Product lifecycle management: 1 21st century paradigm for product realisation
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cham [u.a.]
Springer
[2022]
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| Ausgabe: | Fifth edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Decision engineering
Decision Engineering |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xxv, 616 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9783030985776 |
| ISSN: | 1619-5736 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Twenty-first century paradigm for product realisation |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents 1 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). 1.1 What Is PLM?. 1.1.1 Definition of PLM. 1.1.2 Definition of the PLM Initiative. 1.1.3 A Paradigm. 1.2 This Chapter. 1.2.1 Objective. 1.2.2 Content. 1.2.3 Relevance. 1.3 The P, L and M of PLM. 1.3.1 The Pof PLM. 1.3.2 The L of PLM. 1.3.3 The M of PLM. 1.4 The Scope of PLM. 1.4.1 Activities in the Scope of PLM. 1.4.2 The PLM Grid. 1.4.3 Resources in theScope of PLM . 1.5 The PLM Paradigm. 1.5.1 Paradigm Change. 1.5.2 From Twentieth CenturyParadigm
toPLM. 1.5.3 Organisation of Work. 1.5.4 Orientation: From Technicalto Business. 1.5.5 Information Calculation, Storage and Communication. . 1.5.6 Span of Interest. 1.5.7 Value of Product Data. 1.5.8 Management Approach. 1.5.9 Focus. 1.6 PLM Consequences. 1.7 PLM Corollaries. 1.8 The Spread of PLM. 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 12 13 14 14 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 23 24 ix
Contents x Benefits of PLM. 1.9.1 Financial, Time, Quality. 1.9.2 Operational Benefits. 1.10 Overcoming Problems, Enabling Opportunities. 1.10.1 Managing the Product Isn’t Easy. 1.10.2 Loss of Control. 1.10.3 Sources of Problems. 1.10.4 Opportunities. Bibliography . 25 25 27 27 28 28 30 31 32 PLM and Its Environment. 2.1 This Chapter. 2.1.1 Objective. 2.1.2 Content. 2.1.3 Relevance. 2.2 Issues with the Departmental Paradigm. 2.2.1 Serial Workflow. 2.2.2 Departmental Organisations. 2.2.3 Piecemeal Improvements. 2.3 Product Data
Issues. 2.3.1 A Lot of Product Data. 2.3.2 Poor Change Management. . . . 2.3.3 Data not Linked to Management Tools. 2.4 A Complex, Changing Environment. 2.4.1 Change . 2.4.2 Interconnections. 2.4.3 Changes Driving PLM. 2.4.4 Result. 2.5 Example from “Before PLM”. 2.5.1 Introduction. 2.5.2 Quantitative Feedback. 2.6 Product Pains. 2.6.1 Aerospace Products. 2.6.2 Power Plants. 2.6.3 Automotive Products. 2.6.4 Financial Products . 2.6.5 Other Products. 2.6.6 Current and Future Nightmare. . 2.7 Product
Opportunities. 2.7.1 Globalisation Opportunity. 2.7.2 Technology Opportunities. 2.7.3 Social/Environmental Opportunity. 2.7.4 Human Resource Opportunity. 2.7.5 The Result and the Requirements. Bibliography . 33 33 33 33 34 37 37 39 41 42 42 43 44 44 44 45 50 51 52 52 55 55 56 58 58 59 60 61 63 63 63 66 67 67 68 1,9 2
Contents 3 PLM and Products. 3.1 This Chapter. 3.1.1 Objective. 3.1.2 Content. 3.2 Product Importance, Range, Instance. 3.2.1 Importance of the Product. 3.2.2 Wide Range of Products. 3.2.3 More Than the Product. 3.2.4 Instance of a Product. 3.2.5 Number of Products. 3.2.6 Hazardous Products. 3.2.7 Commonality. 3.3 Parts, Ingredients, Components, Assemblies. 3.3.1 Range of Parts. 3.3.2 Number of Parts. 3.3.3 Part and Product. 3.4 Identifier. 3.4.1 Need for an Identifier. 3.4.2 Name, Number. 3.4.3
Internal and Other, Names/Numbers. 3.4.4 Serial Numbers. 3.4.5 Significant Numbers. 3.4.6 Product Key. 3.4.7 Naming Languages. 3.4.8 Some Product and Part Identifiers. 3.4.9 Product Name and Part Name. 3.5 Requirements. 3.5.1 Customer Requirements . 3.5.2 Emergence of Global Products. 3.5.3 Requirements for Global Products. 3.6 From Customer Requirement to Product Specification. 3.7 Identification Standards. 3.7.1 Global Trade Item Number. 3.7.2 International Standard Book Number. 3.7.3 International Mobile Equipment Identity. 3.7.4 International Standard Music Number . 3.7.5 CAS Registry Numbers. 3.8 Unique Identifier, Unique Key. 3.9 Traceability. ;. 3.10 Communication of
Identifier. 3.10.1 Type of Communication. 3.10.2 UPC Barcode. 3.10.3 EAN-13. 3.10.4 Two-dimensional Barcodes. xi 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 75 75 76 76 76 76 77 77 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 83 84 84 84 84 85 85 85 85
Contents xii Product Classification. 3.11.1 Classification. 3.11.2 Advantages of Classification. 3.11.3 Classification Systems. 3.12 Versions, Variants, Options. 3.12.1 Lifecycle State . . . . 3.12.2 Version, Iteration. 3.12.3 Variant, Option. 3.12.4 Product Life, Lifetime. 3.13 Product Ownership. 3.13.1 Rights. 3.13.2 Intellectual Property. 3.14 Product Structure and Architecture. 3.14.1 Structures. 3.14.2 Bill of Materials. 3.14.3 Product Architecture. 3.14.4 Product Portfolio . 3.14.5 Product Model. 3.15 Description, Definition and Representation. 3.16 From Customer Requirement
toPerformance. 3.17 No Product Is an Island. 3.18 Causes of Product Problems. 3.18.1 Challenger. 3.18.2 Columbia. 3.18.3 SR-111 . 3.18.4 Ariane 5. 3.18.5 Multiple Causes. 3.19 The Challenges. Bibliography . 85 86 86 86 87 87 87 87 87 88 88 88 88 88 90 91 92 92 93 93 93 94 95 95 95 96 97 97 98 PLM and Business Processes. 4.1 This Chapter. 4.1.1 Objective . . 4.1.2 Content. 4.1.3 Relevance of Business Processes in PLM. 4.2 Definitions and Introduction. 4.2.1 Definitions. 4.2.2 Action Across the Product Lifecycle . . . 4.2.3 Organising the Action. 4.2.4 Process
Approach. ;. 4.2.5 Tools to Represent Business Processes. 4.2.6 Documenting Processes. 4.2.7 KPIs for Business Processes. 4.2.8 The Importance of Business Processes in PLM. 99 99 99 99 100 102 102 103 104 106 Ill 113 120 121 3.11 4
Contents xiii Process Reality in a Typical Company. 122 4.3.1 Generic Issues with Business Processes. 122 4.3.2 Interaction with Other Activities. 124 4.3.3 Interaction with Company Initiatives. 125 4.3.4 Generic Challenges with Business Processes. 125 4.3.5 A Generic Vision for Business Processesin PLM. . . 125 4.4 Business Process Activities in the PLM Initiative. 129 4.4.1 Projects Related to Business Processes. 130 4.4.2 Business Process Improvement. 130 4.4.3 Business Process Mapping andModelling. 131 4.4.4 The ECM Business Process. 132 4.4.5 The NPD Business Process. 138 4.4.6 The Portfolio Management Process. 141 4.5 Learning from Experience. 146 4.5.1 From the Trenches. 146 4.5.2 Business Process Improvement Approach. 150 4.5.3 Pitfalls of Business Process Mapping and Modelling . . . 153 4.5.4 Top Management Role with Business Processes . 154 Bibliography . 155 4.3 5 PLM and Product Data . 5.1 This
Chapter. 5.1.1 Objective. 5.1.2 Content. 5.1.3 Relevance of Product Data in PLM. 5.2 Definitions and Introduction. 5.2.1 Definitions. 5.2.2 Product Data Across the Lifecycle. 5.2.3 Organising the Product Data. 5.2.4 Product Data as a Strategic Resource. 5.2.5 Tools to Represent Product Data. 5.2.6 Data Model Diagrams. 5.2.7 KPIs for Product Data. 5.2.8 The Importance of Product Data in PLM. 5.3 Reality in a Typical Company. 5.3.1 Generic Issues with Product Data. 5.3.2 Interaction with Other Activities. 5.3.3 Interaction with Company Initiatives. 5.3.4 Generic Challenges and Objectives. 5.3.5 A Generic Vision for Product Data in PLM. 5.4 Product Data Activities in the PLM Initiative. . 5.4.1 Product Data-Related Projects . . . . . 5.4.2 Product
Data Modelling. 5.4.3 Product Data Improvement. 159 159 159 159 160 162 162 165 166 168 172 173 176 176 177 177 197 198 198 198 200 200 201 201
xiv 6 Contents 5.4.4 Product Data Cleansing. 5.4.5 Product Data Migration. 5.5 Learning from Experience. 5.5.1 From the Trenches. 5.5.2 Product Data Improvement Approach. 5.5.3 Pitfalls of Product Data Modelling. 5.5.4 Top Management Role with Product Data. Bibliography . 202 203 204 204 208 213 213 215 PLM and PDM. 6.1 This Chapter. 6.1.1 Objective. 6.1.2 Content. 6.1.3 Definition.՜». 6.1.4 Relevance of PDM Systems. 6.2 Many Names and Acronyms. 6.3 PDM System Overview. 6.4 Importance of the PDM System. . 6.5 Benefits of PDM Systems. 6.6 The Eight
Components. 6.6.1 Information Warehouse. 6.6.2 Information Warehouse Manager. 6.6.3 Infrastructure. 6.6.4 System Administration Manager. 6.6.5 Interface Module . 6.6.6 Product and Workflow Structure Definition Module. 6.6.7 Workflow Control Module. 6.6.8 Information Management Module. 6.7 Common Issues . 6.7.1 Naming, Functionality, Scope. 6.7.2 Change, Version Management. 6.7.3 Interfaces . . . . 6.7.4 Data Model, Workflow. 6.7.5 Ownership, Funding, Support. 6.7.6 Fit in IS Architecture. 6.7.7 Customisation, Installation. 6.7.8 Everyday Use. 6.7.9 Sources of Challenges. 6.8 Guidelines for PDM System Implementation. 6.9 Pitfalls of PDM System
Implementation. 6.10 Little Data Management Excitement. 6.11 No PDM System is an Island. Bibliography . 217 217 217 217 218 218 218 220 221 223 223 223 225 226 226 227 227 229 230 231 231 232 232 232 233 233 234 235 236 236 237 237 238 239
Contents 7 PLM and Product-Related Applications. 7.1 This Chapter. 7.1.1 Objective. 7.1.2 Content. 7.1.3 Definition. 7.1.4 Relevance of PLM Applications. 7.2 Introduction to PLM Applications. 7.2.1 Additive Manufacturing Applications. 7.2.2 Application Lifecycle Management. 7.2.3 Artificial Intelligence. 7.2.4 Augmented Reality. 7.2.5 BOM Applications. 7.2.6 Compliance Management. 7.2.7 CSM Applications. 7.2.8 CAD Applications. 7.2.9 CAE Applications. 7.2.10 CAID Applications. 7.2.11 CAM Applications. 7.2.12 CAPE Applications. 7.2.13 CAPP Applications. 7.2.14 CASE
Applications. 7.2.15 СІМ. 7.2.16 Data Exchange Applications. 7.2.17 DECM Applications. 7.2.18 Digital Manufacturing Applications. 7.2.19 DMU Applications. 7.2.20 EDI Applications. 7.2.21 EDA Applications. 7.2.22 ECM Applications. 7.2.23 EDM Systems. 7.2.24 Factory Automation . . 7.2.25 FEA Applications. 7.2.26 Geometric Modelling Applications. 7.2.27 Haptic Applications . 7.2.28 IM Applications. . 7.2.29 loT Platforms. 7.2.30 IPM Applications. 7.2.31 Knowledge Based Systems. 7.2.32 LCA Applications. 7.2.33 Machine Learning Applications. 7.2.34 Manufacturing
Automation. 7.2.35 MRP 2 Applications. 7.2.36 NC Applications. 7.2.37 Parts Catalogue Applications. XV 241 241 241 241 242 242 242 242 243 244 244 244 244 245 245 245 246 246 246 246 247 247 247 247 247 248 248 248 248 248 248 249 249 249 249 249 249 250 250 251 251 251 251 251
Contents xvi 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.2.38 Parts Libraries. 7.2.39 Phase-Gate Applications. 7.2.40 Portfolio Management Applications. 7.2.41 PDM Systems. 7.2.42 Project Management Applications. 7.2.43 RP Applications. . 7.2.44 Requirements Management Applications. 7.2.45 Reliability Management Applications. 7.2.46 Simulation Applications . 7.2.47 SCM Applications . 7.2.48 Service Management Applications. 7.2.49 TDM Applications. 7.2.50 Technical Publication Applications . 7.2.51 Translation Management Applications. 7.2.52 VR Applications. 7.2.53 VE Applications. 7.2.54 Virtual Prototyping Applications. 7.2.55 Visualisation and Viewing Applications . . 7.2.56 3D Printing Applications. 7.2.57 3D Scanning Applications. PLM Applications in the Product
Lifecycle. 7.3.1 Generic and Specific PLM Applications. 7.3.2 Generic PLM Applications . . 7.3.3 Specific PLM Applications. 7.3.4 Organising the Applications. 7.3.5 KPIs for PLM Applications. . Reality in a Typical Company. 7.4.1 Generic Issues with PLM Applications. 7.4.2 Interaction with Other Activities. . 7.4.3 Interaction with Company Initiatives. 7.4.4 Generic Challenges with PLM Applications. 7.4.5 A Generic Vision for PLM Applications. Application Activities in the PLM Initiative . 7.5.1 Application-Related Projects. 7.5.2 PLM Application Status Review. 7.5.3 Software Development Approaches. 7.5.4 PDM System Selection and Implementation. Best Practice PDM System Selection. 7.6.1 Prepare the PDM System Project. 7.6.2 Document the Business Objectives . 7.6.3 Document the Current Situation. 7.6.4 Identify PDM System Requirements. 7.6.5 Know Your Partners.
7.6.6 Pre-Align with Your Partners. 251 251 252 252 252 252 253 253 253 254 254 254 254 254 255 255 255 255 255 255 256 257 258 259 261 264 265 265 268 268 268 269 270 270 271 273 274 276 277 278 279 284 287 293
Contents 8 xvii 7.6.7 Align and Plan with Your Partners. 7.6.8 Carry Out Detailed Design and Planning. 7.6.9 Build and Plan the PDM System. 7.6.10 Test and Validate the PDM System. 7.6.11 Deploy the PDM System. 7.6.12 Use the PDM System. 7.6.13 Support and Sustain the PDM System. 7.6.14 Review PDM System Performance. 7.6.15 Achieve Breakeven for the PDM System. 7.7 Learning from Experience. 7.7.1 From the Trenches. 7.7.2 Pitfalls of Application Implementation. 7.7.3 Top Management Role with PLM Applications . Bibliography . 293 294 294 294 295 295 296 296 296 297 297 299 299 300 PLM, Techniques and Methods . 8.1 This Chapter. 8.1.1 Objective. . 8.1.2 Content. 8.2 Introduction. 8.2.1 The
Need. 8.2.2 Improvement Initiatives. 8.3 Overview of Methods. 8.3.1 ABC. 8.3.2 Alliance Management. 8.3.3 Benchmarking. 8.3.4 BPR. 8.3.5 CWQC. 8.3.6 Concurrent Engineering. 8.3.7 CM. 8.3.8 Continuous Improvement. 8.3.9 COQM. 8.3.10 Customer Involvement. . 8.3.11 DFA. 8.3.12 DFE. 8.3.13 DFM. 8.3.14 DFR. 8.3.15 DFSS. 8.3.16 DFS. 8.3.17 Design
Rules. 8.3.18 DTC. 8.3.19 EMI. 8.3.20 ESI. 8.3.21 FMECA. 8.3.22 FTA. 303 303 303 303 304 305 306 306 306 307 307 307 308 308 308 308 309 309 310 310 310 310 311 311 311 311 311 312 312 312
Contents xviii 8.4 8.3.23 GT. 8.3.24 Hoshin Kann. 8.3.25 JIT. 8.3.26 Korne Нуарруо. 8.3.27 Lean Production. 8.3.28 LCA. 8.3.29 LCD. 8.3.30 Open Innovation. 8.3.31 Phase/Gate Methodology. 8.3.32 PDCA. 8.3.33 Platform Strategy. 8.3.34 Poka-Yoke. 8.3.35 Process Mapping. 8.3.36 Project Management*. 8.3.37 QFD . 8.3.38 Roadmapping. 8.3.39 Reliability Engineering. 8.3.40 Robust Engineering. 8.3.41 Simultaneous Engineering. 8.3.42
Software Development Methodologies. 8.3.43 Standards. 8.3.44 SPC. 8.3.45 STEP. 8.3.46 System Engineering. 8.3.47 Taguchi Techniques. 8.3.48 Teamwork. 8.3.49 TCO. 8.3.50 TQ. . . . 8.3.51 TQM. 8.3.52 Triz. 8.3.53 VA and VE. Some Characteristics of Methods. 8.4.1 Unclear Name . . . . 8.4.2 Overlap Between Methods . 8.4.3 Overlap Between Methods and Applications. 8.4.4 Confusion Between Methods and Processes. 8.4.5 Duplication of Existing Activities. 8.4.6 Unclear Definition. 8.4.7 Unclear Improvements. 8.4.8 Difficult to Implement. 8.4.9 Method Evolution and
Confusion. 8.4.10 Market Push. 312 312 313 313 313 314 314 315 315 316 316 316 316 316 317 317 317 317 318 318 319 319 319 319 320 320 320 320 320 321 321 322 322 322 322 322 323 323 323 323 323 324
Contents xix 8.5 No Method is an Island. . . . 324 8.6 The Challenges. 324 Bibliography. 325 9 PLM and the Internet of Things. 9.1 This Chapter. 9.1.1 Objective. 9.1.2 Content. 9.1.3 Relevance. 9.2 Introduction to the loT. 9.3 Components of the loT. 9.3.1 The Internet, a Communications Network. 9.3.2 loT Devices. 9.3.3 Smart Products, Intelligent Products. 9.3.4 Data Transmitted Over a Network . . . 9.3.5 Mobile Technology. 9.3.6 Location Detection Technology. 9.3.7 Cloud. 9.3.8 Cybersecurity. 9.3.9 The Internet of Things. 9.3.10 loT
Platforms. 9.4 Big Data. 9.4.1 To In Introduction to Big Data. 9.4.2 Three Contexts of Big Data. 9.4.3 Commercial Big Data. 9.4.4 Social Media and General Internet Big Data. 9.4.5 Industrial Big Data. 9.4.6 Big Data across the Product Lifecycle. 9.5 Analytics. 9.5.1 Typical Benefits of Analytics. 9.5.2 The Value of Big Data. 9.5.3 Lifecycle Application Areas of Big Data. 9.6 Big Data Issues and Success Factors. . 9.6.1 Questions about Big Data. 9.6.2 Typical Issues with Big Data. 9.6.3 Typical Issues with Big Data Projects. 9.6.4 Big Data Success Factors. 9.7 PLM, loT and Big Data. 9.8 The Opportunity of the Internet of Things. 9.8.1 Financial Opportunity of the loT . . 9.8.2 Strategic Opportunity of the
loT. 9.9 Potential Benefits with theInternet of Things. 9.9.1 Benefits for the Manufacturer. 9.9.2 Benefits for the Product User. 9.9.3 loT Impacts across the Lifecycle. 327 327 327 327 328 328 328 328 329 330 331 331 332 332 332 332 333 334 334 335 336 336 336 337 337 338 339 340 341 341 341 342 343 344 346 346 346 347 347 348 348
Contents XX ІоТ Issues and Success Factors. 9.10.1 Issues with the ІоТ. 9.10.2 Typical Issues with ІоТ Projects. 9.10.3 Success Factors. 9.10.4 ІоТ, Big Data and the PLM Initiative. Bibliography. . 350 350 350 351 352 352 10 PLM, Facilities and Equipment,Industry 4.0. 10.1 This Chapter. 10.1.1 Objective. 10.1.2 Content. 10.2 Introduction to Industry 4.0. 10.2.1 Background—Germany. 10.2.2 Background—Elsewhere. 10.2.3 Opportunities with Industry 4.0. 10.2.4 Japan—Society 5.0. 10.2.5 Take-Away. 10.3 Industry 4.0 Technologies andBuzzwords . . 10.3.1 Technologies of Industry 4.0. 10.3.2 The Industrial ІоТ and Industry 4.0.
10.4 Back to the PLM Grid. 10.4.1 PLM Applications. 10.4.2 Facilities and Equipment. . . . 10.4.3 Relationship with PLM. 10.5 Industry 4.0 Facilities andEquipment Vision. 10.5.1 An Intelligent Factory. . 10.5.2 A Connected Factory. 10.5.3 A Digital Factory. 10.5.4 An Augmented Reality Factory. . 10.5.5 Big Data and Analytics. 10.5.6 In-Charge Factory. 10.5.7 Adaptable, Flexible Factory. 10.5.8 Secure, Protected Factory. 10.5.9 Artificial Intelligence Augmented Factory. 10.5.10 Additive Manufacturing. Bibliography . 353 353 353 353 354 354 355 356 357 357 357 357 359 360 360 362 363 364 364 364 365 365 365 366 366 366 366 367 367 11 PLM and the Digital Twin. 11.1 This Chapter. 11.1.1
Objective. 11.1.2 Content. 11.2 Of Representations andDescriptions. 11.2.1 Digital Twin. 11.2.2 A Definition of Digital Twin. 369 369 369 369 370 370 370 9.10
Contents 12 xxi 11.2.3 Representations. . ,. 11.2.4 A Description. 11.3 Changing Representations and Descriptions. 11.3.1 In the 1890s. 11.3.2 In the 1970s. 11.3.3 In the 1990s. 11.3.4 In the2020s. 11.4 Representations and the PLM Grid. 11.5 Digital Model of the Product. 11.5.1 From Digital Model to Digital Twin. 11.6 Digital Twin. Representation, Concept, Definition. 11.6.1 Digital Twin: A Concept. 11.6.2 Definitions of Digital Twin. 11.7 Digital Twin Applications and Use Cases. . 11.8 Benefits of Digital Twins. 11.9 Issues with Digital Twins. 11.9.1 Early Stage Issues. . 11.9.2 Scope, Size and Complexity Issues. 11.9.3 Data Issues. 11.9.4 Application
Issues. 11.9.5 Model Issues. 11.9.6 Product Issues. 11.9.7 Security Issues. 11.9.8 Legal Issues. 11.10 The Digital Twin Project in the PLM Initiative. 11.10.1 Digital Twin Feasibility Study. 11.11 Challenges for Digital Twin Projects. 11.11.1 Business Challenges. 11.11.2 Cost Challenges. 11.11.3 Organisational Challenges. 11.11.4 People Challenges. 11.11.5 Project Governance and Management Challenges . . . 11.11.6 Change Management Challenges. 11.11.7 Data Management and QualityChallenges. 11.11.8 Product Challenges. 11.12 Success Factors for Digital Twin Projects. Bibliography . 370 371 371 371 373 376 377 380 380 383 385 386 386 387 390 390 390 391 392 392 392 393 393 393 393 394 395 396 396 397 397 397 398 399 399 399 401 PLM and Digital
Threads. 12.1 This Chapter. 12.1.1 Objective. 12.1.2 Content. 12.2 Digital Thread. 12.2.1 The Concept of a Thread. 12.2.2 The PLM Grid and the DigitalThread. 403 403 403 403 404 404 405
xxii 13 Contents 12.2.3 Applications, Business Processes, People. 12.2.4 Provenance of the Digital Thread Term. 12.2.5 Digital Thread Definitions. 12.3 Without a Digital Thread. 12.3.1 Overview. 12.3.2 In the Detail. 12.4 Benefits of the Digital Thread. 12.5 Examples of Digital Threads. 12.6 Issues with the Digital Thread. 12.7 The Digital Thread Project in the PLM Initiative. 12.8 Perils of a Digital Thread Project. 12.9 Success Factors for a Digital Thread Project. Bibliography . 405 409 410 410 410 412 413 413 413 414 417 418 419 PLM and OrganisationalChange Management. 13.1 This Chapter. 13.1.1 Objective. 13.1.2 Content. . 13.1.3 Relevance of OCM in PLM. 13.2 Definitions
andIntroduction. 13.2.1 Definitions. 13.2.2 Benefits of OCM. 13.2.3 Incremental and Transformational Change. 13.2.4 Equation for Change. 13.2.5 Resistance to Change. 13.2.6 Pre-requisites for Organisational Change. 13.2.7 KPIs for Organisational Change. 13.2.8 The Importance of OCM in the PLM Environment. 430 13.3 Participants in Change. 13.3.1 Benefits of the Change to PLM. 13.3.2 People Who Make Change Happen. 13.3.3 People in the Product Lifecycle. 13.3.4 Roles. 13.4 Reality in a Typical Company. 13.4.1 Generic Issues with Change. 13.4.2 OCM Interaction with Company Resources and Initiatives. 13.5 OCM Activities in the PLM Initiative. 13.5.1 Projects Related to OCM. 13.5.2 Plan the Change Project. 13.5.3
Communication. 13.5.4 Learning and Training. 13.5.5 The Reward System. 421 421 421 421 422 423 423 424 424 425 427 429 430 431 431 432 434 438 439 439 439 440 440 441 442 445 447
Contents xxiii Learning from Experience . . 13.6.1 Tips from the Trenches. 13.6.2 Be Realistic. 13.6.3 Pitfalls of Organisational Change. 13.6.4 Top Management Role with OCM. Bibliography. 448 448 449 450 450 452 14 PLM and Project Management. 14.1 This Chapter. 14.1.1 Objective. 14.1.2 Content. 14.1.3 Relevance. 14.2 Definitions and Introduction. 14.2.1 Definitions. 14.2.2 Characteristics of Projects. 14.2.3 People in Projects. 14.2.4 Project Phases . 14.2.5 Project Management Knowledge Areas. 14.2.6 Project Management Tools and Templates. 14.2.7 KPIs for Project Management. 14.2.8 The Importance of Project
Management in PLM . . . 14.3 Project Reality in a Typical Company. 14.3.1 Generic Issues with Projects. 14.3.2 Generic Issues with Project Plans . 14.3.3 Interaction with Other Activities. . . 14.4 Project Management Activities in the PLM Initiative. 14.4.1 Project Management and Initiative Projects. 14.4.2 Working with Consultants. 14.4.3 Reviewing Readiness. 14.5 Learning from Experience. 14.5.1 From the Trenches. 14.5.2 Pitfalls of Project Management. . 14.5.3 Top Management Role with ProjectManagement. . . Bibliography . 453 453 453 453 454 454 454 457 458 464 466 466 468 468 469 469 471 471 472 472 473 473 475 475 478 479 480 15 Executive Activities in PLM. 15.1 This Chapter. 15.1.1 Objective. 15.1.2 Content. 15.2 Ten Roles of Executives. 15.2.1 Maintain Awareness and Provide Vision. 15.2.2 Set Business
Objectives and Values. 15.2.3 Oversee Company Governance. 15.2.4 Lead. 15.2.5 Represent and Communicate. 483 483 483 483 484 484 484 485 485 485 13.6
xxiv Contents 15.2.6 Ask Questions, Give Answers. 15.2.7 Identify and Develop Leaders. 15.2.8 Monitor Progress and Measure Outcomes. 15.2.9 Take Decisions and Corresponding Action. 15.2.10 Hold Accountable and Provide Recognition. 15.3 Executive Roles in PLM. . 15.3.1 Roles in the Future PLM Environment. 15.3.2 PLM Initiative Roles. 15.3.3 CEO. 15.3.4 PLM Initiative Sponsor. 15.3.5 PLM Initiative Steering Committee. 15.3.6 PLM Initiative Leader. 15.3.7 Governance . 15.4 Executive Vocabulary . ?. 15.4.1 Mission. 15.4.2 Objectives. ՝. 15.4.3 Vision. 15.4.4 Strategy. 15.4.5 Plan. 15.4.6 Tactics. 15.4.7
Policy. 15.4.8 Key Performance Indicators. 15.4.9 Coherence. 15.5 Objectives, Vision, Strategy. 15.5.1 Objectives. 15.5.2 Vision. 15.5.3 Strategy. . 15.5.4 PLM Strategy. 15.5.5 Implementation Strategy. 15.5.6 Plan. 15.5.7 KPIs. 15.6 PLM Initiative Justification . 15.6.1 Time Value of Money. 15.6.2 NPV and ROI . 15.6.3 Cost Justification . 15.6.4 Identification of Benefits. 15.6.5 Project Calculations. Bibliography . 485 486 486 486 486 486 486 487 487 488 488 489 489 490 490 491 491 491 492 492 492 493 494 494 494 495 501 513 515 517
517 518 521 522 524 525 526 529 16 PLM and the PLM Initiative. 531 16.1 This Chapter. 531 16.1.1 Objective. 531 16.1.2 Content. 531 16.1.3 Relevance. 531
Contents xxv 16.2 Definition and Introduction . 16.2.1 Definition. 16.2.2 From Components to the Initiative. 16.2.3 Different Company, Different Initiative. 16.3 Getting Started with PLM. 16.3.1 Middle Managers, Executives. 16.3.2 Company and Personal Dilemmas. 16.3.3 Not Progressing. 16.3.4 Getting to the Start Line. 16.4 Approaches to a PLM Initiative. 16.4.1 Standard Approach. 16.4.2 The Ten-Step Approach. 16.4.3 After Initiative Launch. 16.5 Learning from Experience. 16.5.1 From the Trenches. 16.5.2 Pitfalls for the PLM Initiative. 16.5.3 Examples of the PLM Dilemma. 16.5.4 Results of Use of the Ten-Step Approach. 16.5.5 Common Features of PLM Initiatives. 16.5.6 Top Management Role in the PLM Initiative. Bibliography
. 532 532 533 533 540 540 542 544 544 546 546 560 563 566 567 568 569 572 574 578 581 17 PLM in Industry. 17.1 This Chapter. 17.1.1 Objective. . 17.1.2 Content. 17.2 Alfa Laval’s OnePLM. 17.2.1 The Starting Situation. 17.2.2 The Approach. 17.2.3 The Implementation. 17.2.4 The Result, Benefits. 17.2.5 Next Steps. 17.2.6 Lessons Learned. . . . 17.3 PDM Implementations. 17.3.1 An Electronics Industry Company. 17.3.2 An Automotive Industry Company . 17.3.3 An Engineering Industry Company. 17.3.4 An Aerospace Industry Company . 17.3.5 Summary. Bibliography . 583
583 583 583 584 585 586 587 589 590 591 593 593 597 601 606 610 611 18 Closing Thoughts. 613 |
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Contents 1 Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). 1.1 What Is PLM?. 1.1.1 Definition of PLM. 1.1.2 Definition of the PLM Initiative. 1.1.3 A Paradigm. 1.2 This Chapter. 1.2.1 Objective. 1.2.2 Content. 1.2.3 Relevance. 1.3 The P, L and M of PLM. 1.3.1 The Pof PLM. 1.3.2 The L of PLM. 1.3.3 The M of PLM. 1.4 The Scope of PLM. 1.4.1 Activities in the Scope of PLM. 1.4.2 The PLM Grid. 1.4.3 Resources in theScope of PLM . 1.5 The PLM Paradigm. 1.5.1 Paradigm Change. 1.5.2 From Twentieth CenturyParadigm
toPLM. 1.5.3 Organisation of Work. 1.5.4 Orientation: From Technicalto Business. 1.5.5 Information Calculation, Storage and Communication. . 1.5.6 Span of Interest. 1.5.7 Value of Product Data. 1.5.8 Management Approach. 1.5.9 Focus. 1.6 PLM Consequences. 1.7 PLM Corollaries. 1.8 The Spread of PLM. 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 12 13 14 14 16 17 18 19 19 20 21 23 24 ix
Contents x Benefits of PLM. 1.9.1 Financial, Time, Quality. 1.9.2 Operational Benefits. 1.10 Overcoming Problems, Enabling Opportunities. 1.10.1 Managing the Product Isn’t Easy. 1.10.2 Loss of Control. 1.10.3 Sources of Problems. 1.10.4 Opportunities. Bibliography . 25 25 27 27 28 28 30 31 32 PLM and Its Environment. 2.1 This Chapter. 2.1.1 Objective. 2.1.2 Content. 2.1.3 Relevance. 2.2 Issues with the Departmental Paradigm. 2.2.1 Serial Workflow. 2.2.2 Departmental Organisations. 2.2.3 Piecemeal Improvements. 2.3 Product Data
Issues. 2.3.1 A Lot of Product Data. 2.3.2 Poor Change Management. . . . 2.3.3 Data not Linked to Management Tools. 2.4 A Complex, Changing Environment. 2.4.1 Change . 2.4.2 Interconnections. 2.4.3 Changes Driving PLM. 2.4.4 Result. 2.5 Example from “Before PLM”. 2.5.1 Introduction. 2.5.2 Quantitative Feedback. 2.6 Product Pains. 2.6.1 Aerospace Products. 2.6.2 Power Plants. 2.6.3 Automotive Products. 2.6.4 Financial Products . 2.6.5 Other Products. 2.6.6 Current and Future Nightmare. . 2.7 Product
Opportunities. 2.7.1 Globalisation Opportunity. 2.7.2 Technology Opportunities. 2.7.3 Social/Environmental Opportunity. 2.7.4 Human Resource Opportunity. 2.7.5 The Result and the Requirements. Bibliography . 33 33 33 33 34 37 37 39 41 42 42 43 44 44 44 45 50 51 52 52 55 55 56 58 58 59 60 61 63 63 63 66 67 67 68 1,9 2
Contents 3 PLM and Products. 3.1 This Chapter. 3.1.1 Objective. 3.1.2 Content. 3.2 Product Importance, Range, Instance. 3.2.1 Importance of the Product. 3.2.2 Wide Range of Products. 3.2.3 More Than the Product. 3.2.4 Instance of a Product. 3.2.5 Number of Products. 3.2.6 Hazardous Products. 3.2.7 Commonality. 3.3 Parts, Ingredients, Components, Assemblies. 3.3.1 Range of Parts. 3.3.2 Number of Parts. 3.3.3 Part and Product. 3.4 Identifier. 3.4.1 Need for an Identifier. 3.4.2 Name, Number. 3.4.3
Internal and Other, Names/Numbers. 3.4.4 Serial Numbers. 3.4.5 Significant Numbers. 3.4.6 Product Key. 3.4.7 Naming Languages. 3.4.8 Some Product and Part Identifiers. 3.4.9 Product Name and Part Name. 3.5 Requirements. 3.5.1 Customer Requirements . 3.5.2 Emergence of Global Products. 3.5.3 Requirements for Global Products. 3.6 From Customer Requirement to Product Specification. 3.7 Identification Standards. 3.7.1 Global Trade Item Number. 3.7.2 International Standard Book Number. 3.7.3 International Mobile Equipment Identity. 3.7.4 International Standard Music Number . 3.7.5 CAS Registry Numbers. 3.8 Unique Identifier, Unique Key. 3.9 Traceability. ;. 3.10 Communication of
Identifier. 3.10.1 Type of Communication. 3.10.2 UPC Barcode. 3.10.3 EAN-13. 3.10.4 Two-dimensional Barcodes. xi 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 75 75 76 76 76 76 77 77 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 83 84 84 84 84 85 85 85 85
Contents xii Product Classification. 3.11.1 Classification. 3.11.2 Advantages of Classification. 3.11.3 Classification Systems. 3.12 Versions, Variants, Options. 3.12.1 Lifecycle State . . . . 3.12.2 Version, Iteration. 3.12.3 Variant, Option. 3.12.4 Product Life, Lifetime. 3.13 Product Ownership. 3.13.1 Rights. 3.13.2 Intellectual Property. 3.14 Product Structure and Architecture. 3.14.1 Structures. 3.14.2 Bill of Materials. 3.14.3 Product Architecture. 3.14.4 Product Portfolio . 3.14.5 Product Model. 3.15 Description, Definition and Representation. 3.16 From Customer Requirement
toPerformance. 3.17 No Product Is an Island. 3.18 Causes of Product Problems. 3.18.1 Challenger. 3.18.2 Columbia. 3.18.3 SR-111 . 3.18.4 Ariane 5. 3.18.5 Multiple Causes. 3.19 The Challenges. Bibliography . 85 86 86 86 87 87 87 87 87 88 88 88 88 88 90 91 92 92 93 93 93 94 95 95 95 96 97 97 98 PLM and Business Processes. 4.1 This Chapter. 4.1.1 Objective . . 4.1.2 Content. 4.1.3 Relevance of Business Processes in PLM. 4.2 Definitions and Introduction. 4.2.1 Definitions. 4.2.2 Action Across the Product Lifecycle . . . 4.2.3 Organising the Action. 4.2.4 Process
Approach. ;. 4.2.5 Tools to Represent Business Processes. 4.2.6 Documenting Processes. 4.2.7 KPIs for Business Processes. 4.2.8 The Importance of Business Processes in PLM. 99 99 99 99 100 102 102 103 104 106 Ill 113 120 121 3.11 4
Contents xiii Process Reality in a Typical Company. 122 4.3.1 Generic Issues with Business Processes. 122 4.3.2 Interaction with Other Activities. 124 4.3.3 Interaction with Company Initiatives. 125 4.3.4 Generic Challenges with Business Processes. 125 4.3.5 A Generic Vision for Business Processesin PLM. . . 125 4.4 Business Process Activities in the PLM Initiative. 129 4.4.1 Projects Related to Business Processes. 130 4.4.2 Business Process Improvement. 130 4.4.3 Business Process Mapping andModelling. 131 4.4.4 The ECM Business Process. 132 4.4.5 The NPD Business Process. 138 4.4.6 The Portfolio Management Process. 141 4.5 Learning from Experience. 146 4.5.1 From the Trenches. 146 4.5.2 Business Process Improvement Approach. 150 4.5.3 Pitfalls of Business Process Mapping and Modelling . . . 153 4.5.4 Top Management Role with Business Processes . 154 Bibliography . 155 4.3 5 PLM and Product Data . 5.1 This
Chapter. 5.1.1 Objective. 5.1.2 Content. 5.1.3 Relevance of Product Data in PLM. 5.2 Definitions and Introduction. 5.2.1 Definitions. 5.2.2 Product Data Across the Lifecycle. 5.2.3 Organising the Product Data. 5.2.4 Product Data as a Strategic Resource. 5.2.5 Tools to Represent Product Data. 5.2.6 Data Model Diagrams. 5.2.7 KPIs for Product Data. 5.2.8 The Importance of Product Data in PLM. 5.3 Reality in a Typical Company. 5.3.1 Generic Issues with Product Data. 5.3.2 Interaction with Other Activities. 5.3.3 Interaction with Company Initiatives. 5.3.4 Generic Challenges and Objectives. 5.3.5 A Generic Vision for Product Data in PLM. 5.4 Product Data Activities in the PLM Initiative. . 5.4.1 Product Data-Related Projects . . . . . 5.4.2 Product
Data Modelling. 5.4.3 Product Data Improvement. 159 159 159 159 160 162 162 165 166 168 172 173 176 176 177 177 197 198 198 198 200 200 201 201
xiv 6 Contents 5.4.4 Product Data Cleansing. 5.4.5 Product Data Migration. 5.5 Learning from Experience. 5.5.1 From the Trenches. 5.5.2 Product Data Improvement Approach. 5.5.3 Pitfalls of Product Data Modelling. 5.5.4 Top Management Role with Product Data. Bibliography . 202 203 204 204 208 213 213 215 PLM and PDM. 6.1 This Chapter. 6.1.1 Objective. 6.1.2 Content. 6.1.3 Definition.՜». 6.1.4 Relevance of PDM Systems. 6.2 Many Names and Acronyms. 6.3 PDM System Overview. 6.4 Importance of the PDM System. . 6.5 Benefits of PDM Systems. 6.6 The Eight
Components. 6.6.1 Information Warehouse. 6.6.2 Information Warehouse Manager. 6.6.3 Infrastructure. 6.6.4 System Administration Manager. 6.6.5 Interface Module . 6.6.6 Product and Workflow Structure Definition Module. 6.6.7 Workflow Control Module. 6.6.8 Information Management Module. 6.7 Common Issues . 6.7.1 Naming, Functionality, Scope. 6.7.2 Change, Version Management. 6.7.3 Interfaces . . . . 6.7.4 Data Model, Workflow. 6.7.5 Ownership, Funding, Support. 6.7.6 Fit in IS Architecture. 6.7.7 Customisation, Installation. 6.7.8 Everyday Use. 6.7.9 Sources of Challenges. 6.8 Guidelines for PDM System Implementation. 6.9 Pitfalls of PDM System
Implementation. 6.10 Little Data Management Excitement. 6.11 No PDM System is an Island. Bibliography . 217 217 217 217 218 218 218 220 221 223 223 223 225 226 226 227 227 229 230 231 231 232 232 232 233 233 234 235 236 236 237 237 238 239
Contents 7 PLM and Product-Related Applications. 7.1 This Chapter. 7.1.1 Objective. 7.1.2 Content. 7.1.3 Definition. 7.1.4 Relevance of PLM Applications. 7.2 Introduction to PLM Applications. 7.2.1 Additive Manufacturing Applications. 7.2.2 Application Lifecycle Management. 7.2.3 Artificial Intelligence. 7.2.4 Augmented Reality. 7.2.5 BOM Applications. 7.2.6 Compliance Management. 7.2.7 CSM Applications. 7.2.8 CAD Applications. 7.2.9 CAE Applications. 7.2.10 CAID Applications. 7.2.11 CAM Applications. 7.2.12 CAPE Applications. 7.2.13 CAPP Applications. 7.2.14 CASE
Applications. 7.2.15 СІМ. 7.2.16 Data Exchange Applications. 7.2.17 DECM Applications. 7.2.18 Digital Manufacturing Applications. 7.2.19 DMU Applications. 7.2.20 EDI Applications. 7.2.21 EDA Applications. 7.2.22 ECM Applications. 7.2.23 EDM Systems. 7.2.24 Factory Automation . . 7.2.25 FEA Applications. 7.2.26 Geometric Modelling Applications. 7.2.27 Haptic Applications . 7.2.28 IM Applications. . 7.2.29 loT Platforms. 7.2.30 IPM Applications. 7.2.31 Knowledge Based Systems. 7.2.32 LCA Applications. 7.2.33 Machine Learning Applications. 7.2.34 Manufacturing
Automation. 7.2.35 MRP 2 Applications. 7.2.36 NC Applications. 7.2.37 Parts Catalogue Applications. XV 241 241 241 241 242 242 242 242 243 244 244 244 244 245 245 245 246 246 246 246 247 247 247 247 247 248 248 248 248 248 248 249 249 249 249 249 249 250 250 251 251 251 251 251
Contents xvi 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.2.38 Parts Libraries. 7.2.39 Phase-Gate Applications. 7.2.40 Portfolio Management Applications. 7.2.41 PDM Systems. 7.2.42 Project Management Applications. 7.2.43 RP Applications. . 7.2.44 Requirements Management Applications. 7.2.45 Reliability Management Applications. 7.2.46 Simulation Applications . 7.2.47 SCM Applications . 7.2.48 Service Management Applications. 7.2.49 TDM Applications. 7.2.50 Technical Publication Applications . 7.2.51 Translation Management Applications. 7.2.52 VR Applications. 7.2.53 VE Applications. 7.2.54 Virtual Prototyping Applications. 7.2.55 Visualisation and Viewing Applications . . 7.2.56 3D Printing Applications. 7.2.57 3D Scanning Applications. PLM Applications in the Product
Lifecycle. 7.3.1 Generic and Specific PLM Applications. 7.3.2 Generic PLM Applications . . 7.3.3 Specific PLM Applications. 7.3.4 Organising the Applications. 7.3.5 KPIs for PLM Applications. . Reality in a Typical Company. 7.4.1 Generic Issues with PLM Applications. 7.4.2 Interaction with Other Activities. . 7.4.3 Interaction with Company Initiatives. 7.4.4 Generic Challenges with PLM Applications. 7.4.5 A Generic Vision for PLM Applications. Application Activities in the PLM Initiative . 7.5.1 Application-Related Projects. 7.5.2 PLM Application Status Review. 7.5.3 Software Development Approaches. 7.5.4 PDM System Selection and Implementation. Best Practice PDM System Selection. 7.6.1 Prepare the PDM System Project. 7.6.2 Document the Business Objectives . 7.6.3 Document the Current Situation. 7.6.4 Identify PDM System Requirements. 7.6.5 Know Your Partners.
7.6.6 Pre-Align with Your Partners. 251 251 252 252 252 252 253 253 253 254 254 254 254 254 255 255 255 255 255 255 256 257 258 259 261 264 265 265 268 268 268 269 270 270 271 273 274 276 277 278 279 284 287 293
Contents 8 xvii 7.6.7 Align and Plan with Your Partners. 7.6.8 Carry Out Detailed Design and Planning. 7.6.9 Build and Plan the PDM System. 7.6.10 Test and Validate the PDM System. 7.6.11 Deploy the PDM System. 7.6.12 Use the PDM System. 7.6.13 Support and Sustain the PDM System. 7.6.14 Review PDM System Performance. 7.6.15 Achieve Breakeven for the PDM System. 7.7 Learning from Experience. 7.7.1 From the Trenches. 7.7.2 Pitfalls of Application Implementation. 7.7.3 Top Management Role with PLM Applications . Bibliography . 293 294 294 294 295 295 296 296 296 297 297 299 299 300 PLM, Techniques and Methods . 8.1 This Chapter. 8.1.1 Objective. . 8.1.2 Content. 8.2 Introduction. 8.2.1 The
Need. 8.2.2 Improvement Initiatives. 8.3 Overview of Methods. 8.3.1 ABC. 8.3.2 Alliance Management. 8.3.3 Benchmarking. 8.3.4 BPR. 8.3.5 CWQC. 8.3.6 Concurrent Engineering. 8.3.7 CM. 8.3.8 Continuous Improvement. 8.3.9 COQM. 8.3.10 Customer Involvement. . 8.3.11 DFA. 8.3.12 DFE. 8.3.13 DFM. 8.3.14 DFR. 8.3.15 DFSS. 8.3.16 DFS. 8.3.17 Design
Rules. 8.3.18 DTC. 8.3.19 EMI. 8.3.20 ESI. 8.3.21 FMECA. 8.3.22 FTA. 303 303 303 303 304 305 306 306 306 307 307 307 308 308 308 308 309 309 310 310 310 310 311 311 311 311 311 312 312 312
Contents xviii 8.4 8.3.23 GT. 8.3.24 Hoshin Kann. 8.3.25 JIT. 8.3.26 Korne Нуарруо. 8.3.27 Lean Production. 8.3.28 LCA. 8.3.29 LCD. 8.3.30 Open Innovation. 8.3.31 Phase/Gate Methodology. 8.3.32 PDCA. 8.3.33 Platform Strategy. 8.3.34 Poka-Yoke. 8.3.35 Process Mapping. 8.3.36 Project Management*. 8.3.37 QFD . 8.3.38 Roadmapping. 8.3.39 Reliability Engineering. 8.3.40 Robust Engineering. 8.3.41 Simultaneous Engineering. 8.3.42
Software Development Methodologies. 8.3.43 Standards. 8.3.44 SPC. 8.3.45 STEP. 8.3.46 System Engineering. 8.3.47 Taguchi Techniques. 8.3.48 Teamwork. 8.3.49 TCO. 8.3.50 TQ. . . . 8.3.51 TQM. 8.3.52 Triz. 8.3.53 VA and VE. Some Characteristics of Methods. 8.4.1 Unclear Name . . . . 8.4.2 Overlap Between Methods . 8.4.3 Overlap Between Methods and Applications. 8.4.4 Confusion Between Methods and Processes. 8.4.5 Duplication of Existing Activities. 8.4.6 Unclear Definition. 8.4.7 Unclear Improvements. 8.4.8 Difficult to Implement. 8.4.9 Method Evolution and
Confusion. 8.4.10 Market Push. 312 312 313 313 313 314 314 315 315 316 316 316 316 316 317 317 317 317 318 318 319 319 319 319 320 320 320 320 320 321 321 322 322 322 322 322 323 323 323 323 323 324
Contents xix 8.5 No Method is an Island. . . . 324 8.6 The Challenges. 324 Bibliography. 325 9 PLM and the Internet of Things. 9.1 This Chapter. 9.1.1 Objective. 9.1.2 Content. 9.1.3 Relevance. 9.2 Introduction to the loT. 9.3 Components of the loT. 9.3.1 The Internet, a Communications Network. 9.3.2 loT Devices. 9.3.3 Smart Products, Intelligent Products. 9.3.4 Data Transmitted Over a Network . . . 9.3.5 Mobile Technology. 9.3.6 Location Detection Technology. 9.3.7 Cloud. 9.3.8 Cybersecurity. 9.3.9 The Internet of Things. 9.3.10 loT
Platforms. 9.4 Big Data. 9.4.1 To In Introduction to Big Data. 9.4.2 Three Contexts of Big Data. 9.4.3 Commercial Big Data. 9.4.4 Social Media and General Internet Big Data. 9.4.5 Industrial Big Data. 9.4.6 Big Data across the Product Lifecycle. 9.5 Analytics. 9.5.1 Typical Benefits of Analytics. 9.5.2 The Value of Big Data. 9.5.3 Lifecycle Application Areas of Big Data. 9.6 Big Data Issues and Success Factors. . 9.6.1 Questions about Big Data. 9.6.2 Typical Issues with Big Data. 9.6.3 Typical Issues with Big Data Projects. 9.6.4 Big Data Success Factors. 9.7 PLM, loT and Big Data. 9.8 The Opportunity of the Internet of Things. 9.8.1 Financial Opportunity of the loT . . 9.8.2 Strategic Opportunity of the
loT. 9.9 Potential Benefits with theInternet of Things. 9.9.1 Benefits for the Manufacturer. 9.9.2 Benefits for the Product User. 9.9.3 loT Impacts across the Lifecycle. 327 327 327 327 328 328 328 328 329 330 331 331 332 332 332 332 333 334 334 335 336 336 336 337 337 338 339 340 341 341 341 342 343 344 346 346 346 347 347 348 348
Contents XX ІоТ Issues and Success Factors. 9.10.1 Issues with the ІоТ. 9.10.2 Typical Issues with ІоТ Projects. 9.10.3 Success Factors. 9.10.4 ІоТ, Big Data and the PLM Initiative. Bibliography. . 350 350 350 351 352 352 10 PLM, Facilities and Equipment,Industry 4.0. 10.1 This Chapter. 10.1.1 Objective. 10.1.2 Content. 10.2 Introduction to Industry 4.0. 10.2.1 Background—Germany. 10.2.2 Background—Elsewhere. 10.2.3 Opportunities with Industry 4.0. 10.2.4 Japan—Society 5.0. 10.2.5 Take-Away. 10.3 Industry 4.0 Technologies andBuzzwords . . 10.3.1 Technologies of Industry 4.0. 10.3.2 The Industrial ІоТ and Industry 4.0.
10.4 Back to the PLM Grid. 10.4.1 PLM Applications. 10.4.2 Facilities and Equipment. . . . 10.4.3 Relationship with PLM. 10.5 Industry 4.0 Facilities andEquipment Vision. 10.5.1 An Intelligent Factory. . 10.5.2 A Connected Factory. 10.5.3 A Digital Factory. 10.5.4 An Augmented Reality Factory. . 10.5.5 Big Data and Analytics. 10.5.6 In-Charge Factory. 10.5.7 Adaptable, Flexible Factory. 10.5.8 Secure, Protected Factory. 10.5.9 Artificial Intelligence Augmented Factory. 10.5.10 Additive Manufacturing. Bibliography . 353 353 353 353 354 354 355 356 357 357 357 357 359 360 360 362 363 364 364 364 365 365 365 366 366 366 366 367 367 11 PLM and the Digital Twin. 11.1 This Chapter. 11.1.1
Objective. 11.1.2 Content. 11.2 Of Representations andDescriptions. 11.2.1 Digital Twin. 11.2.2 A Definition of Digital Twin. 369 369 369 369 370 370 370 9.10
Contents 12 xxi 11.2.3 Representations. . ,. 11.2.4 A Description. 11.3 Changing Representations and Descriptions. 11.3.1 In the 1890s. 11.3.2 In the 1970s. 11.3.3 In the 1990s. 11.3.4 In the2020s. 11.4 Representations and the PLM Grid. 11.5 Digital Model of the Product. 11.5.1 From Digital Model to Digital Twin. 11.6 Digital Twin. Representation, Concept, Definition. 11.6.1 Digital Twin: A Concept. 11.6.2 Definitions of Digital Twin. 11.7 Digital Twin Applications and Use Cases. . 11.8 Benefits of Digital Twins. 11.9 Issues with Digital Twins. 11.9.1 Early Stage Issues. . 11.9.2 Scope, Size and Complexity Issues. 11.9.3 Data Issues. 11.9.4 Application
Issues. 11.9.5 Model Issues. 11.9.6 Product Issues. 11.9.7 Security Issues. 11.9.8 Legal Issues. 11.10 The Digital Twin Project in the PLM Initiative. 11.10.1 Digital Twin Feasibility Study. 11.11 Challenges for Digital Twin Projects. 11.11.1 Business Challenges. 11.11.2 Cost Challenges. 11.11.3 Organisational Challenges. 11.11.4 People Challenges. 11.11.5 Project Governance and Management Challenges . . . 11.11.6 Change Management Challenges. 11.11.7 Data Management and QualityChallenges. 11.11.8 Product Challenges. 11.12 Success Factors for Digital Twin Projects. Bibliography . 370 371 371 371 373 376 377 380 380 383 385 386 386 387 390 390 390 391 392 392 392 393 393 393 393 394 395 396 396 397 397 397 398 399 399 399 401 PLM and Digital
Threads. 12.1 This Chapter. 12.1.1 Objective. 12.1.2 Content. 12.2 Digital Thread. 12.2.1 The Concept of a Thread. 12.2.2 The PLM Grid and the DigitalThread. 403 403 403 403 404 404 405
xxii 13 Contents 12.2.3 Applications, Business Processes, People. 12.2.4 Provenance of the Digital Thread Term. 12.2.5 Digital Thread Definitions. 12.3 Without a Digital Thread. 12.3.1 Overview. 12.3.2 In the Detail. 12.4 Benefits of the Digital Thread. 12.5 Examples of Digital Threads. 12.6 Issues with the Digital Thread. 12.7 The Digital Thread Project in the PLM Initiative. 12.8 Perils of a Digital Thread Project. 12.9 Success Factors for a Digital Thread Project. Bibliography . 405 409 410 410 410 412 413 413 413 414 417 418 419 PLM and OrganisationalChange Management. 13.1 This Chapter. 13.1.1 Objective. 13.1.2 Content. . 13.1.3 Relevance of OCM in PLM. 13.2 Definitions
andIntroduction. 13.2.1 Definitions. 13.2.2 Benefits of OCM. 13.2.3 Incremental and Transformational Change. 13.2.4 Equation for Change. 13.2.5 Resistance to Change. 13.2.6 Pre-requisites for Organisational Change. 13.2.7 KPIs for Organisational Change. 13.2.8 The Importance of OCM in the PLM Environment. 430 13.3 Participants in Change. 13.3.1 Benefits of the Change to PLM. 13.3.2 People Who Make Change Happen. 13.3.3 People in the Product Lifecycle. 13.3.4 Roles. 13.4 Reality in a Typical Company. 13.4.1 Generic Issues with Change. 13.4.2 OCM Interaction with Company Resources and Initiatives. 13.5 OCM Activities in the PLM Initiative. 13.5.1 Projects Related to OCM. 13.5.2 Plan the Change Project. 13.5.3
Communication. 13.5.4 Learning and Training. 13.5.5 The Reward System. 421 421 421 421 422 423 423 424 424 425 427 429 430 431 431 432 434 438 439 439 439 440 440 441 442 445 447
Contents xxiii Learning from Experience . . 13.6.1 Tips from the Trenches. 13.6.2 Be Realistic. 13.6.3 Pitfalls of Organisational Change. 13.6.4 Top Management Role with OCM. Bibliography. 448 448 449 450 450 452 14 PLM and Project Management. 14.1 This Chapter. 14.1.1 Objective. 14.1.2 Content. 14.1.3 Relevance. 14.2 Definitions and Introduction. 14.2.1 Definitions. 14.2.2 Characteristics of Projects. 14.2.3 People in Projects. 14.2.4 Project Phases . 14.2.5 Project Management Knowledge Areas. 14.2.6 Project Management Tools and Templates. 14.2.7 KPIs for Project Management. 14.2.8 The Importance of Project
Management in PLM . . . 14.3 Project Reality in a Typical Company. 14.3.1 Generic Issues with Projects. 14.3.2 Generic Issues with Project Plans . 14.3.3 Interaction with Other Activities. . . 14.4 Project Management Activities in the PLM Initiative. 14.4.1 Project Management and Initiative Projects. 14.4.2 Working with Consultants. 14.4.3 Reviewing Readiness. 14.5 Learning from Experience. 14.5.1 From the Trenches. 14.5.2 Pitfalls of Project Management. . 14.5.3 Top Management Role with ProjectManagement. . . Bibliography . 453 453 453 453 454 454 454 457 458 464 466 466 468 468 469 469 471 471 472 472 473 473 475 475 478 479 480 15 Executive Activities in PLM. 15.1 This Chapter. 15.1.1 Objective. 15.1.2 Content. 15.2 Ten Roles of Executives. 15.2.1 Maintain Awareness and Provide Vision. 15.2.2 Set Business
Objectives and Values. 15.2.3 Oversee Company Governance. 15.2.4 Lead. 15.2.5 Represent and Communicate. 483 483 483 483 484 484 484 485 485 485 13.6
xxiv Contents 15.2.6 Ask Questions, Give Answers. 15.2.7 Identify and Develop Leaders. 15.2.8 Monitor Progress and Measure Outcomes. 15.2.9 Take Decisions and Corresponding Action. 15.2.10 Hold Accountable and Provide Recognition. 15.3 Executive Roles in PLM. . 15.3.1 Roles in the Future PLM Environment. 15.3.2 PLM Initiative Roles. 15.3.3 CEO. 15.3.4 PLM Initiative Sponsor. 15.3.5 PLM Initiative Steering Committee. 15.3.6 PLM Initiative Leader. 15.3.7 Governance . 15.4 Executive Vocabulary . ?. 15.4.1 Mission. 15.4.2 Objectives. ՝. 15.4.3 Vision. 15.4.4 Strategy. 15.4.5 Plan. 15.4.6 Tactics. 15.4.7
Policy. 15.4.8 Key Performance Indicators. 15.4.9 Coherence. 15.5 Objectives, Vision, Strategy. 15.5.1 Objectives. 15.5.2 Vision. 15.5.3 Strategy. . 15.5.4 PLM Strategy. 15.5.5 Implementation Strategy. 15.5.6 Plan. 15.5.7 KPIs. 15.6 PLM Initiative Justification . 15.6.1 Time Value of Money. 15.6.2 NPV and ROI . 15.6.3 Cost Justification . 15.6.4 Identification of Benefits. 15.6.5 Project Calculations. Bibliography . 485 486 486 486 486 486 486 487 487 488 488 489 489 490 490 491 491 491 492 492 492 493 494 494 494 495 501 513 515 517
517 518 521 522 524 525 526 529 16 PLM and the PLM Initiative. 531 16.1 This Chapter. 531 16.1.1 Objective. 531 16.1.2 Content. 531 16.1.3 Relevance. 531
Contents xxv 16.2 Definition and Introduction . 16.2.1 Definition. 16.2.2 From Components to the Initiative. 16.2.3 Different Company, Different Initiative. 16.3 Getting Started with PLM. 16.3.1 Middle Managers, Executives. 16.3.2 Company and Personal Dilemmas. 16.3.3 Not Progressing. 16.3.4 Getting to the Start Line. 16.4 Approaches to a PLM Initiative. 16.4.1 Standard Approach. 16.4.2 The Ten-Step Approach. 16.4.3 After Initiative Launch. 16.5 Learning from Experience. 16.5.1 From the Trenches. 16.5.2 Pitfalls for the PLM Initiative. 16.5.3 Examples of the PLM Dilemma. 16.5.4 Results of Use of the Ten-Step Approach. 16.5.5 Common Features of PLM Initiatives. 16.5.6 Top Management Role in the PLM Initiative. Bibliography
. 532 532 533 533 540 540 542 544 544 546 546 560 563 566 567 568 569 572 574 578 581 17 PLM in Industry. 17.1 This Chapter. 17.1.1 Objective. . 17.1.2 Content. 17.2 Alfa Laval’s OnePLM. 17.2.1 The Starting Situation. 17.2.2 The Approach. 17.2.3 The Implementation. 17.2.4 The Result, Benefits. 17.2.5 Next Steps. 17.2.6 Lessons Learned. . . . 17.3 PDM Implementations. 17.3.1 An Electronics Industry Company. 17.3.2 An Automotive Industry Company . 17.3.3 An Engineering Industry Company. 17.3.4 An Aerospace Industry Company . 17.3.5 Summary. Bibliography . 583
583 583 583 584 585 586 587 589 590 591 593 593 597 601 606 610 611 18 Closing Thoughts. 613 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:09:37Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-26T08:00:37Z |
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| isbn | 9783030985776 |
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| spelling | Stark, John 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)135756170 aut Product lifecycle management 1 21st century paradigm for product realisation John Stark Twenty-first century paradigm for product realisation Fifth edition Cham [u.a.] Springer [2022] xxv, 616 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Decision engineering 1619-5736 Decision Engineering Produktlebenszyklus (DE-588)4135136-8 gnd rswk-swf Produktmanagement (DE-588)4125960-9 gnd rswk-swf Produktlebenszyklus (DE-588)4135136-8 s Produktmanagement (DE-588)4125960-9 s DE-604 (DE-604)BV042557508 1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-030-98578-3 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033690946&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4135136-8 (DE-588)4125960-9 |
| title | Product lifecycle management |
| title_alt | Twenty-first century paradigm for product realisation |
| title_auth | Product lifecycle management |
| title_exact_search | Product lifecycle management |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Product lifecycle management |
| title_full | Product lifecycle management 1 21st century paradigm for product realisation John Stark |
| title_fullStr | Product lifecycle management 1 21st century paradigm for product realisation John Stark |
| title_full_unstemmed | Product lifecycle management 1 21st century paradigm for product realisation John Stark |
| title_short | Product lifecycle management |
| title_sort | product lifecycle management 21st century paradigm for product realisation |
| topic | Produktlebenszyklus (DE-588)4135136-8 gnd Produktmanagement (DE-588)4125960-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Produktlebenszyklus Produktmanagement |
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