Neo-militant democracies in post-communist member states of the European Union:
"This book examines contemporary militant democracies in post-communist states in the European Union. Examining, through case studies, their broader relevance to political, legal, and social structures, this book looks in revealing detail at the struggles between these democratic and anti-democ...
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London ; New York
Routledge
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | Democratization and autocratization studies
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This book examines contemporary militant democracies in post-communist states in the European Union. Examining, through case studies, their broader relevance to political, legal, and social structures, this book looks in revealing detail at the struggles between these democratic and anti-democratic actors that share similar historical experiences of contentious politics, communism, and political transformation. It importantly unravels the tension between them, determining which are already authoritarian, and which are teetering on the brink of an anti-democratic breakthrough. Analyzing regimes' continuance trajectories to capture how and what shaped the neo-militant aspects of democracies (neo-militancy) over time, the book accounts for why particular post-communist European neo-militant democracies emerge while others decline or transform into quasi-militant democracies despite transformation, how they differ from each other, what brings the differences and similarities between them, and how and why they change over time. With right-wing populist parties coming to power on the back of fears associated with economic, social, and cultural globalization and the misuse of state authorities to strengthen protective measures against threats to democratic institutions, the book represents a timely and important contribution. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of Post-Soviet/Communist/East European studies, democratic backsliding, European and Comparative Politics, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, Democracy and Dictatorship, Public Comparative Constitutional Law, Human Rights Law and Political Theory"-- |
| Beschreibung: | x, 255 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781032156347 9781032156538 |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Democratization and autocratization studies | |
| 505 | 8 | |a Theorising struggles between neo-militant democracies and their enemies / Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker -- Estonia : from neo-militant towards quasi-militant democracy? / Przemysław Osiewicz -- Latvia's soft neo-militancy : limiting Russia's influence / Jennie L. Schulze -- Lithuania : between liberal democracy and weak neo-militant democracy / Jolanta Bieliauskaitė and Vytautas Šlapkauskas -- Poland : drift towards quasi-militant democracy in defiance of resistance / Roman Bäcker and Joanna Rak -- Hungary : an abusive neo-militant democracy / Tímea Drinóczi and Gábor Mészáros -- Quasi-militant democracy in Romania : limiting contention by legal means / Dragoș Dragoman -- Bulgaria : corruption- and oligarchy-driven drift towards quasi-militant democracy / Kamila Rezmer-Płotka -- Czech Republic : towards quasi-militant democracy? / Maciej Skrzypek -- Militarisation of democracy in Slovakia / Max Steuer and Martin Kovanič -- Slovenia's crisis-driven path from neo- to quasi-militant democracy / Elżbieta Kużelewska -- Neo-militant democracies under siege in post-communist Europe : constitutional law perspective / Agnieszka Bień-Kacała -- Victories and defeats of quasi-militant democracies in post-communist Europe : comparative politics perspective / Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "This book examines contemporary militant democracies in post-communist states in the European Union. Examining, through case studies, their broader relevance to political, legal, and social structures, this book looks in revealing detail at the struggles between these democratic and anti-democratic actors that share similar historical experiences of contentious politics, communism, and political transformation. It importantly unravels the tension between them, determining which are already authoritarian, and which are teetering on the brink of an anti-democratic breakthrough. Analyzing regimes' continuance trajectories to capture how and what shaped the neo-militant aspects of democracies (neo-militancy) over time, the book accounts for why particular post-communist European neo-militant democracies emerge while others decline or transform into quasi-militant democracies despite transformation, how they differ from each other, what brings the differences and similarities between them, and how and why they change over time. With right-wing populist parties coming to power on the back of fears associated with economic, social, and cultural globalization and the misuse of state authorities to strengthen protective measures against threats to democratic institutions, the book represents a timely and important contribution. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of Post-Soviet/Communist/East European studies, democratic backsliding, European and Comparative Politics, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, Democracy and Dictatorship, Public Comparative Constitutional Law, Human Rights Law and Political Theory"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents List of contributors Acknowledgments vii xi 1 Introduction 1 Theorising struggles between neo-militant democracies and their enemies 3 JOANNA RAK AND ROMAN BÄCKER PARTI 23 Neo-militant democracies under Russian pressure 2 Estonia: From neo-militant towards quasi-militant democracy? 25 PRZEMYSŁAW OSIEWICZ 3 Latvia’s soft neo-militancy: Limiting Russia’s influence 42 JENNIE L. SCHULZE 4 Lithuania: Between liberal democracy and weak neo-militant democracy 64 JOLANTA BIELIAUSKAITĖ AND VYTAUTAS ŠLAPKAUSKAS PARTH 81 Triumphs of quasi-militant democracy 5 Poland: Drift towards quasi-militant democracy in defiance of resistance 83 ROMAN BÄCKER AND JOANNA RAK 6 Hungary: An abusive neo-militant democracy TÍMEA DRINÓCZI AND GÁBOR MÉSZÁROS 98
vi Contents 7 Quasi-militant democracy in Romania: Limiting contention by legal means 115 DRAGOȘ DRAGOMAN 8 Bulgaria: Corruption- and oligarchy-driven drift towards quasi militant democracy 130 KAMILA REZMER-PŁOTKA PART Ш Balancing between neo- and quasi-militant democracy 147 9 Czech Republic: Towards quasi-militant democracy? 149 MACIEJ SKRZYPEK 10 Militarisation of democracy in Slovakia 165 MAX STEUER AND MARTIN KOVANIČ 11 Slovenia’s crisis-driven path from neo- to quasi-militant democracy 181 ELŻBIETA KUŻELEWSKA 197 Conclusions 12 Neo-militant democracies under siege in post-communist Europe: Constitutional law perspective 199 AGNIESZKA BIEŃ-KACAŁA 13 Victories and defeats of quasi-militant democracies in post communist Europe: Comparative politics perspective 219 JOANNA RAK AND ROMAN BÄCKER Index 243
Index Aaltola, Mika 4, 14, 18 abusive neo-militant democracy 13, 16, 98, 110, 201, 204, 227 Accetto, Matej 181, 191-193, 196 Action of Dissatisfied Citizens 149, see Akce nespokojených občanu, ANO activism 47, 74 activist 53, 55-56, 58, 61, 87, 90, 97, 190, 224-225, 237 Adamowicz, Paweł 90, 97 Afshin, Ellian 20 Algan, Yann 134, 143 Akce nespokojených občanu 149, 206, see Action of Dissatisfied Citizens, ANO Almond, Gabriel A. 226, 239 American 20, 113, 117, 119, 129, 217, see US, USA Americanisation 83 Amnesty International 90, 93-94, 99, 110 annexation of Crimea 43, 56, 202, 223, 225, 240 ANO 149, 156-159, 206, 211, see Action of Dissatisfied Citizens, Akce nespokojených občanu anti-Brussels 103 anti-communist 50 anti-constitutional 53, 157 anti-corruption 16, 67, 125-126, 141, 144, 158 anti-court 177, 231 anti-establishment 149, 158 anti-European 117, 120 anti-extremism 7-8, 43 anti-democratic 116, 165, 168, 172, 177, 225, 233, 236, 238 anti-democrats 226, 229 anti-government 187, 233 anti-immigrant 149, 160, 230 anti-Kremlin 225 anti-LGBTQI 35, 104 anti-lockdown 187 anti-migrant 103, 206 anti-minority 17, 173 anti-Roma 168, 170 anti-Russian 210, 223, 225 anti-Semitic 35 antiterrorism 7- 8, 105, 231, see antiterrorist antiterrorist 105, see antiterrorism anxiety 4, 155 see fear, uncertainty Armingeon, Klaus 14, 18 Arnold, Rainer 79 arrest 53, 58, 61, 70, 90, 93, 122, 125, 140, 155, 158, 224, see detain asylum seeker 103, 105, 110, 138, 228 autocracy 19, 47, 217, 242 autocratisation 113, 199, 217 authoritarian 4-5, 7, 13, 21, 26, 57, 66, 84, 96, 98, 112-113, 124, 127, 168,
217, 220, 235, see authoritarianism authoritarianisation 98, 199 authoritarianism 5, 7-8, 10, 83, 98, 111, 114, 129, 201, 217, 221, 240, see authoritarian Avbelj, Matej 182, 192, 194 Ágh, Attila 110, 183, 194 Babis, Andrej 156-161, 164, 211, 230 Baker, Catherine 222, 239 Balčytienė, Aukse 70, 76 Baltic 15, 37, 40, 44, 47-48, 53, 55, 57-58, 60, 62-63, 196, 199, 202-204, 206-207, 209-210-211, 213, 215-216, 219-220, 223, 225, 233-234, 238-240 Bardutzky, Sarno 237, 239 Bartha, Áttila 128 Baume, Sandrine 18
244 Index Bayer, Lili 188, 194 Bayraklı, Enes 189, 194 Bán, Andrej 172, 177 Bárány, Eduard 178 Bárd, Petra 100, 110 Băsescu, Traian 119, 122-126, 129 Bäcker, Roman 3, 15-16, 67, 78, 83, 199, 204-205, 219 Beckett, Eva 113 belief 75, 101, 138, 140, 155-156, 168, 174, 205, 220-221, 238 Belov, Martin 112, 216 Bentch, Lörri Rutt 20-21 Beyrle, John Ross 220, 239 Bieliauskaitė, Jolanta 15, 64, 203, 225-226 Bień-Kacała, Agnieszka 6, 14-16, 18-19, 91, 93-95, 98-100, 102, 105, 111, 199, 201, 206, 208-209, 212-213, 216-217, 227, 234, 239-240 Bilewicz, Michal 97 Bill, Stanley 90, 94 blackmail 125, 188 Blokker, Paul 112 Boda, Zsolt 121, 128 Bodnár, Eszter 101, 110 Bogaards, Matthijs 4, 18, 121, 128, 199, 216 Borisov, Boyko 137, 141 Boros, Tamás 110 Bourne, Angela К. 4-5, 18-19, 51, 58, 168, 178 Bozóki, András 3, 18, 99, 111 Brejza, Ryszard 90, 96 Brezovšek, Magan 195 bribe 128, 158, 205 bribery 68, 73, 90 Bruinsma, Fred 20 Brúñalas, Benas 73, 76 Bugaric, Bojan 115, 128, 239 Bulgaria 6, 16-17, 128, 130-145, 199-200, 204-207, 211-216, 219-223, 226, 229-230, 234, 236-237, 241, 242, see Bulgarian Bulgarian 16, 130-145, 204-206, 210, 217, 220, 229, 235-236, see Bulgaria Bušs, Krišjānis 234, 240 Buti, Daniel 128 Cameron, David R. 219, 240 Capoccia, Giovanni 4-5, 18, 43, 50, 55, 58, 115, 128, 166, 178 Catholic 84, 205, 220 Catholic Church 84, 205 Catholicism 205 Cavegn, Dario 28, 38 censor 32, 70, 112, see censorship censorship 33, 52, 55, 57, 69, 71, 75, 112, 156, 170-171, 189, 224, 235, see censor Cerar, Miro 192 challenger 5, 17, 165, 176 Chaplin, Steven 233, 240 Cheskin, Ammon 226, 240
Chini, Mihail 129 chauvinistic 152, 230 Chudžíková, Alena 179 Christian 69, 99, 104, 227 Cianetti, Licia 6, 19, 46, 49, 59 Ciobanu, Ionuț 129 citizen 9-11, 19, 25-27, 29, 32-33, 36, 38, 42֊43, 46-48, 50-52, 57, 59, 62, 64, 66-71, 75, 84, 88, 93, 100, 110, 119, 131, 133-135, 137-138, 140-142, 149-152, 154, 156, 166, 172-174, 177, 181, 183-186, 188, 190, 200-207, 220, 230-231, 233, 235-237, 241 citizenry 47 citizenship 7-8, 14, 29, 34, 42, 44-46, 49, 51, 56, 59, 63, 95, 100, 131, 133, 135, 143, 150, 152, 201-204, 206-207, 215, 224 civic democracy 25, 202 Civic Democratic Party 158 Civic Platform 221, see Platforma Obywatelska, PO CIVICUS 70, 76-77, 189, 194-195 civil society 12-13, 26, 29, 38, 40, 64-65, 67, 89, 94, 112, 121, 136, 150-152, 157-158, 160-161, 171-172, 176-177, 181, 189-190, 192-193, 206, 215, 237, 239 cleavage 56 clientelism 96, 230 Colomer, Joseph Μ. 111 Coman, Ramona 123, 128 communism 50, 52, 63, 87, 110, 128-129, 158, 223, 226, see communist communist 5-7, 10, 13, 15, 18, 21, 44, 50-52, 56, 87, 90, 96, 115, 127-129, 131, 154, 199-201, 203, 206, 208, 211-212, 215-216, 219-220, 222-224, 226, 228, 232, 238-239, see communism Communist Party of Latvia 50, 52, 56, 203, 208, 224 competitive 21, 28, 98, 124, 129 Conservative People’s Party of Estonia 25, 224, see Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond, EKRE
Index 245 conspiracies 157, 170 conspiracy theories 57, 234 constitutional democracy 6, 16, 98, 100-101, 104, 109-110, 112-113, 121, 212, 227-228 contention 6, 115-116, 118, 121 contentious politics 6-7, 78 convict 84, 121, 123-124 convicted 26-27, 119, 121-122, 124, 127, 175, 205, 221, 229 conviction 121,123-125, 170, 175, 214 corona crisis 21, 41, 96, 145, 162, see coronavirus, Covid-19, epidemic, epidemiological situation, pandemic coronavirus 14, 18, 105, 232-234, 236-237, 240-241, see corona crisis, Covid-19, epidemic, epidemiological situation, pandemic, virus Corrias, Luigi 101, 111 corrupt 116-117, 119, 121, 124, 126-127, 130-131, 204, 206, 213, 221, 228, see corruption corrupting 69 corruption 6, 16-17, 36, 39, 67, 73, 75, 118, 124-127, 130-131, 136-137, 139-142, 143, 144-145, 149, 155, 158-162, 174, 177, 182, 204-205, 210, 214-215, 221, 228-232, 235, 240, see corrupt Coufalová, Aneta 173, 179 counterterrorism 7-8, 139-140, 145, 173, 178, see counterterrorist counterterrorist 155, see counterterrorism Covid-19 14, 19, 21, 31-32, 35, 38, 57-58, 60-62, 69, 83, 95, 105, 111, 113, 127, 177, 180, 186, 188-189, 199-200, 232-235, 238, 240-242, see corona crisis, coronavirus, epidemic, pandemic Cviklová, Lucie 151, 161 cyber-attack 224-225 cyber threat 174 Czech 17, 20, 149-164, 179, 230, 236, 242, see Czech Republic, Czechia Czech Republic 6, 17, 25, 149-164, 179, 199-200, 206-209, 211-212, 214-215, 222-223, 230-231, 236, 237-238, see Czech, Czechia Czechia 152, 155-156, 161, 162, 206, 222, 230, see Czech, Czech Republic Czechoslovak 222, see Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak
Republic see Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia 206, 222, 241, see Czechoslovak Černic, Jernej Letnar 194 Daly, Tom Gerald 4, 19, 98, 111, 199, 216 Danėlienė, Ingrida 79 Davoliūtė, Violeta 219, 240 Dawson, James 19 De Leeuw, Sjifra E. 5, 19 defamatory 90, see defamation defamation 89-90, 168, 175, 179, 188, see defamatory delegitimisation see delegitimise, delegitimising delegitimise 85, 192, 226, 235, see delegitimising delegitimising 116, 234, see delegitimise deliberation 9, 11, 13, 26, 31, 35, 38, 43, 52, 56, 87-89, 91, 104, 109, 117, 121, 138, 140, 150, 154, 165, 172, 176-177, 183, 187, 189, 193, 200, 209, 227, 231 demagoguery 170 Democracy Index 26, 39, 83, 95, 149-150, 160-161 democratic backsliding 6, 14, 19, 57, 88, 115, 128, 159-161, 183, 199, 214, 216, 221 democratic tolerance 16,21,110,115,227 Democrat Liberal Party 116, 126, see Partidul Democrat Liberal, PDL Democratic Left Alliance 221, see Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej democratic paradox 98, see paradox of democracy, paradox of militant democracy denizen 150, 200, 224 detain 53, 62, 73, 158, 190, see arrest Dělnická strana 151, 230, see DS, Workers’ Party Dělnická strana sociální spravedlnosti 230, see DSSS, Workers’ Party of Social Justice Dębska, Katarzyna 95 Diaconescu, Dan 122 Dimitrovs, Aleksejs 233, 240 Direction - Social Democracy 171, ree Smer-SD, Smer - Sociálna demokracia discriminate 54, 71, 138, 155, 185, 212, see discrimination, discriminatory discrimination 31, 34-35, 37, 40, 49, 57, 61, 71, 76, 89, 101, 137-138, 155-156,
246 Index 170, 186, 189, 204-205, 208-209, 215, see discriminate, discriminatory discriminatory 34, 131, 139-140, 143, 161, 170, 201, see discriminate, discrimination disinformation 4, 14, 21, 55-57, 61-62, 69, 71, 75, 77, 172, 188, 210-211, 216, 224-225, 234 Dombos, Tamás 104, 111 Dojcsák, Dalma 106, 111 Dragnea, Liviu 119, 124 Dragoman, Dragoș 16, 115-118, 124, 128, 214, 216, 228 Drgonec, Jan 169, 178 Drinóczi, Tímea 14, 16, 19, 93, 95, 98-105, 107, 111, 199, 204-206, 212-213, 216-217, 227-228, 234-235, 240 Drnovšek, Janez 188 Drugda, Šimon 237, 241 DS 151-152, 230, see Dělnická strana, Workers’ Party DSSS 152, 230, see Dělnická strana sociální spravedlnosti, Workers’ Party of Social Justice Dubovcová, Jana 176 Dudek, Antoni 83, 95 e֊governance 220 economic crisis 15, 20, 43, 55, 83, 99, 115-116, 119, 165 educate 49, 71, 124 education 42, 45, 48-50, 53-57, 61, 63, 66, 68-69, 84, 104, 138, 140, 144, 150, 152, 171, 175, 177, 203, 205, 215, 218, 221, 225-226, 229, 237, 241 educator 225 Eastern Orthodox Christianity 138, 205 Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond 224, see Conservative People’s Party of Estonia, EKRE EKRE 25, 33, 35-36, 38, 40, 224, 233, see Conservative People’s Party of Estonia, Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond Ellinas, Antonis A. 171, 178 Elster, Jon 212, 217 emergency 31, 33, 39, 65, 89, 95, 103, 105, 111-112, 116, 190, 233-237, 240-241 emotional 6, 11, 21, 91, 94, 100, 103, 126, 218, 239, see emotions emotions 238, see emotional enemy 3-8, 11-12, 16-17, 55, 84-85, 88, 90-91, 100, 104-106, 110, 115-117, 126, 138-139, 143, 150, 152, 160, 165, 188-189, 193, 200,
215, 223-224, 226-230, 232, 235, 237 Engelmann, Sabrina 173, 178 Enyedi, Zsolt 115, 128 Eötvös Károly Policy Institute 106-107, 112 epidemic 31, 38, 138, 188, 233, see corona crisis, coronavirus, Covid-19, epidemiological situation, pandemic epidemiological situation 242, see epidemic Equal Opportunities Party 154, 209 equality 34, 51, 64, 71, 102, 138, 140, 153, 182, 185, 189, 192 Ermakoff, Ivan 4, 19 Estonia 6, 15, 25^11, 58, 60, 63, 199, 202-203, 207-209, 212, 216-220, 223-226, 233, 241, see Estonian Estonian 15, 25-41, 202-203, 207-208, 220, 224, 233, see Estonia ethnic 34. 37, 40, 42-50, 52-54, 56, 60, 63, 85, 136-139, 143, 156, 165, 168, 170, 175, 185, 201-203, 208, 229, 231, 241 ethnicity 48, 71, 201-202, 204, 207 European Court of Human Rights 32, 42, 51, 60, 66, 91, 187, 195, 203 Europeanisation 83, 214 Evangelical 220 exclude 11, 35, 50-51, 56, 154, 201, 204, 225, see excluded, excluding, exclusion, exclusionary, exclusive excluded 27, 29, 30, 84, 137-138, 170, 185, 200, 204-207, 224, 227, see exclude, excluding, exclusion, exclusionary, exclusive excluding 11, 49, 136, 157, 204, 207, see exclude, excluded, exclusion, exclusionary, exclusive exclusion 12, 15, 18, 29, 43, 45, 50, 52, 59, 85, 109, 139, 143, 144, 150-151, 154, 160, 202-205, 207, 215, 223, 227, 230, see exclude, excluded, excluding, exclusionary, exclusive exclusionary 42, 44, 48, 200, 202-206, see exclude, excluded, excluding, exclusion, exclusive exclusive 89, 98, 126, 200-201, 203, 213, see exclude, excluded, excluding, exclusion, exclusionary
Index extremism 4-5, 7-8, 18-20, 43, 57, 65, 105, 109, 170, 174, 227, see extremist extremist 21, 50, 56, 110, 152, 160, 172, 209, 211, 226, 228, 230, see extremism fake news 61, 70, 122, 188, 235 Falls, Susan 19 family 91, 104, 106, 154, 185, 211, 227, 238 Farkas, Erika 111 fascism 4, 52, 87, 208, 226, see fascist fascist 43,87,117,168,208,226, see fascism Fazekas, Tamás 111 fear 5, 32, 37-38, 44, 52, 56, 65, 88, 103, 112, 141, 155, 157, 207, 210, 216, 223, 225, 234-235, 238-242, see anxiety, uncertainty Fico, Robert 169-171, 174, 178-179 Fidesz 99-105, 109, 204-205, 213, 221, 227-228 Fiedler, Radosław 78 Fillinger, Robert 159, 161 flawed democracy 26, 83, 149-150, 160 Florczak-Wątor, Monika 180 For the Native Language! 47-48 Forsberg, Tuomas 223, 240 Fraenkel, Enrst 10, 19, 84, 95, 123, 128 Frantz, Erica 199, 217 Freedom and Solidarity 167, see Sloboda a Solidarita Freedom House 13, 17, 26, 29-32, 35-36, 39, 42, 53, 60, 95, 99, 112-113, 135, 137, 141, 144, 149, 155, 162, 182, 186, 189, 192, 195, 199, 217 Freedom Party 69 fundamental rights 3-4, 20, 31, 93, 101, 103, 113, 129, 140, 155-156, 161, 165, 176, 217, 231, 237, 241 fundamentalism 3, 65, 76, 91, see fundamentalist fundamentalist 4, see fundamentalism Gajdošova, Martina 169, 178 Ganev, Venelin 115, 128 Gaponenko, Alexander 53, 61 Gardner, Andrew 158, 161 Gavriș, Alexandru 129 Gažovičová, Tina 179 Gdula, Maciej 84, 95 Gehrerová, Ria 169, 178 Georgia 44, 51, 223, 225 German 3, 19, 111, 209, 217, 225 Germany 21, 52-53, 115, 196, 219-220, 222-223, 226 247 gerrymandered 102, see gerrymandering gerrymandering 118, 129,
132, 205, see gerrymandered Geshev, Ivan 141-142 Gherghina, Sergiu 118-119, 128 Giertych, Roman 90, 95-96 Giugăl, Aurelian 118, 128-129 Gjesvik, Lars 4, 21 globalisation 6, 75, 83, 220, 226 globalist 157 Goeij, Hana 160-161 Gökanksel, Saygun 4, 19 Golińska-Konecko, Magdalena 85, 95 Gorbachev, Mikhail 50, 219 Gosling, Tim 157, 161 Grabenwarter, Christoph 99, 112 Graber, Mark A. 112 Great Recession 6, 14 Griebeler, Monika 225, 240 Grodzki, Tomasz 90, 96 Guasti, Petra 14, 19 Guiora, Amos N. 7, 19 Gurie, Sergei 143 Guthmann, Kai 14, 18 Gyurcsány, Ferenc 221 Haček, Miro 181-182, 195 Hafez, Farid 189, 194 Halmai, Gábor 98, 100, 103, 105, 112 Hankewitz, Sten 26, 39 Hanley, Seán 19, 153, 156, 159, 161 Hansen, Lene 222, 240 Hardman, Helen 136, 144 Harmony 47, 49 Harris, Erika 165, 178 Harro-Loit, Halliki 32, 40 hate crime 71, 75, 156, 162 hate speech 4, 9, 11, 70-71, 89-90, 97, 105, 138-139, 142-144, 156, 170, 173, 175, 176, 179, 189, 193, 207, 211-212, 239 hatred 31, 34, 52-53, 71, 87, 103, 139, 156, 168, 170, 173, 175, 179, 188-189, 208, 223, 226, 241 Haughton, Tim 166, 178 Hegedűs, Daniel 3, 18, 99, 111 Hegedűs, István 235, 240 Hegyi, Szabolcs 111 Hein, Michael 221, 240 Heller, Nathan 220, 241 Helme, Peeter 32 Henčeková, Slavomíra 237, 241 Hilal-Harvald, Malthe 4, 19 Hitler, Adolf 3
248 Index Hlinka, Andrej 169 Hoffmann-Riem, Wolfgand 112 Homeland Union - Lithuanian Christian Democrats 69 homo sovieticus 223, 242 homophobic 35, 152, 230 Hungary 6, 16, 18-19, 21, 25, 41, 57, 62, 95, 98-114, 115-116, 121, 128-129, 131, 144, 162, 179, 183, 199, 204-208, 210-216, 217, 219, 220-223, 226-228, 234-236, 238, 240, see Hungarian Hungarian 98-114, 128, 170, 181, 185-186, 201, 204-207, 213-214, 216, 220-221, 223, 227, 235, 237, 240, see Hungary Hungarian Socialist Party 221 Huntington, Samuel P. 199, 217 Hvasta, Miloslav 170, 179 hybrid interference 4, 7, 226, see interference, interfering, meddling hybrid regime 3, 18, 21, 26, 98-99, 111, 121 hybrid system see hybrid regime ideologic 128, 216 ideologically 103 ideology 91, 96, 123, 136, 145, 162, 168, 171, 175, 201, 207-209, 215 Ijabs, Ivars 5, 19, 45-48, 56, 60, 135, 144 illiberal constitutionalism 16, 19, 95, 98, 102, 111, 213, 217, 240 illiberal democracy 75-76, 113-114, 216, 239 immigrant 35, 100, 103, 149, 205, see migrant imprisoned 26 imprisonment 33, 70, 88, 131, 133, 155-156, 205 incitement 34, 50, 65, 71, 156, 173, 175, 188-189 inclusion 7, 9, 35, 57, 59, 63, 69, 99, 203, 206, 218, 220, 224, see inclusionary, inclusive, inclusiveness inclusionary 44, 46, 48, 203, see inclu sion, inclusive, inclusiveness inclusive 85, 91, 200-204, 207, 229, see inclusion, inclusionary, inclusiveness inclusiveness 207, 229, see inclusion, inclusionary, inclusive inequality 201, 221 Ingle, Kristine J. 7, 19 Inglehart, Ronald 83, 96, 113, 199, 217 intelligence 39,129,158,173,174, 179,225 interference 4, 7, 33, 37, 126,
167, 188, 192, 226, 234, see hybrid interference, interfering, meddling interfering 33-34, 69, 224, see hybrid interference, interference, meddling intolerance 59, 61, 71, 78, 178, 189, 195 Invernizzi Accetti, Carlo 5, 19, 43, 48, 57-58 Iržikevičius, Ruslanas 69, 78 Isamaa party 32 Istenie, Saša 188, 195 Ivanova, Irina 221, 241 Jackiewicz, Andrzej 209, 216 Jaklič, Klemen 191 Janša, Janez (Ivan) 17, 182, 186, 188-189, 193-194, 237 Jaloszewski, Mariusz 90-91, 95 Jobbik 103 Johannis, Klaus 120, 124-126 Johnston, Ian 45, 60 Johnston, Ron 128-129 Jokubauskas, Rytis 79 Jones, Brian Christopher 4, 19 Jourová, Věra 158, 161 Jovanovic, Miodrag 4, 19 Juraitė, Kristina 70, 76 Justinek, Gorazd 194 Kaczyński, Jarosław 83, 89-91, 93, 97, 221 Kaczyński, Lech 83 Kalembka, Sławomir 220, 241 Kaljulaid, Kersti 28, 36, 38 Karolewski, Ireneusz Paweł 116, 125, 126, 129 Kašparová, Irena 154, 162 Kaučič, Igor 182, 185, 196 Kazai, Viktor 100, 106, 112 Kazharski, Aliaksei 165, 179 Kádár, András 111 Kelemen, R. Daniel 100, 112 Kendall-Taylor, Andrea 199, 217 King, Ronald E 118, 129 Kingdom of Yugoslavia see Yugoslavia Kiisler, Vilja 33 Kirilov, Danail 141 Kirshner, Alexander S. 5, 8, 19-20 Kiška, Andrej 167, 174 Klamt, Martin 3, 20 Knight, Kyle 139, 144 Knoll, Roberta 189, 195 Kocenda, Evžen 158, 162
Index Kopeček, Lubomír 149, 151152, 154, 157, 162 Kosař, David 174, 179 Kościerzyński, Jakub 93, 95 Kotleba, Marian 20, 165, 168-170, 177, 209, 231 Kovács, Kriszta 100, 113 Kovanda, Milan 158, 162 Kovanie, Martin 17, 165, 173-174, 179, 206, 231, 237 Körtvélyesi, Zsolt 100, 112 Kremlin 6, 25, 32, 63, 219, 225-226, see Russia, Russian, Russian Federation Kritzer, Herbert Μ. 174, 179 Krupavičius, Algis 73 Kuciak, Ján 175 Kuczyńska-Zonik, Aleksandra 37, 40 Kukovič, Simona 195 Kusin, Vladimir V. 222, 241 Kużelewska, Elżbieta 17, 181-182, 185, 195, 207, 232, 237 ĽS - NS see Ľudová strana - Naše Slovensko, People’s Party - Our Slovakia Ľudová strana ֊ Naše Slovensko 231, see People’s Party - Our Slovakia Laar, Mart 25, 40 Lajčáková, Jarmila 170, 179 Latvia 6, 15, 19, 42-63, 144, 199, 202-203, 208-210, 212, 216, 217-218, 219-220, 222-225, 233, 240-241, see Latvian Latvian 15, 38, 42-63, 202-203, 207, 210, 220, 225, 233-234, see Latvia Latvian Russian Union 53, see LKS Law and Justice 16, 83, 125, 226, see PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość Lawson-Remer, Terra 14, 20 Ledwith, Sara 221, 241 legacy 21, 40, 42-45, 49, 52, 56, 171, 179 219 223-225 legitimacy 5, 11, 14, 43, 65, 69, 113, 127, 173, 175, 175, 225, 228, 237, see legitimate, legitimisation, legitimised legitimate 15, 17, 51, 57, 66, 127, 170, 173, 203, 207, 225, 228, see legitimacy, legitimisation, legitimised legitimisation 202, see legitimacy, legitimate, legitimised legitimised 151, 223, see legitimacy, legitimate, legitimisation Lehovcová Suchá, Veronika 151, 162 Lerner, Max 20, 61 249 Leško, Marián 174, 179 Levinson, Sanford
112 Levitsky, Steven 124, 129 LGBTQI 35, 104, 110-111, 139, 143, 188-189, 193, 201, 204-205, 207, 215, 227-228, 230, 238 liberal constitutionalism 98, 212, 216 liberal democracy 15, 19, 42-43, 45, 57, 64-66, 69, 71, 75-76, 109, 115-116, 128, 150, 200, 203, 225, 234, 236 Liberal Movement 69 Lindberg, Staffan I. 98, 113, 199, 217 Lindermans, Vladimirs 48, 53 Linnamäe, Margus 32 Lithuania 6, 58, 61, 15, 64-79, 199, 202-203, 208, 210, 212, 216-217, 219-220, 223, 225-226, 234, 240-242, see Lithuanian Lithuanian 15, 64-79, 203, 207, 210, 220, 225-226, see Lithuania Lízal, Lubomír 158, 162 LKS 53, see Latvian Russian Union Loewenstein, Karl 3-5, 20, 43, 55, 110, 113, 115, 117, 129, 200, 217 Loit, Urmas 32, 40 Lührmann, Anna 98, 113, 199, 217 Maćkiem, Patrick 5-6, 20, 105, 113 Maddox, Graham 3, 20, 43, 61 Madleňák, Tibor 166, 179 malapportionment 118, 129, 205 Malkopoulou, Anthoula 4-5, 8, 20, 57, 61 Manowska, Małgorzata 92 Marcinkowski, Tomasz 91, 96 Marczewski, Paweł 234, 241 Mareš, Miroslav 5, 20, 151, 162 Markowski, Radosław 83, 96 Marušiak, Juraj 167, 179 Maruste, Rait 233, 241 Marzocchi, Ottavio 237, 241 Mavčič, Anne Marjan 191, 195 Mazmanyan, Armen 213, 217 Mazur, Dariusz 218 Mazurek, Milan 170-171, 173-174, 177 McFaul, Michael 121, 129 McNamara, Eoin Micheal 35, 40 Mečiar, Vladimir 166, 178 meddling 4, 7, 18, 41, 226, see hybrid interference, interference, interfering media literacy 55, 57, 60, 69 Medve-Bálint, Gergő 128 Medžiaušaitė, Viktorija 79 Meierhenrich, Jens 10, 19, 84, 95
250 Index Mennet, Vanessa 136, 144 Mécs, János 102, 113 Mészáros, Gábor 16, 98, 103, 105, 112-113, 204, 227-228, 235 migrant 17, 35, 39, 103, 105, 109-110, 138, 182, 206, 215, 227-228, 232, see immigrant Mikušovič, Dušan 171, 179 militant democracy 3-8, 10, 12, 14, 17-21, 41, 43, 48, 50-51, 57-58, 60-61, 78, 98, 100, 104, 106, 109, ИЗ, 115, 128-129, 144, 151, 162, 166, 175-176, 178-180, 200-201, 209, 216-218, 241 minority 7, 15, 17, 25, 28, 30, 35, 37-38, 41-42, 44, 47, 49, 54, 58-63, 85, 89, 98, 100, 102-104, 131, 136-137, 139, 143, 149-152, 154-156, 160-161, 165, 170, 173, 181-182, 185-186, 193, 200-203, 206-212, 215, 218, 223-226, 230-231 Miscoiu, Sergiu 119, 128 misinformation 211, 216 Mitev, Vladimir 141, 144 morality 31, 65, 151, 230 Moriino, Leonardo 14, 20 Motiejūnienė, Julija 79 Mudde, Cas 113, 116, 129 Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina 126, 129 murder 171, 175 murdered 90, 211-212 Müller, Jan-Werner 4-5, 20, 43, 45, 56, 61, 98, 113 myth 179, 220, 222, 238 Nagyova, Jana 158, 162 Nancheva, Nevena 138, 144 nation-building 19, 42, 60, 144, 202-203, 207-208, 215 National Liberal Party 117, 120, see Partidul Național Liberal - PNL National Rebirth of Poland 87 nationalism 16, 40, 69, 110, 139, 180 nationalist defensive democracy 25, 202 nationality 34, 63, 68, 71, 138, 173, 201, 203-204 NATO 44, 53, 55, 59, 62, 139, 220, 223, see North Atlantic Treaty Organisation naturalisation 34, 43, 45-46, 48, 50, 100, 131, see naturalise naturalise 45-46, 50, see naturalisation Nawrocki, Dariusz 90, 96 Nazi 3, 52-53, 117, 152, 170, 225, 230, see Nazism Nazism 52, 61, 87, 200, 208, 226, see
Nazi Nelken, David 20 Nelms, Taylor C. 19 neo-militancy 7, 42—44, 216 neo-militant democracy 3-Ю, 12-18, 21, 23, 25-27, 34-35, 37-38, 41, 42-45, 50, 52, 56-57, 62, 64, 71, 75-76, 83-87, 94, 98-100, 109-110, 113, 115, 127, 129-130, 133, 142, 144, 147, 149-153, 155-156, 160, 162, 165-167, 169, 171-172, 175-176, 181-182, 184, 186, 192-193, 199, 201, 204, 207, 209, 215-216, 223-233, 236, 238-239 Němec, Jan 151, 162 Nečas, Petr 158 NGO 10, 29-30, 37-38, 40, 42, 66, 76, 85, 93, 100, 106-107, 109-110, 112, 125, 157, 160-161, 169, 186, 193, 195, 228, 232, see non-governmental organisation non-democratic 3, 7, 10, 115-116, 121, 134, 169, 172 non-governmental organisation 157, 187, see NGO non-transparent 139, 152 Norman, Ludvig 4, 20, 57, 61 Norris, Pippa 83, 96, 113, 199, 217 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 220 see NATO Novak, Stéphanie 18 Novak, Marja 191, 195 Nowakowska, Karolina 92, 96 Nunez, Lidia 27, 40 O’Brennan, John 210, 217 Obyčajní Ľudia a nezávislé osobnosti 167, see OPIP, Ordinary People and Independent Personalities OĽaNO see Obyčajní Ľudia a nezávislé osobnosti Ondráčka, David 152, 164 OPIP 167, see Obyčajní Ľudia a nezávislé osobnosti, Ordinary People and Independent Personalities Orban, Victor 101, 106, 109, 112, 211, 213, 221 Ordinary People and Independent Personalities 167, see OPIP Orenstein, Mitchell A. 219, 240 Osiewicz, Przemysław 15, 25, 78, 224, 233 Oskolkov, Petr V. 25, 40 “others” 109-110, 227
Index Otręba, Krzysztof 92, 96 Owsiak, Jerzy 90 Őszöd speech 221 Öszödi beszéd see Őszöd speech Paksas, Rolandas 72, 77, 79 pandemic 14, 18, 19, 21, 31-32, 35, 38, 57, 60, 69, 83, 88-89, 93-94, 112, 127, 177, 182-183, 186-190, 193-194, 196, 199-200, 230, 232-239, 240-242, see corona crisis, coronavirus, Covid-19, epidemic, epidemiological situation Papaioannou, Elias 143 paradox of democracy 43, see democratic paradox, paradox of militant democracy paradox of militant democracy 57, see democratic paradox, paradox of democracy Park, Sang-Chui 78 Partidul Democrat Liberal 116, see Democrat Liberal Party, PDL Partidul National Liberal - PNL 117-118, 120-122, 125-127, see National Liberal Party Partidul Social Democrat 116, 228, see PSD, Social Democrat Party Passari, Evgenia 143 Paszkiewicz, Krystyna Anna 87, 96 Patakyová, Mária 176 Patriciu, Dinu 122 Pauliukonis, Kęstutis 70 Pawłowicz, Krystyna 91 PDL 116-120, 122, 126-127, 228, see Democrat Liberal Party, Partidul Democrat Liberal Pech, Laurent 100, 112-113, 213, 218 Pehe, Jiří 157-158, 162 Pejchal, Viera 170, 179 People’s Party - Our Slovakia 17, 20, 165, 231, see ĽS - NS, Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko Perry, Maya 141, 144 Petersen, Roger D. 223, 241 Petkovič, Brankica 186, 195 Petrič, Ernest 192 Petsinis, Vassilis 25, 40 Pfersmann, Otto 5, 20 Piides, Richard H. 201, 218 Pinelli, Cesare 101, 113 Piotrowicz, Stanislaw 91 PİS 16, 83-86, 88-89, 91, 94, 97, 125-126, 204, 213, 226-227, 234-235, see Law and Justice, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość 251 Piskar, Rihard 222, 241 Platforma Obywatelska 221, see Civic Platform pluralism 13, 20,
40, 62, 64, 69-70, 75-76, 85, 87, 113, 132, 136-137, 152, 156-157, 181, 189, 205, 207-208, 226, see pluralistic pluralistic 69, 71, see pluralism PO see Civic Platform, Platforma Obywatelska Poland 6, 16, 18-19, 21, 25, 41, 57, 83-97, 98, 111, 115-116, 125-126, 129, 145, 162, 183, 199, 204-207, 210-215, 216-218, 220 - 223, 226-229, 234-235, 239-241, see Polish, Poles Poles 93, 203, 220, 226, 235, see Polish, Poland Polgári, Eszter 104, 111 Polish 16, 21, 41, 62, 83-97, 113, 116, 125, 129, 144, 162, 204-205, 208, 210-211, 213-214, 216, 220, 221, 226, 235, 237, see Poland, Poles Polish United Workers’ Party 221, see Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR political crises 181 political culture 45, 50, 85, 150, 225-226 Polonska, Eva 113 Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza 221, see Polish United Workers’ Party, PZPR Pólyák, Gábor 105, 113 populism 4, 16, 20, 40, 69, 94, 96, 98, 101, 110-111, 113, 115, 121, 128-129, 143, 159, 194, 204, 215-217, see populist populist 5, 18, 35, 38, 43, 83, 100-101, 103, 110-111, 113, 116-119, 124, 126, 128-129, 134-135, 137, 139, 149, 157, 159-160, 165, 201, 204, 214-216, 228, 233, 239, see populism Prawo i Sprawiedliwość 16, 83, 226, see Law and Justice, PiS prejudice 15, 97, 120, 136, 179, 223-224 prerogative state 10, 12, 16, 84, 93-94, 123-124, 127, 239 pressure 15, 23, 36, 42, 44, 46, 95, 117, 121, 135, 158, 160-162, 175, 177, 188, 191, 195, 199, 208, 211, 213-214, 222-224, 231 pro-American 117 pro-EU 238 pro-government 140-142, 157, 188, 235
252 Index pro-independence 50 pro-Russian 42, 45, 50-51, 54, 56, 58, 224, 230, see pro-Russia pro-Russia 45, 55, 61, 225, see pro-Russian pro-Western 117, 230 Procházka, Radoslav 176, 179 propaganda 3, 52, 54-57, 60, 69-70, 123, 204-205, 209-211, 216, 224, 235 prosecute 87, 141, 172, 188-189, 207, 235 prosecutor 36, 87, 90-91, 96, 103, 109, 119-120, 123-127, 129, 140-142, 144, 157, 159-160, 213-214, 228-230, 236 prosecution 71, 90-91, 95, 133, 139, 157, 170-171, 189, 235-236 protest 7-8, 15, 32, 53-54, 85, 88, 93, 121, 138, 141-142, 144, 155-156, 161, 178, 187-188, 194, 200 Průšová, Veronika 174, 179 Przyłębska, Julia 91 PSD 116-121, 123-125, 127, 228, see Partidul Social Democrat, Social Democrat Party public order 31, 43, 66, 150-151, 155-156, 230 Puddington, Arch 98, 113 Punch, Keith F. 14, 21 Pursiainen, Christer 223, 240 Putin, Vladimir 58, 63, 216, 240 Pytlas, Bartek 170, 179 PZPR 221, see Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, Polish United Workers’ Party Quaranta, Mario 14, 20 quasi-militant democracy 5-9, 12-18, 21, 25-26, 32, 34, 37-38, 41, 57, 67-68, 71, 74-76, 81, 83, 85-89, 91, 94, 96, 109-110, 115-117, 119, 121, 124-127, 130-135, 136-137, 138-140, 141-142, 143, 145, 147, 149-150, 160-162, 166, 176, 181-183, 187-188, 190, 192-193, 199, 201, 204, 207, 209, 211-212, 215-216, 219, 223-224, 226-237, 238-239 racism 59, 61, 71, 78, 178, 189, 195 racist 35, 87, see racism radical 5, 20, 25, 56, 65, 85, 87, 118, 179, 189, 193, 202, 204 radicalization 35, 140, 144, 230 Radu, Alexandru 128 Radwanski, Wojtek 234, 241 Ragazzi, Francesco 140, 144 Rak, Joanna 3, 7-8, 15-16,
21, 26, 41, 43, 62, 67, 78, 83, 85, 88, 96, 98, 100, 113, 116, 129-130, 144-145, 149, 162, 199, 204-205, 219 Ramet, Sabrina P. 145 Rapeli, Lauri 14, 21 Rayner, Jeremy 19 Razvadauskas, Raimundas 225, 241 refugee 35, 90, 100, 103, 105, 109, 138, 142-144, 157, 165, 173-174, 226-227, 231, 238 religion 7-8, 21, 31, 34, 41, 43, 68, 96, 104, 109, 138, 140, 145, 155, 162, 173, 203, 217 religious 4, 20, 31, 34, 65-66, 101, 104, 136, 138-139, 155, 165, 170, 174-175, 182, 205, 207-208, 218, 229, 231-232 Reporters Without Borders 13, 33, 41, 55, 62, 139 repressed 85, 227, see repression, repressive repression 90, 92-93, 95, 219, 229, see repressed, repressive repressive 8, 52, 69, 141, see repressed, repression Republic of Bulgaria see Bulgaria Republic of Estonia see Estonia Republic of Hungary see Hungary Republic of Latvia see Latvia Republic of Lithuania see Lithuania Republic of Poland see Poland Republic of Slovenia see Slovenia Reinsalu, Urmas 36 Reporters Without Borders 13, 33, 41, 55, 62, 139 Rezmer-Plotka, Kamila 16, 130, 229 Ribičič, Ciril 184-185, 196 Rijpkema, Bastiaan 3, 20-21 Roach, Kent 12, 21 Roma 139, 149-151, 154, 160-161, 168, 170, 172, 189, 193, 206, 209, 215, 230, 237 Romania 6,’ 16, 115-129, 131, 140, 199, 204, 206-208, 210-211, 213-215, 216, 220-223, 226, 228, 234-235, 240, see Romanian Romanian 16, 115-129, 204-205, 214, 220, 228, 235, see Romania Romanian secret service 123, 127-128, see Serviciul Român de Informații, SRI Rõivas, Taavi 28 Rosenfeld, Alan 4, 21 Rosenfeld, Michel 113
Index 253 rule of law 9, 12-13, 19-20, 26, 31, 37-38, 52, 64, 78, 83, 89, 93, 96-99, 101, 111-115, 123, 128, 142, 150, 152-153, 157, 161-162, 176, 181-183, 192-194, 205, 212-213, 215-218, 233, 239-241 Russia 15, 42-47, 49-57, 59-63, 210, 216, 218, 219, 223-226, 240-242, see Russian, Russian Federation Russian 15, 23, 25, 28-30, 32, 34-35, 37-38, 39-41, 42-57, 58-61, 63, 196, 199, 202-204, 207-210, 215-216, 218, 219-220, 223-226, 230, 234, 239, 240, see Russia, Russian Federation Russian Federation 37, 53-54, 61, 196, see Russia, Russian Russification 28, 44, 47, 219 ruling majority 135, 205, 210, 213, 228 Rutynowska, Eliza 234, 241 Ryabinska, Natalya 121, 129 Rywin, Lew 221 Sadłoń, Wojciech 205, 218 Sadurski, Wojciech 91-93, 96-97, 227, 241 safeguard 9, 26, 42-43, 47, 50, 69, 79, 93, 105, 109, 143, 152, 176, 184, 191, 202, 213, 215, 224, 227, 239 safety 31, 52, 57, 154, 234-235, 239 Saikkonen, Inga 14, 21 Sajó, András 4-6, 20-21, 25, 41, 113, 201, 218 sanitary crisis 127 Santora, Marc 160-161 Sata, Robert 116, 125-126, 129 Savaliuc, Răzvan 123, 129 “Save Romania” Union 117, 128, see Uniunea “Salvați România”, USR Saward, Michael 222, 242 scandal 4, 36, 149, 158-161, 220-221, 230, 241 Scandinavia 220 Scheppele, Kim Lane 99, 112-114 Schia, Niels Nagelhus 4, 21 Schimmelfennig, Frank 115, 129 Schmitt, Carl 113 Schulze, Jennie L. 15, 42, 44, 46-49, 63, 202-203, 218, 224-225, 233, 241 securitisation 177, 180, 231 security 25, 28, 31, 33, 40, 42, 44, 52-54, 56, 58, 60-62, 65, 70, 73, 79, 123-125, 127, 140, 165, 173-174, 178-179, 185, 211, 228-229, 233, 241 Serviciul Român de
Informații 123, see Romanian secret service, SRI sexist 35 sexual orientation 34, 71 Sharenkova-Toshkova, Radostina 130, 137, 145 Shentov, Ognian 130, 145 Simon, Jeffrey 222, 241 Sinkevičius, Vytautas 68, 72, 79 Skrzypek, Maciej 6, 17, 21, 149, 230-231 Skubic, Zoran 190, 196 Slavov, Atanas 141, 145 SLD see Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej Sloboda a Solidarita 167, see Freedom and Solidarity Slovak 165-180, 209, 230-232, 237, see Slovakia, Slovakian Slovak-Hungarian party Most-Hid (Bridge) 170 Slovakian 20, see Slovak Slovak National Party 169-170, see Slovenská národná strana, SNS Slovak Republic see Slovakia Slovakia 6, 17, 20, 165-180, 199-200, 206-207, 209, 211-212, 214-215, 222-223, 231, 236-238, 241-242, see Slovak, Slovakian Slovene 188, 195, 222, 237, see Slovenia, Slovenian Slovenia 6, 17, 181-196, 199-200, 206-207, 209, 211, 214-215, 222-223, 230, 232, 236-238, 241, see Slovenian, Slovene Slovenian 17, 181-196, 207, 209, 214, 232, 239-240, see Slovene, Slovenia Slovenská národná strana 170, see Slovak National Party, SNS smear campaign 90, 95, 127 Smer-SD 171, see Direction - Social Democracy, Smer - Sociálna demokracia Smer - Sociálna demokracia 171, же Direction ֊ Social Democracy, Smer-SD Smoleńsk 83, 88, 211, 234 SNS 170, 180, see Slovak National Party, Slovenská národná strana Sobczak, Jacek 90, 97 social crisis 127 Social Democrat Party 116-117, 228, see Partidul Social Democrat, PSD soft neo-militant democracy 56, see soft neo-militarism, soft neo-militancy soft neo-militarism 45, see soft neo-militant democracy, soft neo-militancy
254 Index soft neo-militancy 42, see soft neo-militant democracy, soft neo-militarism Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej 221, see Democratic Left Alliance Solar, Carlos 3, 21 Soral, Wiktor 89, 97 Soros, George 100, 106-107, 112, 169 Souvlis, George 19 sovereignty of the political nation 7-12, 14-18, 26, 28, 31, 35, 37-38, 42-43, 117, 55, 64-65, 67, 71, 83, 87-89, 91, 93-94, 106, 117, 119-122, 124-125, 127, 130, 135, 140-143, 149-151, 153-160, 183-188, 190, 192-193, 199-200, 204, 212-213, 215, 219-220, 223-233, 236-237, 239 Soviet Union 202, see USSR Soviétisation 219, 240 surveil 88, 93, 125, see surveillance surveillance 17, 33, 140, 158, 173, 179, 188, see surveil Spasov, Spas 139, 145 Spirova, Maria 130, 137, 145 SRI 123-124, see Romanian secret service, Serviciul Român de Informații Stalin, Joseph 219 Stasiukynas, Andrius 66, 79 state of emergency 31, 33, 65, 89, 95, 105, 233-236, 241 stereotype 338 Steuer, Max 14, 17, 21, 165, 170, 175, 179-180, 206, 231, 233, 237, 241-242 Stoyanov, Alexander 145 strong neo-militant democracy 12-13, 127 Strupiechowska, Monika 90, 97 subversion 168 subversive 3, 45, 203, 208 subverting 43 Suchocka, Hanna 112 Sum, Paul E. 119, 129 Sytas, Andrius 224-225, 242 Szabó, Gabriella 111, 128 Szabó, Máté 111 Szymczak, Jakub 90, 97 Šaroch, Jaroslav 159 Šlapkauskas, Vytautas 15, 64, 203, 225-226 Šoviene, Jūratė 75-76 Štefančik, Radoslav 170, 179 Štiavnický, Ján 175, 180 Štuopienė, Inga 74, 79 Tarnowska, Anna 216 Tataia, Marek 241 Tchipev, Teodor 140, 145 technocrat 159-160, 230, 238 Teitel, Ruti 4, 21 terrorism 4, 33, 65, 105, 109, 113, 139-140, 144-145,
155, 161, 165, 173-174, 179, 227, 231, see terrorist terrorist 33-34, 88, 105, 140, 144, 155, see terrorism “they” 228 Thiel, Marcus 4, 21 Tiido, Anna 28, 41 Todorov, Boyko 145 totalitarian 3, 6, 66, 87, 123, 168, 208, 215, 220, 226, see totalitarianism totalitarianism 238, see totalitarian Tóth, Gábor Attila 98, 114 tradition 6, 84, 160, 166, 169, 220 traditional 4-6, 69, 91, 104-105, 138, 166, 176, 193, 227 transition 15-16, 21, 40, 48 A9, 51, 54, 56, 61, 94, 100, 129-130, 149, 158, 162, 187, 212, 220, 238-239 transitional 50, 140, 179, 232, 238 transparent 17, 28, 68, 76, 139, 152, 160, 182, 193, 203, 231-232 transparency 25, 28, 30-31, 55, 70, 73-74, 107, 130, 137, 145, 152, 157, 164, 167, 187, 234 Transparency International 70, 79, 112, 131, 145, 221 Trepka, Kamil 95 Tuori, Kaarlo 112 Turkey 62, 76, see Turkish, Turks Turkish 131, 136-137, 139, 219-220, 230, see Turkey, Turks Turks 131, 135, see Turkey, Turkish Turska-Kawa, Agnieszka 84, 97 Tushnet, Mark 112 Tyulkina, Svetlana 5, 21 Udrea, Elena 122 Uitz, Renáta 100, 114 Ukraine 44, 51, 53, 55-56, 63, 129, 225, see Ukrainian Ukrainian 223, see Ukraine uncertainty 103, 124, see anxiety, fear United Right 83, 93, 221, see Zjednoczona Prawica Uniunea “Salvați România” 117, see “Save Romania” Union, USR US 39, 119-120, 125-126, 220, 228, 241-242, see American, USA
Index 255 USA 169, 220, see American, US USR 117-118, 121-122, 124-126, see Uniunea “Salvați România”, “Save Romania” Union USSR 52, 143, 219, see Soviet Union Vachudova, Milada Anna 156, 159, 161 Vadász, Viktor 99, 114 Van Biezen, Ingrid 222, 242 Vaş, Eliza 235-236, 242 Vassileva, Radosveta 236, 242 Vatovec, Katarina 194 Velaers, Jan 112 Velminski, Wladimir 223, 242 Venice Commission 13, 29, 35, 41, 92, 97, 102, 112, 114, 132, 134-135, 137, 141, 145, 184, 207-208, 216, 229 Verba, Sidney 226, 239 VerfBlog 239-242 Vidra, Szuzsana 128 Vikarská, Zuzana 237, 242 violence 31, 34, 50, 52, 56, 65-66, 117, 139, 143, 170, 175, 189, 208, 226, 241 virus 35, 57, 127, 238, see coronavirus Vlachkov, Kosta 136, 145 Voiculescu, Dan 122-123 Vymetal, Petr 152, 164 Wachowiec, Patryk 218, 241 Wagrandl, Ulrich 12, 21 Wallas, Tadeusz 78 watchdog 9, 37, 55-56, 93-94, 122, 176 Way, Lucan A. 124, 129 Weisel, Wojciech 90, 97 “we” 228 weak neo-militant democracy 12, 15, 64, 229 Weimar Republic 3, 115, 200 Werra, Zbigniew 90, 97 Westernisation 220 Winiewski, Mikołaj 97 Wintrobe, Ronald 3, 21 Włoch, Wojciech 216 Workers’ Party 20, 151, 162, 208, 230, see Dělnická strana, DS Workers’ Party of Social Justice 152, 230, see Dělnická strana sociální spravedlnosti, DSSS xenophobia 4, 6, 61, see xenophobic xenophobic 87, 131, 139-140, 142-143, 152, 230, see xenophobia Yugoslav 239, see Yugoslavia, Yugoslavian Yugoslavia 6, 181, 196, 219, 222, see Yugoslav, Yugoslavian Yugoslavian 193, see Yugoslav, Yugoslavia Zagorc, Saša 239 Zajc, Drago 195 Zamfira, Andrea 117, 128 Zeman, Miloš 159-160, 230 Zielonka, Jan
115, 129 Žiemele, Ineta 181, 196 Ziobro, Zbigniew 91, 93, 126 Zjednoczona Prawica 221, see United Right Zobec, Jan 194 Zuckerman, Ian 5, 19, 43, 48, 57-58 Žukauskas, Tomas 225, 241 Zvada, Ľubomír 165, 174, 180 Żukowski, Arkadiusz 85, 97 Žalimas, Dainius 69, 79 Źaltauskas, Martinas 79 Ždanoka, Tatjana 51 Železný, Marek 156, 164 Żuber, Bruna 182, 185, 196 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek լ München
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Contents List of contributors Acknowledgments vii xi 1 Introduction 1 Theorising struggles between neo-militant democracies and their enemies 3 JOANNA RAK AND ROMAN BÄCKER PARTI 23 Neo-militant democracies under Russian pressure 2 Estonia: From neo-militant towards quasi-militant democracy? 25 PRZEMYSŁAW OSIEWICZ 3 Latvia’s soft neo-militancy: Limiting Russia’s influence 42 JENNIE L. SCHULZE 4 Lithuania: Between liberal democracy and weak neo-militant democracy 64 JOLANTA BIELIAUSKAITĖ AND VYTAUTAS ŠLAPKAUSKAS PARTH 81 Triumphs of quasi-militant democracy 5 Poland: Drift towards quasi-militant democracy in defiance of resistance 83 ROMAN BÄCKER AND JOANNA RAK 6 Hungary: An abusive neo-militant democracy TÍMEA DRINÓCZI AND GÁBOR MÉSZÁROS 98
vi Contents 7 Quasi-militant democracy in Romania: Limiting contention by legal means 115 DRAGOȘ DRAGOMAN 8 Bulgaria: Corruption- and oligarchy-driven drift towards quasi militant democracy 130 KAMILA REZMER-PŁOTKA PART Ш Balancing between neo- and quasi-militant democracy 147 9 Czech Republic: Towards quasi-militant democracy? 149 MACIEJ SKRZYPEK 10 Militarisation of democracy in Slovakia 165 MAX STEUER AND MARTIN KOVANIČ 11 Slovenia’s crisis-driven path from neo- to quasi-militant democracy 181 ELŻBIETA KUŻELEWSKA 197 Conclusions 12 Neo-militant democracies under siege in post-communist Europe: Constitutional law perspective 199 AGNIESZKA BIEŃ-KACAŁA 13 Victories and defeats of quasi-militant democracies in post communist Europe: Comparative politics perspective 219 JOANNA RAK AND ROMAN BÄCKER Index 243
Index Aaltola, Mika 4, 14, 18 abusive neo-militant democracy 13, 16, 98, 110, 201, 204, 227 Accetto, Matej 181, 191-193, 196 Action of Dissatisfied Citizens 149, see Akce nespokojených občanu, ANO activism 47, 74 activist 53, 55-56, 58, 61, 87, 90, 97, 190, 224-225, 237 Adamowicz, Paweł 90, 97 Afshin, Ellian 20 Algan, Yann 134, 143 Akce nespokojených občanu 149, 206, see Action of Dissatisfied Citizens, ANO Almond, Gabriel A. 226, 239 American 20, 113, 117, 119, 129, 217, see US, USA Americanisation 83 Amnesty International 90, 93-94, 99, 110 annexation of Crimea 43, 56, 202, 223, 225, 240 ANO 149, 156-159, 206, 211, see Action of Dissatisfied Citizens, Akce nespokojených občanu anti-Brussels 103 anti-communist 50 anti-constitutional 53, 157 anti-corruption 16, 67, 125-126, 141, 144, 158 anti-court 177, 231 anti-establishment 149, 158 anti-European 117, 120 anti-extremism 7-8, 43 anti-democratic 116, 165, 168, 172, 177, 225, 233, 236, 238 anti-democrats 226, 229 anti-government 187, 233 anti-immigrant 149, 160, 230 anti-Kremlin 225 anti-LGBTQI 35, 104 anti-lockdown 187 anti-migrant 103, 206 anti-minority 17, 173 anti-Roma 168, 170 anti-Russian 210, 223, 225 anti-Semitic 35 antiterrorism 7- 8, 105, 231, see antiterrorist antiterrorist 105, see antiterrorism anxiety 4, 155 see fear, uncertainty Armingeon, Klaus 14, 18 Arnold, Rainer 79 arrest 53, 58, 61, 70, 90, 93, 122, 125, 140, 155, 158, 224, see detain asylum seeker 103, 105, 110, 138, 228 autocracy 19, 47, 217, 242 autocratisation 113, 199, 217 authoritarian 4-5, 7, 13, 21, 26, 57, 66, 84, 96, 98, 112-113, 124, 127, 168,
217, 220, 235, see authoritarianism authoritarianisation 98, 199 authoritarianism 5, 7-8, 10, 83, 98, 111, 114, 129, 201, 217, 221, 240, see authoritarian Avbelj, Matej 182, 192, 194 Ágh, Attila 110, 183, 194 Babis, Andrej 156-161, 164, 211, 230 Baker, Catherine 222, 239 Balčytienė, Aukse 70, 76 Baltic 15, 37, 40, 44, 47-48, 53, 55, 57-58, 60, 62-63, 196, 199, 202-204, 206-207, 209-210-211, 213, 215-216, 219-220, 223, 225, 233-234, 238-240 Bardutzky, Sarno 237, 239 Bartha, Áttila 128 Baume, Sandrine 18
244 Index Bayer, Lili 188, 194 Bayraklı, Enes 189, 194 Bán, Andrej 172, 177 Bárány, Eduard 178 Bárd, Petra 100, 110 Băsescu, Traian 119, 122-126, 129 Bäcker, Roman 3, 15-16, 67, 78, 83, 199, 204-205, 219 Beckett, Eva 113 belief 75, 101, 138, 140, 155-156, 168, 174, 205, 220-221, 238 Belov, Martin 112, 216 Bentch, Lörri Rutt 20-21 Beyrle, John Ross 220, 239 Bieliauskaitė, Jolanta 15, 64, 203, 225-226 Bień-Kacała, Agnieszka 6, 14-16, 18-19, 91, 93-95, 98-100, 102, 105, 111, 199, 201, 206, 208-209, 212-213, 216-217, 227, 234, 239-240 Bilewicz, Michal 97 Bill, Stanley 90, 94 blackmail 125, 188 Blokker, Paul 112 Boda, Zsolt 121, 128 Bodnár, Eszter 101, 110 Bogaards, Matthijs 4, 18, 121, 128, 199, 216 Borisov, Boyko 137, 141 Boros, Tamás 110 Bourne, Angela К. 4-5, 18-19, 51, 58, 168, 178 Bozóki, András 3, 18, 99, 111 Brejza, Ryszard 90, 96 Brezovšek, Magan 195 bribe 128, 158, 205 bribery 68, 73, 90 Bruinsma, Fred 20 Brúñalas, Benas 73, 76 Bugaric, Bojan 115, 128, 239 Bulgaria 6, 16-17, 128, 130-145, 199-200, 204-207, 211-216, 219-223, 226, 229-230, 234, 236-237, 241, 242, see Bulgarian Bulgarian 16, 130-145, 204-206, 210, 217, 220, 229, 235-236, see Bulgaria Bušs, Krišjānis 234, 240 Buti, Daniel 128 Cameron, David R. 219, 240 Capoccia, Giovanni 4-5, 18, 43, 50, 55, 58, 115, 128, 166, 178 Catholic 84, 205, 220 Catholic Church 84, 205 Catholicism 205 Cavegn, Dario 28, 38 censor 32, 70, 112, see censorship censorship 33, 52, 55, 57, 69, 71, 75, 112, 156, 170-171, 189, 224, 235, see censor Cerar, Miro 192 challenger 5, 17, 165, 176 Chaplin, Steven 233, 240 Cheskin, Ammon 226, 240
Chini, Mihail 129 chauvinistic 152, 230 Chudžíková, Alena 179 Christian 69, 99, 104, 227 Cianetti, Licia 6, 19, 46, 49, 59 Ciobanu, Ionuț 129 citizen 9-11, 19, 25-27, 29, 32-33, 36, 38, 42֊43, 46-48, 50-52, 57, 59, 62, 64, 66-71, 75, 84, 88, 93, 100, 110, 119, 131, 133-135, 137-138, 140-142, 149-152, 154, 156, 166, 172-174, 177, 181, 183-186, 188, 190, 200-207, 220, 230-231, 233, 235-237, 241 citizenry 47 citizenship 7-8, 14, 29, 34, 42, 44-46, 49, 51, 56, 59, 63, 95, 100, 131, 133, 135, 143, 150, 152, 201-204, 206-207, 215, 224 civic democracy 25, 202 Civic Democratic Party 158 Civic Platform 221, see Platforma Obywatelska, PO CIVICUS 70, 76-77, 189, 194-195 civil society 12-13, 26, 29, 38, 40, 64-65, 67, 89, 94, 112, 121, 136, 150-152, 157-158, 160-161, 171-172, 176-177, 181, 189-190, 192-193, 206, 215, 237, 239 cleavage 56 clientelism 96, 230 Colomer, Joseph Μ. 111 Coman, Ramona 123, 128 communism 50, 52, 63, 87, 110, 128-129, 158, 223, 226, see communist communist 5-7, 10, 13, 15, 18, 21, 44, 50-52, 56, 87, 90, 96, 115, 127-129, 131, 154, 199-201, 203, 206, 208, 211-212, 215-216, 219-220, 222-224, 226, 228, 232, 238-239, see communism Communist Party of Latvia 50, 52, 56, 203, 208, 224 competitive 21, 28, 98, 124, 129 Conservative People’s Party of Estonia 25, 224, see Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond, EKRE
Index 245 conspiracies 157, 170 conspiracy theories 57, 234 constitutional democracy 6, 16, 98, 100-101, 104, 109-110, 112-113, 121, 212, 227-228 contention 6, 115-116, 118, 121 contentious politics 6-7, 78 convict 84, 121, 123-124 convicted 26-27, 119, 121-122, 124, 127, 175, 205, 221, 229 conviction 121,123-125, 170, 175, 214 corona crisis 21, 41, 96, 145, 162, see coronavirus, Covid-19, epidemic, epidemiological situation, pandemic coronavirus 14, 18, 105, 232-234, 236-237, 240-241, see corona crisis, Covid-19, epidemic, epidemiological situation, pandemic, virus Corrias, Luigi 101, 111 corrupt 116-117, 119, 121, 124, 126-127, 130-131, 204, 206, 213, 221, 228, see corruption corrupting 69 corruption 6, 16-17, 36, 39, 67, 73, 75, 118, 124-127, 130-131, 136-137, 139-142, 143, 144-145, 149, 155, 158-162, 174, 177, 182, 204-205, 210, 214-215, 221, 228-232, 235, 240, see corrupt Coufalová, Aneta 173, 179 counterterrorism 7-8, 139-140, 145, 173, 178, see counterterrorist counterterrorist 155, see counterterrorism Covid-19 14, 19, 21, 31-32, 35, 38, 57-58, 60-62, 69, 83, 95, 105, 111, 113, 127, 177, 180, 186, 188-189, 199-200, 232-235, 238, 240-242, see corona crisis, coronavirus, epidemic, pandemic Cviklová, Lucie 151, 161 cyber-attack 224-225 cyber threat 174 Czech 17, 20, 149-164, 179, 230, 236, 242, see Czech Republic, Czechia Czech Republic 6, 17, 25, 149-164, 179, 199-200, 206-209, 211-212, 214-215, 222-223, 230-231, 236, 237-238, see Czech, Czechia Czechia 152, 155-156, 161, 162, 206, 222, 230, see Czech, Czech Republic Czechoslovak 222, see Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak
Republic see Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia 206, 222, 241, see Czechoslovak Černic, Jernej Letnar 194 Daly, Tom Gerald 4, 19, 98, 111, 199, 216 Danėlienė, Ingrida 79 Davoliūtė, Violeta 219, 240 Dawson, James 19 De Leeuw, Sjifra E. 5, 19 defamatory 90, see defamation defamation 89-90, 168, 175, 179, 188, see defamatory delegitimisation see delegitimise, delegitimising delegitimise 85, 192, 226, 235, see delegitimising delegitimising 116, 234, see delegitimise deliberation 9, 11, 13, 26, 31, 35, 38, 43, 52, 56, 87-89, 91, 104, 109, 117, 121, 138, 140, 150, 154, 165, 172, 176-177, 183, 187, 189, 193, 200, 209, 227, 231 demagoguery 170 Democracy Index 26, 39, 83, 95, 149-150, 160-161 democratic backsliding 6, 14, 19, 57, 88, 115, 128, 159-161, 183, 199, 214, 216, 221 democratic tolerance 16,21,110,115,227 Democrat Liberal Party 116, 126, see Partidul Democrat Liberal, PDL Democratic Left Alliance 221, see Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej democratic paradox 98, see paradox of democracy, paradox of militant democracy denizen 150, 200, 224 detain 53, 62, 73, 158, 190, see arrest Dělnická strana 151, 230, see DS, Workers’ Party Dělnická strana sociální spravedlnosti 230, see DSSS, Workers’ Party of Social Justice Dębska, Katarzyna 95 Diaconescu, Dan 122 Dimitrovs, Aleksejs 233, 240 Direction - Social Democracy 171, ree Smer-SD, Smer - Sociálna demokracia discriminate 54, 71, 138, 155, 185, 212, see discrimination, discriminatory discrimination 31, 34-35, 37, 40, 49, 57, 61, 71, 76, 89, 101, 137-138, 155-156,
246 Index 170, 186, 189, 204-205, 208-209, 215, see discriminate, discriminatory discriminatory 34, 131, 139-140, 143, 161, 170, 201, see discriminate, discrimination disinformation 4, 14, 21, 55-57, 61-62, 69, 71, 75, 77, 172, 188, 210-211, 216, 224-225, 234 Dombos, Tamás 104, 111 Dojcsák, Dalma 106, 111 Dragnea, Liviu 119, 124 Dragoman, Dragoș 16, 115-118, 124, 128, 214, 216, 228 Drgonec, Jan 169, 178 Drinóczi, Tímea 14, 16, 19, 93, 95, 98-105, 107, 111, 199, 204-206, 212-213, 216-217, 227-228, 234-235, 240 Drnovšek, Janez 188 Drugda, Šimon 237, 241 DS 151-152, 230, see Dělnická strana, Workers’ Party DSSS 152, 230, see Dělnická strana sociální spravedlnosti, Workers’ Party of Social Justice Dubovcová, Jana 176 Dudek, Antoni 83, 95 e֊governance 220 economic crisis 15, 20, 43, 55, 83, 99, 115-116, 119, 165 educate 49, 71, 124 education 42, 45, 48-50, 53-57, 61, 63, 66, 68-69, 84, 104, 138, 140, 144, 150, 152, 171, 175, 177, 203, 205, 215, 218, 221, 225-226, 229, 237, 241 educator 225 Eastern Orthodox Christianity 138, 205 Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond 224, see Conservative People’s Party of Estonia, EKRE EKRE 25, 33, 35-36, 38, 40, 224, 233, see Conservative People’s Party of Estonia, Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond Ellinas, Antonis A. 171, 178 Elster, Jon 212, 217 emergency 31, 33, 39, 65, 89, 95, 103, 105, 111-112, 116, 190, 233-237, 240-241 emotional 6, 11, 21, 91, 94, 100, 103, 126, 218, 239, see emotions emotions 238, see emotional enemy 3-8, 11-12, 16-17, 55, 84-85, 88, 90-91, 100, 104-106, 110, 115-117, 126, 138-139, 143, 150, 152, 160, 165, 188-189, 193, 200,
215, 223-224, 226-230, 232, 235, 237 Engelmann, Sabrina 173, 178 Enyedi, Zsolt 115, 128 Eötvös Károly Policy Institute 106-107, 112 epidemic 31, 38, 138, 188, 233, see corona crisis, coronavirus, Covid-19, epidemiological situation, pandemic epidemiological situation 242, see epidemic Equal Opportunities Party 154, 209 equality 34, 51, 64, 71, 102, 138, 140, 153, 182, 185, 189, 192 Ermakoff, Ivan 4, 19 Estonia 6, 15, 25^11, 58, 60, 63, 199, 202-203, 207-209, 212, 216-220, 223-226, 233, 241, see Estonian Estonian 15, 25-41, 202-203, 207-208, 220, 224, 233, see Estonia ethnic 34. 37, 40, 42-50, 52-54, 56, 60, 63, 85, 136-139, 143, 156, 165, 168, 170, 175, 185, 201-203, 208, 229, 231, 241 ethnicity 48, 71, 201-202, 204, 207 European Court of Human Rights 32, 42, 51, 60, 66, 91, 187, 195, 203 Europeanisation 83, 214 Evangelical 220 exclude 11, 35, 50-51, 56, 154, 201, 204, 225, see excluded, excluding, exclusion, exclusionary, exclusive excluded 27, 29, 30, 84, 137-138, 170, 185, 200, 204-207, 224, 227, see exclude, excluding, exclusion, exclusionary, exclusive excluding 11, 49, 136, 157, 204, 207, see exclude, excluded, exclusion, exclusionary, exclusive exclusion 12, 15, 18, 29, 43, 45, 50, 52, 59, 85, 109, 139, 143, 144, 150-151, 154, 160, 202-205, 207, 215, 223, 227, 230, see exclude, excluded, excluding, exclusionary, exclusive exclusionary 42, 44, 48, 200, 202-206, see exclude, excluded, excluding, exclusion, exclusive exclusive 89, 98, 126, 200-201, 203, 213, see exclude, excluded, excluding, exclusion, exclusionary
Index extremism 4-5, 7-8, 18-20, 43, 57, 65, 105, 109, 170, 174, 227, see extremist extremist 21, 50, 56, 110, 152, 160, 172, 209, 211, 226, 228, 230, see extremism fake news 61, 70, 122, 188, 235 Falls, Susan 19 family 91, 104, 106, 154, 185, 211, 227, 238 Farkas, Erika 111 fascism 4, 52, 87, 208, 226, see fascist fascist 43,87,117,168,208,226, see fascism Fazekas, Tamás 111 fear 5, 32, 37-38, 44, 52, 56, 65, 88, 103, 112, 141, 155, 157, 207, 210, 216, 223, 225, 234-235, 238-242, see anxiety, uncertainty Fico, Robert 169-171, 174, 178-179 Fidesz 99-105, 109, 204-205, 213, 221, 227-228 Fiedler, Radosław 78 Fillinger, Robert 159, 161 flawed democracy 26, 83, 149-150, 160 Florczak-Wątor, Monika 180 For the Native Language! 47-48 Forsberg, Tuomas 223, 240 Fraenkel, Enrst 10, 19, 84, 95, 123, 128 Frantz, Erica 199, 217 Freedom and Solidarity 167, see Sloboda a Solidarita Freedom House 13, 17, 26, 29-32, 35-36, 39, 42, 53, 60, 95, 99, 112-113, 135, 137, 141, 144, 149, 155, 162, 182, 186, 189, 192, 195, 199, 217 Freedom Party 69 fundamental rights 3-4, 20, 31, 93, 101, 103, 113, 129, 140, 155-156, 161, 165, 176, 217, 231, 237, 241 fundamentalism 3, 65, 76, 91, see fundamentalist fundamentalist 4, see fundamentalism Gajdošova, Martina 169, 178 Ganev, Venelin 115, 128 Gaponenko, Alexander 53, 61 Gardner, Andrew 158, 161 Gavriș, Alexandru 129 Gažovičová, Tina 179 Gdula, Maciej 84, 95 Gehrerová, Ria 169, 178 Georgia 44, 51, 223, 225 German 3, 19, 111, 209, 217, 225 Germany 21, 52-53, 115, 196, 219-220, 222-223, 226 247 gerrymandered 102, see gerrymandering gerrymandering 118, 129,
132, 205, see gerrymandered Geshev, Ivan 141-142 Gherghina, Sergiu 118-119, 128 Giertych, Roman 90, 95-96 Giugăl, Aurelian 118, 128-129 Gjesvik, Lars 4, 21 globalisation 6, 75, 83, 220, 226 globalist 157 Goeij, Hana 160-161 Gökanksel, Saygun 4, 19 Golińska-Konecko, Magdalena 85, 95 Gorbachev, Mikhail 50, 219 Gosling, Tim 157, 161 Grabenwarter, Christoph 99, 112 Graber, Mark A. 112 Great Recession 6, 14 Griebeler, Monika 225, 240 Grodzki, Tomasz 90, 96 Guasti, Petra 14, 19 Guiora, Amos N. 7, 19 Gurie, Sergei 143 Guthmann, Kai 14, 18 Gyurcsány, Ferenc 221 Haček, Miro 181-182, 195 Hafez, Farid 189, 194 Halmai, Gábor 98, 100, 103, 105, 112 Hankewitz, Sten 26, 39 Hanley, Seán 19, 153, 156, 159, 161 Hansen, Lene 222, 240 Hardman, Helen 136, 144 Harmony 47, 49 Harris, Erika 165, 178 Harro-Loit, Halliki 32, 40 hate crime 71, 75, 156, 162 hate speech 4, 9, 11, 70-71, 89-90, 97, 105, 138-139, 142-144, 156, 170, 173, 175, 176, 179, 189, 193, 207, 211-212, 239 hatred 31, 34, 52-53, 71, 87, 103, 139, 156, 168, 170, 173, 175, 179, 188-189, 208, 223, 226, 241 Haughton, Tim 166, 178 Hegedűs, Daniel 3, 18, 99, 111 Hegedűs, István 235, 240 Hegyi, Szabolcs 111 Hein, Michael 221, 240 Heller, Nathan 220, 241 Helme, Peeter 32 Henčeková, Slavomíra 237, 241 Hilal-Harvald, Malthe 4, 19 Hitler, Adolf 3
248 Index Hlinka, Andrej 169 Hoffmann-Riem, Wolfgand 112 Homeland Union - Lithuanian Christian Democrats 69 homo sovieticus 223, 242 homophobic 35, 152, 230 Hungary 6, 16, 18-19, 21, 25, 41, 57, 62, 95, 98-114, 115-116, 121, 128-129, 131, 144, 162, 179, 183, 199, 204-208, 210-216, 217, 219, 220-223, 226-228, 234-236, 238, 240, see Hungarian Hungarian 98-114, 128, 170, 181, 185-186, 201, 204-207, 213-214, 216, 220-221, 223, 227, 235, 237, 240, see Hungary Hungarian Socialist Party 221 Huntington, Samuel P. 199, 217 Hvasta, Miloslav 170, 179 hybrid interference 4, 7, 226, see interference, interfering, meddling hybrid regime 3, 18, 21, 26, 98-99, 111, 121 hybrid system see hybrid regime ideologic 128, 216 ideologically 103 ideology 91, 96, 123, 136, 145, 162, 168, 171, 175, 201, 207-209, 215 Ijabs, Ivars 5, 19, 45-48, 56, 60, 135, 144 illiberal constitutionalism 16, 19, 95, 98, 102, 111, 213, 217, 240 illiberal democracy 75-76, 113-114, 216, 239 immigrant 35, 100, 103, 149, 205, see migrant imprisoned 26 imprisonment 33, 70, 88, 131, 133, 155-156, 205 incitement 34, 50, 65, 71, 156, 173, 175, 188-189 inclusion 7, 9, 35, 57, 59, 63, 69, 99, 203, 206, 218, 220, 224, see inclusionary, inclusive, inclusiveness inclusionary 44, 46, 48, 203, see inclu sion, inclusive, inclusiveness inclusive 85, 91, 200-204, 207, 229, see inclusion, inclusionary, inclusiveness inclusiveness 207, 229, see inclusion, inclusionary, inclusive inequality 201, 221 Ingle, Kristine J. 7, 19 Inglehart, Ronald 83, 96, 113, 199, 217 intelligence 39,129,158,173,174, 179,225 interference 4, 7, 33, 37, 126,
167, 188, 192, 226, 234, see hybrid interference, interfering, meddling interfering 33-34, 69, 224, see hybrid interference, interference, meddling intolerance 59, 61, 71, 78, 178, 189, 195 Invernizzi Accetti, Carlo 5, 19, 43, 48, 57-58 Iržikevičius, Ruslanas 69, 78 Isamaa party 32 Istenie, Saša 188, 195 Ivanova, Irina 221, 241 Jackiewicz, Andrzej 209, 216 Jaklič, Klemen 191 Janša, Janez (Ivan) 17, 182, 186, 188-189, 193-194, 237 Jaloszewski, Mariusz 90-91, 95 Jobbik 103 Johannis, Klaus 120, 124-126 Johnston, Ian 45, 60 Johnston, Ron 128-129 Jokubauskas, Rytis 79 Jones, Brian Christopher 4, 19 Jourová, Věra 158, 161 Jovanovic, Miodrag 4, 19 Juraitė, Kristina 70, 76 Justinek, Gorazd 194 Kaczyński, Jarosław 83, 89-91, 93, 97, 221 Kaczyński, Lech 83 Kalembka, Sławomir 220, 241 Kaljulaid, Kersti 28, 36, 38 Karolewski, Ireneusz Paweł 116, 125, 126, 129 Kašparová, Irena 154, 162 Kaučič, Igor 182, 185, 196 Kazai, Viktor 100, 106, 112 Kazharski, Aliaksei 165, 179 Kádár, András 111 Kelemen, R. Daniel 100, 112 Kendall-Taylor, Andrea 199, 217 King, Ronald E 118, 129 Kingdom of Yugoslavia see Yugoslavia Kiisler, Vilja 33 Kirilov, Danail 141 Kirshner, Alexander S. 5, 8, 19-20 Kiška, Andrej 167, 174 Klamt, Martin 3, 20 Knight, Kyle 139, 144 Knoll, Roberta 189, 195 Kocenda, Evžen 158, 162
Index Kopeček, Lubomír 149, 151152, 154, 157, 162 Kosař, David 174, 179 Kościerzyński, Jakub 93, 95 Kotleba, Marian 20, 165, 168-170, 177, 209, 231 Kovács, Kriszta 100, 113 Kovanda, Milan 158, 162 Kovanie, Martin 17, 165, 173-174, 179, 206, 231, 237 Körtvélyesi, Zsolt 100, 112 Kremlin 6, 25, 32, 63, 219, 225-226, see Russia, Russian, Russian Federation Kritzer, Herbert Μ. 174, 179 Krupavičius, Algis 73 Kuciak, Ján 175 Kuczyńska-Zonik, Aleksandra 37, 40 Kukovič, Simona 195 Kusin, Vladimir V. 222, 241 Kużelewska, Elżbieta 17, 181-182, 185, 195, 207, 232, 237 ĽS - NS see Ľudová strana - Naše Slovensko, People’s Party - Our Slovakia Ľudová strana ֊ Naše Slovensko 231, see People’s Party - Our Slovakia Laar, Mart 25, 40 Lajčáková, Jarmila 170, 179 Latvia 6, 15, 19, 42-63, 144, 199, 202-203, 208-210, 212, 216, 217-218, 219-220, 222-225, 233, 240-241, see Latvian Latvian 15, 38, 42-63, 202-203, 207, 210, 220, 225, 233-234, see Latvia Latvian Russian Union 53, see LKS Law and Justice 16, 83, 125, 226, see PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość Lawson-Remer, Terra 14, 20 Ledwith, Sara 221, 241 legacy 21, 40, 42-45, 49, 52, 56, 171, 179 219 223-225 legitimacy 5, 11, 14, 43, 65, 69, 113, 127, 173, 175, 175, 225, 228, 237, see legitimate, legitimisation, legitimised legitimate 15, 17, 51, 57, 66, 127, 170, 173, 203, 207, 225, 228, see legitimacy, legitimisation, legitimised legitimisation 202, see legitimacy, legitimate, legitimised legitimised 151, 223, see legitimacy, legitimate, legitimisation Lehovcová Suchá, Veronika 151, 162 Lerner, Max 20, 61 249 Leško, Marián 174, 179 Levinson, Sanford
112 Levitsky, Steven 124, 129 LGBTQI 35, 104, 110-111, 139, 143, 188-189, 193, 201, 204-205, 207, 215, 227-228, 230, 238 liberal constitutionalism 98, 212, 216 liberal democracy 15, 19, 42-43, 45, 57, 64-66, 69, 71, 75-76, 109, 115-116, 128, 150, 200, 203, 225, 234, 236 Liberal Movement 69 Lindberg, Staffan I. 98, 113, 199, 217 Lindermans, Vladimirs 48, 53 Linnamäe, Margus 32 Lithuania 6, 58, 61, 15, 64-79, 199, 202-203, 208, 210, 212, 216-217, 219-220, 223, 225-226, 234, 240-242, see Lithuanian Lithuanian 15, 64-79, 203, 207, 210, 220, 225-226, see Lithuania Lízal, Lubomír 158, 162 LKS 53, see Latvian Russian Union Loewenstein, Karl 3-5, 20, 43, 55, 110, 113, 115, 117, 129, 200, 217 Loit, Urmas 32, 40 Lührmann, Anna 98, 113, 199, 217 Maćkiem, Patrick 5-6, 20, 105, 113 Maddox, Graham 3, 20, 43, 61 Madleňák, Tibor 166, 179 malapportionment 118, 129, 205 Malkopoulou, Anthoula 4-5, 8, 20, 57, 61 Manowska, Małgorzata 92 Marcinkowski, Tomasz 91, 96 Marczewski, Paweł 234, 241 Mareš, Miroslav 5, 20, 151, 162 Markowski, Radosław 83, 96 Marušiak, Juraj 167, 179 Maruste, Rait 233, 241 Marzocchi, Ottavio 237, 241 Mavčič, Anne Marjan 191, 195 Mazmanyan, Armen 213, 217 Mazur, Dariusz 218 Mazurek, Milan 170-171, 173-174, 177 McFaul, Michael 121, 129 McNamara, Eoin Micheal 35, 40 Mečiar, Vladimir 166, 178 meddling 4, 7, 18, 41, 226, see hybrid interference, interference, interfering media literacy 55, 57, 60, 69 Medve-Bálint, Gergő 128 Medžiaušaitė, Viktorija 79 Meierhenrich, Jens 10, 19, 84, 95
250 Index Mennet, Vanessa 136, 144 Mécs, János 102, 113 Mészáros, Gábor 16, 98, 103, 105, 112-113, 204, 227-228, 235 migrant 17, 35, 39, 103, 105, 109-110, 138, 182, 206, 215, 227-228, 232, see immigrant Mikušovič, Dušan 171, 179 militant democracy 3-8, 10, 12, 14, 17-21, 41, 43, 48, 50-51, 57-58, 60-61, 78, 98, 100, 104, 106, 109, ИЗ, 115, 128-129, 144, 151, 162, 166, 175-176, 178-180, 200-201, 209, 216-218, 241 minority 7, 15, 17, 25, 28, 30, 35, 37-38, 41-42, 44, 47, 49, 54, 58-63, 85, 89, 98, 100, 102-104, 131, 136-137, 139, 143, 149-152, 154-156, 160-161, 165, 170, 173, 181-182, 185-186, 193, 200-203, 206-212, 215, 218, 223-226, 230-231 Miscoiu, Sergiu 119, 128 misinformation 211, 216 Mitev, Vladimir 141, 144 morality 31, 65, 151, 230 Moriino, Leonardo 14, 20 Motiejūnienė, Julija 79 Mudde, Cas 113, 116, 129 Mungiu-Pippidi, Alina 126, 129 murder 171, 175 murdered 90, 211-212 Müller, Jan-Werner 4-5, 20, 43, 45, 56, 61, 98, 113 myth 179, 220, 222, 238 Nagyova, Jana 158, 162 Nancheva, Nevena 138, 144 nation-building 19, 42, 60, 144, 202-203, 207-208, 215 National Liberal Party 117, 120, see Partidul Național Liberal - PNL National Rebirth of Poland 87 nationalism 16, 40, 69, 110, 139, 180 nationalist defensive democracy 25, 202 nationality 34, 63, 68, 71, 138, 173, 201, 203-204 NATO 44, 53, 55, 59, 62, 139, 220, 223, see North Atlantic Treaty Organisation naturalisation 34, 43, 45-46, 48, 50, 100, 131, see naturalise naturalise 45-46, 50, see naturalisation Nawrocki, Dariusz 90, 96 Nazi 3, 52-53, 117, 152, 170, 225, 230, see Nazism Nazism 52, 61, 87, 200, 208, 226, see
Nazi Nelken, David 20 Nelms, Taylor C. 19 neo-militancy 7, 42—44, 216 neo-militant democracy 3-Ю, 12-18, 21, 23, 25-27, 34-35, 37-38, 41, 42-45, 50, 52, 56-57, 62, 64, 71, 75-76, 83-87, 94, 98-100, 109-110, 113, 115, 127, 129-130, 133, 142, 144, 147, 149-153, 155-156, 160, 162, 165-167, 169, 171-172, 175-176, 181-182, 184, 186, 192-193, 199, 201, 204, 207, 209, 215-216, 223-233, 236, 238-239 Němec, Jan 151, 162 Nečas, Petr 158 NGO 10, 29-30, 37-38, 40, 42, 66, 76, 85, 93, 100, 106-107, 109-110, 112, 125, 157, 160-161, 169, 186, 193, 195, 228, 232, see non-governmental organisation non-democratic 3, 7, 10, 115-116, 121, 134, 169, 172 non-governmental organisation 157, 187, see NGO non-transparent 139, 152 Norman, Ludvig 4, 20, 57, 61 Norris, Pippa 83, 96, 113, 199, 217 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 220 see NATO Novak, Stéphanie 18 Novak, Marja 191, 195 Nowakowska, Karolina 92, 96 Nunez, Lidia 27, 40 O’Brennan, John 210, 217 Obyčajní Ľudia a nezávislé osobnosti 167, see OPIP, Ordinary People and Independent Personalities OĽaNO see Obyčajní Ľudia a nezávislé osobnosti Ondráčka, David 152, 164 OPIP 167, see Obyčajní Ľudia a nezávislé osobnosti, Ordinary People and Independent Personalities Orban, Victor 101, 106, 109, 112, 211, 213, 221 Ordinary People and Independent Personalities 167, see OPIP Orenstein, Mitchell A. 219, 240 Osiewicz, Przemysław 15, 25, 78, 224, 233 Oskolkov, Petr V. 25, 40 “others” 109-110, 227
Index Otręba, Krzysztof 92, 96 Owsiak, Jerzy 90 Őszöd speech 221 Öszödi beszéd see Őszöd speech Paksas, Rolandas 72, 77, 79 pandemic 14, 18, 19, 21, 31-32, 35, 38, 57, 60, 69, 83, 88-89, 93-94, 112, 127, 177, 182-183, 186-190, 193-194, 196, 199-200, 230, 232-239, 240-242, see corona crisis, coronavirus, Covid-19, epidemic, epidemiological situation Papaioannou, Elias 143 paradox of democracy 43, see democratic paradox, paradox of militant democracy paradox of militant democracy 57, see democratic paradox, paradox of democracy Park, Sang-Chui 78 Partidul Democrat Liberal 116, see Democrat Liberal Party, PDL Partidul National Liberal - PNL 117-118, 120-122, 125-127, see National Liberal Party Partidul Social Democrat 116, 228, see PSD, Social Democrat Party Passari, Evgenia 143 Paszkiewicz, Krystyna Anna 87, 96 Patakyová, Mária 176 Patriciu, Dinu 122 Pauliukonis, Kęstutis 70 Pawłowicz, Krystyna 91 PDL 116-120, 122, 126-127, 228, see Democrat Liberal Party, Partidul Democrat Liberal Pech, Laurent 100, 112-113, 213, 218 Pehe, Jiří 157-158, 162 Pejchal, Viera 170, 179 People’s Party - Our Slovakia 17, 20, 165, 231, see ĽS - NS, Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko Perry, Maya 141, 144 Petersen, Roger D. 223, 241 Petkovič, Brankica 186, 195 Petrič, Ernest 192 Petsinis, Vassilis 25, 40 Pfersmann, Otto 5, 20 Piides, Richard H. 201, 218 Pinelli, Cesare 101, 113 Piotrowicz, Stanislaw 91 PİS 16, 83-86, 88-89, 91, 94, 97, 125-126, 204, 213, 226-227, 234-235, see Law and Justice, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość 251 Piskar, Rihard 222, 241 Platforma Obywatelska 221, see Civic Platform pluralism 13, 20,
40, 62, 64, 69-70, 75-76, 85, 87, 113, 132, 136-137, 152, 156-157, 181, 189, 205, 207-208, 226, see pluralistic pluralistic 69, 71, see pluralism PO see Civic Platform, Platforma Obywatelska Poland 6, 16, 18-19, 21, 25, 41, 57, 83-97, 98, 111, 115-116, 125-126, 129, 145, 162, 183, 199, 204-207, 210-215, 216-218, 220 - 223, 226-229, 234-235, 239-241, see Polish, Poles Poles 93, 203, 220, 226, 235, see Polish, Poland Polgári, Eszter 104, 111 Polish 16, 21, 41, 62, 83-97, 113, 116, 125, 129, 144, 162, 204-205, 208, 210-211, 213-214, 216, 220, 221, 226, 235, 237, see Poland, Poles Polish United Workers’ Party 221, see Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR political crises 181 political culture 45, 50, 85, 150, 225-226 Polonska, Eva 113 Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza 221, see Polish United Workers’ Party, PZPR Pólyák, Gábor 105, 113 populism 4, 16, 20, 40, 69, 94, 96, 98, 101, 110-111, 113, 115, 121, 128-129, 143, 159, 194, 204, 215-217, see populist populist 5, 18, 35, 38, 43, 83, 100-101, 103, 110-111, 113, 116-119, 124, 126, 128-129, 134-135, 137, 139, 149, 157, 159-160, 165, 201, 204, 214-216, 228, 233, 239, see populism Prawo i Sprawiedliwość 16, 83, 226, see Law and Justice, PiS prejudice 15, 97, 120, 136, 179, 223-224 prerogative state 10, 12, 16, 84, 93-94, 123-124, 127, 239 pressure 15, 23, 36, 42, 44, 46, 95, 117, 121, 135, 158, 160-162, 175, 177, 188, 191, 195, 199, 208, 211, 213-214, 222-224, 231 pro-American 117 pro-EU 238 pro-government 140-142, 157, 188, 235
252 Index pro-independence 50 pro-Russian 42, 45, 50-51, 54, 56, 58, 224, 230, see pro-Russia pro-Russia 45, 55, 61, 225, see pro-Russian pro-Western 117, 230 Procházka, Radoslav 176, 179 propaganda 3, 52, 54-57, 60, 69-70, 123, 204-205, 209-211, 216, 224, 235 prosecute 87, 141, 172, 188-189, 207, 235 prosecutor 36, 87, 90-91, 96, 103, 109, 119-120, 123-127, 129, 140-142, 144, 157, 159-160, 213-214, 228-230, 236 prosecution 71, 90-91, 95, 133, 139, 157, 170-171, 189, 235-236 protest 7-8, 15, 32, 53-54, 85, 88, 93, 121, 138, 141-142, 144, 155-156, 161, 178, 187-188, 194, 200 Průšová, Veronika 174, 179 Przyłębska, Julia 91 PSD 116-121, 123-125, 127, 228, see Partidul Social Democrat, Social Democrat Party public order 31, 43, 66, 150-151, 155-156, 230 Puddington, Arch 98, 113 Punch, Keith F. 14, 21 Pursiainen, Christer 223, 240 Putin, Vladimir 58, 63, 216, 240 Pytlas, Bartek 170, 179 PZPR 221, see Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, Polish United Workers’ Party Quaranta, Mario 14, 20 quasi-militant democracy 5-9, 12-18, 21, 25-26, 32, 34, 37-38, 41, 57, 67-68, 71, 74-76, 81, 83, 85-89, 91, 94, 96, 109-110, 115-117, 119, 121, 124-127, 130-135, 136-137, 138-140, 141-142, 143, 145, 147, 149-150, 160-162, 166, 176, 181-183, 187-188, 190, 192-193, 199, 201, 204, 207, 209, 211-212, 215-216, 219, 223-224, 226-237, 238-239 racism 59, 61, 71, 78, 178, 189, 195 racist 35, 87, see racism radical 5, 20, 25, 56, 65, 85, 87, 118, 179, 189, 193, 202, 204 radicalization 35, 140, 144, 230 Radu, Alexandru 128 Radwanski, Wojtek 234, 241 Ragazzi, Francesco 140, 144 Rak, Joanna 3, 7-8, 15-16,
21, 26, 41, 43, 62, 67, 78, 83, 85, 88, 96, 98, 100, 113, 116, 129-130, 144-145, 149, 162, 199, 204-205, 219 Ramet, Sabrina P. 145 Rapeli, Lauri 14, 21 Rayner, Jeremy 19 Razvadauskas, Raimundas 225, 241 refugee 35, 90, 100, 103, 105, 109, 138, 142-144, 157, 165, 173-174, 226-227, 231, 238 religion 7-8, 21, 31, 34, 41, 43, 68, 96, 104, 109, 138, 140, 145, 155, 162, 173, 203, 217 religious 4, 20, 31, 34, 65-66, 101, 104, 136, 138-139, 155, 165, 170, 174-175, 182, 205, 207-208, 218, 229, 231-232 Reporters Without Borders 13, 33, 41, 55, 62, 139 repressed 85, 227, see repression, repressive repression 90, 92-93, 95, 219, 229, see repressed, repressive repressive 8, 52, 69, 141, see repressed, repression Republic of Bulgaria see Bulgaria Republic of Estonia see Estonia Republic of Hungary see Hungary Republic of Latvia see Latvia Republic of Lithuania see Lithuania Republic of Poland see Poland Republic of Slovenia see Slovenia Reinsalu, Urmas 36 Reporters Without Borders 13, 33, 41, 55, 62, 139 Rezmer-Plotka, Kamila 16, 130, 229 Ribičič, Ciril 184-185, 196 Rijpkema, Bastiaan 3, 20-21 Roach, Kent 12, 21 Roma 139, 149-151, 154, 160-161, 168, 170, 172, 189, 193, 206, 209, 215, 230, 237 Romania 6,’ 16, 115-129, 131, 140, 199, 204, 206-208, 210-211, 213-215, 216, 220-223, 226, 228, 234-235, 240, see Romanian Romanian 16, 115-129, 204-205, 214, 220, 228, 235, see Romania Romanian secret service 123, 127-128, see Serviciul Român de Informații, SRI Rõivas, Taavi 28 Rosenfeld, Alan 4, 21 Rosenfeld, Michel 113
Index 253 rule of law 9, 12-13, 19-20, 26, 31, 37-38, 52, 64, 78, 83, 89, 93, 96-99, 101, 111-115, 123, 128, 142, 150, 152-153, 157, 161-162, 176, 181-183, 192-194, 205, 212-213, 215-218, 233, 239-241 Russia 15, 42-47, 49-57, 59-63, 210, 216, 218, 219, 223-226, 240-242, see Russian, Russian Federation Russian 15, 23, 25, 28-30, 32, 34-35, 37-38, 39-41, 42-57, 58-61, 63, 196, 199, 202-204, 207-210, 215-216, 218, 219-220, 223-226, 230, 234, 239, 240, see Russia, Russian Federation Russian Federation 37, 53-54, 61, 196, see Russia, Russian Russification 28, 44, 47, 219 ruling majority 135, 205, 210, 213, 228 Rutynowska, Eliza 234, 241 Ryabinska, Natalya 121, 129 Rywin, Lew 221 Sadłoń, Wojciech 205, 218 Sadurski, Wojciech 91-93, 96-97, 227, 241 safeguard 9, 26, 42-43, 47, 50, 69, 79, 93, 105, 109, 143, 152, 176, 184, 191, 202, 213, 215, 224, 227, 239 safety 31, 52, 57, 154, 234-235, 239 Saikkonen, Inga 14, 21 Sajó, András 4-6, 20-21, 25, 41, 113, 201, 218 sanitary crisis 127 Santora, Marc 160-161 Sata, Robert 116, 125-126, 129 Savaliuc, Răzvan 123, 129 “Save Romania” Union 117, 128, see Uniunea “Salvați România”, USR Saward, Michael 222, 242 scandal 4, 36, 149, 158-161, 220-221, 230, 241 Scandinavia 220 Scheppele, Kim Lane 99, 112-114 Schia, Niels Nagelhus 4, 21 Schimmelfennig, Frank 115, 129 Schmitt, Carl 113 Schulze, Jennie L. 15, 42, 44, 46-49, 63, 202-203, 218, 224-225, 233, 241 securitisation 177, 180, 231 security 25, 28, 31, 33, 40, 42, 44, 52-54, 56, 58, 60-62, 65, 70, 73, 79, 123-125, 127, 140, 165, 173-174, 178-179, 185, 211, 228-229, 233, 241 Serviciul Român de
Informații 123, see Romanian secret service, SRI sexist 35 sexual orientation 34, 71 Sharenkova-Toshkova, Radostina 130, 137, 145 Shentov, Ognian 130, 145 Simon, Jeffrey 222, 241 Sinkevičius, Vytautas 68, 72, 79 Skrzypek, Maciej 6, 17, 21, 149, 230-231 Skubic, Zoran 190, 196 Slavov, Atanas 141, 145 SLD see Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej Sloboda a Solidarita 167, see Freedom and Solidarity Slovak 165-180, 209, 230-232, 237, see Slovakia, Slovakian Slovak-Hungarian party Most-Hid (Bridge) 170 Slovakian 20, see Slovak Slovak National Party 169-170, see Slovenská národná strana, SNS Slovak Republic see Slovakia Slovakia 6, 17, 20, 165-180, 199-200, 206-207, 209, 211-212, 214-215, 222-223, 231, 236-238, 241-242, see Slovak, Slovakian Slovene 188, 195, 222, 237, see Slovenia, Slovenian Slovenia 6, 17, 181-196, 199-200, 206-207, 209, 211, 214-215, 222-223, 230, 232, 236-238, 241, see Slovenian, Slovene Slovenian 17, 181-196, 207, 209, 214, 232, 239-240, see Slovene, Slovenia Slovenská národná strana 170, see Slovak National Party, SNS smear campaign 90, 95, 127 Smer-SD 171, see Direction - Social Democracy, Smer - Sociálna demokracia Smer - Sociálna demokracia 171, же Direction ֊ Social Democracy, Smer-SD Smoleńsk 83, 88, 211, 234 SNS 170, 180, see Slovak National Party, Slovenská národná strana Sobczak, Jacek 90, 97 social crisis 127 Social Democrat Party 116-117, 228, see Partidul Social Democrat, PSD soft neo-militant democracy 56, see soft neo-militarism, soft neo-militancy soft neo-militarism 45, see soft neo-militant democracy, soft neo-militancy
254 Index soft neo-militancy 42, see soft neo-militant democracy, soft neo-militarism Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej 221, see Democratic Left Alliance Solar, Carlos 3, 21 Soral, Wiktor 89, 97 Soros, George 100, 106-107, 112, 169 Souvlis, George 19 sovereignty of the political nation 7-12, 14-18, 26, 28, 31, 35, 37-38, 42-43, 117, 55, 64-65, 67, 71, 83, 87-89, 91, 93-94, 106, 117, 119-122, 124-125, 127, 130, 135, 140-143, 149-151, 153-160, 183-188, 190, 192-193, 199-200, 204, 212-213, 215, 219-220, 223-233, 236-237, 239 Soviet Union 202, see USSR Soviétisation 219, 240 surveil 88, 93, 125, see surveillance surveillance 17, 33, 140, 158, 173, 179, 188, see surveil Spasov, Spas 139, 145 Spirova, Maria 130, 137, 145 SRI 123-124, see Romanian secret service, Serviciul Român de Informații Stalin, Joseph 219 Stasiukynas, Andrius 66, 79 state of emergency 31, 33, 65, 89, 95, 105, 233-236, 241 stereotype 338 Steuer, Max 14, 17, 21, 165, 170, 175, 179-180, 206, 231, 233, 237, 241-242 Stoyanov, Alexander 145 strong neo-militant democracy 12-13, 127 Strupiechowska, Monika 90, 97 subversion 168 subversive 3, 45, 203, 208 subverting 43 Suchocka, Hanna 112 Sum, Paul E. 119, 129 Sytas, Andrius 224-225, 242 Szabó, Gabriella 111, 128 Szabó, Máté 111 Szymczak, Jakub 90, 97 Šaroch, Jaroslav 159 Šlapkauskas, Vytautas 15, 64, 203, 225-226 Šoviene, Jūratė 75-76 Štefančik, Radoslav 170, 179 Štiavnický, Ján 175, 180 Štuopienė, Inga 74, 79 Tarnowska, Anna 216 Tataia, Marek 241 Tchipev, Teodor 140, 145 technocrat 159-160, 230, 238 Teitel, Ruti 4, 21 terrorism 4, 33, 65, 105, 109, 113, 139-140, 144-145,
155, 161, 165, 173-174, 179, 227, 231, see terrorist terrorist 33-34, 88, 105, 140, 144, 155, see terrorism “they” 228 Thiel, Marcus 4, 21 Tiido, Anna 28, 41 Todorov, Boyko 145 totalitarian 3, 6, 66, 87, 123, 168, 208, 215, 220, 226, see totalitarianism totalitarianism 238, see totalitarian Tóth, Gábor Attila 98, 114 tradition 6, 84, 160, 166, 169, 220 traditional 4-6, 69, 91, 104-105, 138, 166, 176, 193, 227 transition 15-16, 21, 40, 48 A9, 51, 54, 56, 61, 94, 100, 129-130, 149, 158, 162, 187, 212, 220, 238-239 transitional 50, 140, 179, 232, 238 transparent 17, 28, 68, 76, 139, 152, 160, 182, 193, 203, 231-232 transparency 25, 28, 30-31, 55, 70, 73-74, 107, 130, 137, 145, 152, 157, 164, 167, 187, 234 Transparency International 70, 79, 112, 131, 145, 221 Trepka, Kamil 95 Tuori, Kaarlo 112 Turkey 62, 76, see Turkish, Turks Turkish 131, 136-137, 139, 219-220, 230, see Turkey, Turks Turks 131, 135, see Turkey, Turkish Turska-Kawa, Agnieszka 84, 97 Tushnet, Mark 112 Tyulkina, Svetlana 5, 21 Udrea, Elena 122 Uitz, Renáta 100, 114 Ukraine 44, 51, 53, 55-56, 63, 129, 225, see Ukrainian Ukrainian 223, see Ukraine uncertainty 103, 124, see anxiety, fear United Right 83, 93, 221, see Zjednoczona Prawica Uniunea “Salvați România” 117, see “Save Romania” Union, USR US 39, 119-120, 125-126, 220, 228, 241-242, see American, USA
Index 255 USA 169, 220, see American, US USR 117-118, 121-122, 124-126, see Uniunea “Salvați România”, “Save Romania” Union USSR 52, 143, 219, see Soviet Union Vachudova, Milada Anna 156, 159, 161 Vadász, Viktor 99, 114 Van Biezen, Ingrid 222, 242 Vaş, Eliza 235-236, 242 Vassileva, Radosveta 236, 242 Vatovec, Katarina 194 Velaers, Jan 112 Velminski, Wladimir 223, 242 Venice Commission 13, 29, 35, 41, 92, 97, 102, 112, 114, 132, 134-135, 137, 141, 145, 184, 207-208, 216, 229 Verba, Sidney 226, 239 VerfBlog 239-242 Vidra, Szuzsana 128 Vikarská, Zuzana 237, 242 violence 31, 34, 50, 52, 56, 65-66, 117, 139, 143, 170, 175, 189, 208, 226, 241 virus 35, 57, 127, 238, see coronavirus Vlachkov, Kosta 136, 145 Voiculescu, Dan 122-123 Vymetal, Petr 152, 164 Wachowiec, Patryk 218, 241 Wagrandl, Ulrich 12, 21 Wallas, Tadeusz 78 watchdog 9, 37, 55-56, 93-94, 122, 176 Way, Lucan A. 124, 129 Weisel, Wojciech 90, 97 “we” 228 weak neo-militant democracy 12, 15, 64, 229 Weimar Republic 3, 115, 200 Werra, Zbigniew 90, 97 Westernisation 220 Winiewski, Mikołaj 97 Wintrobe, Ronald 3, 21 Włoch, Wojciech 216 Workers’ Party 20, 151, 162, 208, 230, see Dělnická strana, DS Workers’ Party of Social Justice 152, 230, see Dělnická strana sociální spravedlnosti, DSSS xenophobia 4, 6, 61, see xenophobic xenophobic 87, 131, 139-140, 142-143, 152, 230, see xenophobia Yugoslav 239, see Yugoslavia, Yugoslavian Yugoslavia 6, 181, 196, 219, 222, see Yugoslav, Yugoslavian Yugoslavian 193, see Yugoslav, Yugoslavia Zagorc, Saša 239 Zajc, Drago 195 Zamfira, Andrea 117, 128 Zeman, Miloš 159-160, 230 Zielonka, Jan
115, 129 Žiemele, Ineta 181, 196 Ziobro, Zbigniew 91, 93, 126 Zjednoczona Prawica 221, see United Right Zobec, Jan 194 Zuckerman, Ian 5, 19, 43, 48, 57-58 Žukauskas, Tomas 225, 241 Zvada, Ľubomír 165, 174, 180 Żukowski, Arkadiusz 85, 97 Žalimas, Dainius 69, 79 Źaltauskas, Martinas 79 Ždanoka, Tatjana 51 Železný, Marek 156, 164 Żuber, Bruna 182, 185, 196 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek լ München |
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| author2 | Rak, Joanna 1990- Bäcker, Roman 1955- |
| author2_role | edt edt |
| author2_variant | j r jr r b rb |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1089868618 (DE-588)1216066345 |
| author_facet | Rak, Joanna 1990- Bäcker, Roman 1955- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048278033 |
| contents | Theorising struggles between neo-militant democracies and their enemies / Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker -- Estonia : from neo-militant towards quasi-militant democracy? / Przemysław Osiewicz -- Latvia's soft neo-militancy : limiting Russia's influence / Jennie L. Schulze -- Lithuania : between liberal democracy and weak neo-militant democracy / Jolanta Bieliauskaitė and Vytautas Šlapkauskas -- Poland : drift towards quasi-militant democracy in defiance of resistance / Roman Bäcker and Joanna Rak -- Hungary : an abusive neo-militant democracy / Tímea Drinóczi and Gábor Mészáros -- Quasi-militant democracy in Romania : limiting contention by legal means / Dragoș Dragoman -- Bulgaria : corruption- and oligarchy-driven drift towards quasi-militant democracy / Kamila Rezmer-Płotka -- Czech Republic : towards quasi-militant democracy? / Maciej Skrzypek -- Militarisation of democracy in Slovakia / Max Steuer and Martin Kovanič -- Slovenia's crisis-driven path from neo- to quasi-militant democracy / Elżbieta Kużelewska -- Neo-militant democracies under siege in post-communist Europe : constitutional law perspective / Agnieszka Bień-Kacała -- Victories and defeats of quasi-militant democracies in post-communist Europe : comparative politics perspective / Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1310730752 (DE-599)BVBBV048278033 |
| format | Book |
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Schulze -- Lithuania : between liberal democracy and weak neo-militant democracy / Jolanta Bieliauskaitė and Vytautas Šlapkauskas -- Poland : drift towards quasi-militant democracy in defiance of resistance / Roman Bäcker and Joanna Rak -- Hungary : an abusive neo-militant democracy / Tímea Drinóczi and Gábor Mészáros -- Quasi-militant democracy in Romania : limiting contention by legal means / Dragoș Dragoman -- Bulgaria : corruption- and oligarchy-driven drift towards quasi-militant democracy / Kamila Rezmer-Płotka -- Czech Republic : towards quasi-militant democracy? / Maciej Skrzypek -- Militarisation of democracy in Slovakia / Max Steuer and Martin Kovanič -- Slovenia's crisis-driven path from neo- to quasi-militant democracy / Elżbieta Kużelewska -- Neo-militant democracies under siege in post-communist Europe : constitutional law perspective / Agnieszka Bień-Kacała -- Victories and defeats of quasi-militant democracies in post-communist Europe : comparative politics perspective / Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"This book examines contemporary militant democracies in post-communist states in the European Union. Examining, through case studies, their broader relevance to political, legal, and social structures, this book looks in revealing detail at the struggles between these democratic and anti-democratic actors that share similar historical experiences of contentious politics, communism, and political transformation. It importantly unravels the tension between them, determining which are already authoritarian, and which are teetering on the brink of an anti-democratic breakthrough. Analyzing regimes' continuance trajectories to capture how and what shaped the neo-militant aspects of democracies (neo-militancy) over time, the book accounts for why particular post-communist European neo-militant democracies emerge while others decline or transform into quasi-militant democracies despite transformation, how they differ from each other, what brings the differences and similarities between them, and how and why they change over time. With right-wing populist parties coming to power on the back of fears associated with economic, social, and cultural globalization and the misuse of state authorities to strengthen protective measures against threats to democratic institutions, the book represents a timely and important contribution. 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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV048278033 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T20:00:43Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:33:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032156347 9781032156538 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033658202 |
| oclc_num | 1310730752 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | x, 255 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220810 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Democratization and autocratization studies |
| spelling | Neo-militant democracies in post-communist member states of the European Union edited by Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker London ; New York Routledge 2022 x, 255 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Democratization and autocratization studies Theorising struggles between neo-militant democracies and their enemies / Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker -- Estonia : from neo-militant towards quasi-militant democracy? / Przemysław Osiewicz -- Latvia's soft neo-militancy : limiting Russia's influence / Jennie L. Schulze -- Lithuania : between liberal democracy and weak neo-militant democracy / Jolanta Bieliauskaitė and Vytautas Šlapkauskas -- Poland : drift towards quasi-militant democracy in defiance of resistance / Roman Bäcker and Joanna Rak -- Hungary : an abusive neo-militant democracy / Tímea Drinóczi and Gábor Mészáros -- Quasi-militant democracy in Romania : limiting contention by legal means / Dragoș Dragoman -- Bulgaria : corruption- and oligarchy-driven drift towards quasi-militant democracy / Kamila Rezmer-Płotka -- Czech Republic : towards quasi-militant democracy? / Maciej Skrzypek -- Militarisation of democracy in Slovakia / Max Steuer and Martin Kovanič -- Slovenia's crisis-driven path from neo- to quasi-militant democracy / Elżbieta Kużelewska -- Neo-militant democracies under siege in post-communist Europe : constitutional law perspective / Agnieszka Bień-Kacała -- Victories and defeats of quasi-militant democracies in post-communist Europe : comparative politics perspective / Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker "This book examines contemporary militant democracies in post-communist states in the European Union. Examining, through case studies, their broader relevance to political, legal, and social structures, this book looks in revealing detail at the struggles between these democratic and anti-democratic actors that share similar historical experiences of contentious politics, communism, and political transformation. It importantly unravels the tension between them, determining which are already authoritarian, and which are teetering on the brink of an anti-democratic breakthrough. Analyzing regimes' continuance trajectories to capture how and what shaped the neo-militant aspects of democracies (neo-militancy) over time, the book accounts for why particular post-communist European neo-militant democracies emerge while others decline or transform into quasi-militant democracies despite transformation, how they differ from each other, what brings the differences and similarities between them, and how and why they change over time. With right-wing populist parties coming to power on the back of fears associated with economic, social, and cultural globalization and the misuse of state authorities to strengthen protective measures against threats to democratic institutions, the book represents a timely and important contribution. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of Post-Soviet/Communist/East European studies, democratic backsliding, European and Comparative Politics, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, Democracy and Dictatorship, Public Comparative Constitutional Law, Human Rights Law and Political Theory"-- Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd rswk-swf Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 gnd rswk-swf Streitbare Demokratie (DE-588)4140182-7 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Democracy / Europe, Eastern / Case studies Authoritarianism / Europe, Eastern / Case studies Militarization / Europe, Eastern / Case studies Europe, Eastern / Politics and government / 1989- Former communist countries / Politics and government Autoritarisme / Europe de l'Est / Études de cas Militarisation / Europe de l'Est / Études de cas Europe de l'Est / Politique et gouvernement / 1989- Authoritarianism Democracy Militarization Politics and government Eastern Europe Former communist countries Since 1989 Case studies (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 s Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 s Streitbare Demokratie (DE-588)4140182-7 s DE-604 Rak, Joanna 1990- (DE-588)1089868618 edt Bäcker, Roman 1955- (DE-588)1216066345 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-1-00-324516-2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033658202&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033658202&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Neo-militant democracies in post-communist member states of the European Union Theorising struggles between neo-militant democracies and their enemies / Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker -- Estonia : from neo-militant towards quasi-militant democracy? / Przemysław Osiewicz -- Latvia's soft neo-militancy : limiting Russia's influence / Jennie L. Schulze -- Lithuania : between liberal democracy and weak neo-militant democracy / Jolanta Bieliauskaitė and Vytautas Šlapkauskas -- Poland : drift towards quasi-militant democracy in defiance of resistance / Roman Bäcker and Joanna Rak -- Hungary : an abusive neo-militant democracy / Tímea Drinóczi and Gábor Mészáros -- Quasi-militant democracy in Romania : limiting contention by legal means / Dragoș Dragoman -- Bulgaria : corruption- and oligarchy-driven drift towards quasi-militant democracy / Kamila Rezmer-Płotka -- Czech Republic : towards quasi-militant democracy? / Maciej Skrzypek -- Militarisation of democracy in Slovakia / Max Steuer and Martin Kovanič -- Slovenia's crisis-driven path from neo- to quasi-militant democracy / Elżbieta Kużelewska -- Neo-militant democracies under siege in post-communist Europe : constitutional law perspective / Agnieszka Bień-Kacała -- Victories and defeats of quasi-militant democracies in post-communist Europe : comparative politics perspective / Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 gnd Streitbare Demokratie (DE-588)4140182-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4998161-4 (DE-588)4170174-4 (DE-588)4140182-7 (DE-588)4075739-0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Neo-militant democracies in post-communist member states of the European Union |
| title_auth | Neo-militant democracies in post-communist member states of the European Union |
| title_exact_search | Neo-militant democracies in post-communist member states of the European Union |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Neo-militant democracies in post-communist member states of the European Union |
| title_full | Neo-militant democracies in post-communist member states of the European Union edited by Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker |
| title_fullStr | Neo-militant democracies in post-communist member states of the European Union edited by Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neo-militant democracies in post-communist member states of the European Union edited by Joanna Rak and Roman Bäcker |
| title_short | Neo-militant democracies in post-communist member states of the European Union |
| title_sort | neo militant democracies in post communist member states of the european union |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Postkommunismus (DE-588)4998161-4 gnd Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4170174-4 gnd Streitbare Demokratie (DE-588)4140182-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Postkommunismus Mitgliedsstaaten Streitbare Demokratie Osteuropa Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033658202&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033658202&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rakjoanna neomilitantdemocraciesinpostcommunistmemberstatesoftheeuropeanunion AT backerroman neomilitantdemocraciesinpostcommunistmemberstatesoftheeuropeanunion |