Introduction to Turkish business law:
Gespeichert in:
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| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin
Peter Lang
[2022]
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. Auflage |
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| ISBN: | 9783631848890 3631848897 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to Turkish business law |c Şebnem Kılıç (ed.) |
| 250 | |a 1. Auflage | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin |b Peter Lang |c [2022] | |
| 300 | |a 490 Seiten |c 21 cm x 14.8 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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| 651 | 7 | |a Türkei |0 (DE-588)4061163-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 653 | |a Bahsi | ||
| 653 | |a Business | ||
| 653 | |a Esra | ||
| 653 | |a Introduction | ||
| 653 | |a KILIC | ||
| 653 | |a Sebnem | ||
| 653 | |a Turkish | ||
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| 710 | 2 | |a Peter Lang GmbH |0 (DE-588)1065711506 |4 pbl | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1808867701477605376 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CONTENTS
LIST
OF
CONTRIBUTORS
.
33
ABBREVIATIONS
.
35
INTRODUCTION
.
37
ASSOC.
PROF.
DR.
DIDEM
YILMAZ
CHAPTER
I
CONSTITUTIONAL
LAW
.
39
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
39
§
PART
I
THE
ESSENTIALS
OF
THE
POLITICAL
STRUCTURE
ACCORDING
TO
THE
CONSTITUTION
OF
1982
.
40
I.
CONSTITUTIONAL
BODIES
OF
THE
REPUBLIC
AND
THEIR
FUNCTIONS
.
40
A.
THE
LEGISLATURE
AND
LEGISLATIVE
POWER
.
40
1.
THE
STRUCTURE
AND
THE
COMPOSITION
OF
THE
GNAT
.
41
2.
LEGISLATIVE
FUNCTION
.
41
3.
LEGISLATIVE
PROCESS
.
42
4.
LEGISLATIVE
CONTROL
OVER
THE
EXECUTIVE
.
42
B.
THE
EXECUTIVE
AND
ITS
REGULATORY
POWERS
.
43
1.
FORMATION
OF
EXECUTIVE
.
44
2.
CRIMINAL
LIABILITY
OF
THE
EXECUTIVE
.
45
3.
REGULATORY
POWER
OF
THE
PRESIDENT
.
46
4.
BUDGETARY
POWER
OF
THE
PRESIDENT
.
47
C.
THE
JUDICIARY
AND
JUDICIAL
REVIEW
.
48
1.
HIGH
COURTS
.
50
A.
OVERVIEW
.
50
B.
THE
ORGANIZATION
OF
JUDICIARY
.
50
2.
CONSTITUTIONAL
COURT
.
52
A.
COMPOSITION
.
52
B.
FUNCTIONS
.
53
10
CONTENTS
II.
HIERARCHY
OF
LEGAL
WRITTEN
NORMS
.
54
A.
CONSTITUTIONAL
NORMS:
CONSTITUTION,
CONSTITUTIONAL
AMENDMENTS,
AND
DECISIONS
OF
THE
CONSTITUTIONAL
COURT
.
54
B.
LEGISLATIVE
(STATUTORY)
NORMS:
LAWS,
INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS
(ORDINARY)
PRESIDENTIAL
DECREES,
PRECEDENTS
OF
HIGH
COURTS
.
54
C.
ADMINISTRATIVE
REGULATIONS
(EXECUTIVE
SOURCES):
PRESIDENTIAL
DECISIONS,
BY-LAWS
AND
OTHER
REGULATORY
SOURCES
.
56
§
PART
II
FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS
AND
FREEDOMS
.
57
I.
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
.
57
A.
NATURE
.
57
B.
EQUALITY
BEFORE
THE
LAW
AND
PROHIBITION
OF
DISCRIMINATION
.
59
C.
STATE
OBLIGATIONS
TO
PROTECT
RIGHTS
AND
FREEDOMS
.
60
D.
RESTRICTION
CLAUSES
.
61
E.
PROHIBITION
OF
ABUSE
.
62
II.
SOCIAL
AND
ECONOMIC
RIGHTS
AND
FREEDOMS
.
62
A.
GENERAL
OVERVIEW
.
62
B.
RIGHT
AND
FREEDOMS
DIRECTLY
RELATED
TO
BUSINESS
LAW
.
63
III.
PROTECTION
OF
FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS
BY
INDIVIDUAL
APPLICATION
BEFORE
THE
CONSTITUTIONAL
COURT
.
67
PROF.
DR.
ASH
MAKARACI
AND
ASSOC.
PROF.
DR.
SEDA
OKTEM
FEVIK
CHAPTER
II
LAW
OF
PERSONS
.
71
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
71
§
PART
I
GENERAL
REMARKS
ON
THE
TURKISH
CIVIL
CODE
.
72
I.
OVERVIEW
.
72
II.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
.
72
CONTENTS
11
§
PART
II
ESSENTIALS
OF
LAW
OF
PERSONS
.
73
I.
NATURAL
PERSONS
.
74
A.
BEGINNING
AND
END
OF
PERSONALITY
.
74
1.
BEGINNING
OF
PERSONALITY
.
74
2.
END
OF
PERSONALITY
.
75
A.
DEATH
.
75
B.
PRESUMPTION
OF
DEATH
.
76
C.
DECLARATION
OF
PRESUMPTION
OF
DEAD
IN
ABSENTIA
(DISAPPEARANCE)
.
76
B.
REGISTRY
OF
PERSONAL
STATUS
.
77
C.
PERSONS
OF
SUBJECT
OF
RIGHTS:
CAPACITY
.
77
1.
THE
CAPACITY
TO
BE
THE
SUBJECT
OF
RIGHTS
(LEGAL
CAPACITY)
.
77
2.
THE
CAPACITY
TO
ACT
.
79
A.
CONDITIONS
.
79
AA.
MAJORITY
.
79
BB.
THE
CAPACITY
OF
JUDGMENT
.
80
CC.
NOT
TO
BE
INTERDICTED
.
81
B.
TYPES
OF
CAPACITY
TO
ACT
.
81
AA.
FULL
CAPACITY
.
81
BB.
FULL
INCAPACITY
.
81
CC.
LIMITED
INCAPACITY
.
82
3.
PROTECTION
OF
PERSONALITY
.
83
A.
PROTECTION
OF
PERSONALITY
AGAINST
EXCESSIVE
RESTRICTION
.
83
B.
PROTECTION
OF
PERSONALITY
AGAINST
INFRINGEMENTS
.
84
AA.
IN
GENERAL
.
84
BB.
ACTIONS
.
85
II.
LEGAL
PERSONS
.
86
12
CONTENTS
PROF.
DR.
ASH
MAKARACI
AND
ASSOC.
PROF.
DR.
SEDA
OKTEM
QEVIK
CHAPTER
III
LAW
OF
OBLIGATIONS
.
89
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
90
§
PART
I
THE
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
OF
OBLIGATION
LAW
.
91
I.
.
OVERVIEW
.
91
II.
CONTRACT:
AS
A
SOURCE
OF
OBLIGATION
.
92
A.
CONCEPT
OF
CONTRACTS
.
93
B.
FORMATION
OF
CONTRACT
.
94
1.
OFFER
94
2.
ACCEPTANCE
95
3.
STANDARD
TERMS
96
4.
FORM
OF
CONTRACTS
.
97
C.
INTERPRETATION
OF
CONTRACTS
.
100
D.
VALIDITY
OF
THE
CONTRACTS
.
100
1.
GENERALLY
100
2.
MISTAKE,
FRAUD
AND
DURESS
.
101
A.
MISTAKE
101
AA.
MISTAKE
IN
EXPRESSION
.
101
BB.
MISTAKE
IN
MOTIVE
.
102
B.
FRAUD
103
C.
DURESS
103
3.
UNFAIR
ADVANTAGE
.
104
E.
REPRESENTATION
(AGENCY)
.
104
1.
EFFECT
OF
THE
REPRESENTATION
.
105
2.
THE
EXPIRATION
OF
THE
REPRESENTATION
.
106
F.
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
CONTRACT
.
106
G.
DEFAULT
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
.
108
H.
NON-PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
CONTRACT
.
109
1.
GENERALLY
.
109
2.
DEFAULT
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
.
ILL
A.
GENERAL
RULE
.
ILL
B.
CONSEQUENCES
OF
DEFAULT
OF
OBLIGOR
FOR
BILATERAL
CONTRACT
.
ILL
3.
CONTRACTUAL
PENALTY
.
112
CONTENTS
13
I.
EXTINCTION
OF
OBLIGATIONS
.
113
1.
EXTINCTION
BY
AGREEMENT
.
114
2.
NOVATION
.
114
3.
MERGER
.
115
4.
IMPOSSIBILITY
(PERFORMANCE
BECOMES
IMPOSSIBLE)
.
115
5.
HARDSHIP
(AND
DISAPPEARANCE
OF
THE
CONTRACTUAL
BASIS)
.
115
6.
SET-OFF
.
116
7.
PRESCRIPTION
.
117
J.
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGATIONSHIP
.
118
K.
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CLAIMS
AND
ASSUMPTION
OF
DEBTS
.
119
§
PART
II
THE
SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
OF
OBLIGATION
LAW
.
121
I.
.
OVERVIEW
.
121
II.
CONTRACTS
PROVIDING
TRANSFER
OF
OWNERSHIP
.
122
III.
CONTRACTS
PROVIDING
TRANSFER
OF
THE
RIGHT
OF
USAGE
AND
BENEFIT
.
124
IV.
SERVICE
CONTRACTS
.
126
V.
SECURITY
CONTRACTS
.
129
VI.
CONSUMER
PROTECTION
LAW
.
131
ASST.
PROF.
DR.
^EBNEM
KILIQ
CHAPTER
IV
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
135
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
135
§
PART
I
ESSENTIALS
OF
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
136
I.
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
OF
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
136
II.
THE
POSITION
OF
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
AS
TO
THE
DIVISION
OF
LAW
.
138
III.
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
TURKISH
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
139
A.
MILESTONES
IN
THE
HISTORY
OF
TURKISH
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
140
1.
REFORM
PERIOD
.
140
2.
CONSTITUTIONAL
MONARCHY
PERIOD
.
140
14
CONTENTS
3.
REPUBLICAN
PERIOD
.
141
4.
CONSTITUTION
OF
1961
.
142
5.
THE
CURRENT
SITUATION
.
142
B.
GENERAL
REMARKS
ON
TURKISH
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
143
1.
THE
MAJOR
LAWS
FOR
EMPLOYMENT
.
143
A.
THE
TURKISH
CODE
OF
OBLIGATIONS
.
144
B.
THE
ACT
ON
EMPLOYMENT
COURTS
.
145
C.
THE
OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH
AND
SAFETY
ACT
.
145
D.
THE
ACT
ON
TRADE
UNIONS
AND
COLLECTIVE
BARGAINING
AGREEMENTS
145
E.
THE
LABOR
ACT
.
146
2.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
146
A.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
PROTECTION
OF
THE
EMPLOYEES
.
146
B.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
RESTRICTED
FREEDOM
OF
CONTRACT
.
147
C.
PRINCIPLE
OF
ADAPTATION
.
149
D.
THE
COMPLEMENTARY
PRINCIPLE
OF
INTERPRETATION:
INTERPRETATION
IN
FAVOR
OF
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
150
IV.
THE
LEGAL
SOURCES
OF
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
153
A.
OFFICIAL
SOURCES
.
153
1.
CONSTITUTION
.
154
2.
STATUTORY
SOURCES
.
154
A.
NATIONAL
SOURCES
.
154
B.
INTERNATIONAL
SOURCES
.
155
3.
REGULATORY
(EXECUTIVE)
SOURCES
.
156
A.
BY-LAWS
.
156
B.
OTHER
REGULATORY
SOURCES
.
157
4.
JUDICIAL
SOURCES
.
157
B.
UNOFFICIAL
SOURCES
.
159
1.
COLLECTIVE
BARGAINING
AGREEMENTS
.
159
CONTENTS
15
2.
INDIVIDUAL
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACTS
.
161
3.
WORKPLACE
REGULATIONS
(INTERNAL
REGULATIONS)
.
161
4.
ENTRENCHED
WORKPLACE
PRACTICES
.
163
5.
RIGHT
TO
MANAGE
OF
THE
EMPLOYER
.
165
§
PART
II
BASIC
CONCEPTS,
COVERAGE
AND
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT
.
166
I.
THE
CONCEPT
OF
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
166
A.
THE
DEFINITION
OF
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
166
B.
FACT-CHECKING
.
167
C.
CURRENT
DEBATES
.
168
II.
THE
CONCEPT
OF
THE
EMPLOYER
.
170
A.
DEFINITION
OF
THE
EMPLOYER
.
170
B.
THE
REPRESENTATIVE
OF
THE
EMPLOYER
.
170
C.
THE
DEFINITION
OF
THE
SUB-CONTRACTOR
.
171
III.
THE
CONCEPT
OF
WORKPLACE
.
173
A.
DEFINITION
OF
WORKPLACE
.
173
B.
TRANSFER
OF
WORKPLACE
.
174
IV.
FORM
AND
SUBSTANCE,
AND
TYPES
OF
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT
.
175
A.
SUBSTANCE
OF
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT
.
175
B.
FORM
OF
CONTRACT
.
177
C.
TYPES
OF
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT
.
177
1.
DEFINITE
TERM
AND
INDEFINITE
TERM
CONTRACTS
.
177
2.
PART-TIME
AND
FULL-TIME
CONTRACTS
.
179
3.
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACTS
WITH
TRIAL
CLAUSE
180
V.
THE
SCOPE
OF
THE
LABOR
ACT
(NO.
4857)
.
181
VI.
THE
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
CONTRACTING
PARTIES
.
182
A.
THE
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
182
1.
OBLIGATION
TO
PERFORM
A
JOB/WORK
OR
A
TASK
(PRINCIPAL
OBLIGATION)
.
183
2.
OBLIGATION
TO
OBEY
.
183
3.
DUTY
OF
LOYALTY
(OBLIGATION
TO
BE
LOYAL)
.
184
16
CONTENTS
B.
THE
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
EMPLOYER
.
187
1.
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PAY
WAGE
(PRINCIPAL
OBLIGATION)
.
187
A.
GENERAL
OVERVIEW
.
187
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
NON-PAYMENT
.
190
2.
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PROTECT
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
191
A.
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
TAKE
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY
AND
HEALTH
MEASURES
.
192
B.
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
INSPECT
.
193
C.
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PROVIDE
TRAINING
.
193
3.
THE
OBLIGATION
OF
EQUAL
TREATMENT
.
194
§
PART
III
WORKING
CONDITIONS
.
196
I.
THE
LEGAL
REGULATIONS
ON
WORKING
TIME
.
196
A.
NORMAL
WORKING
TIME
.
196
B.
SHIFT
WORK
AND
"
BALANCING
(EQUALIZATION)
OF
THE
WORKING
HOURS
"
(WTAS)
.
197
C.
OVERWORK
TIME
AND
WORK
AT
EXTRA
HOURS
.
200
1.
THE
CLASSIFICATION
OF
OVERTIME
WORK
.
200
2.
THE
LEGAL
REQUIREMENTS
AND
THE
LIMITS
.
201
3.
THE
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
OVERTIME
WORK
.
202
II.
THE
LEGAL
REGULATIONS
ON
REST
PERIODS
.
203
A.
REST
PERIODS
.
203
1.
DAILY
BREAK
(WORK
BREAK)
.
203
2.
WEEK
HOLIDAY
.
204
3.
NATIONAL
HOLIDAY
AND
PUBLIC
HOLIDAYS
.
204
B.
ANNUAL
PAID
LEAVE
.
205
1.
LENGTH
AND
ENTITLEMENT
.
205
2.
THE
CONVERSION
OF
UNUSED
ANNUAL
PAID
LEAVES
INTO
MONEY
206
III.
LEGAL
REGULATIONS
ON
THE
CHANGE
IN
WORKING
CONDITIONS
.
207
CONTENTS
17
§
PART
IV
TERMINATION
OF
THE
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT
.
208
I.
EXTINCTION
OTHER
THAN
TERMINATION
.
209
A.
.
EXTINCTION
BY
AGREEMENT
(IKALE)
.
209
B.
EXPIRATION
OF
SPECIFIC
PERIOD
(FOR
DEFINITE
TERM
CONTRACTS)
.
210
C.
THE
DEATH
OF
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
210
II.
EXTINCTION
BY
TERMINATION
OF
THE
CONTRACT
.
211
A.
TERMINATION
WITH
JUST
CAUSE
.
211
1.
THE
CASES
FOR
TERMINATION
WITH
JUST
CAUSE
FOR
THE
EMPLOYEE
(ART.
24
OF
LA)
.
212
A.
CASES
OF
HEALTH
CONCERNS
.
212
B.
CASES
OF
IMMORAL,
DISHONORABLE,
OR
MALICIOUS
CONDUCT,
AND
ALIKE
212
C.
CASES
OF
COMPELLING REASONS
(FORCE
MAJEURE)
213
2.
THE
CASES
FOR
TERMINATION
WITH
JUST
CAUSE
FOR
THE
EMPLOYER
(ART.
25
OF
LA)
.
214
A.
CASES
OF
HEALTH
CONCERNS
.
214
B.
CASES
OF
IMMORAL,
DISHONORABLE,
OR
MALICIOUS
CONDUCT,
AND
ALIKE
215
C.
CASES
OF
COMPELLING
REASONS
(FORCE
MAJEURE)
216
3.
THE
PROCEDURE
FOR
TERMINATION
WITH
JUST
CAUSES
.
217
B.
UNJUST
TERMINATION
.
218
C.
TERMINATION
AT
WILL
.
219
1.
THE
NOTICE
(NOTIFICATION)
PERIOD
.
219
2.
MALEVOLENCE
COMPENSATION
(IN
THE
CASE
OF
ABUSIVE
TERMINATION)
.
221
III.
TERMINATION
OF
THE
CONTRACT
IN
CASE
OF
EMPLOYMENT
SECURITY
.
222
A.
THE
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
EMPLOYMENT
SECURITY
223
1.
EXCLUSION
OF
CERTAIN
CATEGORIES
OF
THE
EMPLOYEES
OR
THE
ENTERPRISES
.
223
18
CONTENTS
2.
JUSTIFICATION
FOR
TERMINATION
AND
INVALID
REASONS
.
225
A.
THE
VALID
REASONS
CONNECTED
WITH
THE
CONDUCT
AND
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
EMPLOYEES
.
227
B.
THE
REASONS
CONNECTED
WITH
THE
OPERATIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
OF
THE
ENTERPRISE,
THE
WORKPLACE
OR
THE
WORK
.
227
C.
INVALID
REASONS
FOR
TERMINATION
.
228
3.
NOTICE
OF
TERMINATION
.
228
4.
THE
REQUIREMENT
ON
TAKING
MEASURES
TO
AVERT
TERMINATION
(ULTIMA
RATIO
PRINCIPLE)
.
230
5.
BURDEN
OF
PROOF
.
230
B.
PROCEEDING
AGAINST
INVALID
TERMINATION
.
231
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
INVALID
TERMINATION
.
232
IV.
SEVERANCE
PAY
.
234
A.
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
SEVERANCE
PAY
.
235
1.
SENIORITY
OF
MINIMUM
ONE-YEAR
.
235
2.
SPECIAL
CASES
DEFINED
BY
LAW
.
235
A.
THE
TERMINATION
WITH
JUST
CAUSE
BY
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
235
B.
THE
TERMINATION
BY
THE
EMPLOYER
EXCLUDING
THE
CASES
LISTED
IN
THE
ART.
25/11
OF
LA
.
235
C.
THE
PECULIAR
CONDITIONS
.
236
B.
AMOUNT
OF
SEVERANCE
PAY
.
237
C.
INTEREST
RATE
FOR
LATE
PAYMENT
.
238
D.
PRESCRIPTION
PERIOD
.
238
V.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
.
238
CONTENTS
19
ASST.
PROF.
DR.
AY^
^AHIN
AND
ASST.
PROF.
DR.
TUGBA
SEMERCL
VURALOGLU
CHAPTER
V
COMMERCIAL
LAW
.
243
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
243
§
PART
I
LAW
OF
COMMERCIAL
ENTERPRISE
.
245
I.
.
COMMERCIAL
LAW
THEORIES
AND
THE
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
OF
COMMERCIAL
LAW
.
245
II.
THE
MAIN
PILLARS
OF
THE
LAW
OF
COMMERCIAL
ENTERPRISE
.
248
A.
THE
COMMERCIAL
ENTERPRISE
.
248
1.
THE
IMPORTANCE
OF
COMMERCIAL
ENTERPRISE
.
248
2.
DEFINITION
AND
LEGAL
NATURE
.
249
3.
TRANSFER
OF
THE
COMMERCIAL
ENTERPRISE
.
250
A.
INTRODUCTION
.
250
B.
MAIN
TRAITS
OF
THE
TRANSFER
.
251
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
A
TRANSFER
.
253
4.
PLEDGE
ON
MOVABLES
IN
COMMERCIAL
TRANSACTIONS
.
254
A.
PLEDGE
THROUGH
REGISTRATION
.
254
B.
THE
"
NEW
CODE
"
.
255
C.
THE
SCOPE
OF
THE
NEW
COMMERCIAL
PLEDGE
.
256
D.
FORECLOSURE
POSSIBILITIES
.
257
B.
TITLE
OF
MERCHANT
AND
RELATED
CONSEQUENCES
.
258
1.
THE
TITLE
OF
"
MERCHANT
"
.
258
A.
FOR
NATURAL
PERSONS
.
258
B.
FOR
LEGAL
PERSONS
.
258
C.
FOR
ASSOCIATION
OF
SHIPOWNERS
.
260
D.
FOR
DOMINANT
UNDERTAKINGS
.
260
2.
LOSS
OF
THE
TITLE
OF
"
MERCHANT
"
.
261
3.
CONSEQUENCES
OF
BEING
"
MERCHANT
"
.
261
A.
BEING
SUBJECT
TO
INSOLVENCY
.
261
B.
REGISTRATION
TO
THE
COMMERCIAL
REGISTER
.
262
C.
REGISTRATION
TO
THE
CHAMBERS
AND
UNIONS
.
262
20
CONTENTS
D.
OBLIGATION
TO
CHOOSE
AND
USE
A
BUSINESS
NAME
.
262
E.
SUBJECT
TO
THE
PRESUMPTION
OF
COMMERCIAL
AFFAIR
.
262
F.
BEING
SUBJECT
TO
COMMERCIAL
CUSTOMS
.
262
G.
KEEPING
COMMERCIAL
BOOKS
.
262
H.
ACTING
AS
A
PRUDENT
BUSINESSPERSON
.
263
I.
THE
RIGHT
TO
CLAIM
FEES
AND
INTEREST
.
263
J.
LACK
OF
RIGHT
TO
REQUEST
REDUCTION
OF
FEES
AND
PENAL
CLAUSES
.
264
K.
INVOICING
.
264
1.
OBJECTION
TO
INVOICE
AND
CONFIRMATION
LETTER
.
265
M.
THE
REQUIREMENT
TO
FOLLOW
FORM
FOR
THE
CERTAIN
NOTICES
AND
WARNINGS
.
265
N.
FACILITY
IN
EXERCISING
THE
RIGHT
TO
RETAIN
.
266
O.
BEING
SUBJECT
TO
SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
IN
COMMERCIAL
SALES
AND
EXCHANGE
OF
GOODSCONTRACTS
.
266
P.
BEING
SUBJECT
TO
SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
IN
TRANSACTIONS
BETWEEN
COMMERCIAL
ENTERPRISES
FOR
THE
PURPOSE
OF
SUPPLY
OF
GOODS
AND
SERVICES
.
267
R.
OPPORTUNITY
TO
MAKE
A
JURISDICTION
AGREEMENT
267
C.
MERCHANT
ASSISTANTS
.
267
1.
DEPENDENT
ASSISTANTS
.
269
A.
COMMERCIAL
REPRESENTATIVE
.
269
B.
COMMERCIAL
AGENT
.
270
C.
COMMERCIAL
TRAVELLER
.
271
2.
INDEPENDENT
ASSISTANTS
.
272
A.
AGENT
.
272
B.
BROKER
.
276
C.
COMMISSIONER
.
277
CONTENTS
21
D.
TRANSPORT
COMMISSIONER
(FREIGHT
FORWARDER)
.
278
D.
THE
UNFAIR
COMPETITION
RULES
.
279
1.
GENERAL
REMARKS
.
279
2.
THE
UNFAIR
BUSINESS
PRACTICES
(TCC
55)
.
281
3.
THE
SANCTIONS
OF
THE
UNFAIR
BUSINESS
PRACTICES
.
285
A.
TYPES
OF
LEGAL
ACTIONS
AND
THE
CIVIL
LIABILITY
CLAIMS
285
B.
PARTIES
OF
THE
LEGAL
ACTION
.
286
C.
CRIMINAL
LIABILITY
.
288
D.
PRESCRIPTION
.
288
§
PART
II
ESSENTIALS
OF
TURKISH
COMPANY
LAW
.
288
I.
GENERAL
REMARKS
ON
TURKISH
COMPANY
LAW
.
288
A.
LEGAL
TYPES
OF
COMPANIES
IN
TURKISH
LAW
.
289
B.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
"
LIMITED
LIABILITY
"
AND
"
LIFTING
THE
CORPORATE
VEIL
"
AS
AN
EXCEPTION
291
C.
GROUP
OF
COMPANIES
.
292
II.
THE
LIFE
CYCLE
OF
A
COMPANY
.
293
A.
HOW
IS
A
COMPANY
MANAGED?
"
ORGANS
OF
A
JOINT
STOCK
COMPANY
"
.
293
1.
DIVISION
OF
LABOR
.
293
2.
THE
BOARD
OF
DIRECTORS
.
294
A.
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
BOARD
OF
DIRECTORS
.
294
AA.
APPOINTMENT
AND
DISMISSION
.
294
BB.
THE
COMPOSITION
AND
THE
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE
.
295
B.
THE
POWER
AND
DUTIES
OF
THE
BOARD
OF
DIRECTORS
297
AA.
THE
OVERALL
MANAGEMENT
AND
DIRECTION
297
BB.
DELEGATION
OF
THE
POWER
AND
DUTIES
298
CC.
REPRESENTATION
OF
THE
COMPANY
300
22
CONTENTS
C.
BOARD
MEETINGS
.
300
D.
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
OF
DIRECTORS
OF
THE
COMPANY
302
E.
SANCTIONS
303
AA.
LIABILITY
OF
THE
BOARD
OF
DIRECTORS
.
303
BB.
INVALIDITY
OF
BOD
DECISIONS
307
CC.
CONFLICT
OF
INTERESTS
(PROHIBITION
OF
PARTICIPATING
PROCEEDINGS
TCC
393)
.
309
3.
GENERAL
ASSEMBLY
.
310
A.
DUTIES
AND
POWERS
.
310
B.
THE
GA
MEETINGS
.
311
AA.
MEETING
TYPES,
TIME,
PLACE
AND
AGENDAS
.
311
BB.
AUTHORIZED
PERSONS
TO
CALL
THE
GA
TO
THE
MEETING
.
313
CC.
CONVOCATION
FORM
.
314
DD.
AUTHORIZATION
TO
ATTEND
THE
GA
MEETINGS,
LIST
OF
ATTENDEES
AND
VOTING
RIGHTS
315
EE.
REPRESENTATION
AND
TYPES
OF
REPRESENTATION
IN
THE
GA
MEETINGS
.
317
FF.
QUORUMS
IN
THE
GA
MEETINGS
.
319
GG.
HOW
TO
CONDUCT
THE
GA
MEETINGS
.
321
C.
.
INVALIDITY
OF
THE
GA
RESOLUTIONS
.
323
AA.
.
INEXISTENCE
.
323
BB.
.
NULLITY
.
324
CC.
.
PENDING
INVALIDITY
.
325
DD.
.
ACTION
FOR
ANNULMENT
.
325
EE.
WHAT
ARE
THE
CONDITIONS
AND
TERMS
OF
THE
LITIGATION?
.
327
CONTENTS
23
4.
SHAREHOLDERS
'
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
.
328
A.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
SHAREHOLDERS
.
328
AA.
CAPITAL
DEBT
(SINGLE
DEBT
PRINCIPLE)
.
328
BB.
SECONDARY
LIABILITIES
(INCIDENTAL
DUTIES)
.
330
CC.
LOYALTY
OBLIGATION
.
330
DD.
CONFIDENTIALITY
OBLIGATION
.
330
B.
RIGHTS
OF
THE
SHAREHOLDERS
.
331
AA.
IN
TERMS
OF
QUALIFICATIONS
.
331
BB.
IN
TERMS
OF
USAGE
.
337
5.
SECURITIES
.
340
A.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
SECURITIES
.
340
B.
ISSUING
SHARE
CERTIFICATES
.
342
AA.
GENERAL
REMARKS
.
342
BB.
ISSUING
BEARER
SHARE
CERTIFICATES
(THE
RECENT
AMENDMENT)
.
343
CC.
ISSUING
REGISTERED
SHARE
CERTIFICATES/TEMPORARY
SHARE
CERTIFICATES
.
345
C.
THE
MODALITY
OF
THE
TRANSFER
.
345
D.
RESTRICTIONS
ON
THE
TRANSFERABILITY
.
346
AA.
RESTRICTIONS
ARISING
OUT
THE
LAW
.
346
BB.
STATUTORY
RESTRICTIONS
.
347
6.
DISSOLUTION
OFJOINT
STOCK
COMPANIES
.
349
A.
THE
DISSOLUTION
PHASE
.
349
AA.
MEANING
OF
DISSOLUTION,
GENERAL
DISSOLUTION
GROUNDS
AND
OTHER
PROVISIONS
.
349
BB.
SPECIFIC
DISSOLUTION
GROUNDS
.
351
B.
LIQUIDATION
PROCEDURE
.
353
24
CONTENTS
ASSOC.
PROF.
DR.
ZAFER
KAHRAMAN
CHAPTER
VI
COMPETITION
LAW
.
359
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
359
§
PART
I
INTRODUCTION
.
360
I.
OVERVIEW
.
360
II.
LEGISLATION
.
361
III.
SALIENT
FEATURES
OF
THE
TURKISH
COMPETITION
LAW
.
362
A.
THE
PURPOSE
.
362
B.
THE
SCOPE
.
363
C.
THE
FOCUS
.
364
IV.
THE
COMPETITION
AUTHORITY
(TCA)
.
365
§
PART
II
UNDERTAKING
.
365
I.
THE
LEGAL
DEFINITION
.
365
II.
THE
ELEMENTS
.
366
A.
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY
.
366
B.
ECONOMIC
UNIT
.
367
C.
INDEPENDENT
DECISION-MAKING
.
367
§
PART
III
RELEVANT
MARKET
.
368
I.
IN
GENERAL
.
368
II.
MARKET
DEFINITION
.
369
A.
INFORMATION
GATHERING
.
PROCESS
.
369
B.
CRITERIA
.
370
C.
FACTORS
FOR
THE
DEFINITION
OF
RELEVANT
PRODUCT
MARKET
.
370
1.
EATURES
OF
THE
PRODUCTS
.
370
2.
FINDINGS
INDICATING
THE
PRODUCTS
SUBSTITUTED
EACH
OTHER
IN
THE
RECENT
PAST
370
3.
QUANTITATIVE
TESTS
SPECIFICALLY
DEVELOPED
FOR
DETERMINING
THE
MARKET
.
371
4.
OPINIONS
OF
THE
CUSTOMERS
AND
COMPETITORS
.
372
CONTENTS
25
5.
COSTS
AND
BARRIERS
(RELATED
TO
SWITCHING
THE
DEMAND
TO
POTENTIAL
SUBSTITUTE
PRODUCTS)
.
372
6.
SUPPLY
SUBSTITUTION
ANALYSIS
.
372
D.
FACTORS
FOR
THE
DEFINITION
OF
RELEVANT
GEOGRAPHIC
MARKET
.
373
1.
MARKET
FEATURES
.
373
2,
FINDINGS
THAT
INDICATE
ORDERS
WERE
SWITCHED
TO
DIFFERENT
REGIONS
IN
THE
PAST
374
3.
QUANTITATIVE
TESTS
SPECIFICALLY
DEVELOPED
FOR
DETERMINING
THE
MARKET
.
374
4.
OPINIONS
OF
CUSTOMERS
AND
COMPETITORS
375
§
PART
IV
PROHIBITION
ON
CARTELS
.
375
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
375
II.
MARKETS
PRONE
TO
CARTELS
.
375
III.
PROHIBITION
.
377
A.
LEGISLATION
.
377
B.
ANTI-COMPETITIVE
AGREEMENTS
.
378
1.
IN
GENERAL
.
378
2.
HORIZONTAL
AGREEMENTS
.
379
3.
VERTICAL
AGREEMENTS
.
380
C.
CONCERTED
PRACTICES
.
380
1.
IN
GENERAL
.
380
2.
ELEMENTS
OF
CONCERTED
PRACTICES
.
382
A.
PARALLEL
ANTI-COMPETITIVE
ACTION
OF
PLURAL
UNDERTAKINGS
.
382
B.
INTENTIONAL
HARMONIZATION
OF
BEHAVIORS
383
3.
PRESUMPTION
.
384
4.
EXAMINATION
OF
OLIGOPOLISTIC
INTERDEPENDENCE
.
385
D.
DECISIONS
BY
ASSOCIATION
OF
UNDERTAKINGS
.
389
26
CONTENTS
IV.
EXEMPTION
.
389
A.
LEGISLATION
.
389
B.
DEFINITION
.
390
C.
CONDITIONS
OF
THE
EXEMPTION
.
390
D.
BLOCK
EXEMPTIONS
.
390
V.
ACTIVE
COOPERATION
FOR
DETECTING
CARTELS
.
391
A.
INTRODUCTION
.
391
B.
REGULATION
.
391
VI.
DE
MINIMIS
RULE
.
392
§
PART
V
PROHIBITION
ON
ABUSE
OF
DOMINANT
POSITION
.
392
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
392
II.
LEGISLATION
.
393
III.
DEFINITION
AND
ELEMENTS
OF
THE
DOMINANT
POSITION
393
A.
DEFINITION
.
393
B.
ELEMENTS
.
394
C.
COLLECTIVE
(JOINT)
DOMINANCE
.
395
IV.
DETECTION
OF
THE
DOMINANT
POSITION
.
396
A.
IN
GENERAL
.
396
B.
BARRIERS
TO
ENTRY
.
397
1.
LEGAL
BARRIERS
TO
ENTRY
.
398
2.
ECONOMIC
BARRIERS
TO
ENTRY
.
398
V.
ABUSE
OF
DOMINANT
POSITION
.
399
§
PART
VI
CONTROL
OF
CONCENTRATIONS
.
401
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
401
II.
LEGISLATION
.
402
III.
CASES
CONSIDERED
AS
A
CONCENTRATION
.
402
IV.
CONCENTRATIONS
SUBJECT
TO
AUTHORIZATION
.
403
V.
PROCEDURE
.
404
VI.
ASSESSMENT
.
405
VII.
REMEDIES
.
405
VIII.
TYPES
OF
ACCEPTABLE
PROPOSED
REMEDIES
.
407
CONTENTS
27
§
PART
VII
SANCTIONS,
FINES,
REMEDIES
.
407
I.
.
PROCEDURE
.
407
II.
.
PRIVATE
LAW
REMEDIES
AGAINST
LIMITING
COMPETITION
.
408
III.
ADMINISTRATIVE
FINES
.
410
A.
SANCTIONS
AGAINST
MISLEADING
INFORMATION
OR
COMPLICATING
INVESTIGATION
.
410
B.
SANCTIONS
AGAINST
PROHIBITED
ANTI
COMPETITIVE
BEHAVIORS
.
411
C.
PROPORTIONAL
ADMINISTRATIVE
FINES
.
412
IV.
BASE
FINE,
AGGRAVATING
FACTORS
AND
MITIGATING
FACTORS
.
412
A.
BASE
FINE
.
412
B.
AGGRAVATING
FACTORS
.
413
C.
MITIGATING
FACTORS
.
413
D.
FINES
TO
BE
APPLIED
TO
MANAGERS
AND
EMPLOYEES
413
ASST.
PROF.
DR.
EVRIM
AKGUN
CHAPTER
VII
INSURANCE
LAW
.
419
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
419
§
PART
I
GENERAL
INFORMATION
ON
INSURANCE
AND
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
420
I.
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
OF
INSURANCE
.
420
II.
SOURCES
OF
INSURANCE
LAW
.
421
A.
LEGISLATION
.
421
B.
BY-LAWS
.
422
C.
GENERAL
TERMS
AND
CONDITIONS
OF
INSURANCE
(SIGORTA
GENEL
^ARTLARI)
422
D.
SPECIAL
TERMS
.
422
E.
JUDICIAL
SOURCES
.
423
III.
DEFINITION
OF
THE
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
423
28
CONTENTS
IV.
ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
OF
THE
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
423
A.
INSURABLE
INTEREST
.
423
B.
RISK
.
424
V.
CATEGORIES
OF
INSURANCE
CONTRACTS
.
426
A.
INSURANCE
OF
FIXED
SUMS
-
INDEMNITY
INSURANCE
.
426
B.
ACTIVE
INSURANCE
-
PASSIVE
INSURANCE
.
426
C.
COMPULSORY
INSURANCE
-
VOLUNTARY
INSURANCE
.
427
D.
INDEMNITY
INSURANCE
-
INSURANCE
OF
PERSONS
.
427
§
PART
II
CONCLUSION
OF
THE
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
427
I.
OFFER
AND
ACCEPTANCE
.
427
II.
FORM
OF
THE
CONTRACT
.
428
III.
PARTIES
OF
THE
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
428
A.
INSURER
.
428
B.
POLICYHOLDER
.
428
C.
RELEVANT
THIRD
PARTIES
.
429
1.
INSURED
(IN
INDEMNITY
INSURANCE)
.
429
2.
INSURED
(IN
LIFE
INSURANCE)
.
429
3.
BENEFICIARY
.
430
4.
AFFECTED
PARTY
(IN
LIABILITY
INSURANCE)
.
430
5.
NEW
HOLDER
OF
INSURED
INTEREST
.
430
6.
HOLDER
OF
THE
RIGHT
IN
REM
.
431
IV.
LEGAL
RESTRICTIONS
ON
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
431
V.
BURDEN
OF
PROOF
.
432
VI.
CONCLUDING
THE
CONTRACT
WITH
THE
ASSISTANCE
OF
THE
INSURANCE
INTERMEDIARIES
.
432
A.
INSURANCE
AGENT
.
432
B.
INSURANCE
BROKER
.
433
CONTENTS
29
§
PART
III
DUTIES
AND
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
PARTIES
.
433
I.
INSURERS
DUTIES
AND
OBLIGATIONS
.
433
A.
OBLIGATION
TO
CARRY
THE
RISK
(ART.
1421-1422
OF
TCC)
.
433
B.
PRE-CONTRACTUAL
INFORMATION
DUTY
(ART.
1423
OF
TCC)
.
434
C.
OBLIGATION
TO
DELIVER
THE
INSURANCE
POLICY
(ART.
1424-1425
OF
TCC)
.
434
D.
OBLIGATION
TO
PAY
EXPENSES
(ART.
1426
OF
TCC)
.
434
E.
OBLIGATION
TO
PAY
INDEMNITY
OR
FIXED
SUM
(ART.
1427-1429
OF
TCC)
.
435
II.
POLICYHOLDER
'
S
DUTIES
AND
OBLIGATIONS
.
437
A.
OBLIGATION
TO
PAY
PREMIUM
(ART.
1430-1434
OF
TCC)
.
437
B.
DUTIES
.
438
1.
DUTY
OF
DISCLOSURE
.
439
A.
BEFORE
CONCLUDING
THE
CONTRACT
.
439
B.
DURING
THE
CONTRACT
PERIOD
.
440
C.
AT
THE
TIME
OF
MATERIALIZATION
OF
THE
RISK
.
442
2.
DUTY
TO
PROVIDE
INFORMATION
AND
ALLOW
INVESTIGATION
.
442
3.
DUTY
TO
PREVENT,
MITIGATE
THE
LOSS
AND
PROTECT
THE
INSURERS
RIGHT
OF
SUBROGATION
(ART.
1448
OF
TCC)
.
443
4.
DUTY
TO
REFRAIN
FROM
CHANGES
TO
DAMAGED
GOODS
AND
THE
PLACE
OF
OCCURRENCE
(ART.
1471
OF
TCC)
.
443
5.
CONTRACTUAL
DUTIES
.
443
III.
THE
IMPACT
OF
THE
INSURED,
BENEFICIARY
AND
REPRESENTATIVE
'
S
KNOWLEDGE
AND
BEHAVIOR
.
444
30
CONTENTS
§
PART
IV
EXTINCTION
OF
THE
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
AND
THE
OUTCOMES
.
444
I.
EXTINCTION
OF
THE
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
444
A.
EXTINCTION
OF
CONTRACT
BY
TERMINATION
.
444
B.
WITHDRAWAL
.
446
C.
EXPIRY
.
446
D.
AGREEMENT
.
446
E.
MATERIALIZATION
OF
THE
RISK
.
447
E
LACK
OF
INSURABLE
INTEREST
.
447
II.
PRESCRIPTION
PERIOD
.
447
III.
SUBROGATION
OF
THE
INSURER
.
447
§
PART
V
SPECIAL
TYPES
OF
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
448
I.
.
THEFT
INSURANCE
.
449
II.
FIRE
INSURANCE
AND
FIRE-RELATED
PROFIT
LOSS
INSURANCE
.
449
III.
LIABILITY
INSURANCE
.
451
ASST.
PROF.
DR.
ELIFKUZECI
CHAPTER
VIII
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
LAW
.
457
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
457
§
PART
I
THE
NECESSITY
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
LEGISLATION
AND
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
.
458
I.
THE
NECESSITY
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
.
458
II.
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
.
459
§
PART
II
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
TURKISH
DATA
PROTECTION
LAW
.
461
I.
TURKISH
CONSTITUTION
.
461
II.
TURKISH
PENAL
CODE
AND
TURKISH
CIVIL
CODE
.
463
III.
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
ACT
.
464
§
PART
III
THE
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
ACT
OF
TURKEY
.
466
I.
BASIC
CONCEPTS
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
LAW
.
466
A.
PERSONAL
DATA
.
466
CONTENTS
31
B.
SENSITIVE
DATA
.
467
C.
PROCESSING
PERSONAL
DATA
.
468
D.
DATA
SUBJECT,
DATA
CONTROLLER
AND
DATA
PROCESSOR
.
469
II.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
LAW
.
470
A.
LAWFULNESS
AND
FAIRNESS
PRINCIPLE
.
470
B.
ACCURACY
PRINCIPLE
.
471
C.
PURPOSE
LIMITATION
PRINCIPLE
.
471
D.
DATA
MINIMIZATION
PRINCIPLE
.
472
E.
RETAIN
LIMITATION
PRINCIPLE
.
472
III.
LEGAL
CONDITIONS
TO
PROCESS
PERSONAL
DATA
.
472
A.
EXPLICIT
CONSENT
.
472
B.
DATA
PROCESSING
CONDITIONS
WITHOUT
EXPLICIT
CONSENT
.
473
1.
ENVISAGED
BY
LAW
.
473
2.
VITAL
INTEREST
.
474
3.
CONTRACTUAL
NECESSITIES
.
474
4.
LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
.
475
5.
DISCLOSURE
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
BY
THE
DATA
SUBJECT
475
6.
ESTABLISHMENT,
EXERCISE
OR
PROTECTION
OF
A
RIGHT
475
7.
LEGITIMATE
INTERESTS
OF
DATA
CONTROLLER
.
476
C.
DATA
PROCESSING
CONDITIONS
FOR
SENSITIVE
DATA
.
476
D.
TRANSFER
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
ABROAD
.
477
E.
DATA
SECURITY
.
478
IV.
ENFORCEMENT
SYSTEM
.
479
A.
COMPENSATION
.
479
B.
ADMINISTRATIVE
FINES
.
479
32
CONTENTS
C.
SANCTIONS
.
480
1.
RECORDING
PERSONAL
DATA
.
480
2.
GIVING,
DISSEMINATING
AND
SEIZING
PERSONAL
DATA
.
481
3.
NOT
DESTROYING
PERSONAL
DATA
.
481
INDEX
.
485 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
LIST
OF
CONTRIBUTORS
.
33
ABBREVIATIONS
.
35
INTRODUCTION
.
37
ASSOC.
PROF.
DR.
DIDEM
YILMAZ
CHAPTER
I
CONSTITUTIONAL
LAW
.
39
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
39
§
PART
I
THE
ESSENTIALS
OF
THE
POLITICAL
STRUCTURE
ACCORDING
TO
THE
CONSTITUTION
OF
1982
.
40
I.
CONSTITUTIONAL
BODIES
OF
THE
REPUBLIC
AND
THEIR
FUNCTIONS
.
40
A.
THE
LEGISLATURE
AND
LEGISLATIVE
POWER
.
40
1.
THE
STRUCTURE
AND
THE
COMPOSITION
OF
THE
GNAT
.
41
2.
LEGISLATIVE
FUNCTION
.
41
3.
LEGISLATIVE
PROCESS
.
42
4.
LEGISLATIVE
CONTROL
OVER
THE
EXECUTIVE
.
42
B.
THE
EXECUTIVE
AND
ITS
REGULATORY
POWERS
.
43
1.
FORMATION
OF
EXECUTIVE
.
44
2.
CRIMINAL
LIABILITY
OF
THE
EXECUTIVE
.
45
3.
REGULATORY
POWER
OF
THE
PRESIDENT
.
46
4.
BUDGETARY
POWER
OF
THE
PRESIDENT
.
47
C.
THE
JUDICIARY
AND
JUDICIAL
REVIEW
.
48
1.
HIGH
COURTS
.
50
A.
OVERVIEW
.
50
B.
THE
ORGANIZATION
OF
JUDICIARY
.
50
2.
CONSTITUTIONAL
COURT
.
52
A.
COMPOSITION
.
52
B.
FUNCTIONS
.
53
10
CONTENTS
II.
HIERARCHY
OF
LEGAL
WRITTEN
NORMS
.
54
A.
CONSTITUTIONAL
NORMS:
CONSTITUTION,
CONSTITUTIONAL
AMENDMENTS,
AND
DECISIONS
OF
THE
CONSTITUTIONAL
COURT
.
54
B.
LEGISLATIVE
(STATUTORY)
NORMS:
LAWS,
INTERNATIONAL
AGREEMENTS
(ORDINARY)
PRESIDENTIAL
DECREES,
PRECEDENTS
OF
HIGH
COURTS
.
54
C.
ADMINISTRATIVE
REGULATIONS
(EXECUTIVE
SOURCES):
PRESIDENTIAL
DECISIONS,
BY-LAWS
AND
OTHER
REGULATORY
SOURCES
.
56
§
PART
II
FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS
AND
FREEDOMS
.
57
I.
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
.
57
A.
NATURE
.
57
B.
EQUALITY
BEFORE
THE
LAW
AND
PROHIBITION
OF
DISCRIMINATION
.
59
C.
STATE
OBLIGATIONS
TO
PROTECT
RIGHTS
AND
FREEDOMS
.
60
D.
RESTRICTION
CLAUSES
.
61
E.
PROHIBITION
OF
ABUSE
.
62
II.
SOCIAL
AND
ECONOMIC
RIGHTS
AND
FREEDOMS
.
62
A.
GENERAL
OVERVIEW
.
62
B.
RIGHT
AND
FREEDOMS
DIRECTLY
RELATED
TO
BUSINESS
LAW
.
63
III.
PROTECTION
OF
FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS
BY
INDIVIDUAL
APPLICATION
BEFORE
THE
CONSTITUTIONAL
COURT
.
67
PROF.
DR.
ASH
MAKARACI
AND
ASSOC.
PROF.
DR.
SEDA
OKTEM
FEVIK
CHAPTER
II
LAW
OF
PERSONS
.
71
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
71
§
PART
I
GENERAL
REMARKS
ON
THE
TURKISH
CIVIL
CODE
.
72
I.
OVERVIEW
.
72
II.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
.
72
CONTENTS
11
§
PART
II
ESSENTIALS
OF
LAW
OF
PERSONS
.
73
I.
NATURAL
PERSONS
.
74
A.
BEGINNING
AND
END
OF
PERSONALITY
.
74
1.
BEGINNING
OF
PERSONALITY
.
74
2.
END
OF
PERSONALITY
.
75
A.
DEATH
.
75
B.
PRESUMPTION
OF
DEATH
.
76
C.
DECLARATION
OF
PRESUMPTION
OF
DEAD
IN
ABSENTIA
(DISAPPEARANCE)
.
76
B.
REGISTRY
OF
PERSONAL
STATUS
.
77
C.
PERSONS
OF
SUBJECT
OF
RIGHTS:
CAPACITY
.
77
1.
THE
CAPACITY
TO
BE
THE
SUBJECT
OF
RIGHTS
(LEGAL
CAPACITY)
.
77
2.
THE
CAPACITY
TO
ACT
.
79
A.
CONDITIONS
.
79
AA.
MAJORITY
.
79
BB.
THE
CAPACITY
OF
JUDGMENT
.
80
CC.
NOT
TO
BE
INTERDICTED
.
81
B.
TYPES
OF
CAPACITY
TO
ACT
.
81
AA.
FULL
CAPACITY
.
81
BB.
FULL
INCAPACITY
.
81
CC.
LIMITED
INCAPACITY
.
82
3.
PROTECTION
OF
PERSONALITY
.
83
A.
PROTECTION
OF
PERSONALITY
AGAINST
EXCESSIVE
RESTRICTION
.
83
B.
PROTECTION
OF
PERSONALITY
AGAINST
INFRINGEMENTS
.
84
AA.
IN
GENERAL
.
84
BB.
ACTIONS
.
85
II.
LEGAL
PERSONS
.
86
12
CONTENTS
PROF.
DR.
ASH
MAKARACI
AND
ASSOC.
PROF.
DR.
SEDA
OKTEM
QEVIK
CHAPTER
III
LAW
OF
OBLIGATIONS
.
89
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
90
§
PART
I
THE
GENERAL
PROVISIONS
OF
OBLIGATION
LAW
.
91
I.
.
OVERVIEW
.
91
II.
CONTRACT:
AS
A
SOURCE
OF
OBLIGATION
.
92
A.
CONCEPT
OF
CONTRACTS
.
93
B.
FORMATION
OF
CONTRACT
.
94
1.
OFFER
94
2.
ACCEPTANCE
95
3.
STANDARD
TERMS
96
4.
FORM
OF
CONTRACTS
.
97
C.
INTERPRETATION
OF
CONTRACTS
.
100
D.
VALIDITY
OF
THE
CONTRACTS
.
100
1.
GENERALLY
100
2.
MISTAKE,
FRAUD
AND
DURESS
.
101
A.
MISTAKE
101
AA.
MISTAKE
IN
EXPRESSION
.
101
BB.
MISTAKE
IN
MOTIVE
.
102
B.
FRAUD
103
C.
DURESS
103
3.
UNFAIR
ADVANTAGE
.
104
E.
REPRESENTATION
(AGENCY)
.
104
1.
EFFECT
OF
THE
REPRESENTATION
.
105
2.
THE
EXPIRATION
OF
THE
REPRESENTATION
.
106
F.
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
CONTRACT
.
106
G.
DEFAULT
OF
THE
OBLIGEE
.
108
H.
NON-PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
CONTRACT
.
109
1.
GENERALLY
.
109
2.
DEFAULT
OF
THE
OBLIGOR
.
ILL
A.
GENERAL
RULE
.
ILL
B.
CONSEQUENCES
OF
DEFAULT
OF
OBLIGOR
FOR
BILATERAL
CONTRACT
.
ILL
3.
CONTRACTUAL
PENALTY
.
112
CONTENTS
13
I.
EXTINCTION
OF
OBLIGATIONS
.
113
1.
EXTINCTION
BY
AGREEMENT
.
114
2.
NOVATION
.
114
3.
MERGER
.
115
4.
IMPOSSIBILITY
(PERFORMANCE
BECOMES
IMPOSSIBLE)
.
115
5.
HARDSHIP
(AND
DISAPPEARANCE
OF
THE
CONTRACTUAL
BASIS)
.
115
6.
SET-OFF
.
116
7.
PRESCRIPTION
.
117
J.
JOINT
AND
SEVERAL
OBLIGATIONSHIP
.
118
K.
ASSIGNMENT
OF
CLAIMS
AND
ASSUMPTION
OF
DEBTS
.
119
§
PART
II
THE
SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
OF
OBLIGATION
LAW
.
121
I.
.
OVERVIEW
.
121
II.
CONTRACTS
PROVIDING
TRANSFER
OF
OWNERSHIP
.
122
III.
CONTRACTS
PROVIDING
TRANSFER
OF
THE
RIGHT
OF
USAGE
AND
BENEFIT
.
124
IV.
SERVICE
CONTRACTS
.
126
V.
SECURITY
CONTRACTS
.
129
VI.
CONSUMER
PROTECTION
LAW
.
131
ASST.
PROF.
DR.
^EBNEM
KILIQ
CHAPTER
IV
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
135
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
135
§
PART
I
ESSENTIALS
OF
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
136
I.
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
OF
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
136
II.
THE
POSITION
OF
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
AS
TO
THE
DIVISION
OF
LAW
.
138
III.
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
TURKISH
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
139
A.
MILESTONES
IN
THE
HISTORY
OF
TURKISH
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
140
1.
REFORM
PERIOD
.
140
2.
CONSTITUTIONAL
MONARCHY
PERIOD
.
140
14
CONTENTS
3.
REPUBLICAN
PERIOD
.
141
4.
CONSTITUTION
OF
1961
.
142
5.
THE
CURRENT
SITUATION
.
142
B.
GENERAL
REMARKS
ON
TURKISH
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
143
1.
THE
MAJOR
LAWS
FOR
EMPLOYMENT
.
143
A.
THE
TURKISH
CODE
OF
OBLIGATIONS
.
144
B.
THE
ACT
ON
EMPLOYMENT
COURTS
.
145
C.
THE
OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH
AND
SAFETY
ACT
.
145
D.
THE
ACT
ON
TRADE
UNIONS
AND
COLLECTIVE
BARGAINING
AGREEMENTS
145
E.
THE
LABOR
ACT
.
146
2.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
146
A.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
PROTECTION
OF
THE
EMPLOYEES
.
146
B.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
RESTRICTED
FREEDOM
OF
CONTRACT
.
147
C.
PRINCIPLE
OF
ADAPTATION
.
149
D.
THE
COMPLEMENTARY
PRINCIPLE
OF
INTERPRETATION:
INTERPRETATION
IN
FAVOR
OF
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
150
IV.
THE
LEGAL
SOURCES
OF
EMPLOYMENT
LAW
.
153
A.
OFFICIAL
SOURCES
.
153
1.
CONSTITUTION
.
154
2.
STATUTORY
SOURCES
.
154
A.
NATIONAL
SOURCES
.
154
B.
INTERNATIONAL
SOURCES
.
155
3.
REGULATORY
(EXECUTIVE)
SOURCES
.
156
A.
BY-LAWS
.
156
B.
OTHER
REGULATORY
SOURCES
.
157
4.
JUDICIAL
SOURCES
.
157
B.
UNOFFICIAL
SOURCES
.
159
1.
COLLECTIVE
BARGAINING
AGREEMENTS
.
159
CONTENTS
15
2.
INDIVIDUAL
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACTS
.
161
3.
WORKPLACE
REGULATIONS
(INTERNAL
REGULATIONS)
.
161
4.
ENTRENCHED
WORKPLACE
PRACTICES
.
163
5.
RIGHT
TO
MANAGE
OF
THE
EMPLOYER
.
165
§
PART
II
BASIC
CONCEPTS,
COVERAGE
AND
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT
.
166
I.
THE
CONCEPT
OF
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
166
A.
THE
DEFINITION
OF
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
166
B.
FACT-CHECKING
.
167
C.
CURRENT
DEBATES
.
168
II.
THE
CONCEPT
OF
THE
EMPLOYER
.
170
A.
DEFINITION
OF
THE
EMPLOYER
.
170
B.
THE
REPRESENTATIVE
OF
THE
EMPLOYER
.
170
C.
THE
DEFINITION
OF
THE
SUB-CONTRACTOR
.
171
III.
THE
CONCEPT
OF
WORKPLACE
.
173
A.
DEFINITION
OF
WORKPLACE
.
173
B.
TRANSFER
OF
WORKPLACE
.
174
IV.
FORM
AND
SUBSTANCE,
AND
TYPES
OF
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT
.
175
A.
SUBSTANCE
OF
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT
.
175
B.
FORM
OF
CONTRACT
.
177
C.
TYPES
OF
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT
.
177
1.
DEFINITE
TERM
AND
INDEFINITE
TERM
CONTRACTS
.
177
2.
PART-TIME
AND
FULL-TIME
CONTRACTS
.
179
3.
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACTS
WITH
TRIAL
CLAUSE
180
V.
THE
SCOPE
OF
THE
LABOR
ACT
(NO.
4857)
.
181
VI.
THE
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
CONTRACTING
PARTIES
.
182
A.
THE
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
182
1.
OBLIGATION
TO
PERFORM
A
JOB/WORK
OR
A
TASK
(PRINCIPAL
OBLIGATION)
.
183
2.
OBLIGATION
TO
OBEY
.
183
3.
DUTY
OF
LOYALTY
(OBLIGATION
TO
BE
LOYAL)
.
184
16
CONTENTS
B.
THE
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
EMPLOYER
.
187
1.
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PAY
WAGE
(PRINCIPAL
OBLIGATION)
.
187
A.
GENERAL
OVERVIEW
.
187
B.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
NON-PAYMENT
.
190
2.
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PROTECT
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
191
A.
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
TAKE
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY
AND
HEALTH
MEASURES
.
192
B.
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
INSPECT
.
193
C.
THE
OBLIGATION
TO
PROVIDE
TRAINING
.
193
3.
THE
OBLIGATION
OF
EQUAL
TREATMENT
.
194
§
PART
III
WORKING
CONDITIONS
.
196
I.
THE
LEGAL
REGULATIONS
ON
WORKING
TIME
.
196
A.
NORMAL
WORKING
TIME
.
196
B.
SHIFT
WORK
AND
"
BALANCING
(EQUALIZATION)
OF
THE
WORKING
HOURS
"
(WTAS)
.
197
C.
OVERWORK
TIME
AND
WORK
AT
EXTRA
HOURS
.
200
1.
THE
CLASSIFICATION
OF
OVERTIME
WORK
.
200
2.
THE
LEGAL
REQUIREMENTS
AND
THE
LIMITS
.
201
3.
THE
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
OVERTIME
WORK
.
202
II.
THE
LEGAL
REGULATIONS
ON
REST
PERIODS
.
203
A.
REST
PERIODS
.
203
1.
DAILY
BREAK
(WORK
BREAK)
.
203
2.
WEEK
HOLIDAY
.
204
3.
NATIONAL
HOLIDAY
AND
PUBLIC
HOLIDAYS
.
204
B.
ANNUAL
PAID
LEAVE
.
205
1.
LENGTH
AND
ENTITLEMENT
.
205
2.
THE
CONVERSION
OF
UNUSED
ANNUAL
PAID
LEAVES
INTO
MONEY
206
III.
LEGAL
REGULATIONS
ON
THE
CHANGE
IN
WORKING
CONDITIONS
.
207
CONTENTS
17
§
PART
IV
TERMINATION
OF
THE
EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT
.
208
I.
EXTINCTION
OTHER
THAN
TERMINATION
.
209
A.
.
EXTINCTION
BY
AGREEMENT
(IKALE)
.
209
B.
EXPIRATION
OF
SPECIFIC
PERIOD
(FOR
DEFINITE
TERM
CONTRACTS)
.
210
C.
THE
DEATH
OF
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
210
II.
EXTINCTION
BY
TERMINATION
OF
THE
CONTRACT
.
211
A.
TERMINATION
WITH
JUST
CAUSE
.
211
1.
THE
CASES
FOR
TERMINATION
WITH
JUST
CAUSE
FOR
THE
EMPLOYEE
(ART.
24
OF
LA)
.
212
A.
CASES
OF
HEALTH
CONCERNS
.
212
B.
CASES
OF
IMMORAL,
DISHONORABLE,
OR
MALICIOUS
CONDUCT,
AND
ALIKE
212
C.
CASES
OF
COMPELLING REASONS
(FORCE
MAJEURE)
213
2.
THE
CASES
FOR
TERMINATION
WITH
JUST
CAUSE
FOR
THE
EMPLOYER
(ART.
25
OF
LA)
.
214
A.
CASES
OF
HEALTH
CONCERNS
.
214
B.
CASES
OF
IMMORAL,
DISHONORABLE,
OR
MALICIOUS
CONDUCT,
AND
ALIKE
215
C.
CASES
OF
COMPELLING
REASONS
(FORCE
MAJEURE)
216
3.
THE
PROCEDURE
FOR
TERMINATION
WITH
JUST
CAUSES
.
217
B.
UNJUST
TERMINATION
.
218
C.
TERMINATION
AT
WILL
.
219
1.
THE
NOTICE
(NOTIFICATION)
PERIOD
.
219
2.
MALEVOLENCE
COMPENSATION
(IN
THE
CASE
OF
ABUSIVE
TERMINATION)
.
221
III.
TERMINATION
OF
THE
CONTRACT
IN
CASE
OF
EMPLOYMENT
SECURITY
.
222
A.
THE
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
EMPLOYMENT
SECURITY
223
1.
EXCLUSION
OF
CERTAIN
CATEGORIES
OF
THE
EMPLOYEES
OR
THE
ENTERPRISES
.
223
18
CONTENTS
2.
JUSTIFICATION
FOR
TERMINATION
AND
INVALID
REASONS
.
225
A.
THE
VALID
REASONS
CONNECTED
WITH
THE
CONDUCT
AND
PERFORMANCE
OF
THE
EMPLOYEES
.
227
B.
THE
REASONS
CONNECTED
WITH
THE
OPERATIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
OF
THE
ENTERPRISE,
THE
WORKPLACE
OR
THE
WORK
.
227
C.
INVALID
REASONS
FOR
TERMINATION
.
228
3.
NOTICE
OF
TERMINATION
.
228
4.
THE
REQUIREMENT
ON
TAKING
MEASURES
TO
AVERT
TERMINATION
(ULTIMA
RATIO
PRINCIPLE)
.
230
5.
BURDEN
OF
PROOF
.
230
B.
PROCEEDING
AGAINST
INVALID
TERMINATION
.
231
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
INVALID
TERMINATION
.
232
IV.
SEVERANCE
PAY
.
234
A.
REQUIREMENTS
FOR
SEVERANCE
PAY
.
235
1.
SENIORITY
OF
MINIMUM
ONE-YEAR
.
235
2.
SPECIAL
CASES
DEFINED
BY
LAW
.
235
A.
THE
TERMINATION
WITH
JUST
CAUSE
BY
THE
EMPLOYEE
.
235
B.
THE
TERMINATION
BY
THE
EMPLOYER
EXCLUDING
THE
CASES
LISTED
IN
THE
ART.
25/11
OF
LA
.
235
C.
THE
PECULIAR
CONDITIONS
.
236
B.
AMOUNT
OF
SEVERANCE
PAY
.
237
C.
INTEREST
RATE
FOR
LATE
PAYMENT
.
238
D.
PRESCRIPTION
PERIOD
.
238
V.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
.
238
CONTENTS
19
ASST.
PROF.
DR.
AY^
^AHIN
AND
ASST.
PROF.
DR.
TUGBA
SEMERCL
VURALOGLU
CHAPTER
V
COMMERCIAL
LAW
.
243
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
243
§
PART
I
LAW
OF
COMMERCIAL
ENTERPRISE
.
245
I.
.
COMMERCIAL
LAW
THEORIES
AND
THE
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
OF
COMMERCIAL
LAW
.
245
II.
THE
MAIN
PILLARS
OF
THE
LAW
OF
COMMERCIAL
ENTERPRISE
.
248
A.
THE
COMMERCIAL
ENTERPRISE
.
248
1.
THE
IMPORTANCE
OF
COMMERCIAL
ENTERPRISE
.
248
2.
DEFINITION
AND
LEGAL
NATURE
.
249
3.
TRANSFER
OF
THE
COMMERCIAL
ENTERPRISE
.
250
A.
INTRODUCTION
.
250
B.
MAIN
TRAITS
OF
THE
TRANSFER
.
251
C.
LEGAL
CONSEQUENCES
OF
A
TRANSFER
.
253
4.
PLEDGE
ON
MOVABLES
IN
COMMERCIAL
TRANSACTIONS
.
254
A.
PLEDGE
THROUGH
REGISTRATION
.
254
B.
THE
"
NEW
CODE
"
.
255
C.
THE
SCOPE
OF
THE
NEW
COMMERCIAL
PLEDGE
.
256
D.
FORECLOSURE
POSSIBILITIES
.
257
B.
TITLE
OF
MERCHANT
AND
RELATED
CONSEQUENCES
.
258
1.
THE
TITLE
OF
"
MERCHANT
"
.
258
A.
FOR
NATURAL
PERSONS
.
258
B.
FOR
LEGAL
PERSONS
.
258
C.
FOR
ASSOCIATION
OF
SHIPOWNERS
.
260
D.
FOR
DOMINANT
UNDERTAKINGS
.
260
2.
LOSS
OF
THE
TITLE
OF
"
MERCHANT
"
.
261
3.
CONSEQUENCES
OF
BEING
"
MERCHANT
"
.
261
A.
BEING
SUBJECT
TO
INSOLVENCY
.
261
B.
REGISTRATION
TO
THE
COMMERCIAL
REGISTER
.
262
C.
REGISTRATION
TO
THE
CHAMBERS
AND
UNIONS
.
262
20
CONTENTS
D.
OBLIGATION
TO
CHOOSE
AND
USE
A
BUSINESS
NAME
.
262
E.
SUBJECT
TO
THE
PRESUMPTION
OF
COMMERCIAL
AFFAIR
.
262
F.
BEING
SUBJECT
TO
COMMERCIAL
CUSTOMS
.
262
G.
KEEPING
COMMERCIAL
BOOKS
.
262
H.
ACTING
AS
A
PRUDENT
BUSINESSPERSON
.
263
I.
THE
RIGHT
TO
CLAIM
FEES
AND
INTEREST
.
263
J.
LACK
OF
RIGHT
TO
REQUEST
REDUCTION
OF
FEES
AND
PENAL
CLAUSES
.
264
K.
INVOICING
.
264
1.
OBJECTION
TO
INVOICE
AND
CONFIRMATION
LETTER
.
265
M.
THE
REQUIREMENT
TO
FOLLOW
FORM
FOR
THE
CERTAIN
NOTICES
AND
WARNINGS
.
265
N.
FACILITY
IN
EXERCISING
THE
RIGHT
TO
RETAIN
.
266
O.
BEING
SUBJECT
TO
SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
IN
COMMERCIAL
SALES
AND
EXCHANGE
OF
GOODSCONTRACTS
.
266
P.
BEING
SUBJECT
TO
SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
IN
TRANSACTIONS
BETWEEN
COMMERCIAL
ENTERPRISES
FOR
THE
PURPOSE
OF
SUPPLY
OF
GOODS
AND
SERVICES
.
267
R.
OPPORTUNITY
TO
MAKE
A
JURISDICTION
AGREEMENT
267
C.
MERCHANT
ASSISTANTS
.
267
1.
DEPENDENT
ASSISTANTS
.
269
A.
COMMERCIAL
REPRESENTATIVE
.
269
B.
COMMERCIAL
AGENT
.
270
C.
COMMERCIAL
TRAVELLER
.
271
2.
INDEPENDENT
ASSISTANTS
.
272
A.
AGENT
.
272
B.
BROKER
.
276
C.
COMMISSIONER
.
277
CONTENTS
21
D.
TRANSPORT
COMMISSIONER
(FREIGHT
FORWARDER)
.
278
D.
THE
UNFAIR
COMPETITION
RULES
.
279
1.
GENERAL
REMARKS
.
279
2.
THE
UNFAIR
BUSINESS
PRACTICES
(TCC
55)
.
281
3.
THE
SANCTIONS
OF
THE
UNFAIR
BUSINESS
PRACTICES
.
285
A.
TYPES
OF
LEGAL
ACTIONS
AND
THE
CIVIL
LIABILITY
CLAIMS
285
B.
PARTIES
OF
THE
LEGAL
ACTION
.
286
C.
CRIMINAL
LIABILITY
.
288
D.
PRESCRIPTION
.
288
§
PART
II
ESSENTIALS
OF
TURKISH
COMPANY
LAW
.
288
I.
GENERAL
REMARKS
ON
TURKISH
COMPANY
LAW
.
288
A.
LEGAL
TYPES
OF
COMPANIES
IN
TURKISH
LAW
.
289
B.
THE
PRINCIPLE
OF
"
LIMITED
LIABILITY
"
AND
"
LIFTING
THE
CORPORATE
VEIL
"
AS
AN
EXCEPTION
291
C.
GROUP
OF
COMPANIES
.
292
II.
THE
LIFE
CYCLE
OF
A
COMPANY
.
293
A.
HOW
IS
A
COMPANY
MANAGED?
"
ORGANS
OF
A
JOINT
STOCK
COMPANY
"
.
293
1.
DIVISION
OF
LABOR
.
293
2.
THE
BOARD
OF
DIRECTORS
.
294
A.
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
BOARD
OF
DIRECTORS
.
294
AA.
APPOINTMENT
AND
DISMISSION
.
294
BB.
THE
COMPOSITION
AND
THE
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE
.
295
B.
THE
POWER
AND
DUTIES
OF
THE
BOARD
OF
DIRECTORS
297
AA.
THE
OVERALL
MANAGEMENT
AND
DIRECTION
297
BB.
DELEGATION
OF
THE
POWER
AND
DUTIES
298
CC.
REPRESENTATION
OF
THE
COMPANY
300
22
CONTENTS
C.
BOARD
MEETINGS
.
300
D.
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
OF
DIRECTORS
OF
THE
COMPANY
302
E.
SANCTIONS
303
AA.
LIABILITY
OF
THE
BOARD
OF
DIRECTORS
.
303
BB.
INVALIDITY
OF
BOD
DECISIONS
307
CC.
CONFLICT
OF
INTERESTS
(PROHIBITION
OF
PARTICIPATING
PROCEEDINGS
TCC
393)
.
309
3.
GENERAL
ASSEMBLY
.
310
A.
DUTIES
AND
POWERS
.
310
B.
THE
GA
MEETINGS
.
311
AA.
MEETING
TYPES,
TIME,
PLACE
AND
AGENDAS
.
311
BB.
AUTHORIZED
PERSONS
TO
CALL
THE
GA
TO
THE
MEETING
.
313
CC.
CONVOCATION
FORM
.
314
DD.
AUTHORIZATION
TO
ATTEND
THE
GA
MEETINGS,
LIST
OF
ATTENDEES
AND
VOTING
RIGHTS
315
EE.
REPRESENTATION
AND
TYPES
OF
REPRESENTATION
IN
THE
GA
MEETINGS
.
317
FF.
QUORUMS
IN
THE
GA
MEETINGS
.
319
GG.
HOW
TO
CONDUCT
THE
GA
MEETINGS
.
321
C.
.
INVALIDITY
OF
THE
GA
RESOLUTIONS
.
323
AA.
.
INEXISTENCE
.
323
BB.
.
NULLITY
.
324
CC.
.
PENDING
INVALIDITY
.
325
DD.
.
ACTION
FOR
ANNULMENT
.
325
EE.
WHAT
ARE
THE
CONDITIONS
AND
TERMS
OF
THE
LITIGATION?
.
327
CONTENTS
23
4.
SHAREHOLDERS
'
RIGHTS
AND
OBLIGATIONS
.
328
A.
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
SHAREHOLDERS
.
328
AA.
CAPITAL
DEBT
(SINGLE
DEBT
PRINCIPLE)
.
328
BB.
SECONDARY
LIABILITIES
(INCIDENTAL
DUTIES)
.
330
CC.
LOYALTY
OBLIGATION
.
330
DD.
CONFIDENTIALITY
OBLIGATION
.
330
B.
RIGHTS
OF
THE
SHAREHOLDERS
.
331
AA.
IN
TERMS
OF
QUALIFICATIONS
.
331
BB.
IN
TERMS
OF
USAGE
.
337
5.
SECURITIES
.
340
A.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
SECURITIES
.
340
B.
ISSUING
SHARE
CERTIFICATES
.
342
AA.
GENERAL
REMARKS
.
342
BB.
ISSUING
BEARER
SHARE
CERTIFICATES
(THE
RECENT
AMENDMENT)
.
343
CC.
ISSUING
REGISTERED
SHARE
CERTIFICATES/TEMPORARY
SHARE
CERTIFICATES
.
345
C.
THE
MODALITY
OF
THE
TRANSFER
.
345
D.
RESTRICTIONS
ON
THE
TRANSFERABILITY
.
346
AA.
RESTRICTIONS
ARISING
OUT
THE
LAW
.
346
BB.
STATUTORY
RESTRICTIONS
.
347
6.
DISSOLUTION
OFJOINT
STOCK
COMPANIES
.
349
A.
THE
DISSOLUTION
PHASE
.
349
AA.
MEANING
OF
DISSOLUTION,
GENERAL
DISSOLUTION
GROUNDS
AND
OTHER
PROVISIONS
.
349
BB.
SPECIFIC
DISSOLUTION
GROUNDS
.
351
B.
LIQUIDATION
PROCEDURE
.
353
24
CONTENTS
ASSOC.
PROF.
DR.
ZAFER
KAHRAMAN
CHAPTER
VI
COMPETITION
LAW
.
359
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
359
§
PART
I
INTRODUCTION
.
360
I.
OVERVIEW
.
360
II.
LEGISLATION
.
361
III.
SALIENT
FEATURES
OF
THE
TURKISH
COMPETITION
LAW
.
362
A.
THE
PURPOSE
.
362
B.
THE
SCOPE
.
363
C.
THE
FOCUS
.
364
IV.
THE
COMPETITION
AUTHORITY
(TCA)
.
365
§
PART
II
UNDERTAKING
.
365
I.
THE
LEGAL
DEFINITION
.
365
II.
THE
ELEMENTS
.
366
A.
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY
.
366
B.
ECONOMIC
UNIT
.
367
C.
INDEPENDENT
DECISION-MAKING
.
367
§
PART
III
RELEVANT
MARKET
.
368
I.
IN
GENERAL
.
368
II.
MARKET
DEFINITION
.
369
A.
INFORMATION
GATHERING
.
PROCESS
.
369
B.
CRITERIA
.
370
C.
FACTORS
FOR
THE
DEFINITION
OF
RELEVANT
PRODUCT
MARKET
.
370
1.
EATURES
OF
THE
PRODUCTS
.
370
2.
FINDINGS
INDICATING
THE
PRODUCTS
SUBSTITUTED
EACH
OTHER
IN
THE
RECENT
PAST
370
3.
QUANTITATIVE
TESTS
SPECIFICALLY
DEVELOPED
FOR
DETERMINING
THE
MARKET
.
371
4.
OPINIONS
OF
THE
CUSTOMERS
AND
COMPETITORS
.
372
CONTENTS
25
5.
COSTS
AND
BARRIERS
(RELATED
TO
SWITCHING
THE
DEMAND
TO
POTENTIAL
SUBSTITUTE
PRODUCTS)
.
372
6.
SUPPLY
SUBSTITUTION
ANALYSIS
.
372
D.
FACTORS
FOR
THE
DEFINITION
OF
RELEVANT
GEOGRAPHIC
MARKET
.
373
1.
MARKET
FEATURES
.
373
2,
FINDINGS
THAT
INDICATE
ORDERS
WERE
SWITCHED
TO
DIFFERENT
REGIONS
IN
THE
PAST
374
3.
QUANTITATIVE
TESTS
SPECIFICALLY
DEVELOPED
FOR
DETERMINING
THE
MARKET
.
374
4.
OPINIONS
OF
CUSTOMERS
AND
COMPETITORS
375
§
PART
IV
PROHIBITION
ON
CARTELS
.
375
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
375
II.
MARKETS
PRONE
TO
CARTELS
.
375
III.
PROHIBITION
.
377
A.
LEGISLATION
.
377
B.
ANTI-COMPETITIVE
AGREEMENTS
.
378
1.
IN
GENERAL
.
378
2.
HORIZONTAL
AGREEMENTS
.
379
3.
VERTICAL
AGREEMENTS
.
380
C.
CONCERTED
PRACTICES
.
380
1.
IN
GENERAL
.
380
2.
ELEMENTS
OF
CONCERTED
PRACTICES
.
382
A.
PARALLEL
ANTI-COMPETITIVE
ACTION
OF
PLURAL
UNDERTAKINGS
.
382
B.
INTENTIONAL
HARMONIZATION
OF
BEHAVIORS
383
3.
PRESUMPTION
.
384
4.
EXAMINATION
OF
OLIGOPOLISTIC
INTERDEPENDENCE
.
385
D.
DECISIONS
BY
ASSOCIATION
OF
UNDERTAKINGS
.
389
26
CONTENTS
IV.
EXEMPTION
.
389
A.
LEGISLATION
.
389
B.
DEFINITION
.
390
C.
CONDITIONS
OF
THE
EXEMPTION
.
390
D.
BLOCK
EXEMPTIONS
.
390
V.
ACTIVE
COOPERATION
FOR
DETECTING
CARTELS
.
391
A.
INTRODUCTION
.
391
B.
REGULATION
.
391
VI.
DE
MINIMIS
RULE
.
392
§
PART
V
PROHIBITION
ON
ABUSE
OF
DOMINANT
POSITION
.
392
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
392
II.
LEGISLATION
.
393
III.
DEFINITION
AND
ELEMENTS
OF
THE
DOMINANT
POSITION
393
A.
DEFINITION
.
393
B.
ELEMENTS
.
394
C.
COLLECTIVE
(JOINT)
DOMINANCE
.
395
IV.
DETECTION
OF
THE
DOMINANT
POSITION
.
396
A.
IN
GENERAL
.
396
B.
BARRIERS
TO
ENTRY
.
397
1.
LEGAL
BARRIERS
TO
ENTRY
.
398
2.
ECONOMIC
BARRIERS
TO
ENTRY
.
398
V.
ABUSE
OF
DOMINANT
POSITION
.
399
§
PART
VI
CONTROL
OF
CONCENTRATIONS
.
401
I.
INTRODUCTION
.
401
II.
LEGISLATION
.
402
III.
CASES
CONSIDERED
AS
A
CONCENTRATION
.
402
IV.
CONCENTRATIONS
SUBJECT
TO
AUTHORIZATION
.
403
V.
PROCEDURE
.
404
VI.
ASSESSMENT
.
405
VII.
REMEDIES
.
405
VIII.
TYPES
OF
ACCEPTABLE
PROPOSED
REMEDIES
.
407
CONTENTS
27
§
PART
VII
SANCTIONS,
FINES,
REMEDIES
.
407
I.
.
PROCEDURE
.
407
II.
.
PRIVATE
LAW
REMEDIES
AGAINST
LIMITING
COMPETITION
.
408
III.
ADMINISTRATIVE
FINES
.
410
A.
SANCTIONS
AGAINST
MISLEADING
INFORMATION
OR
COMPLICATING
INVESTIGATION
.
410
B.
SANCTIONS
AGAINST
PROHIBITED
ANTI
COMPETITIVE
BEHAVIORS
.
411
C.
PROPORTIONAL
ADMINISTRATIVE
FINES
.
412
IV.
BASE
FINE,
AGGRAVATING
FACTORS
AND
MITIGATING
FACTORS
.
412
A.
BASE
FINE
.
412
B.
AGGRAVATING
FACTORS
.
413
C.
MITIGATING
FACTORS
.
413
D.
FINES
TO
BE
APPLIED
TO
MANAGERS
AND
EMPLOYEES
413
ASST.
PROF.
DR.
EVRIM
AKGUN
CHAPTER
VII
INSURANCE
LAW
.
419
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
419
§
PART
I
GENERAL
INFORMATION
ON
INSURANCE
AND
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
420
I.
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
OF
INSURANCE
.
420
II.
SOURCES
OF
INSURANCE
LAW
.
421
A.
LEGISLATION
.
421
B.
BY-LAWS
.
422
C.
GENERAL
TERMS
AND
CONDITIONS
OF
INSURANCE
(SIGORTA
GENEL
^ARTLARI)
422
D.
SPECIAL
TERMS
.
422
E.
JUDICIAL
SOURCES
.
423
III.
DEFINITION
OF
THE
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
423
28
CONTENTS
IV.
ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
OF
THE
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
423
A.
INSURABLE
INTEREST
.
423
B.
RISK
.
424
V.
CATEGORIES
OF
INSURANCE
CONTRACTS
.
426
A.
INSURANCE
OF
FIXED
SUMS
-
INDEMNITY
INSURANCE
.
426
B.
ACTIVE
INSURANCE
-
PASSIVE
INSURANCE
.
426
C.
COMPULSORY
INSURANCE
-
VOLUNTARY
INSURANCE
.
427
D.
INDEMNITY
INSURANCE
-
INSURANCE
OF
PERSONS
.
427
§
PART
II
CONCLUSION
OF
THE
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
427
I.
OFFER
AND
ACCEPTANCE
.
427
II.
FORM
OF
THE
CONTRACT
.
428
III.
PARTIES
OF
THE
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
428
A.
INSURER
.
428
B.
POLICYHOLDER
.
428
C.
RELEVANT
THIRD
PARTIES
.
429
1.
INSURED
(IN
INDEMNITY
INSURANCE)
.
429
2.
INSURED
(IN
LIFE
INSURANCE)
.
429
3.
BENEFICIARY
.
430
4.
AFFECTED
PARTY
(IN
LIABILITY
INSURANCE)
.
430
5.
NEW
HOLDER
OF
INSURED
INTEREST
.
430
6.
HOLDER
OF
THE
RIGHT
IN
REM
.
431
IV.
LEGAL
RESTRICTIONS
ON
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
431
V.
BURDEN
OF
PROOF
.
432
VI.
CONCLUDING
THE
CONTRACT
WITH
THE
ASSISTANCE
OF
THE
INSURANCE
INTERMEDIARIES
.
432
A.
INSURANCE
AGENT
.
432
B.
INSURANCE
BROKER
.
433
CONTENTS
29
§
PART
III
DUTIES
AND
OBLIGATIONS
OF
THE
PARTIES
.
433
I.
INSURERS
DUTIES
AND
OBLIGATIONS
.
433
A.
OBLIGATION
TO
CARRY
THE
RISK
(ART.
1421-1422
OF
TCC)
.
433
B.
PRE-CONTRACTUAL
INFORMATION
DUTY
(ART.
1423
OF
TCC)
.
434
C.
OBLIGATION
TO
DELIVER
THE
INSURANCE
POLICY
(ART.
1424-1425
OF
TCC)
.
434
D.
OBLIGATION
TO
PAY
EXPENSES
(ART.
1426
OF
TCC)
.
434
E.
OBLIGATION
TO
PAY
INDEMNITY
OR
FIXED
SUM
(ART.
1427-1429
OF
TCC)
.
435
II.
POLICYHOLDER
'
S
DUTIES
AND
OBLIGATIONS
.
437
A.
OBLIGATION
TO
PAY
PREMIUM
(ART.
1430-1434
OF
TCC)
.
437
B.
DUTIES
.
438
1.
DUTY
OF
DISCLOSURE
.
439
A.
BEFORE
CONCLUDING
THE
CONTRACT
.
439
B.
DURING
THE
CONTRACT
PERIOD
.
440
C.
AT
THE
TIME
OF
MATERIALIZATION
OF
THE
RISK
.
442
2.
DUTY
TO
PROVIDE
INFORMATION
AND
ALLOW
INVESTIGATION
.
442
3.
DUTY
TO
PREVENT,
MITIGATE
THE
LOSS
AND
PROTECT
THE
INSURERS
RIGHT
OF
SUBROGATION
(ART.
1448
OF
TCC)
.
443
4.
DUTY
TO
REFRAIN
FROM
CHANGES
TO
DAMAGED
GOODS
AND
THE
PLACE
OF
OCCURRENCE
(ART.
1471
OF
TCC)
.
443
5.
CONTRACTUAL
DUTIES
.
443
III.
THE
IMPACT
OF
THE
INSURED,
BENEFICIARY
AND
REPRESENTATIVE
'
S
KNOWLEDGE
AND
BEHAVIOR
.
444
30
CONTENTS
§
PART
IV
EXTINCTION
OF
THE
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
AND
THE
OUTCOMES
.
444
I.
EXTINCTION
OF
THE
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
444
A.
EXTINCTION
OF
CONTRACT
BY
TERMINATION
.
444
B.
WITHDRAWAL
.
446
C.
EXPIRY
.
446
D.
AGREEMENT
.
446
E.
MATERIALIZATION
OF
THE
RISK
.
447
E
LACK
OF
INSURABLE
INTEREST
.
447
II.
PRESCRIPTION
PERIOD
.
447
III.
SUBROGATION
OF
THE
INSURER
.
447
§
PART
V
SPECIAL
TYPES
OF
INSURANCE
CONTRACT
.
448
I.
.
THEFT
INSURANCE
.
449
II.
FIRE
INSURANCE
AND
FIRE-RELATED
PROFIT
LOSS
INSURANCE
.
449
III.
LIABILITY
INSURANCE
.
451
ASST.
PROF.
DR.
ELIFKUZECI
CHAPTER
VIII
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
LAW
.
457
INTRODUCTORY
REMARKS
.
457
§
PART
I
THE
NECESSITY
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
LEGISLATION
AND
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
.
458
I.
THE
NECESSITY
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
.
458
II.
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
.
459
§
PART
II
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
TURKISH
DATA
PROTECTION
LAW
.
461
I.
TURKISH
CONSTITUTION
.
461
II.
TURKISH
PENAL
CODE
AND
TURKISH
CIVIL
CODE
.
463
III.
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
ACT
.
464
§
PART
III
THE
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
ACT
OF
TURKEY
.
466
I.
BASIC
CONCEPTS
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
LAW
.
466
A.
PERSONAL
DATA
.
466
CONTENTS
31
B.
SENSITIVE
DATA
.
467
C.
PROCESSING
PERSONAL
DATA
.
468
D.
DATA
SUBJECT,
DATA
CONTROLLER
AND
DATA
PROCESSOR
.
469
II.
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
PROTECTION
LAW
.
470
A.
LAWFULNESS
AND
FAIRNESS
PRINCIPLE
.
470
B.
ACCURACY
PRINCIPLE
.
471
C.
PURPOSE
LIMITATION
PRINCIPLE
.
471
D.
DATA
MINIMIZATION
PRINCIPLE
.
472
E.
RETAIN
LIMITATION
PRINCIPLE
.
472
III.
LEGAL
CONDITIONS
TO
PROCESS
PERSONAL
DATA
.
472
A.
EXPLICIT
CONSENT
.
472
B.
DATA
PROCESSING
CONDITIONS
WITHOUT
EXPLICIT
CONSENT
.
473
1.
ENVISAGED
BY
LAW
.
473
2.
VITAL
INTEREST
.
474
3.
CONTRACTUAL
NECESSITIES
.
474
4.
LEGAL
OBLIGATIONS
.
475
5.
DISCLOSURE
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
BY
THE
DATA
SUBJECT
475
6.
ESTABLISHMENT,
EXERCISE
OR
PROTECTION
OF
A
RIGHT
475
7.
LEGITIMATE
INTERESTS
OF
DATA
CONTROLLER
.
476
C.
DATA
PROCESSING
CONDITIONS
FOR
SENSITIVE
DATA
.
476
D.
TRANSFER
OF
PERSONAL
DATA
ABROAD
.
477
E.
DATA
SECURITY
.
478
IV.
ENFORCEMENT
SYSTEM
.
479
A.
COMPENSATION
.
479
B.
ADMINISTRATIVE
FINES
.
479
32
CONTENTS
C.
SANCTIONS
.
480
1.
RECORDING
PERSONAL
DATA
.
480
2.
GIVING,
DISSEMINATING
AND
SEIZING
PERSONAL
DATA
.
481
3.
NOT
DESTROYING
PERSONAL
DATA
.
481
INDEX
.
485 |
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| geographic | Türkei (DE-588)4061163-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Türkei |
| id | DE-604.BV048309007 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:08:53Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-31T02:17:48Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)1065711506 |
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| language | English |
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| physical | 490 Seiten 21 cm x 14.8 cm |
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| publisher | Peter Lang |
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| spelling | Introduction to Turkish business law Şebnem Kılıç (ed.) 1. Auflage Berlin Peter Lang [2022] 490 Seiten 21 cm x 14.8 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd rswk-swf Türkei (DE-588)4061163-2 gnd rswk-swf Bahsi Business Esra Introduction KILIC Sebnem Turkish (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Türkei (DE-588)4061163-2 g Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 s DE-604 Kılıç, Şebnem (DE-588)1262280893 edt Peter Lang GmbH (DE-588)1065711506 pbl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-3-631-87420-2 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-3-631-87421-9 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=1393272f128141f890ee40a3b02764e8&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext X:MVB https://www.peterlang.com/view/product/101814?format=HC DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033688637&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p vlb 20220203 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb |
| spellingShingle | Introduction to Turkish business law Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066510-0 (DE-588)4061163-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | Introduction to Turkish business law |
| title_auth | Introduction to Turkish business law |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to Turkish business law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Introduction to Turkish business law |
| title_full | Introduction to Turkish business law Şebnem Kılıç (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to Turkish business law Şebnem Kılıç (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to Turkish business law Şebnem Kılıç (ed.) |
| title_short | Introduction to Turkish business law |
| title_sort | introduction to turkish business law |
| topic | Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsrecht Türkei Aufsatzsammlung Einführung |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=1393272f128141f890ee40a3b02764e8&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm https://www.peterlang.com/view/product/101814?format=HC http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033688637&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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