-54 “Moldovan Interfront,” 154-55 Mongolia: bipolar geopolitical environment, 282; foreign policy, 283; geostrategic position, 278; military “non-alliance” in peace time, 280-82; Mongolian People’s Republic, 277-80; neutrality politics, 280-82; shielding empires, 275-77; single state nuclear weapon-free zone, 285-87; Third Neighbor Policy, 282-85 Mongolian People’s Party (MPP), 274, 277-80 “Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party” (MPRP), 277 Mongolian revolution, 278 “moral conscience of the world,” Sweden, 6 Morgenthau, Hans, 202
зоо Index Moscow Memorandum, 40, 177-78 MPP. See Mongolian People’s Party MPRP. See “Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party” multilateral cooperation mechanism, 145n31 multi-national KFOR mission, 219 multi-vectored foreign policy, 132 Muslim Ummah, 265 NACC. See North-Atlantic Cooperation Council Nadir, Mohammed, 253 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, 201 Nagy, Imre, 140 NAM. See non-aligned movement National Assembly, 221 National Democratic Institute (NDI), 210, 211 national identity, 181 national role conception, 29 National Security Concept of Belarus, 133-34 National Security Strategy, 223, 281 NATO, 156, 171-72, 196, 258; membership in, 210; military cooperation, 181; nonalignment, 51; Partnership for Peace programme, 181; PfP programme, 180; responsibility of, 176; Russia, 46-47; summit in Bucharest in April 2008, 173; Ukrainian membership, 187. See also North-Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO Bucharest Summit, 44 NATO-Georgia Commission, 197 NATO Information and Documentation Center in Kiev, 172 NATO Membership Action Plan, 173 NATO-security umbrella, 170 NATO-Ukraine Commission (NUC), 172,173 Nazi Germany, 254 Nazi organisations dissolution, 178 neighboring states agreements, 261-62 Neitral’nyi Turkmenistan, 241 neo-neutrality, 7, 13 Nepal, 10-11 Neumann, Iver, 29 “neutral demilitarized state,” 160 neutral foreign policy, 234 neutrality, 233; active neutrality, possibilities, 64; adoption of, 187; alliance-making, 130; areas of conflict, 62; Austria experience with, 204—8; Austrian model of, 177-83; Belarus. See Belarus; bitafari, 259; classic principles of, 237; concept
of, 182, 218; cyber-space, 13-14; declaration of, 255; diplomacy, xii; end of cold war, 5-8; “equidistant diplomacy,” 119-20; European Union, 67-70; foreign policy, xii-xiii, 5; fuzzy concept, xi; geopolitics, 3-5, 8-Ю, 14-15; idealist core functions, 3; international civil service, 94—96; international law, 4—5; international politics, 13, 15; interpretation of, 97-99; Jankowitsch’s views, 84-90; law, xiv, 59-64; legal basis, 12; legal core, 67-70; modem, 4; Moldova. See Republic of Moldova; multiple interpretations, 61-62; nation-building narrative, 240-42; nonalignment, 114—16; Nowotny’s views, 81-84; peacekeeping operations, UN, 93-94, 99-101; peacetime neutrality, 141-42; policy, 59-64; politics, 280-82; “post liberal” period, 9-14; principle of, 238; as problem-solving model, 175-77; and resilient Ukraine, 188-89; small states. See small states; Soviet Union, 151-53; status seeking, 28-31; UN resolutions, xi; world politics, ix neutral states, 3; abstention of war, 4-5; civilian and preventive approaches, 63; codified neutrality, 115; geopolitical contingencies, 12
Index neutral Ukraine, 170 New International Economic Order, 152 New Serbia (NS), 222 “New World Order,” 65-66 Nicholas II, Tsar, 250 Niedermayer-Hentig Expedition, 252 Nixon, Richard, 179, 206, 268n41 Niyazov, Saparmurat, 153, 233, 235, 240, 241; foreign policy trademark, 236 Noack, David X., xiii Nobel, Alfred, 72 non-aligned movement (NAM), xii, 25, 84-90, 98, 115, 134, 152, 160-61, 218, 256 nonalignment, 24—25, 281; neutrality, 114-16 nongovernmental peace experts, 73 nonmembership, 129 “non-prejudicial attitude,” 100 Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 285 Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 73 Nordic alliance, 139 Nordic countries, 7 Normandy format, 135, 136 normative thinking, 7 North-Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC), 196 North-Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), 5 North Korea, xii, 119, 123-24n60 North-West Frontiers of India, 251 Norway, 5, 12 Nowotny, Eva, xii, 81-84 NUC. See NATO-Ukraine Commission nuclear disarmament, 73-74 nuclear test ban treaty, 279 Nuclear Weapons Free Zone (NWFZ), 285 Nuclear Weapon State (NWS), 285, 286 Nuland, Victoria, 42 NWFZ. See Nuclear Weapons Free Zone NWS. See Nuclear Weapon State ЗОЇ obligations, 174—75 OCST. See Organization of the Collective Security Treaty O’Hanlon, Michael, 176, 201 “On Perpetual Peace” (Kant), 64 Opium Wars, 275 Oppenheim, L. F. L., 141 Orange Revolution, 172 Organization for Security and Co-operation (OSCE), 185-86, 201 Organization of the Collective Security Treaty (OCST), 224 Ørvik, Nils, ix OSCE. See Organization for Security and Co-operation OSCE Trilateral Contact Group, 136 Ottawa Convention,
74 Ottoman Empire, 218 “Outer Mongolia Period,” xiii, 275 “over-balancing,” 22 Pakistan, 257, 261, 263 Palestine, 89 Pan-Mongolian movement, 277 Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA), 238 Partnership for Peace (PfP) program, 44, 49, 68, 159, 172, 196, 206, 237 Pascu, Ioan Mircea, 157 Pashtunism, 256 Pazhwak, Abdul Rahman, 256 peacekeeping, 93-94, 102,103 “peacekeeping power” Finland, 6 peacemaking, 102 Peace of Paris (1856), 218 peace policy proposal, 72-73 Peace programme, 181, 182 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 274 “permanent neutrality,” 159 Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), 68, 98; civilian core, 70 perpetual neutrality, 218 PESCO. See Permanent Structured Cooperation Petersberg activities, 83
302 PfP program. See Partnership for Peace (PfP) program Philippines, 117 Piez, William, 257 PMSSR. See Pridnestrovian Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic Podvoiskii, N. I., 241 “Policy of Neutrality: International Cooperation for Peace, Security and Development,” 106 political disunity, 68 political manoeuvre, 182 political schizophrenia, 171 Politis, Nicolas, ix Popular Front of Moldova (PFM), 154-55 Poroshenko, Petro, 170, 173 post-Cold War, 175, 204 post-colonial regions, 263 post-liberal order, 3 “post-liberal” period, 9-14 post-Milošević era, 219 post-Soviet region, 169 post-Soviet Turkmenistan, 235 potential alternative model, 176 poverty line, 262 power balance, 261 power politics, 45-48 Power Rivalry, 52 pozablokovist, 157 Prague NATO summit in 2002, 196 PRC. See People’s Republic of China Preparatory Nonaligned Conference, 116 preventive diplomacy, 102, 105 Pridnestrovian Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic (PMSSR), 155 “principle based realism,” 83 privileged interests, 200 pro-Eastern policy, 226 pro-German domestic lobby, 252 pro-Pakistani approach, 256 pro-Russian course, 171 pro-Russian Socialist Party (PSRM), 161 Index protection strategy, 183 Protocol of Mutual Assistance, 278 pro-Western policy, 196 public attitudes, 61 Putin, Vladimir, x, 39,43, 44, 46, 138, 283 Puyi (Manchu Emperor), 276 Qing dynasty, 275, 280 Raab, Julius, 179 Rada, Verkhovna, 187 Radoman, J., 26 Rahman, Amir Abdul, 251 Rajapaksa, Gotabaya, 25 Ramos, Narciso, 112 RAND Corporation, 177 realist perspective, 5, 7, 25 “Realpolitik,” 5 Red Army, 277-79 Reginbogin, Herbert R., xii regional
resilience, 118 Regional Security Complexes (RSCs), 260 Reiter, Dan, 19ІПІ6 Republic of China (ROC), 276 Republic of Moldova: “contractually unsecured neutrality,” 162; first constitution, 159; foreign policy orientation, 158-59; history of, 15354; international peacekeeping, 160; “neutral demilitarized state,” 160; parliamentary election campaigns, 161-62; regional context, 156-58 Reshtia, Sayed Qasim, 256 Resolution A/50/80, 236; policy implications, 237 “Resolution on the Concept of Foreign Policy,” 280 resource pooling, 21 Ri Yong Ho, 119 “road-and belt-initiative”, 11 Roithner, Thomas, xii Romania, 155-58 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 91
Index Rose Revolution, 196 Rothstein, R., 20 Rotter, Manfred, 60 Roy, Olivier, 257 Ruggenthaler, Peter, x Russia, 39-40, 136-39, 169, 170; civil war, 276; economy, 47; language, 241; NATO, 46-47; post-Cold War Era, 44-45; power politics, 45-48; pragmatic approach, 197; rejection of NATO, 44; United States, 43. See also Ukraine Russia-Georgia conflict, 196-97 Russian Empire, 275 Russian-speaking minority, 171 Russian-Ukrainian Friendship Treaty (1997), 41 Russia-West standoff, 176 Russo-Chinese border, 279 Russo-Georgian five-day, 137 Rwanda, 103, 107 Saadabad Pact 1937, 254 Saakashvili, Mikhail, 196 Saikai, Amin, 256 Salame, Ghassan, 85 Sandu, Maia, 161-62 Scandinavian Defence Union (SDU), 139 Schweller, Randall, 21 SCO. See Shanghai Cooperation Organisation SDGs. See Sustainable Development Goals SDU. See Scandinavian Defence Union SEANWFZ. See Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Second Gulf War, 65 Security Strategy (2013), 71 seed words, 225 Sejdiu, Fatmir, 222 “self-help system,” 25 self-serving strategy, 139 Sendungsgedanken, 6 Sens, Allen, 20 303 Serbia, 44; background, 218-19; cultural and ideological outlook, 264; foreign policy, 223, 224, 228; military neutrality policy, 219-28 Serbian Progressive Party (SNS), 224 Serbian Radical Party (SRS), 222 Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), 222 Serbian Socialist Party (SPS), 221 SGR system. See strategic gas reserve system Shah, Nadir, 253 Shah Mahmoud, 255 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), 134, 284 Sharia Law, 264 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 196 Shushkevich, Stanislav, 152 Siberian-Chinese border, 280 Siddiq Farhang, 255
Simpson, A., 23 single state nuclear weapon-free zone, 285-87 Sino-Russian projects, 283 Sino-Soviet Split, 279 “situational neutrality,” 135 small states, 19; autonomy, 20-22; balancing, 19, 21; bandwagoning, 19, 21; foreign policy, 23, 32; international system, 22, 32; neutrality, 23-24, 31 ; security, 20; “self-help system,” 25; smart state strategy, 26-28; strategy deciding factors, 25-26 Small State Status Seeking: Norway’s Quest for International Standing (Neumann and Carvalho), 29 smart state strategy, xi, 19, 26-28 Snegur, Mircea, 155, 159 SNS. See Serbian Progressive Party social actors, 61 Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 113-14 SOFA. See Status of Forces Agreement Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone (SEANWFZ), 118 South Korea, 119
304 Index South Ossetia, 39, 137, 138 South Tyrol case, 186 sovereignty, 180-81 “Soviet assembly shop,” 131 Soviet Union, 240; collapse of, 176; economic interests, 177; neutrality, 151-53 special relationship, 172 “spheres of influence,” 40 SPO. See Serbian Renewal Movement SPS. See Serbian Socialist Party Sri Lanka, 10-11, 25 SRS. See Serbian Radical Party Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA), 222 Stalin, 278 “The Stalin Note,” 152 state-building project, xii State language policy, 186 “State of War,” 281 “State Treaty for the Reestablishment of an Independent and Democratic Austria,” 204-5 Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), 258 status seeking, 28-31 Stent, Angela, 46 strategic foreign policy, 169, 181 strategic gas reserve (SGR) system, 47 strategic mission, 187 Sun Yat-sen, 276 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 12, 15 Sweden, 6, 96, 98-99,139 Swiss concept, 178, 205 Switzerland, 5-6, 31, 97,100, 141, 174, 182; neutrality, 174 Syria, 9, 39 “Systemschliessung”/”defensive isolation,” 23 Tabone, Vincent Dr., 30 Tadič, Boris, 222 Taliban, 259, 261 Tan Sri Muhammad Ghazali bin Shafie, 116 Taraki, Noor Mohammed, 257 Tarzi, Mahmud, 252, 253 Taubenfeld, Howard L, 93 Tay, Charis Si En, xi terrorism, 204 Thailand, 114, 116 Thessaloniki European Council in 2003, 221 Third Neighbor Policy, 282-85 Third World powers, 89 Tibetan Buddhism, 275 Tito, Josip Broz, 140 Torna, Ben, 93 trade liberalization, 88 Transnistria, xiii, 155, 162nl, 163nl7 Trans-Siberian Railway, 278 Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), 69 Treaty of Berlin (1878), 218 Treaty of
Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance (1948), 6 Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union, 157 Treaty of Kyakhta, 275 Treaty on Alliance and Integration with Abkhazia, 197 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces, 132 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), 39, 74, 86, 131 “Triple Lock” policy, 99 Trump, Donald, 83, 119 TsAES. See Tsentral’no-Aziatskoe Ekonomicheskoe Soobshchestvo Tsagaan, Puntsag, 273 Tsar Nicolas II, 276 TsAS. See Tsentral’no-Aziatskoe Sotrudinchestvo Tsentral ’no-Aziatskoe Ekonomicheskoe Soobshchestvo (TsAES), 238 Tsentral ’no-Aziatskoe Sotrudinchestvo (TsAS), 238 Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman, 116 Turchynov, Oleksandr, 138
Index Turco-German delegation, 252 Turkmenistan, xii, 31, 106, 107, 153; authoritarianism, 234-36; early postSoviet era, 234-36; foreign policy, 234-36; nation-building narrative, 240-42; post-Soviet Turkmenistan, 237-40; regime propaganda, 240-42 Turkmen Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 234 Turkmenskaya Iskra, 241 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 172 UBD. See “Ulaanbaatar Dialogue on Northeast Asia Security” Ukraine, 10, 39, 46-47, 62, 152-53, 156-58; economic cooperation, 185; “Finlandization,” x; foreign and security policy, 170-73; geopolitical balance, 169; “geopolitical dilemma,” 169; military doctrine, 172; NATO-security umbrella, 170; neutral and resilient, 188-89; neutrality relevance, 174-75; neutral Ukraine, 183-88; new currency, 175; Russia, tensions between, 169; strategic foreign policy, 169; US/ NATO-Russian crisis, 48-51 Ukraine crisis, x, 134—36, 138, 175, 201, 228 “Ulaanbaatar Dialogue on Northeast Asia Security” (UBD), xiii, 27, 284 Ulitsa Povdoiskogo, 241 ultra-nationalist party, 222 UN charter, 23, 63, 65, 90, 92-93; Article 2, 92; Article 6, 73; Article 11, 159; Article 23f, 66; Article 33, 63; Article 40, 100; Article 42, 93, 94; Article 53, 92; Article 57, 92; Article 97-101, 95; Chapter ѴП, 94 “unconditional” assistance, 257 UNCTAD. See United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UN Declaration, 91 “under-balancing,” 22 305 UNDP. See United Nations Development Program UN General Assembly (GA), 30, 31, 85-87, 233, 235 Ungern-Sternberg, Baron Roman F., 277 United Kingdom (UK), 117 United National Movement (UNM), 210 United Nations (UN), 15, 85-86, 91, 180, 234;
“An Agenda for Peace,” 101-2, 105; impartiality, peacekeeping, 102-4, 107; military operations, 6; peacekeeping operations, 93-94, 99-101 “United Nations Conference on International Organization,” 91-92 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 86 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 86 “United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines,” 103-4 United States, 117, 152; neutrality, 52; North Korean nuclear negotiations, 123-24n60; Russia, 43; South Korean military exercises, 119; state centric “realist” approach, 42 United States (US) Navy, 278 United Work Collective Council (UWCC), 155 UNM. See United National Movement UN Mandate, 66-67 UN Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia, 238 UN Security Council (UNSC), 73, 86, 87, 92, 96, 97, 100, 105 U.N. Security Council Resolutions, 119 US-Chinatensions, 111, 120 US National Security Doctrine, 83 US-Russian relations, 40 value-oriented political system, 61 Väyrynen, R., 29-30 Vedrine, Hubert, 88
306 Index Verdross, Alfred, 96 Vietnam-Cambodia conflict, 114, 117 violent trans-border non-state actors, 264 Visegrad Group, 176 volatile security environment, 170 Voronin, Vladimir, 159 Vukadinović, R., 24 Vysotskaya, Alena, 138 Xi, President, 48 Waldheim, Kurt, 65 Walt, Stephen, 21, 19Խ16, 213nl5 Waltz, Kenneth, 21-22 Warsaw Pact, 82, 140 Warsaw Treaty Organization, 174, 203 Western military alliance, 181 Westward policy, 172 Wivel, Anders, 19, 23, 25 World Bank, 258 world politics, 4 World Summit (2005), 105 World War I, 174, 218, 251, 252, 276 World War П, 4, 23, 24, 93, 112, 115, 117, 130, 139, 140, 152, 156, 174, 177, 180, 183, 186, 19Խ16, 204, 206, 218, 254, 278, 282 Zagreb Summit 2000, 221 Zahir, Mohammed, 254, 255 Zahir Shah, 255 zealous ideology, 257 Zelensky, Volodymyr, 51, 173; military alliance, 173; NATO-Ukraine Commission, 173 zero-sum-game situation, 10 Zhungar Khanate, 275 Zhvania, Zurab, 197 Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN), xi, 111-14, 116, 117, 120 ZOPFAN. See Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality Zurabishvili, Salome, 201 Yanukovych, Viktor, 42, 173 Yatsenyuk, Arseniy, 172 Yeltsin, Boris, 45, 152, 155 Yugoslavia, xiii, 50, 65, 89, 140, 221, 257 Yushchenko, Viktor, 172, 173 |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Lottaz, Pascal 1985- Gärtner, Heinz 1951- Reginbogin, Herbert R. 1952- |
| author2_role | edt edt edt |
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| author_GND | (DE-588)1185653244 (DE-588)135668492 (DE-588)132507455 |
| author_facet | Lottaz, Pascal 1985- Gärtner, Heinz 1951- Reginbogin, Herbert R. 1952- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048315423 |
| classification_rvk | NQ 5931 |
| contents | Neutrality and geopolitics : responding to change / Laurent Goetschel -- Neutrality and small states : a strategic approach / Hillary Briffa -- Neutrality and neutralization : a geopolitical statecraft / Herbert Reginbogin -- Neutrality and peacemaking : a compass for Austrian peace policy / Thomas Roithner -- Neutrality and diplomacy : voices of diplomats / Eva Nowotny and Peter Jankowitsch -- Neutrality in international organizations I : The United Nations / Angela Kane -- Neutrality in international organizations II : ASEAN / Charis Si En Tay -- Belarus : between alliance and neutralism / Yauheni Preiherman and Pascal Lottaz -- Moldova : the whims of neutrality politics / David X. Noack -- Ukraine : overcoming geopolitical insecurity / Heinz Gärtner and Maya Janik -- Georgia : neutrality as an alternative to the Atlantic course? / Heinz Gärtner and Maya Janik -- Serbia : origins and impacts of the military neutrality policy / Keiichi Kubo -- Turkmenistan : the eccentric neutral / Luca Anceschi -- Afghanistan : a path toward stability with permanent neutrality? / Nasir A. Andisha -- Mongolia : neutrality, a nice horse / Pascal Lottaz and Tumurjin Ganbaatar |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1344247149 (DE-599)BVBBV048315423 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1991-2021 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1991-2021 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>04382nam a2200661 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV048315423</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20221019 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">220706s2022 |||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781666901665</subfield><subfield code="q">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-66690-166-5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1344247149</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV048315423</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NQ 5931</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)164405:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Neutral beyond the cold</subfield><subfield code="b">neutral states and the post-Cold War international system</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Pascal Lottaz, Heinz Gärtner, and Herbert R. Reginbogin</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London</subfield><subfield code="b">Lexington Books</subfield><subfield code="c">[2022]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2022</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xvi, 310 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Diagramme, Karte</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Neutrality and geopolitics : responding to change / Laurent Goetschel -- Neutrality and small states : a strategic approach / Hillary Briffa -- Neutrality and neutralization : a geopolitical statecraft / Herbert Reginbogin -- Neutrality and peacemaking : a compass for Austrian peace policy / Thomas Roithner -- Neutrality and diplomacy : voices of diplomats / Eva Nowotny and Peter Jankowitsch -- Neutrality in international organizations I : The United Nations / Angela Kane -- Neutrality in international organizations II : ASEAN / Charis Si En Tay -- Belarus : between alliance and neutralism / Yauheni Preiherman and Pascal Lottaz -- Moldova : the whims of neutrality politics / David X. Noack -- Ukraine : overcoming geopolitical insecurity / Heinz Gärtner and Maya Janik -- Georgia : neutrality as an alternative to the Atlantic course? / Heinz Gärtner and Maya Janik -- Serbia : origins and impacts of the military neutrality policy / Keiichi Kubo -- Turkmenistan : the eccentric neutral / Luca Anceschi -- Afghanistan : a path toward stability with permanent neutrality? / Nasir A. Andisha -- Mongolia : neutrality, a nice horse / Pascal Lottaz and Tumurjin Ganbaatar</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"This book analyzes the application of neutrality policies after the end of the Cold War with a focus on Eurasian states and international organizations. 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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV048315423 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:10:36Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:35:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781666901665 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033694926 |
| oclc_num | 1344247149 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-188 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-188 DE-12 |
| physical | xvi, 310 Seiten Diagramme, Karte |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221019 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Lexington Books |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Neutral beyond the cold neutral states and the post-Cold War international system edited by Pascal Lottaz, Heinz Gärtner, and Herbert R. Reginbogin Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Lexington Books [2022] © 2022 xvi, 310 Seiten Diagramme, Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Neutrality and geopolitics : responding to change / Laurent Goetschel -- Neutrality and small states : a strategic approach / Hillary Briffa -- Neutrality and neutralization : a geopolitical statecraft / Herbert Reginbogin -- Neutrality and peacemaking : a compass for Austrian peace policy / Thomas Roithner -- Neutrality and diplomacy : voices of diplomats / Eva Nowotny and Peter Jankowitsch -- Neutrality in international organizations I : The United Nations / Angela Kane -- Neutrality in international organizations II : ASEAN / Charis Si En Tay -- Belarus : between alliance and neutralism / Yauheni Preiherman and Pascal Lottaz -- Moldova : the whims of neutrality politics / David X. Noack -- Ukraine : overcoming geopolitical insecurity / Heinz Gärtner and Maya Janik -- Georgia : neutrality as an alternative to the Atlantic course? / Heinz Gärtner and Maya Janik -- Serbia : origins and impacts of the military neutrality policy / Keiichi Kubo -- Turkmenistan : the eccentric neutral / Luca Anceschi -- Afghanistan : a path toward stability with permanent neutrality? / Nasir A. Andisha -- Mongolia : neutrality, a nice horse / Pascal Lottaz and Tumurjin Ganbaatar "This book analyzes the application of neutrality policies after the end of the Cold War with a focus on Eurasian states and international organizations. The 15 chapters discuss Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Georgia, Serbia, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, the UN, ASEAN, and several theoretical neutrality developments between 1991 and 2021" Geschichte 1991-2021 gnd rswk-swf Neutraler Staat (DE-588)4171607-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Organisation (DE-588)4027366-0 gnd rswk-swf Neutrality Nonalignment States, Small International agencies World politics / 1989- Neutrality / Case studies Nonalignment / Case studies States, Small / Case studies International agencies / Case studies World politics / 1989- / Case studies (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Neutraler Staat (DE-588)4171607-3 s Internationale Organisation (DE-588)4027366-0 s Geschichte 1991-2021 z DE-604 Lottaz, Pascal 1985- (DE-588)1185653244 edt Gärtner, Heinz 1951- (DE-588)135668492 edt Reginbogin, Herbert R. 1952- (DE-588)132507455 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-66690-167-2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033694926&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033694926&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Neutral beyond the cold neutral states and the post-Cold War international system Neutrality and geopolitics : responding to change / Laurent Goetschel -- Neutrality and small states : a strategic approach / Hillary Briffa -- Neutrality and neutralization : a geopolitical statecraft / Herbert Reginbogin -- Neutrality and peacemaking : a compass for Austrian peace policy / Thomas Roithner -- Neutrality and diplomacy : voices of diplomats / Eva Nowotny and Peter Jankowitsch -- Neutrality in international organizations I : The United Nations / Angela Kane -- Neutrality in international organizations II : ASEAN / Charis Si En Tay -- Belarus : between alliance and neutralism / Yauheni Preiherman and Pascal Lottaz -- Moldova : the whims of neutrality politics / David X. Noack -- Ukraine : overcoming geopolitical insecurity / Heinz Gärtner and Maya Janik -- Georgia : neutrality as an alternative to the Atlantic course? / Heinz Gärtner and Maya Janik -- Serbia : origins and impacts of the military neutrality policy / Keiichi Kubo -- Turkmenistan : the eccentric neutral / Luca Anceschi -- Afghanistan : a path toward stability with permanent neutrality? / Nasir A. Andisha -- Mongolia : neutrality, a nice horse / Pascal Lottaz and Tumurjin Ganbaatar Neutraler Staat (DE-588)4171607-3 gnd Internationale Organisation (DE-588)4027366-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4171607-3 (DE-588)4027366-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Neutral beyond the cold neutral states and the post-Cold War international system |
| title_auth | Neutral beyond the cold neutral states and the post-Cold War international system |
| title_exact_search | Neutral beyond the cold neutral states and the post-Cold War international system |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Neutral beyond the cold neutral states and the post-Cold War international system |
| title_full | Neutral beyond the cold neutral states and the post-Cold War international system edited by Pascal Lottaz, Heinz Gärtner, and Herbert R. Reginbogin |
| title_fullStr | Neutral beyond the cold neutral states and the post-Cold War international system edited by Pascal Lottaz, Heinz Gärtner, and Herbert R. Reginbogin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neutral beyond the cold neutral states and the post-Cold War international system edited by Pascal Lottaz, Heinz Gärtner, and Herbert R. Reginbogin |
| title_short | Neutral beyond the cold |
| title_sort | neutral beyond the cold neutral states and the post cold war international system |
| title_sub | neutral states and the post-Cold War international system |
| topic | Neutraler Staat (DE-588)4171607-3 gnd Internationale Organisation (DE-588)4027366-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Neutraler Staat Internationale Organisation Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033694926&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033694926&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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