Verfügbarkeit: The Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas

The Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas:

"The Golden Age of the Lithuanian Yeshivas tells the story of the final years of Orthodox Jewish schools in Lithuania, from the eve of World War I to the outbreak of World War II. The Lithuanian yeshiva established a rigorous standard for religious education in the early 1800s that persisted fo...

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Klibansky, Ben-Tsiyon 1960- (VerfasserIn)
Weitere Verfasser:	Schnitzer, Nahum (ÜbersetzerIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Bloomington, Indiana Indiana University Press [2022]
Schlagworte:	Geschichte 1918-1941 Jeschiwa Litauen Yeshivas / Lithuania / History / 20th century Jews / Education / Lithuania / 20th century Lithuania / Religious life and customs Yeshivot / Lituanie / Histoire / 20e siècle Juifs / Éducation / Lituanie / 20e siècle Jews / Education Yeshivas Lithuania 1900-1999 History
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register
Zusammenfassung:	"The Golden Age of the Lithuanian Yeshivas tells the story of the final years of Orthodox Jewish schools in Lithuania, from the eve of World War I to the outbreak of World War II. The Lithuanian yeshiva established a rigorous standard for religious education in the early 1800s that persisted for over a century. Although dramatically reduced and forced into exile in Russia and Ukraine during WWI, the yeshivas survived the war, with yeshiva heads and older students forming the nucleus of the institutions. During the economic depression of the 1930s, students struggled for food and their leaders journeyed abroad in search of funding, but their determination and commitment to the yeshiva system continued. The Soviet occupation of Lithuania and the coming of WWII marked the beginning of the end of the Yeshivas, however, and the Holocaust ensured the final destruction of this venerable institution. The Golden Age of the Lithuanian Yeshivas is the first book-length work on the modern history of the Lithuanian yeshivas published in English. Through exhaustive historical research of every yeshiva, Ben-Tsiyon Klibansky brings to light for the first time the stories, lives, and inner workings of this long-lost world"--
Beschreibung:	391 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten (schwarz-weiß)
ISBN:	9780253058508 9780253058492

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	CONTENTS i Introduction I. Consolidation and Expansion 27 1. The Renewal of the Yeshiva World 35 2. Expansion Trends in the Yeshiva World II. Aspects of the Yeshiva World 111 3. Economy 4. Studies 107 144 5. Leadership 178 6. The Talmidim 210 III. The Beginning of the End 261 7. Return to Wandering 265 8. Under Soviet Rule Epilogue 290 319 Appendix: BriefBiographies Glossary 343 Bibliography Index 367 34s 333 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY ARCHIVESAND COLLECTIONS AJJDCA—21/32 Collection, American Jewish JDC Archives, New York AJYP—Autobiographies ofJewish Youth in Poland (RG 4), YTVO Archives, New York ARZ—Archive of Rehgious Zionism, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan BC—Boder Collection, Voices of the Holocaust, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago CAHJP—The Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem CRC—Central Relief Committee Records, Yeshiva University Archives, New York CZA—The Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem DSA—David Safier Archives (private), Lawrence, New York IRC—Israel Rosenberg Collection (ARC 98), Jewish Theological Seminary Archives, New York JDCIA—JDC Israel Archives, Jerusalem KoC —Koniuhowsky Collection (0.71 ), Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem LCSA—Lithuanian Central State Archives, Vilnius LHA—Luba Harlap Archives (private), Jerusalem LJC—Lithuanian Jewish Communities (RG 2), YIVO Archives, New York MPTA—Rabbi Mordechai Pinhas Teitz Collection, Rivkah Blau-Teitz Archives (private), United States MWP—Mark Wischnitzer, Papers, 1927-1955 (RG 767), YTVO Archives, New York NWC—Nissan Vaxman Collection (ARC. 4* 1714), National Library Archives, Jerusalem OHD—Oral History Division, The Institute of Contemporary Jewry, The Hebrew University ofjerusalem SEA—Shlomo Eitan Archives (private), Jerusalem VHY—Va’ad-HaYeshivot (RG 25), YTVO Archives, New York YLKA—Yehudah Leib Kogan Collection, Family Kogan Archives (private), Jerusalem YVA—Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem 345 34б BIBLIOGRAPHY NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS DIdS—Di Idishe Shtime, Kovna DIdV—Dos Idishe Vort, New York DMZ—Der Morgn Zhurnal, New York DoV—Dos Vort, 'Wina IdL—Idisher Lebn, Kovna-Telz TJO—The Jewish Observer, New York BOOKS, STUDIES, AND ARTICLES Abraham, Zvi J. “HaYeshivot beHungariya haNirhava.” In Mosedot Torah beEiropah beVinyanam u'veHurbanam, edited by Samuel K. Mirsky, 435-47. New York: Ogen Publishing House of Histadrut Ivrit ofAmerica, 1956. Agranovsky, Genrich, and Sid Z. Leiman. “Three Lists of Students Studying at the Volozhin Yeshiva in 1879.” In Turim: Studies in Jewish History and Literature: Presented to Dr. Bernard Lander. Vol. 2, edited by Michael A. Shmidman, 1-24. New York: Tomo College Press, 2008. Agudas-haRabonim. Tetikayts-BarichtfunAgudas-haRabonim 5694-5700. Kovna, 1940. Ágúdat haRabbanim. Sefer haYovel shel Agudat haRabbanim haOrtodoksiyim deArtzot-haBerit veKanada: LiMelot Esrim veHamesh Shanim leHivasda (1902-1927). New York: Oriom Press, 1928. Alon, Gedalia. “Yeshivot Lita.” In Mehkarim beToledot Yisrael biYmey Bayit Sheni u'veTekufat haMishna vehaTalmud.Vol. 1,1-11. Tel Aviv: HaKibbutz haMe’uhad, 1957. Alperovitz, Yitzhak. Telz (Lita): Matzevet Zikaron leKehila Kedosha. Tel Aviv: Irgun Yotzei Telz beYisrael, 1984. Altshuler, Mordechai. “HaNisayon Le’argen Kinus Klal-Yehudi beRusia Ahar haMahapeicha.” He’avar 12 (1965): 75-89. --------- . HaYevsektsiya biVrit haMoatzot (1918-1930): Bein Le’umiyut leKomunizm. Tel Aviv: HaMachon leYahadut Zemaneynu, 1981. Arad, Yitzhak. “Rikuz haPelitim beVilna Erev Milhemet haOlam haSheniya.” Yad Vashem 9 (1973): 165-75. Ascher, Abraham. “Interpreting 1905.” In The Revolution of1905 and Russias Jews, edited by Stefani Hoffman and Ezra Mendelsohn, 15-30. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. Assaf, David. Derech haMalchut: R’ Yisrael meRuzhin uMekomo beToledot haHasidut. Jerusa lem: Shazar Center, 1997. Assaf, Simha. “Shenot haLimudim Shell biYeshivat Telz (5665-5668).” He’avar 2 (1954): 34-45. Atlas, Shmuel. “Der Derech haHavone in der Litvishe Yeshives.” In Lite. Vol. 1, edited by Mendel Sudarsky, Uriyah Katzenelenbogen, Yitzhak Kissin, and Berl Cohen, 605-14. New York: Jewish-Lithuanian Cultural Society Lite, 1951. Ayalon, Ben-Tsiyon Ң., ed. Sefer-Zikaron liKehilat Meytchet. Tel Aviv: Irgun Yotzei Meytchet beYisrael u’veHutz-laAretz, 1973. Ayalon-Baranik, Ben-Tsiyon H., ed. Pinkas Ostro’oh: Sefer-Zikaron liKehilat Ostro’oh. Tel Aviv: Irgun Oley Ostrooh beYisrael, I960. BIBLIOGRAPHY 347 Ba’al-Mahshavot. “Grobin (Perek leToledot haTenu’ahaMusarit).” Partii. He avar 2 (1918): 89-107. Bacon, Gershon C. The Politics of Tradition: Ágúdat Yisrael in Poland, 1916-1939. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1996. Baksht, Aharon Y. Lev Aharon: Ma'amarei Mahshava beTorat haMusar. Jerusaelm: Netzah, 1982. Balosher, Aba. Hayim Nahman Bialik beVolozhin, Volozhin biBialik: Zikaron leHaver-Yeshiva sheHaya veEinenu Od, u’leYeshiva sheHayta veEinena Od. Kovna, 1935. Barak (Brik), Zvi. "HaMisradhaEretzyisraelibeLita.”In Yahadut Lita. Vol. 2, edited by Refael Hasman, 291-304. Tel Aviv: Igud Yotzey Lita, 1972. ---------. “Pelitey Polin beLitabaShanim 1939-1941.” In Yahadut Lita. Vol. 2, edited by Refael Hasman, 353-70. Tel Aviv: Igud Yotzey Lita, 1972. 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Movshovitz Print, 1937. ORAL TESTIMONIES (Next to the name of each witness is his educational institution and the location and date of the testimony.) Ben-Artzi, Shmuel—Mezritch Yeshiva (Jerusalem, May 11,2004) Ben-Porat, Yehudah—Keim Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Mar. 7,2005) Bronznik, Nahum—Telz Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Nov. 19,2003) Fortman, Moshe—Telz, Ponivezh, Kletsk-Yaneve, and Keim Yeshivas (Bnei Brak, Jan. 1, 2003) Garber, Yisrael—Kamenitz Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Jun. 7,2005) Hamiel, Hayim Yitzhak—Lomzhe and Warsaw Beit Yosef Yeshivas (Jerusalem, Jun. 2,2005) Karno, Yisrael—Telz Yeshiva (Jerusalemhan. 13,2003) Klibansky, Menahem—Slabodka Yeshiva (Tel Aviv, 1988) Kremer, Azriel—Slabodka Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Jul. 29,2003; Sep. 2,2003) Kremerman, Zalman—Telz and Slabodka Yeshivas (Jerusalemhan. 11,2003) “Man of Kovna”—Ateret Zvi Yeshiva-ketana in Kovna (Jerusalem, Aug. 20,2003) Margalit, Moshe—Novardokand Pinsk Yeshivas (Bnei Brak, Feb. 15,2004) Melamed, Avraham—Telz Yeshiva (Ramat Gan, Dec. 24,2002) Orlansky, Yisrael—Mezritch-Nementchin Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Feb. 2, 2004) Shurin, Yisrael—Telz Yeshiva (Efrata, Mar. 23,2003) Volbe, Shlomo—Mir Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Dec. 30,2002) Waldschein, Refael—Baranovitch Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Feb. 9,2004) YBB—Baranovitch and Mir Yeshivas (Jerusalem, Nov. 11,2004) Zuckerman, Mordechai—Radin and Keim Yeshivas (Jerusalem, Dec. 26,2002) INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics indicate a figure or a table. Adler, Cyrus, 119 Aid Committee for Religious Educational Institutions, 125 aid to WWI-suffering Jews in Eastern Europe, American organized, 118 aid to yeshivas, Jewish organized, 117-22; ofAmerica, 112-14,117-19,123-24, іЗб, շշշ, 326; of Central Europe, 113; of Germany, 112; ofLondon, 112; of South Africa, 113,139 Alekna, Tadas, 274 Alexander II, Tsar, 238 aliyah, 187,280-81,299,318Ո48,340; certificates for the migrating yeshivas in WWII, 284-85,297; certificates for the Novardok yeshivas, 97; ofKnesset-Yisrael Slabodka branch, 91-94,101-2,334,336; of Lomzhe branch, 95-96,101-2; ofNovardok branches, 96-98,101-2; yeshivah heads’ worldview regarding, 89-90 Alliance, 118,141П14 Amdur, 341 American Jewish Relief Committee, 118 Amtchislav, 56,341 Amtchislav yeshivas, 56,60,237,338,341 army: Bolshevik Russian (see Russian army, Bolshevik); of the Cossacks of Chmelnitsky, 2; exemption from Polish, 25Ո31; Swedish, 2; Tsardom Russian (see Russian army, Tsardom); WWI German, 11,35,39,41,67,118; WWII German, 266-68,288Ո42,295,314; WWII Polish, 266-67; WWII Soviet, 267-69,272,290-91 Asher (Rosh), Rabbeinu, 166 Austria, 244 autonomy, Jewish: in Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 2. See also Lithuania, independent: national autonomy for Jews in; Poland, Republic of: cultural autonomy for Jews in Azherena, 312 Azov Sea, 68 Baksht, 334 Baksht, Aharon, 65,191,273,333 Baltic countries, 17,290. See also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania Baltic Sea, 2,288Ո42 Baltimore, 26Ո37 Baranovitch, 87-88,266; Hasidic court of Slonim in, 86,98; post-WWI pass of Radin Yeshiva through, 6ins; in WWII, 267,271 367 Зб8 INDEX Baranovitch Ohel-TorahYeshiva: acceptance ofyeshiva-ketana graduates by, 226; heads, 204,287; kibbutz class, 214,228-29; multiage structure, 228; Musar supervisor, 204; popularity among Hasidim, 81; post-WWI reestablishment, 341; practical halachic studies in, 149; requests of acceptance to, 214; sixth class, 214; student population, 228; students’ age, 228-29; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129-30; visit of Rabbi Meir Shapiro in, 86; in WWI, 86, 267; in WWII period, see Baranovitch Ohel-Torah Yeshiva in WWII Baranovitch Ohel-Torah Yeshiva in WWII: in Baranovitch, 269; confiscation of the building of, 268; dispersal to towns in Lithuania of, 294-95; management of, 311; in Trok, 275,277,310 Baranovitch Torat-Hesed Yeshiva, 86-87; establishment, 86; head, 86-87, 100, 328, 336; multiage structure, 228; students in Brisk Kibbutz, 154. See also Baranovitch Torat-Hesed Yeshiva in WWII Baranovitch Torat-Hesed Yeshiva in WWII: migration to Vilna of, 336; move to Shkudvil of, 294-95; in Tavrig, 277, 294-95,336; management of, 309 Bar-Ilan, Meir. See Berlin [Bar-Ilan], Meir Baron, Asher-Kalman, 202,209Ո40 Bassin, Meir, 45 beit-din, 130,181,194,337 Beit-Shmuel Yeshiva. See Warsaw Beit-Shmuel Yeshiva Beit-Yosefyeshivas. See Novardok Beit-Yosefyeshivas Belgium, 26Ո37,289Ո42,244,245 Belorussia, western, 312 Berditchev Novardok Yeshiva, 69,341-42 Berek, Aharon, 127 Berezhnitsa, 82 Berezhnitsa Ohr-Torah Yeshiva, 82,340 Berkovitz, Yosef (“Kossover”), 84,204 Berlin (Netziv), Naftali-Zvi-Yehuda, 180, 185,331 Berlin, 83,118,141Ո14,239 Berlin, Hayim, 180,185 Berlin [Bar- Ilan], Meir, 93-94, 119,279,285,331 Bernstein, Moshe, 45,308 Beth HaMedrash L’Torah in Chicago, 6inio Beth Medrash Govoha in Lakewood, 337 Biale, 99 Bialik, Hayim Nahman, 146-147 Bialostotsky, Efraim-Zvi, 309 Bialystok, 87; communal yeshiva in, 339; district, 73,75,85; establishment of a Novardok yeshiva in, 69,342; Hasidic court of Slonim in, 86; in WWII, 266, 268,271; Novardok general meetings in, 75-76; public meetings in, 127 Bialystok Beit-Ulpena Yeshiva, 129,204 Bialystok Beit-Yosef Yeshiva, 98; branching out, 71,73,85; building dedication, 266; “Committee to Spread Torah”, 75; establishment, 69-70; heads, 205,342; Musar supervisor, 205; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129,130. See also Bialystok Beit-Yosef Yeshiva in WWII Bialystok Beit-Yosef Yeshiva in WWII: arrests in Birzh of students of, 313; in Bialystok, 266-268,272; In Birzh of, 277, 296,313; management of, 308; migration to Vilna of, 272; visas for students of, 305 Birzh, 277,296,313,341 Black Sea, 2 Bliacher, David, 69,97,150,206,272,333 Bloch, Avraham-Yitzhak, 50,186,202,241, 295, 333 Bloch, Eliyahu-Meir, 186,307,310, 318Ո48 Bloch, Yosef-Leib, 199; appointments by, 186; criticized by rabbis in Lithuania, 51-52,59; general studies introduction in mechinah by, 51; head of the Telz yeshiva, 50-53,59,202,334; involvement in religious education outside the yeshiva by, 51-53,59; Musar incorporation in Telz Yeshiva by, 59; rabbi of Telz, 50,334; rosh-yeshiva in German occupation, 50; sponsorship ofYavneh teachers’ seminary by, 52; Talmud instructor in Telz Yeshiva, 49-50,333 Bloch, Zalman, 186,198-99,202 Bloch family of Telz, 182 INDEX Bnei-Brak, 97,306; Novardok Yeshiva in, 97-98; Ponevezh Yeshiva in, 306-307, 336,340; Slabodka Yeshiva in, 340 Boisk, 337 Braynsk, 134,340 Braynsk Yeshiva, 24Ո20,338,340 Brazil, 245 Bressler, Hayim-Zalman, 181 Brisk, 46,152-54; rabbis, 152-153,184,201, 339, 341; Jews expelled in WWI from, 184; in WWII, 267,271. See also study kibbutz: in Brisk Brisk Kibbutz, 87,153-56,173 Brisk Yeshiva: economic situation, 114,201, 252; haluka for students, 252; heads, 129, 184,204,325,340; hereditary positions in, 184; in WWII in Vilna, 277; Musarhaburot, 163,200; Musar sessions, 199; Musar supervisor, 163,198-201,204; post-WWI reestablishment, 184,237, 325, 340; student population, 214-215, 218; students in Brisk Kibbutz of, 154; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; WWI migrant students in, 237 British: authorities, 285-286; Colonial Secretary, 284,297; consulate in Kovna, 282,311; government, 284,297; immigration certificates, 93-94,96,102, 302,305-7; immigration quotas, 102; mandatory authorities, 93,96,307; radio broadcast, 270; “White Paper”, 297 Brody, 88 Broyde, Simha-Zissel, 159,165-67,171, 196-97,334 Budnick, David, 69,205 Bund. See under radical movements Burland, Mordechai-Isaac, 309 Canada, 244 Catherine II, Tsarina, 3 Caucasus, 235 Central Relief Committee, 42-43,45, 118-22,125,139,154-55, 236 charity boxes, 111,132-33 Chile, 306,312 Chmelnitsky, Bogdan, 2 Cincinnati, 117,283 369 Circassia, 235 Cleveland, 117 Council of the Land of Lithuania, 2 Curacao Islands, 299-300,304 Curzon Line, 25Ո33 Czechia, 244,245 Danube, 161 Danushevsky, Moshe, 44 Denmark, 288Ո42,244 Desler, Reuven-Dov, 202 Diskin, Sender, 80 Dolinsky, Zalman ("Radiner”), 198 Dreyen, David, 26Ո37 Duksht, 294,313 Dushnitzer, Eliyahu, 96,197 Dusiat, 294 Dutch consul/consulate, 299,305 Dvinsk, 69,120,191 Dvinsk Yeshiva, 69,205 economic crisis: Great Depression (see under United States); in Europe, 40,120, 326; worldwide, 116 Ederman, Ya’akov, 282 educational institutions, Jewish: government funding of, in; migration of Torah֊, 12,18; solidarity of Torah-, 13, 16-18; tuition in, 111 educational organizations, Jewish: Bundist-Yiddishist, 30,32; CISZO, 89; Horev, 136; Kultur-Ligge, 89; Orthodox, 30; Tarbut, 89; Yavneh, 51-52,63Ո37, 89; Zionist, 30,32 Egulsky, Eliezer, 183 Egulsky, Yisrael-Leib, 182 Eisenstadt, Moshe-Avraham, 181 Eisenstadt, Yosef-David, 180-81 Eisenstadt family of Mir, 181 Eishishok, 232,271-72,277 Eishishok Kibbutz. See under study kibbutz Eliyahu (the “Gaon of Vilna”), 2,4 England, 26Ո37; Jewish organizations in, 97,117; Novardokyeshivas in, 102Ո14; Russian ambassador in, 285,300; yeshiva emissaries in, 115. See also yeshiva students: from England 370 INDEX Epstein, Moshe-Mordechai, 57,191,339, 342; appointments by, 187-88; funds’ collection in the United States by, 40,58, 91-94,115,188-90; head of the KnessetYisrael Yeshiva in Slabodka, 38,188,196, 202,236; Hebron branch establishment by, 92-93,187-90,334; in WWI exile, 38, 92; post-WWI return to Slabodka of, 39; resignation from Slabodka positions of, 190,334; Talmud instructor in Slabodka Yeshiva, 38,196,334 Eretz-Yisrael. See Israel, Land of Estonia, 245,290 Etz-Hayim Yeshiva. See Jerusalem: Etz-Hayim Yeshiva in Europe, Central and Western: countries, 2; emissaries in, 111; yeshivas in, 26Ո37,329. See also individual countries underyeshiva students Europe, Eastern: economic condition ofJewry in, 16; economic situation, У, 256,314; educational institutions, 256; geopolitical shifts, 3; Jewish life politicization, 31; Jewish society, 6,30, 141П14,319; Jewish traditionalists, 145; Novardok yeshivas in, 67,99; post-WWI countries, 13; post-WWI economic assistance for yeshivas in, 64,113; rabbis and community activists, 6-7,120; yeshivas, 1,19-20,101,240,263. See also Orthodoxy, East-European Ezrat-Torah, 118-19 Faivelzon, Baruch-Yosef, 192-194,220 Far East, 299,314 Fein, Yehuda-Leib, 133 Feinstein, Yehiel-Michel, 153 Finkel, Eliezer-Yehuda, 275; assistance to Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva by, 47; attitude toward Talmud proficiency by, 151; establishment of Brisk Kibbutz by, !53-154; funds’ collection in the United States by, 43,154, 236, 243, 258Ո29; in Poltava, 41,182; lessons of, 151; in post-WWI Mir, 42-43; in post-WWI Vilna, 42,225; rosh-yeshiva of Mir, 202,230,250,256,334; son in-law of the head of the Mir Yeshiva, 41,334; Va’adHaYeshivot work of, 64,233. See also Finkel, Eliezer-Yehuda in WWII Finkel, Eliezer-Yehuda in WWII: aliyah certificates to, 280,310; attempts to get aliyah certificates for the yeshiva by, 279,281,298-299,301; attempts to go to the Land of Israel of, 280,310; departure from Soviet Lithuania, 302,334; efforts to save the Mir Yeshiva by, 279-281,298, 315; establishment of Mir Yeshiva in Jerusalem by, 334; in Grinkishok, 294; in Keidan, 279,281; in Vilna, 275 Finkel, Moshe, õrnu, 94,188 Finkel, Notte-Hirsch (Nattan-Zvi), 41, 91-92,340; aliyah of, 94,172,188,198, 334; disciples of, 197; expression about the WWI-exile of, 25Ո29; fashionable clothes’ provision to students by, 247; founding the Knesset-Yisrael Slabodka Yeshiva by, 38,196; founding the Slabodka Yeshiva by, 38,145,188,195,334; founding the Slutsk Yeshiva by, 53; help running other yeshivas by, 198; Musar counselors' appointment by, 197-98; Musar method of, 38,44,146,165,171, 196; Musar supervisor, 139-60,196,202, 236,334; Musar talks of, 19,171-72,249; post-WWI return to Slabodka of, 39; supervisor in Slabodka Ohr-haHayim Yeshiva, 195; Talmud instructors’ appointment by, 38,152-53,196 Finland, 244 France, 244,245 Frankfurt, 26Ո37,300 Fried, Eliezer-Yitzhak, 180 fundraising, for yeshivas, 4,48,112,326. See also charity boxes Galicia, 70,99 Gateshead Yeshiva, 26Ո37 Gedvilas, Mečislovas, 291 George, Lloyd, 297 Georgia, 235 German occupational regime: elementary schools’ set up by, 51; in WWI, 14,35,86, 239; in WWII, 312 INDEX Germany, 266,338; Nazi, 18,23,243,291, 310; rabbis of, 239; Russian accusation ofJewish collaboration with, 11. See also yeshiva students: from Germany Gerondi, Yona, 176Ո37 Glickson, Hirsch, 101,205 Gordon, Avraham-Yaakov, 163,197, 198-201,204 Gordon, Eliezer, 18s, 210,235; death of, 50, 335; establishment of a yeshiva in Keim by, 335; fundraising trip to London of, 335; rabbiofTelz, 49,333 Gordon, Yehiel-Mordechai, 140; funds’ collection in the United States, 96, 116, 308, 317Ո42,339; head of the Lomzhe Yeshiva, 95,205,248,335; opening a branch in the Land of Israel, 90,335; Talmud instructors’ appointments by, 195; in WWI, 95,182 Gorzd, 153, 339 Grade, Hayim, 230,250 Greenberg, David, 57 Greenberg, Ya’akov-Sender, 87 Grinkishok, 294 Griva, 337 Grobin, 334 Grodnensky, Eliyahu-Eliezer, 184 Grodno, 11,127,132,136,341; Alsheich Beit-Midrash, 223; Forshtat suburb of, 157; public meetings in, 127; study-hall in Shershevsky s courtyard, 223; under WWII-Soviet rule, 274 Grodno Yeshiva: devotion to study in, 248; emissaries, 115; establishment, 218; haluka for students in, 252; heads, 116, 120,138,203,340; help ofWWI-German field-rabbis to, 239; lessons, 156-57; Musar haburot, 163; Musar supervisor, 163,203, 338; post-WWI, 218; student population, 216,218-19,221,223; students’ ages, 223-24; studies ofhalachic rulings, 150; Va’adHaYeshivot allocation offunds to, 129. See also Grodno Yeshiva in WWII; mechinah; of Grodno Yeshiva Grodno Yeshiva in WWII: departure of the management of, 307-8; management of, 308,310; in Vilna, 277 371 Grodzensky, Avraham, 188,202,293 Grodzensky, Avraham-Zvi, 204 Grodzensky, Hayim-Ozer, 283; aid to postWWI religious educational institutions by, 125; aid to WWII migrating yeshivas by, 270-71,275,279,280,286; attitude toward aliyah of yeshiva students of, 89; establishment of Ostroh Yeshiva by, 84; funeral of, 296; head ofVa’adHaYeshivot, 126,200,286; help to integration of Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva in Vilna by, 45; leader of the Lithuanian yeshivas in Poland, 19, 124; participation plan in American campaign for the yeshivas of, 120; patron of the Remayle Yeshiva, 114,183-84,335; Radin Yeshiva din-Torah by, 193 Grodzensky, Yitzhak (Itche), 81 Grozovsky, Reuven, 44,45,89,116,203,308 Gutvirt, Nahum-Zvi, 298,299 gymnasia (high schools): general, 15,17, 24Ն 255, 322; Jewish, 15, 30, 32,213, 222-23,320; for Jewish religious girls, 51,234; Jewish religious gymnasia (see under Lithuania, independent; and Poland, Republic of) Hachmei-Lublin Yeshiva. See Lublin Yeshiva, HachmeiHaCohen, Meir-Simha (ofDvinsk), 120 HaCohen, Yisrael-Meir, 63Ո47,140,198, 239,253; admiration of Hasidim to, 81; appointments ofTalmud instructors by, 192-193; critical biography of, 25Ո35; death of, 220; encouragement of Kodshim studies by, 155-156; encouragement of studies in Radin Yeshiva by, 157; establishment of Ostroh Yeshiva by, 84; establishment ofVa’ad-HaYeshivot by, 123-127,132,335; founder of Radin Yeshiva, 81,192,220,335; Hafetz-Hayimbookof, ՅՅ5-ՅՅ6; help to Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva by, 46; leader of the Lithuanian yeshivas in Poland, 19; participation plan in American campaign for the yeshivas of, 120; preparation for the messiah coming by, 155; renown of, 220 372 INDEX Hadera, 98 Hafetz-Hayim. See HaCohen, Yisrael-Meir Haifa, 98 halachic: authorities, 45,183,184,335; conclusion from a Talmudic sugya, 174; principles in Talmudic sugya, 152; rulings, 81,192; rulings study in yeshiva curriculum, 14,25Ո33,82-83,149-150, 172-173; studies of practice in yeshiva curriculum, 149 HaLevi, Yosef-Zvi, 96 halutzim, zyz HaNe'eman, 326-327 Harkavy, Shlomo, 163,197,203,308 Hasidic: batei-midrash, 77-78,81,103Ո26; communities, 77,191,325; court, 331; customs, 80,101,io6n8s,331; dress, 78,80; families, 77,79-80,100; -Lithuanian circles, 22; mentality, 82; movement, 331; outer appearance, 78,80,100-101; prayer rite, 80, 83; rebbes (admorim) (see Hasidic rebbes {admorim]); shtieblach, 77-79,81; style yeshivas within Hasidic courts, 78-79; writings, 86; youth, 79. See also Vohlin Hasidic-Lithuanian yeshivas, 17,22,32, 86-88, 98-100, 325; multiage structure of, 227; Talmud lecturers’ appointments in, 86-88,100,183. See also Hasidic rebbes (admorim) Hasidic rebbes (admorim), 101; establishment of Hasidic-Lithuanian yeshivas by, 65,86; Hasidic-Lithuanian yeshivas under the authority of, 21,79,86, 100,325; of Karlin, 86-87; ofVohlin, 127 Hasidim, 79; attitude toward Lithuanian yeshivas of, 77-81, 85,99-100; of Gur dynasty, 79; in Lithuanian yeshivas, 101; of Poland, 79-81; of Poland in Lithuanian yeshivas, 79-81,86-88, 100; ofVohlin, 81,83-85; ofVohlin in Lithuanian yeshivas, 81-85 Hasidism, 77,83,100-101 Haskalah (Enlightenment), 145,239,247; literature, 246-247; movement, 6,319; worldview, 81 Hasman, Leib, 125-127,197,336 Hayim ofVolozhin, 1,3-4,174Ո6,180 Hazanovitch, David, 204 Hebron, 93-94, 172·; 188-190,339; 1929 riots of, 240 heder, 74,222 Heide Yeshiva, 26Ո37 Heiman, Shlomo, 204 Hernsohn, Hayim-Shim’on, 54 Herzog, Yitzhak-Isaac, 284-286,297,300 Hilfsverein, 118,141Ո14 Hindes, Shraga-Faivel, 138 Hindes, Yeshaya, 308 Hirschowitz, Avraham-Shmuel, 86-87, 100,309,328,336 Hirschowitz, Yitzhak-Eliezer, 52,63Ո38,185-86 Hlusk, 44,337; 340 Hlusk Yeshiva, 334,337,340 Holland, 244,245,289Ո42,298,302 Holocaust, 1-2,101; extermination of the Jews in Lithuania in, 22,314,330; Lithuanian yeshiva world after the, 102, ՅՅՕ-31 Holtzberg, Yitzhak-Raphael, 52 Homel, 68. See also under Novardok Yeshiva Horodok (Belorussian), 339 Horodok (Ukrainian), 88 Hungary: yeshivas, 147. See also yeshiva students: from Hungary Hurwitz, Baruch, 39,182; fundraising journey to the United States of, 116 Hurwitz, Pesah (“Timkovitcher”), 158 Hurwitz, Shraga-Faivel, 182 Hurwitz, Yosef-Yozel, 67-68,75,171,342; branching out approach of, 67-68, 70-71; disciples of, 68-69,7I; 7Ö, 197; establishment of Novardok Yeshiva by, 67,336; Musar method of, 67,165,167-68, 197; naming Novardok yeshivas after, 103П18; periodicals issuing approach of, 76; yeshivas of, 69 Hutner, Yitzhak (“Varshever”), 249 Ibn-Pakuda, Behaye, 160 Idels (Maharsha), Shmuel-Eliezer HaLevy, 84 illuy, 78,86,248-249 Indianapolis, 117 Intourist, 302-3,306 Ireland, 244 INDEX Israel, Land of, 310,312; Aliyah Department of the Jewish Agency in, 281; aliyah to, 89-98,187,299,310,314; attempts of aliya ofyeshivas in WWII to, 279-82,284,299-300,310; chief rabbi of, 120,284,286,297,337; chief rabbinate of, 93,282,284,297; economic condition of the local yeshivas in, 120; emissaries oflocal yeshivas of, 134; Lithuanian yeshiva leaders’ influence in, 19; opening Novardokbranches in, 77,96-98, 102П14; opening yeshiva branches in, 21-22,88-96,101-2; requests for transfer ofWWII migrating yeshivas to, 279,297; roshei-yeshiva immigration certificates to, 315; yeshiva students’ immigration certificates to, 306 Istanbul, 302 Itzikovitz, David, 275 Ivye,69,333,335-36 Ivye Novardok Yeshiva, 69,71,102Ո9 Jaffa, 96-97,337,341 Japan, 299-300,302,304-306,314-15, ЗЗО, 337 Japan, Sea of, 302 Japanese consul in Kovna, 300 JDC (Joint), 28s; cessation of activities in Soviet Lithuania, 297; cessation of support to yeshivas by, 115,120-22; change of goals of, 119; “Committee on Cultural Affairs” of, 119,141Ո22; establishment of, 118; funding of post-WWI religious educational institutions by, 125; funding of yeshivas by, 122,139; funding requests for German yeshiva students from, 241, 244; funding requests from, 236; funding WWII migration yeshivas by, 275,282; material help for WWII Polish refugees in Lithuania by, 282, 299; subsidies provided to yeshivas by, 122 Jerusalem, 187,318Ո57,342; branch of Agudat-Yisrael, 298; Etz-Hayim Yeshiva, 153,187,338,342; Hebron Yeshiva in, 334, ЗЗ6,339; Mercaz HaRav Yeshiva in, 337; 373 Mir Yeshiva in, 334; Novardokbranch in, 98; OldYishuvof, 93; rabbi of, 337 Kahaneman, Yosef-Shlomo, 202; establishment of a yeshiva-ketana in Vilna Province, 65,336; founding of Ponevezh Yeshiva in Bnei-Brak by, 306-7, 336; fundraising journeys overseas of, 116; nomination to rabbi of Ponevezh of, 65,336; reaching the Land of Israel by, 307,311,318Ո48,336; reestablishment of Ponevezh Yeshiva by, 65,336 Kalish, 120 Kalmanowitz, Avraham, 128,303 Kamai, Avraham-Hirsch, 43,151,270,275, 336-37 Kamai, Eliyahu-Baruch, 41,43,182,336 Kamenitz (Kamenitz-Litevsk), 46,216,267 Kamenitz Yeshiva: Brisk Kibbutz students of, 154; buildings, 154; devotion to study in, 248; economic deficit, 47,116; establishment of, 46-47; expansion of, 47,58; haluka for students, 252,254; heads, 203; image, 227; ladies’ auxiliaries in the United States for, 117; lessons, 156-57; Musar supervisor, 121,203,226-27, 258Ո30; shutting the doors in face of yeshiva-ketana graduates by, 215,227; student population, 214-15,227; students, 100-101; students’ familiarity with general knowledge in, 247; students’ protests, 254; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; Va’ad-HaYeshivot assignment of students’ quotas to, 227; Westerners in, 246. See also Kamenitz Yeshiva in WWII Kamenitz Yeshiva in WWII, 313; arrests of students in Rasein, 313; attempts to get aliya certificates for, 279-80; confiscation of the buildings of, 268; Curacao visas to the students of, 305; departure of the management of, 307-8; exit permits to the administration of, 304; in Kamenitz, 267-68; management of, 308,310; migration to Vilna of, 271; exit permits to the students of, 305; in Rasein, 277,278,295; in Vilna, 273 Kanyevsky, Ya’akov-Yisrael, 97 374 INDEX Kaplan, Avraham-Eliyahu, 239 Kaplan, Eliezer-Ze'ev, 184,199; Musar Supervisor in Radin Yeshiva, 163,198, 203,221,309; the source of Musar education of, 197 Kaplan, Yisrael-Hayim, 184,201,204 Karlin, 150,339 Katz, Mordechai, 50,307,310,318Ո48 Katz, Reuven, 116 Keidan, 281,294; Mir yeshiva in WWII in, 275,277,279,29Յ, 299-300; rabbi of, 275, 336-37 Keim, 334,335 Keim Yeshiva: curriculum, 165-66; establishment, 159; goal, 165; graduates, 162-63; heads, 202, 255,334; Musar “exercises” (“actions”) in, 173-74; Musar haburah in, 162; Musar method, 165-67, 172; Musar sessions, 162,166-67; Musar tone, 159-161,166-67; source of Musar development, 196-97,209Ո40; students, 167,197-98; 333-34, 336-38, 340-41; transfer of Telz Yeshiva students to, 186; Westerners in, 255 Keim Yeshiva of Rabbi Eliezer Gordon, 335 Kelts, 99 Kiev, 68-69 Kiev Novardok Yeshiva, 69,333 Kleinerman, Ya’akov, 205 Kletsk, 54-56,60,236,267 Kletsk Yeshiva, 139; American Jewish funding of, 55; building, 153; economic situation, 115; emissaries, 115; establishment, 54-56; expansion, 60; graduates, 153; haluka for students, 252; heads, 55-56,153,203,338; involvement in politics of heads of, 89; lessons, 157-158; Musar supervisor, 88,203,337; room and board provision to students, 55; senior students, 231,231; student population, 218; students, 265; students’ age, 231,231; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; WWI-migrant students in, 236. See also Kletsk Yeshiva in WWII Kletsk Yeshiva in WWII: arrests of students in Salok, 313; attempts to get aliya certificates for, 279-80,300; Chile and visas for students of, 306; departure of the management of, 305-6,307-8; dispersal to towns in Lithuania of, 294-95; in Kletsk, 268; management of, 308,310; migration to Vilna of, 270-71; in Salok, 305-6,312; in Vilna, 270; in Yaneve, 275,277 Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva: economic condition, 46; establishment, 44; inclusion of Musar studies in the curriculum, 160; move from Vilna to Kamenitz, 46-47; return from WWIexile, 37; settling in post-WWI Vilna, 45-46,237; student population, 45-47, 216-17; students, 339; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; after WWI, 57; WWI exile in Krementchug (Ukraine), 44-45,58,198; WWI exile in Minsk, 44; WWI-migrant students in, 237 Knesset-Yisrael Slabodka Yeshiva, 41, біті; administration discord, 187-92, 194; after return from WWI-exile, 40; American supporters, 92; approach to Talmud studies, 147; attitude toward aliyah of the heads of, 90,92-93; branch establishing in the Land of Israel, 90-96, 101,187,240,334; building, 39,117; as choice for graduates ofyeshivot-ketanot, 212; donations to, 40,190-91; economic condition, 40,92; economic deficit, 190-91; establishment after 1897 split (prior to it, see Slabodka Yeshiva), 38,196-97; expansion after WWI, 40,58; general studies curriculum, 91-92; graduates, 26Ո37,80,101,158; heads, 182,186,190, 202,236,340; hereditary appointments in, 182,188; illuy of, 192; image, 224; involvement in politics of heads of, 89; in WWI-exile in Krementchug (Ukraine), 25Ո24,25Ո29,38-39,92, 217; in WWI-exile in Minsk, 38; Musar method, 165,171-72,174,196,199; Musar supervisor, 202,317Ո47; Musar tone, 161; ownership, 188-89,194,196; return from WWI-exile, 37,39,92,236; source of missions to run yeshivas according Musar teachings, 198; students, 147,249, INDEX 333,335,337,339; students’ age, 224; students' indignation at appointment in, 186; students’ outward appearance, 93,247; student population, 39-40, 217-18; studies of Shabbat Tractate in, 149; Talmud instructors, 340,342; unification of the WWI-established Slabodka Yeshiva and, бішо; Va’adHaYeshivot allocation offunds to, 129; Westerners in, 244-45; WWI migrant students in, 236-37. See also KnessetYisrael Slabodka Yeshiva in WWII Knesset-Yisrael Slabodka Yeshiva in WWII: actual rosh-yeshiva of, 293; arrests of Polish students in, 313; confiscation of buildings of, 293; studies in, 293,314 Kobrin, 338,340; argument in regard to the local rabbinate, 57; Hasidic court, 101; Hayei-Adam synagogue in, 56; Rabbi, 57, 338; Rebbe, 101; yeshivah establishment in, 56,60; Zionists and intelligentsia of, 57 Kobrin Yeshiva, 101,278; Amtchislav Yeshiva refugees in, 56,60; decline, 60; economic condition, 57; economic deficit, 57,116; establishment, 56,338; expansion, 57,60; haluka for students, 252; heads, 204,252; lack of offices in United States and England, 117; lessons, 157; Musar supervisor, 204,338; reputation, 214; strained relations in management of, 210; student population, 57,214-15,218-19; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; Va’adHaYeshivot referrals to, 214; WW1migrant students in, 237 kollel, 21,43,76; Beit-Yisrael Slabodka, 188-89,191; Kovna, 336; Radin Kodshim, 193,336-37,341; Slabodka, 334 Koine, 340 Komi Republic, 313 Kongresówka, 25Ո33,328; communities’ authority on Jewish matters, 30; establishment of yeshivot-ketanot in, 329; Hasidic circles, 81; Lithuanian yeshivas’ expansion to, 17,21-22; Lithuanian yeshivas in (Hasidic), 17, 375 80-81,100; local yeshivas' emissaries, 134; Novardokyeshivas near the borders and inside, 70-71,99; Polish yeshivas in, 25Ո34,273-74; rabbinical positions in, 150; in WWII, 266-67 Konigsberg, 338 Kook, Avraham-Yitzhak, 120-21 Korets, 82,340 Korets Ohr-Torah Yeshiva, 84-85,99, 278; addition of Musar system to the curriculum of, 83; establishment a branch in Rovne of, 83; Halachic ruling in curriculum of, 83,149; Hasidic rite of prayer, 83; heads, 203; Musar supervisor, 203; practical halachic studies, 149; relocation from Zvhil, 82 Kostopl, 88 Kostyokovsky, Yehoshua-Isaac (“Viiner”), 195,30« Kotler, Aharon, 203; activism in AgudatYisrael of, 89; activity in Va’ad-HaYeshivot of, 138; attitude toward aliyah ofyeshiva students of, 89; establishment ofKletsk Yeshiva by, 54-55,337; lessons of, 157-58, 231; regarding the economic situation of Kletsk Yeshiva, 115. See also Kotler, Aharon, in WWII Kotler, Aharon, in WWII: aliyah certificates to, 280,305,310; American visa to, 305; appointment to head of Beth Medrash Govoha of, 337; departure for United States, 305-6,308,337; efforts to get visas of, 305,307; in Salok, 294,300, 305; in Vilna, 270, 275,179 Kovel, 85,99,1Օ2Ո9 Kovel Ohr-Torah Novardok Yeshiva, 85 Kovna, 38,306; consulates in, 304; Eretz Yisrael Refugee Committee in, 280; honorary Dutch consul in, 299,305; Japanese consul in, 300; Nevyazher Kloyzin, 144; newspaper Di Idishe Shtime, 89; NKVD offices in, 301-2; Polish WWII refugees in, 279; rabbi, 44,120,340; train station, 302; Yavneh teacher's seminary in, 52; in WWII, 281-82,291,298-300,304. See also Nevyazher Kloyz Yeshiva 37ó INDEX Kovna Province, 333-34, 336-39, 344 before WWI-expulsion ofJews of, 275; towns in, 49,101; WWI-expulsion of Jews of, 11,25Ո21,35,50,65,153; WWI-expulsion order regarding the Jews of, 44 Kozlovsky Moshe-Menahem, 204 Krakinove, 293 Krementchug, 44,62Ո22; WWI migrating yeshivas in, 39,44-45,198,209Ո52, 217,236 Kresy, 25Ո33; at outbreak of WWII, 266-68,270; community councils in, 31-32,114,136; emissaries of local yeshivas’ appearance in, 134; Jewish communities in, 123; Jewry, 127,132; leaders of Orthodoxy in, 122-24, 136-137; Novardok yeshivas, 130; poverty of the Jews in, 124; rabbis, 124,126; Soviet occupation of, 232,278; spiritual changes in, 123; under control of the Soviets in WWII, 18; yeshiva heads, 120,124-26; yeshivas, 17,128,212,253; yeshivas’ deployment in, 70,112,122,131 Kresy provinces: Bialystok, 124,127; Lithuanian, 124,126-27; Novardok, 124, 127; Polesia, 56,85-86,88,124,127,214; Vilna, 124,127; Vohlin, 88,99,102Ո9,127, 214,328 Krinik, 1,3,342 Krinik Yeshiva, 342 Kristallnacht, 241 Krok, 293 Kul, 336 Kupishok, 294 Lakewood, Newjersey, 337 Langbordt, Shimon, 280 Lan River, 63Ո40 Latvia, 244,245,290, 294, 332Ո12; Novardok yeshivas in, 69-70,98-99, 1Օ2Ո14, io6n8i, 205; Soviet citizenship in WWII to inhabitants of, 311,317Ո47; yeshivas in, 17,26Ո36 Leibowitz, Baruch-Ber, 57,199,203,216, 274; attitude toward Musar study of, 160; disciple of Rabbi Hayim Soloveitchik, 154-55, 47,160; funds’ collection in the United States by, 47,115-16,258Ո30; head of Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva in Kamenitz, 46; head of Knesset BeitYitzhak Yeshiva in Vilna, 45-46; lessons of, 19,156-57; nomination as Halachic authority in Vilna of, 45; nomination as the head of Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva of, 44,337; rabbi of Hlusk, 44,337; rabbi of Krementchug, 44; return from WWIexile to Vilna of, 45. See also Leibowitz, Baruch-Ber, in WWII Leibowitz, Baruch-Ber, in WWII: aliya certificates for, 280,310; funeral of, 274; in Kamenitz, 267-68,271; migration to Vilna of, 271; in Vilna, 279 Leibowitz, David, 26Ո37 Leibowitz, Moshe Yaakov, 308 Leibowitz, Naftali-Ze’ev, 44,121,204,226, 308; appointment as Musar supervisor of Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva of, 44, 198; return with the yeshiva from WWIexile of, 45 Lev, Yehoshua, 214 Levenstein, Yehezkel: aliyah certificate for, 310-11; Musar supervisor in Kletsk, 203, 337; Musar supervisor in Mir, 163,202, 216,337; source of Musar education of, 197; in WWII, 293-94,310-11,337 Levin, Yehoshua-Heschel, 180 Levinson, Hirsch, 192,198 Levinson, Yehoshua, 194,271,309 Levitan, Hirsch, 195 Levovitz, Yeruham, 184; death of, 216-17, 337; fashionable clothes’ provision to students by, 247; Musar supervisor in Mir, 41,61Ո1Օ, 197,203,226,337-38; Musar supervisor in Ponevezh, біпіо, 202,337-38; Musar supervisor in Radin, 197,337; Musar supervisor in Slabodka, 39-40,42,337-38; Musar talks of, 19, 206; source of Musar education of, 197; students of, 163,197; in WWI-exile in Poltava, 41,70-71 Levovitz, Yisrael, 204,309 Libshitz, Yehezkel (of Kalish), 120 Lida, 24П18,128,272,339 INDEX Lida Yeshiva: criticized by Orthodox circles, $1; establishment, 24Ո18,339; secular studies in, 51; WWI-exile, 25Ո23 Lifshitz, David, 254 Lipkin, Yisrael, 24Ո13; character improvement method of, 163-65, 176Ո42; disciples of, 7,67,79,159,167, 334; earlyrecognition of the changes in Jewish society by, 6; establishment of Musar yeshivas in Vilna and Kovna by, 144-45,338; Igerret HaMusar (Gaon Yisrael) of, 176Ո42; originator of the Musar movement, 144,150,163,171,338; setting up "Musar houses” by, 144 Listovsky, Avraham-Zvi, 49,63Ո47,204,309 Lithuania, Grand Duchy of, 1-3 Lithuania, independent, 310; autonomous Jewish community councils in, 29-31; Christian-Democratic bloc in the Seimas of, 30; commissar for refugee affairs of, 274; community councils for religious matters in, 30; constitution of, 29; cultural autonomy for Jews in, 14, 30,52,320; discriminatory policy in, 112; drafting to the army of, 90-91,94, 101,105Ո55,187; economic conditions in, 22,31,59,114; economic condition of the yeshivas in, 120; economic crisis in, 40; equal rights to citizens in, 29,239; exiled yeshivas’ post-WWI arrival at, 13, 39,57,235; exiles’ post-WWI arrival at, 37,40,50,52; expulsion of illegal WWI immigrants by, 236; government of, 91,93,291,311; honorary Dutch consul in Kovna, 299; Jewish educational institutions in, 40,64,89,111,210-11, 327; Jewish elementary schools in, 148, 222; Jewish gymnasia in, 33Ո4,148,222; Jewish religious gymnasia in, 30-31, 51-52,148; Jewish traditional public in, 31-32; Jews of, 119; less well-to-do class ofJewish society in, 212; minister of interior of, 236; Ministry of Education of, 52; national autonomy for Jews in, 29-30; network of educational institutions in, 14,30; network of yeshivot-ketanot in, 21; post-WWI yeshivas in, 47; 377 practicality-oriented atmosphere in, 31,146,148,234,320; protests against Vilna’s annexation by Poland, 37; rabbis of, 113; requirement for general studies curriculum in yeshivas of, 91; relation between Poland and, 61Ո3; relation to the Jewish citizens of, 14; Seimas of, 30; signs post-WWI repatriation agreement with the Russians, 36-37,39,41,45; Supreme Council in Lithuania, 29-31; teachers’ seminary in, 52; towns of, 256,322-323, 331; yeshivas in, 14,17,20,113,122,239-40; yeshiva students’ military deferment in, 91; yeshiva students post-WWI arrival at, 234-35- See also Lithuania, independent, in WWII; Rabbis’ Association of Lithuania Lithuania, independent, in WWII: crossing the border to, 272,285; exit routes from, 282; material help for Polish refugees in, 282; migrant yeshivas in, 22,278-79, 280-281,283; Polish refugees in, 278, 282; Soviet garrison in, 287Ո12,290-91; Soviet occupation of, 283,291,300,311, 314; under German/Russian control, 269 Lithuania, Soviet: bombing of Nazi Germany over, 23,314; elections to “people’s seimas՞, 291; establishment of “people’s government” in, 291; massive deportation from, 313; nationalization of banks and industry in, 293; Nazi German invasion to, 19,330; Nazi German occupation of, 315,324; persecution of religious institutions in, 293; as republic in Soviet Union, 291; Russian domination of, 18,22; shutting organizations in, 292-93; Soviet citizenship offered to refugees in, 311; Soviet citizenship to inhabitants of, 292,306,311 Lithuanian Jewry, image of, 2,6 Lithuanian scholars, 80 Liubtchansky, Yisrael-Ya’akov, 204 Lochvitza, 340 Lodz, 80,87-88,99,252 Lomzhe: Novardok branches in the area of, 73; rabbis, 191,320,333; under WWIGerman rule, 95; in WWII, 266,268 378 INDEX Lomzhe Yeshiva, 135; athletic abilities of students of, 250-51; branch established in the Land of Israel by, 90,95-96,101, 337; devotion to study in, 248; economic situation, 116,135; establishment, 79, 95,340; funding, 116; graduates, 26Ո37; Hasidic students, 79-80; heads, 101,140, 199,205,339; hereditary appointments in, 182-83; hereditary claims in, 182-83; kitchen, 135; multiage structure, 228; Musar supervisor, 183,198-199,205,338; nomination of Talmud instructors in, 339; preparations before WWII, 266; preparatory program, 228; seats’ order in, 228,230; students, 335,337; students’ ages, 228,229; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; in WWI, 95,182. See also Lomzhe Yeshiva in WWII Lomzhe Yeshiva in WWII: building of, 266; heads of, 271-72; in Lomzhe, 266,271; management of, 308,317Ո42; migration to Vilna of, 271; in Plungyan, 276,277; in Vilna, 278 London, 112,253,284,297,300,335 Łopian, Eliyahu, 203 Luban, 337 Lubavitch: Hasidim, 82; Otvotsk TomcheiTemimim Yeshiva, 273,277,314-15; Rebbe, 99; scions of families of, 101; Tomchei-Temimim Yeshiva, 99-100 Lubavne, 215 Lublin, 2,269,274 Lublin, Union of, 2 Lublin Yeshiva, Hachmei-, 86,147,268; students’ departure from Soviet Lithuania, 314-315; in WWII in Vilna, 274, 277 Ludmir, 85,99-100 Ludmir Ohr-Torah Novardok Yeshiva, 85, 99-100,205 Ludvinove, 336 Luninets Yeshiva, 86,106Ո84,278 Lutsk, 85 Lutsk Novardok Yeshiva, 205,238; building confiscation in WWII, 268; in WWII in Vilna, 85,277 Luzzatto, Moshe-Hayim, 160 MacDonald, Malcolm, 284 Maggid, Shraga-Ze’ev (“Varzhan’er”), 104Ո43,205 Maimonides, 152 Maisky, Ivan, 285,300 Malin, Leib, 293 Maltch, 340 Maltch Yeshiva, 339,340 Manchuria, 235 Mastis Lake, 250 Matus, Shlomo, 117,197,204,252 mechinah: of Grodno Yeshiva, 63Ո35,223; Ohr-Yisrael in Slabodka, 40,91,223-224; secular studies in, 50,63Ո35,91; of Telz Yeshiva, 50,223,293 Meltzer, Isser-Zalman, 53-56,153,203,337; arrest by Slutsk Soviet authorities of, 55; crossing the border into Poland of, 55, 60,338; establishment of Slutsk Yeshiva by, 38,53,338; head of Etz-Hayim Yeshiva in Jerusalem, 338; head of Kletsk Yeshiva, 55,60,338; participation plan in American campaign for the yeshivas of, 120; rabbi of Slutsk, 53; renewal of Shklov Yeshiva by, 56,325; Talmud instructor in Slabodka Yeshiva, 38,196,338 Memel (Klaipėda), 186 Mesirut-Nefesh (self-sacrifice), 296 Mezritch, 69,75-76,169, 333 Mezritch Beit-YosefYeshiva: branching out, 71; establishment, 69,333; heads, 97-98,150,205; Musar supervisor, 205; Musar Va’ad (session) in, 170-171; studies of Shabbat Tractate in, 149; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129-130. See also Mezritch Beit-Yosef Yeshiva in WWII Mezritch Beit-YosefYeshiva in WWII: management of, 272,309; migration to Vilna of part of, 272; move to Shirvint of, 294-295; in Nementchin, 277; underground studies in Mezritch of, 272 Miadnik, Gershon, 166 Michigan, 117 Miller-Feigin, Pesia, 96 Minsk, 37, 38, 39,44, 45,303 INDEX Міг, 62Ո17, 242,338,342; establishment of a yeshiva in, 40; Jewish population of, 275; post-WWI Polish rule in, 42; post-WWI yeshiva return to, 42,226; rabbi of, 43,182, 337; under WWI Russian rule, 42; WWI frontline nearby, 41; in WWII, 267 Mir Yeshiva, 256; administration discord, 180-181; American supporters, 301; building, 42-43; economic condition, 43; economic deficit, 43; establishment, 4-5) 40-41; expansion in Mir, 43,58; graduates, 47,84,149,266; haluka for students, 251-252; Hasidic students, 81; heads, 41-43,64,151,202,230; hereditary appointments in, 182; image, 227; kollel program, 43; ladies’ auxiliaries in the United States for, 117,180-181; Musarhaburot in, 163; Musar supervisor, 206, 202,258Ո29,337; in nineteenth century, 5-6,41,325; office in the United States, n?) 303; post-WWI reintegration in Mir, 42-43,225-226; post-WWI stay in Vilna, 42,45,218,225; protests of students in, 253; return from WWI-exile, 37,41,337; seats’ order in, 230; senior students, 230-31; shutting the doors in face ofyeshivaketana graduates by, 215,226; sought-after destination for students, 210,216-17; student population, 216-18,219,221; students, 153,206,247-49,340; students’ ages, 225-26,230-31; students’ familiarity with general knowledge in, 247; students’ image, 246-47,253; students’ outward appearance, 247; Talmud proficiency competition in, 151; turned into Musar yeshiva, 41; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation offunds to, 129-30; Va’ad-HaYeshivot assignment of students’ quotas to, 226; visits in, 86,148,226,246,247,252; Westerners in, 242-44,246; WWI-exile in Poltava, 25Ո24,41,70-71,182,217; WWI-migrant students in, 235-36. See aho Brisk Kibbutz; Mir Yeshiva in WWII Mir Yeshiva in WWII: attempts to get aliya certificates for, 279-81,298-99; Curacao visas to the students of, 299; departure from Soviet Lithuania, 302-4,311,Зі4 379 33°) 337) dispersal to towns of, 293-94, 295; Japanese visas to the students of, 300; in Keidan, 275,277,279,293,299300; management of, 302,310; migration to Vilna of, 270; Musar supervisor of, 310-11; Shaft group’s decision to remain in Lithuania, 304; Soviet exit permits to students, 301-2; substitute passports for students, 282; timely actions of, 30ά Mitnagdim, 44,86,331 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 290 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 267,269 Mordcovsky, Yosef (“Meitcheter”), 86 Moscow, 235) 285, 3°°) 3θ3 3°6 Moscow University, 235 Movshovitz, Daniel, 165,202,255 Movshovitz, Yisrael, 205,266,272,308 Musar: debate, the, 8-9,24Ո15,145, 160; Musar-Kabbalistic system, 248; methods, 22,66,165,196. See also Musarmashgihim; Musar movement; Musar yeshivas; Musar works; yeshiva: Musarhaburah in; yeshiva: Musar sessions in; yeshiva: Musar studies in Musar-mashgihim: as leading figures in yeshivas, 16; before WWI, 9,15-16,179, 198,323; influence of, 15-16,146,195-96, 206,207,323-24; itinerant character of, 198-99,206,207; as leading figures in yeshivas, 16; Musar talks of, 8,16,161-63, 246,324; Musar works desirable to, 162; in Novardok yeshivas, 197; origin of, 162-63,196-97; role of, 162,196-98,206, 207,324; status of, 179,323-24 Musar movement, 24Ո15,159,323; articles of leaders of the, 76; formation of, 6,338; influence of, 41,145,174; leaders of, 67, 79) 16Յ) 17I) 191 Musar works, 163-64; Hovot HaLevavot, 160,162; Mesilat Yesharim, 160,162; Orhot Hayim, 166; Sha'arei Teshuva, 162 Musar yeshivas: pioneers of, 7-8,144-45, 159-61; students’ outer clothing in, 78; turning yeshivas into, 41,196,198 Narev River, 250 Nementchin, 277,294 380 INDEX Nenedik, Yosef-Leib, 88,197,294,202-4, 308,338 Ner-YisraelYeshiva, 261137 Nevyazher Kloyz Yeshiva, 144-45, 334-35,338 New York, 26Ո37,93 Niesvizh, 55 NKVD, 304,313,317Ո28 NKVD emigration offices, 301-2,305-6, 307,311,315 Norway, 288Ո42 Novardok, 67,69,102Ո9,160 Novardok Beit-Yosef yeshivas: attitude toward rabbinical positions of, 150; attitude toward study of halachic rulings of, 150; branching of, 75; central type, 66, 69-74; contact in WWI-exile among, 75; economic situation of, 99; heads of, 65,70,71,96; in Galicia, 70,99; heads of, 65,70,71,96; Musar activities’ calendar of, 169-70,173; Musar-hirzhe in, 67,168; Musar “exercises” (“actions”) in, 67,168, 171,173-74; Musar-haburotin, 67,72, 169-71; Musar-mashgihim in, 197; Musar method in, 165,168-72,199; Musar sessions in, 162,168; Musar tone in, 161; Musar Vaadim in, 169-71; network of, 21,66,69,75,342; popularity among Hasidim of, 81; relocation to Poland of, 66,68-69; “season of seclusion” in, 169-70; “seekers” and “workers” in, 168; spread in Eastern Europe, 70-75,85,88, 98-99; spread in WWI exile, 66,68,71, 237; students of, 250; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 130; WWImigrant students in, 234,237-238,255; WWI-stealing the border of, 238 Novardok journals, 67,76-77; El HaMevakesh, 77; Hayei HaMusar, 77; Ohr HaMusar, 71,76-77,96 Novardok movement, 150,296; directors, 96-97; establishment of yeshivas by, 32,98-99; general meetings, 67,74,76, 169; spread in the Land of Israel, 77,90, 96-98,101. See also Novardok journals; Novardok teachings Novardok teachings, 237-38; branching out, 73,96,101; theoreticians of, 168; virtue of “clarifying and repairing character traits”, 168; virtue of “refining character traits”, 169; virtue of “relinquishing ownership”, 169,176Ո52; virtue of “trust without making efforts”, 73,169,176Ո52 Novardok Yeshiva: branching in WWI-exile, 98; establishment, 67,336; establishment ofyeshivot-ketanot in South Russia by, 67; in Homel, 68,336,342; Musar-birzhe, 67; Musar exercises, 67; Musar studies, 67; Musar tone, 160; number of students in, 217; reestablishment in Novardok of, 69; students, 333,336,341-42; Talmud instructors, 342; WWI-exile of, 25Ո23, 25Ո28,36,68,98,336 Odessa, 302 Ogulnik, Aharon, 205 Ohr-Yisrael in Slabodka. See under mechinah Ohr-Zore’ah (Jaffa Novardok) Yeshiva, 96-97,341 Olshwang, Zvi-Yehuda, 203 Orthodoxjewry, 329; European, 79,239-40; in Germany, 241; in Lithuania, 113; overseas, 16; in Poland, 70; in United States, 112,243; world, 19,191 Orthodoxy: American, 240,286; critics of Lida Yeshiva, 51; East European, 7, 113; German, 239; 173; leaders of, 8,123; Lithuanian, 79,92,173. See also Kresy: leaders of Orthodoxy in Oshmiana, 272 Osovsky, Zalman, 191 Ostroh, 84 Ostroh Maharsha Yeshiva, 84-85,204,277 Ostrov-Mazovietsk Novardok Yeshiva, 205,277 Ostrovtsa, 77 Ostrovtsa Novardok Yeshiva, 77,205,287Ո19 Otvotsk, 273 Paleckis, Justas, 291 Pale of Settlement: communities in, 181; definition of, 3; donations for yeshivas in, 111,136; Hasidic batei-midrash in, 77-78; Jewish refugees in south of, 11; INDEX Jews of, 49,178,235; modernization trends in, 6; yeshiva emissaries in, 4; yeshiva locations in, 9,56; yeshivas in, 53,80-82 Palestine. See Israel, Land of Panitch, Shmuel, 205,272,309 Paris, 141П14,338 Perelman, Yeruham-Leib, 340 Perlov, Moshe, 87-88 Perlov, Yisrael (“Yanuka”), 87 Persitz (Zlatopolsky), Shoshana, 235 Persitz, Yosef, 235 Petah-Tikva, 95-96 Petrograd (St. Petersburg), 62Ո17 Philadelphia, 96 Piešk, 342 Pilsudski, Józef, 61П4 Pinsk, 69,150,342 Pinsk Beit-YosefYeshiva: heads, 97-98,150, 205; Musar supervisor, 2051 settlement, 69-70,342; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129-30. See also Pinsk Beit-Yosef Yeshiva in WWII Pinsk Beit-Yosef Yeshiva in WWII: attempts to get aliya certificates for, 280; confiscation of the building of, 268; management of, 309; in Vilkomir, 277, 296; in Vilna, 275,278 Pinsk first Beit-YosefYeshiva, 85 Plotnick, Pesah, 83,203 Plungyan, 276-77,336 Po’alei-Tsiyon, Labor Zionist, 283 Podorovsky, Hayim, 135 Pogramansky, Mordechai, 248-49 pogroms, 13 Pohost-Zahorodny, 88 Poland, Congress: fundraising for yeshivas in, 111; Hasidic batei-midrash in, 77-78; Lomzhe Province of, 340; Suvalk Province of, 336; yeshiva emissaries in, 4; yeshiva locations in, 9,79; yeshivas, 325; yeshiva students from, 17,255; yeshivas under WWI German rule, 47; WWI expel ofJews from, 25Ո21 Poland, Kingdom of, 2 Poland, Republic of: barrierbetween Lithuania and, 91,93,211,236; border 381 between Russia and, 6ini6,63Ո40; cultural autonomy for Jews in, 14,30,320; discriminatory policy in, 112; drafting to the army of, 90,95,101; economic condition ofyeshivas in, 120; economic conditions in, 22,31,46,56,114; economic crisis in, 43,112; equal rights to citizens in, 29,239; Jewish educational institutions, 64,89,111,210-11, 327; Jewish elementary schools in, 148,222; Jewish gymnasia in, 33Ո4,148,222; Jewish Orthodox residents of, 70; Jewish religious gymnasia in, 30; Jewish traditional public in, 31-32; Jews of, 119; less well-to-do class ofJewish society in, 212; “miracle on the Vistula” of, 37,61Ո4; Ministry ofReligion and Public Education in, 30; national autonomy for Jews in, 29-30; network of educational institutions in, 14,30; network ofNovardok yeshivas in, 32; network of yeshivot-ketanot in, 21; police of, 55; postWWI yeshiva heads’ arrival at, 53,55,65, 68,71; post-WWI yeshivas’ arrival at, 13-14, 42,53,57,61Ո5,82; post-WWI yeshivas in, 47,65,69,83; post-WWI yeshiva students’ arrival at, 55,234-35; practicality-oriented atmosphere in, 31,79,146,148,234,320; public figures in, 97; rabbis in, 97; residence permits for migrant students from, 236; towns of, 256,322-23,331; yeshiva heads in, 120; yeshivas in, 14,17,60,112,139,239-40; yeshiva students in, 18,46. See also Poland in WWII Poland in WWII: dissolution of, 282; occupation of eastern, 267-68,285; occupation ofwestern, 18,22,268; “refugee rehabilitation committees”, 312; refugees in eastern, 269,312; under Soviet rule, 306; yeshivas’ flight from occupied, 18 Polier, Moshe, 101 Polish government-in-exile, 282,299,302, 304, ՅԱ Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 2-4 Polish provinces pre-WWI: Lomzhe, 9; Suvalk, 9,25Ո21 Polish refugees: deportation to Siberia of, 19; in Vilna, 18 382 INDEX political parties: Agudat-Yisrael, 31, 79,89, 283,298; Ahdus in Lithuania, 31; Ahdus in Polish Kresy, 31; HaMizrahi, 31,93, 118,283,339; Orthodox, 31-32; Orthodox merchants in Polish Kresy, 31-32; Orthodox workers in Polish Kresy, 31-32 Poltava: Hasidim of, 82; Mir Yeshiva in, 41,182 Ponevezh, 65,153,3°7 ՅՅ6,339 Ponevezh Yeshiva: as a choice for graduates ofyeshivot-ketanot, 212; establishment, 65, 153,336,339; heads, 202,209Ո40,311; involvement in politics of heads of, 89; Musar supervisor, 202,209Ո40,337-338; new building prior to WWI, 24Ո19; postWWI establishment of, 65; practical halachic studies in, 149; students, 342; transfer of Telz Yeshiva students to, 186; WWI-expulsion, 25Ո21,153,339; in WWII, 307 Portnoy, Eliezer, 281,299 Potashinsky, Nisan, 308 Poupko, Leib, 253 Proskurov, 341 Pruskin, Leib, 183,308 Pruskin, Pesah,204,278; collecting funds in the United States, 57,116; crossing the border into Poland, 56, бо; establishment ofAmtchislav Yeshiva by, 56,338; establishment of Kobrin Yeshiva by, 56, 60,237,338; lessons, 157; member of the nucleus of the Slutsk Yeshiva, 56; Musar supervisor in Slutsk Yeshiva, 56,338; rabbi ofAmtchislav, 56; rabbi of Kobrin, 56,338; renewal of Shklov Yeshiva by, 56,338 Rabbeinu Yisrael-Meir HaCohen Yeshiva, 26Ո37 Rabbinical: Council ofAmerica, 298; mission to the United States for yeshivas, 120; ordination, 17,146-148, 150, 240,255, 322; position, 148,150,233, 255; seminary in Berlin, 239 Rabbis’ Association of Lithuania, 113,275 Rabinowitz, Azriel, 182,296 Rabinowitz, Hayim, 50,182,196 Rabinowitz, Hirsch, 44 Rabinowitz, Shalom, 309 Rabinowitz, Yisrael, 272 Rabinowitz, Yitzhak-Ya’akov: founder and head of Ponevezh Yeshiva, 152-153, 339; lectures of, 152; rabbi of Gorzd, 153, 339; rabbi of Ponevezh, 153,339; Talmud instructor in Slabodka Yeshiva, 152-153, 196, 339; Talmud study method of, 152-153 radical movements, 78-79; birzhe of socialists, 168; Bund, 8,320; revolutionary, 145; socialist, 8,79,145, 217,319; Zionist, 79,145,217,310 Radin, 61Ո5,156,268,271 Radin Yeshiva, 214; acceptance requests to, 214-15; administration discord, 187, 192-194; approach to Talmud studies, 147; change to a supracommunity yeshiva, 24П12,192; economic deficits, 220; economic situation, 220-21; emissaries, 115-16; establishment, 192, 335; graduates, 26Ո37,166,233; haluka for students, 252; heads, 192-94,203,220-21, 231-32, 341; lessons, 156-57; Musarhaburot, 163; Musar supervisor, 163,184, 198,203,221,337-38; popularity among Hasidim, 81; practical halachic studies in, 149; pre-WWI new building, 24Ո19; protests of students in, 253-54; renown, 192,220; return from WWI-exile, 6ins, 218; senior students, 232,232; student population in, 218-19,219-21; students, 335л 337-8; students’ ages, 224-25,225, 231-32,232; students in Brisk Kibbutz, 154; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129-130; visit of Rabbi Meir Shapiro in, 86; WWI-migrant students in, 236; WWI migration to Smilovitch, 339,341; WWI second exile, 25Ո24. See also Radin Yeshiva in WWII Radin Yeshiva in WWII: Eishishok branch of, 232,277; management of, 309; migration to Eishishok of, 272; move to Utyan of the Vilna branch of, 277; in Radin, 268; requisition of the building of, 268; split of, 232; Vilna branch of, 232, 276,278; visas for students of, 305 Radom, 99 INDEX Rakishok, ιοί, 339 Rakov, 128 Ramat-Gan, 342 Rappaport, David, 2871116 Rasein, 277,278,295,304-5,313,333-34 rebbes. See Hasidic rebbes (admorim) Rehovot, 98 Reines, Yitzhak-Yaakov, 7,24Ո15,51, US, 339 Reisen, 235 Reiss, Moshe, 85,205 Reitblatt, Mordechai-Dov, 328 Remayle Yeshiva, 325; assistance ofVilna community to, 62Ո23,114; dormitory, 237; economic situation, 114-15; emissaries, 114-15; heads, 204,338; Musar supervisor, 204; nonhereditary positions in, 183; student population, 219; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; WWI-migrant students in, 237. See also Remayle Yeshiva in WWII Remayle Yeshiva in WWII: building of, 274; management of, 309; number of students in, 277,288Ո31 Remigole, 293 Revolution: 1905 year, 8,145,198; March 1917,13; November 1917,13,111,239,322; reactionary policy against, 9 Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, 18 Riga, 280,306,310 Rigger, Simha-Zelig, 184 Riz, Baruch-Mordechai, 83,203 Rosen, Yosef (“Rogatchover”), 191 Rosenberg, Yisrael, 118 Rosenstein, Moshe, 183,197,198-99, 20s, ļoS Rostov-on-Don, 68 Rostov-on-Don Yeshiva, 68,69,342 Rovne, 83,127 Rovne Ohr-Torah Yeshiva, 83 Rozental, Yosef, 309 Rozhinoy, 340 Ruch, Yehoshua-Zelig, 101; exile in WWI, 95; manager of the Lomzhe Yeshiva, 95, 101,308,317Ո42,339; Talmud instructor in Lomzhe Yeshiva, 101,339; WWIImigration to Vilna of, 272 383 Ruderman, Ya’akov-Yitzhak, 26Ո37 Russia: civil war in, 13; post-WWI wandering of yeshiva students in/from, 42,46; post-WWI yeshivas in, 17,53,60; return of WWI-exiled yeshiva heads from, 53,55,65; return ofWWI-exiled yeshivas from, 57,119,271; return of WWI- exiles from, 46,52; WWI migrant yeshiva students from, 211,234-35,237, 255,322; WWI wandering of yeshivas in, 11-12,36 Russian army, Bolshevik: post-WWI, 42; post-WWI fights with the Polish army, 37,61Ո4 Russian army, Tsardom, 2; discriminatory police, 29; escape conscription to, 10; shortening service in, 6; WWI counterattack of, 11; WWI defeats of, 41; WWI retreat of, 11,35,95; WWI successes of, 11 Russian authorities, Bolshevik: post-WWI spiritual oppression ofJews by, 13,53, 68,82,234,271; WWII-takeover of Lithuania by, 263 Russian Empire provinces: Courland, 11, 334, ՅՅՃ-37; Grodno, 1,9,11,47, 335, 337-342; Kiev, 69,333; Kovna, 9, n, 24Ո13 (see also Kovna Province); Minsk, 4, 9, Зв, 40-41, 44,53, 67, ՅՅ7-40, 342; Mohilev, 9,56,68,338,341; Podolia, 341; Poltava, 39,340; southern New, 11-12, 67; Ukrainian, 11-12,14; Vilna, 4,7,9, n, SL 65, 3ՅՅ-36,339, 341; Vohlin, 9,69, 80-81,235,340; Voronezh, 235; western, 47; White Russian, 11,14 Russian Empire (Tsarist Russia), 12,47: distribution of charity boxes in (see charity boxes); fundraising for yeshivas in, 111; Novardok yeshivas in WWI in, 66,68,70-71,75,98; reactionary policy, 9,217,320; rebellion in, 8-9; reforms, 6; support for yeshivas from the Jewry of, 48,82,112,136; WWI-exiles and refugees in, 35; yeshiva emissaries in, 111; yeshivas in, 17,20,238,325; yeshivas in WWI in, 44,47,53. See also charity boxes; yeshiva students: from Russia յ84 INDEX Salant, 24Ո13 Salok, 294,300,305-306 Sandomirsky, Asher: arrested by Slutsk Soviet authorities, 55; head of Tel-Aviv Stolin Yeshiva, 88; Musar supervisor in Slutsk Yeshiva, 54,88,203 Sarna, Yehezkel, 91,93-94,188-189,339 Scandinavian countries, 283 Schmidt, Shmuel, 283 Schnaider, Moshe, 26Ո37 Schneersohn, Yosef-Yitzhak, 99 Schuw, Yosef, 49,127 Schwartz, Moshe, 182-183 Scotland, 244 Segal, Ze’ev, 309 Semiatitch, 95 Semiatitzky, Hayim (“Tiktiner”), 249-250 Semilishok, 294 Shach, Elazar, 294,308 Shadeve, 24П18, 65, 333 Shadeve Yeshiva, 24Ո18,24Ո20,65,333 Shamush, Michael, 57 Shapiro, Avraham-Duber, 120-121,182, 248,283,340 Shapiro, Meir, 86 Shapiro, Raphael, 180,187,341 Shapiro, Shraga-Faivel, 26Ո37 Shapiro, Yaakov, 203 Shatt, 294 Shatzkes, Moshe, 203,308,320 Shavl, 273,333 Shedlets, 99 Sher, Yitzhak-Isaac, 188-189,335; appointments by, 186; head of KnessetYisrael Slabodka Yeshiva, 190,202,340; reaching the Land of Israel of, 318Ո48,340 Shershev, 339 Shim’onovitz, Mordechai, 205 Shklov, 56 Shklov Yeshiva, 56,325,338 Shkop, Moshe-Mordechai, 223,308 Shkop, Shim’on, 203, 216,223, 274; attitude toward studying of Kodshim of, 155-156; fundraising journey to the United States of, 116; head of Grodno Yeshiva, 340; lessons of, 19, 156-157; participation plan in American campaign for the yeshivas of, 120; students of, 157 Shkud, 336 Shkudvil, 294 Shlamovitz, Yisrael, 202 Shmuelevitz, Hayim, 202,293,302,303 Shorin, Yoel, 82,83,99,203,340 Shorin, Yosef (“Zvhiller”), 83 Shtchigel, Ze’ev, 106Ո78 Shukian, 339 Shulevitz, Eliezer, 101,205,335,339; aliyah to the Land of Israel of, 90,95,340; founder of Lomzhe Yeshiva, 79,340; in WWI exile, 95,182 Shulman, Mordechai (“Tiktiner”), 186,318Ո48 Shulman, Yerahmiel, 205,309 Siberia, 235,272,311-313,330 Silver, Eliezer, 283 Sislevitch, 337 Slabodka, 189,314; Butchers’ Beit-Midrash in, 40; dayyan of, 192; dissension within the community of, 191-192; election campaign for the rabbinate of, 192; New Kloyz in, 191; Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva (see Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva); Knesset-Yisrael Yeshiva (see Knesset-Yisrael Slabodka Yeshiva); rabbis, 44, 92, 187-192, 334-335, 342; residents, 192; return ofWWI-exiles to, 45, suburb from 1919,39,61Ո9,93-94, 236; town until 1919,38; WWI expulsion order for Jews, 38,44 Slabodka Yeshiva: 1897 split of, 38,44, 196; Alumni in America, Association of, 117; attempt ofbranch establishment in Kletskby, 54; branch establishment in Slutsk by, 53,56,325,338; establishment, 24П12,38,145,173,195,334; graduates, 101; Knesset-Yisrael (see KnessetYisrael Slabodka Yeshiva); Musar tone, 159-160; reestablishment by German Occupation, 39,239,337-338; students, 333-334,336-338,340-341; Talmud instructors, 38,152,196,338-339; WWIGerman field-rabbis help to, 239 Slavin, Shlomo Halevy (“Krementchuger”), 88,100 INDEX Slonim, 114; Hasidic court, 86; Hasidim in Lithuanian yeshivas, 100; Jewish community, 48; Jewish large educational institution in, 47-48; rabbis, 133; Rebbe, 86; Talmud-Torah, 47-48; under Polish rule, 48 Sloním Yeshiva, 325; economic situation, 49,114; economic situation during WWI German occupation, 48-49; emissaries, 48,115; foreign students in, 23$; fundraising campaigns, 48; Hasidic students, 80; heads, 204,342, 237; introduction of Musar-study sessions in, 49; kibbutz class of, 48, 227; multiage structure, 227-228; Musar supervisors, 49,204; in the nineteenth century, 48; nonhereditary positions in, 183; reputation, 214; separation from the educational institution in Slonim, 48; student population, 217; support of Russian Jewry to, 48; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; Va’adHaYeshivot referrals to, 214; WWImigrant students in, 237; in WWII period, 277,309 Slutsk, 38,53,34-55,56,60,337 Slutsk Yeshiva, 88; crossing the border into Poland of the head of, 55-56,60; establishment, 38,53,56,325, Յ38; graduates, 153; heads, 337-338; student population, 217; students, 334, 337-338, 341-342; transfer to the Polish side of students of, 54-55,236; under Soviet rule, 55; in WWI, 53-54 Smetona, Antanas, 291 Smilovitch, 341 Smolevitch, 340 socialist movements. See radical movements Sohovola, 338 Sokolovsky, Moshe, 129,200-201,204, 252,325; lectures of, 200; nomination of Musar supervisor by, 199; post-WWI reestablishment of Brisk Yeshiva by, 184,340; Talmud instructor in Brisk Yeshiva, 340 385 Soloveitchik, Hayim, 101,341; attitude toward Musar study of, 160,199; establishment ofBrisk Yeshiva, 184,199; lectures of, 152; novellae of, 154; rabbi of Brisk, 152-53,341; students of, 154; Talmud instructor in Volozhin Yeshiva, 152-53,157,180,341; Talmud study method of, 101,152-156,173 Soloveitchik, Max, 29 Soloveitchik, Yitzhak-Ze’ev, 205,325; head of Brisk Kibbutz, 87,153-54,274; migration to WWII-Vilna of, 274; rabbi of Brisk, 153-54,184,201,341; reaching the Land of Israel of, 341 Soloveitchik, Yosef-Ber, 180,339,341 Solovey, Elhanan, 88 South Africa, 113,244,245 Soviet authorities, 302; blocking ofpostWWI flow of students to the Lithuanian yeshivas by, 211; imposing Soviet citizenship on local residents by, 311-12; offering of Soviet citizenship to WWIIrefugees by, 312; opening of official emigration offices in WWII by, 301,304; permission for Polish WWII-refiigees to leave, 304,314; post-WWI disbanding of yeshivas by, 53,311 Soviet Union, 116,312, 322; 1920s rabbis’ persecution in, 311; control of the Kresy region in WWII, 18; foreign currency in, 302, 306; Supreme Soviet, 292; traditional policies, 300,307; ultimatum presentation to independent Lithuania by, 291. See also Lithuania, independent, in WWII: Soviet occupation of; treaty: RussianLithuanian WWII mutual assistance; visas/permits St. Louis, 117 Stockholm, 305 StOibtZ, 61Ո16 Stolar, Ya’akov, 204 Stolin, 86-87,87-88 Stolin Beit-Yisrael Yeshiva, 86-88,100, 106Ո84,278; building of, 88; branching out of, 88-89 Strigler, Mordechai, 238,250 386 INDEX study kibbutz, 5-6,78,103Ո26,145,319,343; Eishishok Kibbutz, 335,339-40,342; in Brisk, 153,334, 341; in Radin, 192,335; in Slabodka, 196; in Vilna, 335 Stutchin, 24П18,336 Stutchin Yeshiva, 24ПШ8-20,336 Subbotniks, 235 Sugihara, Chiune, 300 Suvalk, 65, 254,333 Suvalk Yeshiva, 65 Sventchian, 7,145,339 Sventchian Yeshiva, 7,24Ո15,145,339 Svir, 335 Sweden, 2,244 Switzerland, 318Ո48,244,245,335,340 Talmud: dafyomi of, 147; deriving halachic conclusions from study of, 174Ո6; learning selected sugyot in, 41; order ofKodshim, 154-56,173,17ՏՈ21,274; order of Nashim, 147,150-51,155,174ns; order of Nezikin, 147,150-51,155,174ns; Talmud proficiency competition (see under Mir Yeshiva); proficiency learning, 151; study approaches, 21-22; Torah liShma, theoretical study of, 5,9,2$пзз, 81,147-50,172; tractates ofpractical legal material, 147; tractates/sugyot of theoretical material, 14,147,172; “way of understanding” of, 146,152-156,173 Taisen, 86,336 Tavrig, 248,277,294 Tchechanovitz, 85 Tchechanovitz Novardok Yeshiva, 85 teachers’ seminary: Grodno religious, 136; of Yavneh in Kovna, 52; ofYavneh in Telz, 52,63Ո38 Tel-Aviv: Ge’oneiVolozhin Yeshiva in, 280; Novardok Yeshiva in, 96-98; publication of the Novardok movement’s journal in, 77; Stolin Yeshiva in, 88-89 Telz, 291,327,333,336; Beit-haHinuch institution in, 51; community yeshiva foundation in, 49; during WWI German occupation, 50; elementary school foundation by German occupation in, 51; girls gymnasium in, 51-52; HaNe'eman periodical publication (in the 1930s) in, 327; occupation by WWI German forces, 50; rabbi, 49-50,335; Torah schools’ foundation during German occupation in, 51; Yavneh teacher's seminary in, 52,63Ո38 Telz Yeshiva: athletic abilities of students of, 250; a choice for graduates ofyeshivotketanot, 212; devotion to study in, 248; division into classes in, 50,230; during WWI German occupation, 50,59; establishment, 49; foreign students in, 235; graduates, 331; graduates as students at the teachers’ seminary, 52; haluka for students, 253; heads, 49-50,159,182,202, 333; hereditary claims in, 182; inclusion of Musar studies in, 50,59,197; involvement in politics ofheads of, 89; mechinah (see mechinah: ofTelz Yeshiva); Musar-haburot in, 163; Musar sessions, 161-62; Musar supervisor, 198,202,336; Musar talks, 176Ո38; objection to appointments in, 18586; opposition to Musar studies in, 200; protests of students in, 253; reputation, 49; revolts ofstudents in, 50,210; seats’ order, 258Ո36; secular studies in the mechinah of, 51; students, 248,298,333-34,336,338-39» 341-42; students as teachers in girls’ school and gymnasium, 51-52; students’ familiarity with general knowledge in, 247; student population, 217; study haburah in, 158-59; study ofhalachic rulings in, 149; Talmud instructors, 340; Westerners in, 244-46,245. See also Telz Yeshiva in WWII Telz Yeshiva in WWII : attempts to rescue the, 307; confiscation of the building of, 293; confiscation of the building ofthe mechinah of, 293; dispersal to towns of, 295, 295; mission to the United States of instructors of, 307,311,311; in Trishik, 314 Tiktinsky, Avraham, 180 Tiktinsky, Hayim-Leib, 180-81 Tiktinsky, Shmuel, 180 Torat-Emet Yeshiva: in Frankfurt, 26Ո37; in London, 26Ո37 Trans-Siberian Railway, 303 Treaty: Russian-Lithuanian post-WWI peace, 37; Russian-Lithuanian WWII INDEX mutual assistance, 18,269,272,287Ո12, 290-291; Russian-Polish post-WWI peace, 37,42,54 Trishik, 314 Trok, 27s, 277,294,335 Trop, Avraham, 192-94,309 Trop, Naftali, 203,232; death of, 192-93,220; lessons of, 19,156-157,166,192-93; head of Radin Yeshiva, 192,341; studies of, 148-49 Trop family, 193 Turēts, 340 Turets, Yitzhak, 47,117 Turkey, 302,314 Tze'irei Agudat-Yisrael in America, 298 Tzelniker, Nisan (“Bobroisker”), 296,308 Ukraine: Novardokyeshivas in WWI in, 66, 68,70-71,75,98; post-WWI Bolshevik takeover of, 39,82; post-WWI pogroms in, 13; post-WWI wanderings of refugees from, 45; post-WWI wanderings of yeshiva students from, 42; post-WWI yeshivas in, 17,53,60,82; return ofWWIexiled yeshiva heads from, 53,65; return ofWWI-exiled yeshivas from, 37,70, 119,271; WWI exiles and refugees in, 35; WWI migrant yeshiva students from, 17, 82,85,211; yeshivas in WWI in, 25Ո29,41, 95,182,234-237,255 Ukraine, western, 312 Ukrainian Jewry, 82 Uman, 333 Union of Orthodoxjewish Congregations of America, 118 Union of Orthodox Rabbis, American, 118, 122,282,284 United States, 283,307,312; emergency entry permits to, 298,300,315; Great Depression, 116,121-122; Jewish philanthropic organizations, 285; Jewish public, 120,241,298; Lithuanian yeshivas* WWII attempts to migrate to, 280; Polish yeshiva leaders’ influence reaches the, 19; rabbis fundraising journeys to, 120; roshei-yeshiva fundraising journeys to, 40,43,57-59,91-92,96,115-16; roshei-yeshiva immigration in WWII Յ87 to, 306,315; waves of immigration to, 240; yeshiva emissaries in, 115; yeshivas, 26Ո37,240,329. See also yeshiva students: from United States universities, 15,17,247; graduates of, 241, 255,322 Utyan, 277 Va’ad-Hatzalah, 282-83,285,298-98 Va’ad-HaYeshivot, 20; acceptance quotas for each senior yeshiva, 212-13,226, 326; acting director, 49,127-28,153; establishment, 87,122-27,326-27, 336; funding ofyeshivot-ketanot, 49, 84,87-88,130-31,222; funding of Vohlin yeshivas, 84,131; fundraising regulations, 127,133-34,138; funds’ allocation to the yeshivas, 128-31,326; list of funded yeshivot-gedolot, 87,228; local yeshiva committees under, 124, 128,134-135; pressures on, 253; referrals to yeshiva-ketana graduates, 212-15, 321,326; Shekel Donation campaign, 123-38; stafi՝, 138; tasks, 136,256,326; treasurer, 117,127; WWII-organized aid to migrating yeshivas, 271,273,286 Vaikin, Hayim, 203,280,309 Varshavsky, Avraham, 203 Vasilishok Yeshiva, 335 Vernikovsky, Shabtai, 308 Vidz, 336 Vienna, 118 Vilkomir, 192,277,296,342 Vilna, 156,183; aid to religious educational institutions in the region of, 125; beitmidrash ofLukishok suburb in, 42, 45; ceded to Lithuania after WWI, 37; economic situation, 46; emigrants in the United States, 114; halachic authorities, 45, 183-84,333; home ofVa’ad-HaYeshivot, 124-28; Novogrod suburb of, 273; place of meetings ofrabbis and rosheiyeshiva, 121-22,124-26; post-WWI annexation to Poland, 37,45; post-WWI changings of Russian-Polish rule in, 37; post-WWI place of assembly/transit ofyeshiva students, 237; post-WWI 388 INDEX yeshiva gathering point, 37,39,45,218; public meetings in, 127; Remayle Kloyz in, 45; spiritual situation, 123; yeshiva in Zaretche suburb of (see Zaretche Yeshiva); in WWI, 44. See also Vilna in WWII Vilna in WWII, 283,300; borders between Soviet occupied areas and the region of, 272; group of Mir Yeshiva in, 293-94; halutzim migration to, 272-73; handing over to Lithuania of, 18,269-70,273,286; move ofyeshivas from, 274-76; NKVD offices in, 301; Polish refugees in, 18, 269,272-74; train station in, 271,305-7; Vohlin yeshiva migration to, 85; yeshiva migration to, 18,22,25Ո34,270-73, 283-84; yeshiva stay in, 273,276-77,286 Vilovsky, Ya’akov-David, 53 Virbaln, 63Ո38 visas/permits, 307,314-15; from Bolshevik Ukraine to the Land of Israel, 92 to Chile, 306; to the Dutch Curacao Islands, 299,304,305,314; emergency entry permits to United States, 298,300, 315; Japanese transit, 299-300,304-5, 314; Soviet exit, 292,300-2,304-6, 314; Soviet special exit, 307,311; Soviet transit, 284-85,300 Vitkind, Hillel, 97,341 Vladivostok, 302-3,306 Vohlin: attitude toward study of halachic rulings in, 81-82,149; establishment ofyeshivot-ketanotin, 329; Jewry, 127; Lithuanian yeshivas in, 17,21,32,81-85, 99; multiage structure of the yeshivas in, 227; Novardok yeshivas in, 85,99; rabbis, 127; rebbes, 127 Volkovisk, 71 Volozhin, 1,3-4,341 Volozhin Yeshiva, 146-47; branch establishment in the Land of Israel, 90; establishment, 4,41,136,180; graduates, 38,82-83, 192, 331; haluka for students, 251; heads, 152,180,187,203; hereditary appointments in, 180; lack of offices in the United States and England, 117; Musar supervisor, 203; in the nineteenth century, 5-6,152,185,251,325; objection to appointments in, 180,185-187,210; opposition to Musar studies in, 200; student population, 20,219,221; students, 333-340; 342; Talmud instructors, 341; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; way of study of Talmud in, 174Ո6; WWI-exile of, 25Ո24 in WWII period, 277,280,309 Vorne, 333 Vorne Yeshiva, 333 Waldschein, Yitzhak, 77,204-5 Warhaftig, Zerah, 89,280-81,299-300 Warsaw, 83,87-88,101,194,250,337; American embassy in, 265; bombing of during WWII, 274; establishment of a Novardok yeshiva in, 69; Novardok general meeting in, 75; Russian army arrival, 37; yeshivas in, 81 Warsaw Beit-Shmuel Yeshiva, 274,277 Warsaw Beit-Yosef Yeshiva: aliyah arrangement for Novardok students, 97; branching out, 71,73; establishment, 69, 341-342; head, 205,342; under WWII German rule, 287Ո19 Warsaw Torat-Hayim Yeshiva, 101,205, 287Ո19 Washington, 298 Wasserman, Elhanan: activism in ÁgúdatYisrael of, 89,311; head of Baranovitch Ohel-Torah Yeshiva, 204,214,229,341; in WWII in Baranovitch, 269; in WWII in Trok, 310 Weinberg, Avraham, 86 Weinberg, Shmuel, 86 Weinberg, Yehiel-Ya’akov, 158,239 Weinstein, Aharon, 97 Weinstein, Yitzhak, 49,203-4 Weintraub, Shmuel: aliyah certificates to, 310; heads his Berditchev Novardok Yeshiva in Poland, 69-70,205,341-342; leaving for the Land of Israel of, 309, 342; nomination as dayyan of Karlin community, 150; in WWII, 296 Weiss, Leib, 84 Wiernik, Peter, 119 Williamsburg, 26Ո37 INDEX World War I: American aid to East European Jewry in, 11г, 118; American aid to East European rabbis in, 118; armed conflicts after, 13; assistance for yeshivas in, 137; deployment ofyeshivas after, 17,20,111; deployment ofyeshivas prior to, 9,10,17,20; German-Russian battlefront, 11,41,44,67,95,118; impact on post-war Jewish life, 78-79,109; migration ofyeshivas in, 11-12,36,53, 234; origin of talmidim prior to, 17; passing down positions of rosh-yeshiva during, 182; post-WWI RussianLithuanian expatriation agreement, 36-37) 39) 4L 45; reestablishment of yeshiva world after, 22,64; RussianPolish fights after, 37; yeshivas at the outbreak of, 10,41,44,50; yeshivas' economic situation in, 10,12-14,31,35, 48; yeshivas’ image prior to, 14; yeshivas’ size change during, 217-18; yeshivas that survived WWI, 58,114-115 World War П; call to American students to leave the Kresy yeshivas before, 265; conscription ofyoung men to the Polish army before, 265; flight of Kresy yeshivas in, 18,324; outbreak of, 18, 22-23,232,263, 266,324,330,340 Ya’akobowitz, Elhanan, 204 Yablonsky, Nisan, 39-40, біпіо Yaneve, 275,277,294 Yekaterinoslav, 125 YEKOPO, 43,62Ш7,247,252 yeshiva, Kresy: closure of doors to new students, 200,233,254,321; economic situation, 122-23; emissaries, 125-26; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 130-31 yeshiva: as rabbinical seminary, 147-48; attribution of political identity to, 89, 112; best training program for religious professions, 211; bribes to release from draft students of, 254,324; buildings, 10, 36,39,47,122; change of organizational framework of, 15,221-22; dining halls, 16,251; division to classes, 50,159; 389 donors, 36; dormitories, 251; economic deficits, 16,113,115-17,139-40; economic status, 120-24,134) 137) 139; emissaries in the interwar period, 114-15,123,125-26; emissaries in the nineteenth century, 4,48,111,235; funding room and board for students, 15,251,256,324; graduates, 240; heads’ fundraising journeys, 9,16, 98,139,206 (see also under specific rosheiyeshivas); interwar period deployment, 66; joining for economic reasons, 15, 32; haluka for students, 251-54,256; kibbutz classes, 48,83-85,87-88, 99-100; kitchens, 139; lectures of heads of, 156-58; migration during WWI, 12; Musar-huhuruli in, 151,162-63,255; Musar sessions in, 86,159-62,173; Musar studies in, 146,161; Musar supervisor, 323 (see also Musar-mashgihim); of community model, 3-6,9,40,114-15, 136,325; offices in the United States, 117) 139; of multiage structure, 83-85, 87,227-29,230; of supracommunity model, 4-6,9,41,136-37,251,325; ownership, 100,137-38,179-94,201, 326; payment of clothing and shoes for students, 256,324; payment of medical bills for students, 254,324; pre-WWI deployment, 10; protests of students in, 257,321,323; publicity, 115,240; reading permitted literature in, 15,247; reputation, 4,9,58,113,178,238-39; reputation of heads of, 4,115,137,178; search for forbidden literature in, 8,15; staff, 178-79; student population in, 212-21, 233, 254-55,257Ո4,321,327-28; study haburah in, 158-59,162-63,171; support to students, 256; tasks of heads of, 178-80; tuition fees in, 15-16,32, 111,201,212; under WWI-German occupation rule, 48,50,57,59,218; vocational studies in, 121. See also WWI: migration ofyeshivas in; yeshivas in WWII yeshiva branches in the Land of Israel, 21-22,89-98; in Bnei-Brak, 97-98; in Hebron, 92-94,187-190,240,336,339; in 390 INDEX Jaffa, 96-97; in Petah-Tikva, 95-96,280, 337; in Tel-Aviv, 96-98 Yeshiva Committee. See Va’ad-HaYeshivot yeshiva curriculum: Elu Treifotin, 147, 174Ո7; Even-HaEzer in, 147,174Ո7; halachic rulings in, 14,25Ո33,82,147, 171-73; integration steps of Musar studies in, 7-8,144-46,159-161,179, 206; integration of secular studies in, 7,14, Sb 63Ո35,145; Orah-Hayim in, 83, 174Ո12; practical Halacha in, 149,173; pre-WWI integration of Musar studies in, 7-9,24Ո15,160,198,320; post-WWI integration of Musar studies in, 14,161, 173,198,324; Shulhan-Aruch in, 83; Torah liShma (see Talmud: Torah liShma, theoretical study of); update of, 144-45; Yoreh-De'ah in, 147-48,174Ո7 yeshiva-ketana, 320; division of the yeshiva institution into a, 15,222-23; EvenYisrael (Ohel-Moshe) in Slabodka, 40, õrnu, 91,223,293; graduates, 213, 215,254-55; graduates in Lithuania, 212-13; graduates in Poland, 212-14; in Brisk before WWI, 341; in Eishishok, 329; in Ivye, 214; in Kresy, 123,213; in Lithuania, 212,214; of Novardok type, 70-75, 99; Ohel-Moshe in Stolin, 87-88; Ohr-haHayim in Slabodka, 195,341; in Poland, 212; “Rabbi Itche’s Yeshiva”, 81; in Radin, 328; in Rovne, 214; TiferetYisrael in Kobrin, 56,135; Torat-Hesed in Baranovitch, 87; Torat-Hesed in Lodz, 80-81; in Vidz, 336; in Vohlin Province, 81-82,99 yeshivas in WWII: confiscation of buildings of, 311,314; departure of the heads of, 307,308-9,310-11,330; deployment, 276,277; dispersal to towns in Soviet Lithuania, 293-95,295,311, 314; efforts to get visas for the heads of, 307; liquidation of the world of, 23,330; material aid for the migrant, 282-83, 297; migration to Vilna, 18,270-73, 283,324; spreading out to towns in independent Lithuania, 274-76,276-77; stay in Vilna, 273 yeshiva students: age of, 221-34,246,255, 321,328; athletic abilities of, 250-51; from Central and Western Europe, 17, 238,245,322; closing of yeshiva doors to new, 16,227,328; deportation to labor camps by the Soviets, 313,330; division to Musar-haburot, 170-71; division to study haburot, 158-59; from England, 161; from free world, 211,244,245; from Germany, 17,122,161,239-46,244-245, 255; from Hungary, 161,244,245; image, 4 931137; 246—47; opposition to Musar teachings, 32.3—2.4; origin, 234-46,255, 322; outward appearance, 246-47; postWWI migrants, 17,211,234-38,255,322; from Russia, 17,235,255; senior, 230-34, 255, 323, 32-8; skills development of, 159, 163,171; socioeconomic background, 15,25Ո32,251,256,324; stealing over the border in post-WWI, 41-42,55,68,238; studying halachic rulings of, 147-50; Torah character development of, 163; from United States, 17,238,240-46, 244-245,255,322; yeshiva financial support for, 16,25Ո31. See also yeshiva students in WWII yeshiva students in WWII: Curacao visas to, 304; extermination of, 19; involuntary Soviet citizenship to local residents among, 306-7,311; Japanese visas to, 304; regular financial support to, 273; Soviet citizenship offering to migrating, 312-13; Soviet exit permits to, 301-2,304-6; stay in Vilna of, 274; stealing over the border, 18; substitute passports to, 304 Yishuv, 93; new, 95-96,98; old, 93 Yitzhak ofVolozhin, 180 Yoffen, Avraham, 74,205; aliyah certificates to, 310; arrest by the Bolsheviks of, 68; establishment of Beit YosefYeshiva in United States by, 342; establishment of Bialystok Yeshiva by, 69,342; head of Homel Novardok Yeshiva, 68-69,342; head of Novardok network, 68,96,342; in the Land of Israel, 97; leaving for the United States, 308,342; setting up the INDEX Lutsk Yeshiva initiative of, 85; WWII migration to Vilna of, 272 Yogel, Shabtai, 63Ո47; activism in AgudatYisrael of, 89; administrative steps regarding the Slonim Yeshiva by, 48-49; establishment of Slonim Yeshiva in Ramat-Gan, 342; head of Slonim Yeshiva, 48-49,59,204,227-28,23s, 342; head of the educational institution in Slonim, 48; involvement in Va adHaYeshivot activity of, 128,135; leaving for the Land of Israel, 309,342 Yosef of Krinik, Rabbi, 1,3 youth movements, 18 Zaks, Mendel, 193,203,309 Zaretche Yeshiva, 144,335,338 Zaritzky, David, 233 Zefatman, Moshe-Ber, 202 Zeldin, Ya’akov, 205 З9І Żeligowski, Lucjan, 37,39 Zelmans, Avraham, 69,205,342 Zhager, 338 Zheimel, 337 Zhetl, 335 Zhitomir Novardok Yeshiva, 69 Zhosle, 294 Zimmerman, Avraham-Yitzhak, 44 Zionism, 8,89 Zionist movements. See radical movements: Zionist Zuchovsky, Dov, 317Ո47 Zuckerman, Yitzhak-Ze’ev, 134 Żupnik, Moshe, 300 Zurich, 121 Zusmanovitch, Yosef (the “Jerusalemite”), 187-9Ն 342 Zvhil, 82 Zvhil Ohr-Torah Yeshiva, 84-85 Zwartendik, Jan, 299
adam_txt	CONTENTS i Introduction I. Consolidation and Expansion 27 1. The Renewal of the Yeshiva World 35 2. Expansion Trends in the Yeshiva World II. Aspects of the Yeshiva World 111 3. Economy 4. Studies 107 144 5. Leadership 178 6. The Talmidim 210 III. The Beginning of the End 261 7. Return to Wandering 265 8. Under Soviet Rule Epilogue 290 319 Appendix: BriefBiographies Glossary 343 Bibliography Index 367 34s 333 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY ARCHIVESAND COLLECTIONS AJJDCA—21/32 Collection, American Jewish JDC Archives, New York AJYP—Autobiographies ofJewish Youth in Poland (RG 4), YTVO Archives, New York ARZ—Archive of Rehgious Zionism, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan BC—Boder Collection, Voices of the Holocaust, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago CAHJP—The Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem CRC—Central Relief Committee Records, Yeshiva University Archives, New York CZA—The Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem DSA—David Safier Archives (private), Lawrence, New York IRC—Israel Rosenberg Collection (ARC 98), Jewish Theological Seminary Archives, New York JDCIA—JDC Israel Archives, Jerusalem KoC —Koniuhowsky Collection (0.71 ), Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem LCSA—Lithuanian Central State Archives, Vilnius LHA—Luba Harlap Archives (private), Jerusalem LJC—Lithuanian Jewish Communities (RG 2), YIVO Archives, New York MPTA—Rabbi Mordechai Pinhas Teitz Collection, Rivkah Blau-Teitz Archives (private), United States MWP—Mark Wischnitzer, Papers, 1927-1955 (RG 767), YTVO Archives, New York NWC—Nissan Vaxman Collection (ARC. 4* 1714), National Library Archives, Jerusalem OHD—Oral History Division, The Institute of Contemporary Jewry, The Hebrew University ofjerusalem SEA—Shlomo Eitan Archives (private), Jerusalem VHY—Va’ad-HaYeshivot (RG 25), YTVO Archives, New York YLKA—Yehudah Leib Kogan Collection, Family Kogan Archives (private), Jerusalem YVA—Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem 345 34б BIBLIOGRAPHY NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS DIdS—Di Idishe Shtime, Kovna DIdV—Dos Idishe Vort, New York DMZ—Der Morgn Zhurnal, New York DoV—Dos Vort, 'Wina IdL—Idisher Lebn, Kovna-Telz TJO—The Jewish Observer, New York BOOKS, STUDIES, AND ARTICLES Abraham, Zvi J. “HaYeshivot beHungariya haNirhava.” In Mosedot Torah beEiropah beVinyanam u'veHurbanam, edited by Samuel K. 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Movshovitz Print, 1937. ORAL TESTIMONIES (Next to the name of each witness is his educational institution and the location and date of the testimony.) Ben-Artzi, Shmuel—Mezritch Yeshiva (Jerusalem, May 11,2004) Ben-Porat, Yehudah—Keim Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Mar. 7,2005) Bronznik, Nahum—Telz Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Nov. 19,2003) Fortman, Moshe—Telz, Ponivezh, Kletsk-Yaneve, and Keim Yeshivas (Bnei Brak, Jan. 1, 2003) Garber, Yisrael—Kamenitz Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Jun. 7,2005) Hamiel, Hayim Yitzhak—Lomzhe and Warsaw Beit Yosef Yeshivas (Jerusalem, Jun. 2,2005) Karno, Yisrael—Telz Yeshiva (Jerusalemhan. 13,2003) Klibansky, Menahem—Slabodka Yeshiva (Tel Aviv, 1988) Kremer, Azriel—Slabodka Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Jul. 29,2003; Sep. 2,2003) Kremerman, Zalman—Telz and Slabodka Yeshivas (Jerusalemhan. 11,2003) “Man of Kovna”—Ateret Zvi Yeshiva-ketana in Kovna (Jerusalem, Aug. 20,2003) Margalit, Moshe—Novardokand Pinsk Yeshivas (Bnei Brak, Feb. 15,2004) Melamed, Avraham—Telz Yeshiva (Ramat Gan, Dec. 24,2002) Orlansky, Yisrael—Mezritch-Nementchin Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Feb. 2, 2004) Shurin, Yisrael—Telz Yeshiva (Efrata, Mar. 23,2003) Volbe, Shlomo—Mir Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Dec. 30,2002) Waldschein, Refael—Baranovitch Yeshiva (Jerusalem, Feb. 9,2004) YBB—Baranovitch and Mir Yeshivas (Jerusalem, Nov. 11,2004) Zuckerman, Mordechai—Radin and Keim Yeshivas (Jerusalem, Dec. 26,2002) INDEX Note: Page numbers in italics indicate a figure or a table. Adler, Cyrus, 119 Aid Committee for Religious Educational Institutions, 125 aid to WWI-suffering Jews in Eastern Europe, American organized, 118 aid to yeshivas, Jewish organized, 117-22; ofAmerica, 112-14,117-19,123-24, іЗб, շշշ, 326; of Central Europe, 113; of Germany, 112; ofLondon, 112; of South Africa, 113,139 Alekna, Tadas, 274 Alexander II, Tsar, 238 aliyah, 187,280-81,299,318Ո48,340; certificates for the migrating yeshivas in WWII, 284-85,297; certificates for the Novardok yeshivas, 97; ofKnesset-Yisrael Slabodka branch, 91-94,101-2,334,336; of Lomzhe branch, 95-96,101-2; ofNovardok branches, 96-98,101-2; yeshivah heads’ worldview regarding, 89-90 Alliance, 118,141П14 Amdur, 341 American Jewish Relief Committee, 118 Amtchislav, 56,341 Amtchislav yeshivas, 56,60,237,338,341 army: Bolshevik Russian (see Russian army, Bolshevik); of the Cossacks of Chmelnitsky, 2; exemption from Polish, 25Ո31; Swedish, 2; Tsardom Russian (see Russian army, Tsardom); WWI German, 11,35,39,41,67,118; WWII German, 266-68,288Ո42,295,314; WWII Polish, 266-67; WWII Soviet, 267-69,272,290-91 Asher (Rosh), Rabbeinu, 166 Austria, 244 autonomy, Jewish: in Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 2. See also Lithuania, independent: national autonomy for Jews in; Poland, Republic of: cultural autonomy for Jews in Azherena, 312 Azov Sea, 68 Baksht, 334 Baksht, Aharon, 65,191,273,333 Baltic countries, 17,290. See also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania Baltic Sea, 2,288Ո42 Baltimore, 26Ո37 Baranovitch, 87-88,266; Hasidic court of Slonim in, 86,98; post-WWI pass of Radin Yeshiva through, 6ins; in WWII, 267,271 367 Зб8 INDEX Baranovitch Ohel-TorahYeshiva: acceptance ofyeshiva-ketana graduates by, 226; heads, 204,287; kibbutz class, 214,228-29; multiage structure, 228; Musar supervisor, 204; popularity among Hasidim, 81; post-WWI reestablishment, 341; practical halachic studies in, 149; requests of acceptance to, 214; sixth class, 214; student population, 228; students’ age, 228-29; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129-30; visit of Rabbi Meir Shapiro in, 86; in WWI, 86, 267; in WWII period, see Baranovitch Ohel-Torah Yeshiva in WWII Baranovitch Ohel-Torah Yeshiva in WWII: in Baranovitch, 269; confiscation of the building of, 268; dispersal to towns in Lithuania of, 294-95; management of, 311; in Trok, 275,277,310 Baranovitch Torat-Hesed Yeshiva, 86-87; establishment, 86; head, 86-87, 100, 328, 336; multiage structure, 228; students in Brisk Kibbutz, 154. See also Baranovitch Torat-Hesed Yeshiva in WWII Baranovitch Torat-Hesed Yeshiva in WWII: migration to Vilna of, 336; move to Shkudvil of, 294-95; in Tavrig, 277, 294-95,336; management of, 309 Bar-Ilan, Meir. See Berlin [Bar-Ilan], Meir Baron, Asher-Kalman, 202,209Ո40 Bassin, Meir, 45 beit-din, 130,181,194,337 Beit-Shmuel Yeshiva. See Warsaw Beit-Shmuel Yeshiva Beit-Yosefyeshivas. See Novardok Beit-Yosefyeshivas Belgium, 26Ո37,289Ո42,244,245 Belorussia, western, 312 Berditchev Novardok Yeshiva, 69,341-42 Berek, Aharon, 127 Berezhnitsa, 82 Berezhnitsa Ohr-Torah Yeshiva, 82,340 Berkovitz, Yosef (“Kossover”), 84,204 Berlin (Netziv), Naftali-Zvi-Yehuda, 180, 185,331 Berlin, 83,118,141Ո14,239 Berlin, Hayim, 180,185 Berlin [Bar- Ilan], Meir, 93-94, 119,279,285,331 Bernstein, Moshe, 45,308 Beth HaMedrash L’Torah in Chicago, 6inio Beth Medrash Govoha in Lakewood, 337 Biale, 99 Bialik, Hayim Nahman, 146-147 Bialostotsky, Efraim-Zvi, 309 Bialystok, 87; communal yeshiva in, 339; district, 73,75,85; establishment of a Novardok yeshiva in, 69,342; Hasidic court of Slonim in, 86; in WWII, 266, 268,271; Novardok general meetings in, 75-76; public meetings in, 127 Bialystok Beit-Ulpena Yeshiva, 129,204 Bialystok Beit-Yosef Yeshiva, 98; branching out, 71,73,85; building dedication, 266; “Committee to Spread Torah”, 75; establishment, 69-70; heads, 205,342; Musar supervisor, 205; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129,130. See also Bialystok Beit-Yosef Yeshiva in WWII Bialystok Beit-Yosef Yeshiva in WWII: arrests in Birzh of students of, 313; in Bialystok, 266-268,272; In Birzh of, 277, 296,313; management of, 308; migration to Vilna of, 272; visas for students of, 305 Birzh, 277,296,313,341 Black Sea, 2 Bliacher, David, 69,97,150,206,272,333 Bloch, Avraham-Yitzhak, 50,186,202,241, 295, 333 Bloch, Eliyahu-Meir, 186,307,310, 318Ո48 Bloch, Yosef-Leib, 199; appointments by, 186; criticized by rabbis in Lithuania, 51-52,59; general studies introduction in mechinah by, 51; head of the Telz yeshiva, 50-53,59,202,334; involvement in religious education outside the yeshiva by, 51-53,59; Musar incorporation in Telz Yeshiva by, 59; rabbi of Telz, 50,334; rosh-yeshiva in German occupation, 50; sponsorship ofYavneh teachers’ seminary by, 52; Talmud instructor in Telz Yeshiva, 49-50,333 Bloch, Zalman, 186,198-99,202 Bloch family of Telz, 182 INDEX Bnei-Brak, 97,306; Novardok Yeshiva in, 97-98; Ponevezh Yeshiva in, 306-307, 336,340; Slabodka Yeshiva in, 340 Boisk, 337 Braynsk, 134,340 Braynsk Yeshiva, 24Ո20,338,340 Brazil, 245 Bressler, Hayim-Zalman, 181 Brisk, 46,152-54; rabbis, 152-153,184,201, 339, 341; Jews expelled in WWI from, 184; in WWII, 267,271. See also study kibbutz: in Brisk Brisk Kibbutz, 87,153-56,173 Brisk Yeshiva: economic situation, 114,201, 252; haluka for students, 252; heads, 129, 184,204,325,340; hereditary positions in, 184; in WWII in Vilna, 277; Musarhaburot, 163,200; Musar sessions, 199; Musar supervisor, 163,198-201,204; post-WWI reestablishment, 184,237, 325, 340; student population, 214-215, 218; students in Brisk Kibbutz of, 154; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; WWI migrant students in, 237 British: authorities, 285-286; Colonial Secretary, 284,297; consulate in Kovna, 282,311; government, 284,297; immigration certificates, 93-94,96,102, 302,305-7; immigration quotas, 102; mandatory authorities, 93,96,307; radio broadcast, 270; “White Paper”, 297 Brody, 88 Broyde, Simha-Zissel, 159,165-67,171, 196-97,334 Budnick, David, 69,205 Bund. See under radical movements Burland, Mordechai-Isaac, 309 Canada, 244 Catherine II, Tsarina, 3 Caucasus, 235 Central Relief Committee, 42-43,45, 118-22,125,139,154-55, 236 charity boxes, 111,132-33 Chile, 306,312 Chmelnitsky, Bogdan, 2 Cincinnati, 117,283 369 Circassia, 235 Cleveland, 117 Council of the Land of Lithuania, 2 Curacao Islands, 299-300,304 Curzon Line, 25Ո33 Czechia, 244,245 Danube, 161 Danushevsky, Moshe, 44 Denmark, 288Ո42,244 Desler, Reuven-Dov, 202 Diskin, Sender, 80 Dolinsky, Zalman ("Radiner”), 198 Dreyen, David, 26Ո37 Duksht, 294,313 Dushnitzer, Eliyahu, 96,197 Dusiat, 294 Dutch consul/consulate, 299,305 Dvinsk, 69,120,191 Dvinsk Yeshiva, 69,205 economic crisis: Great Depression (see under United States); in Europe, 40,120, 326; worldwide, 116 Ederman, Ya’akov, 282 educational institutions, Jewish: government funding of, in; migration of Torah֊, 12,18; solidarity of Torah-, 13, 16-18; tuition in, 111 educational organizations, Jewish: Bundist-Yiddishist, 30,32; CISZO, 89; Horev, 136; Kultur-Ligge, 89; Orthodox, 30; Tarbut, 89; Yavneh, 51-52,63Ո37, 89; Zionist, 30,32 Egulsky, Eliezer, 183 Egulsky, Yisrael-Leib, 182 Eisenstadt, Moshe-Avraham, 181 Eisenstadt, Yosef-David, 180-81 Eisenstadt family of Mir, 181 Eishishok, 232,271-72,277 Eishishok Kibbutz. See under study kibbutz Eliyahu (the “Gaon of Vilna”), 2,4 England, 26Ո37; Jewish organizations in, 97,117; Novardokyeshivas in, 102Ո14; Russian ambassador in, 285,300; yeshiva emissaries in, 115. See also yeshiva students: from England 370 INDEX Epstein, Moshe-Mordechai, 57,191,339, 342; appointments by, 187-88; funds’ collection in the United States by, 40,58, 91-94,115,188-90; head of the KnessetYisrael Yeshiva in Slabodka, 38,188,196, 202,236; Hebron branch establishment by, 92-93,187-90,334; in WWI exile, 38, 92; post-WWI return to Slabodka of, 39; resignation from Slabodka positions of, 190,334; Talmud instructor in Slabodka Yeshiva, 38,196,334 Eretz-Yisrael. See Israel, Land of Estonia, 245,290 Etz-Hayim Yeshiva. See Jerusalem: Etz-Hayim Yeshiva in Europe, Central and Western: countries, 2; emissaries in, 111; yeshivas in, 26Ո37,329. See also individual countries underyeshiva students Europe, Eastern: economic condition ofJewry in, 16; economic situation, У, 256,314; educational institutions, 256; geopolitical shifts, 3; Jewish life politicization, 31; Jewish society, 6,30, 141П14,319; Jewish traditionalists, 145; Novardok yeshivas in, 67,99; post-WWI countries, 13; post-WWI economic assistance for yeshivas in, 64,113; rabbis and community activists, 6-7,120; yeshivas, 1,19-20,101,240,263. See also Orthodoxy, East-European Ezrat-Torah, 118-19 Faivelzon, Baruch-Yosef, 192-194,220 Far East, 299,314 Fein, Yehuda-Leib, 133 Feinstein, Yehiel-Michel, 153 Finkel, Eliezer-Yehuda, 275; assistance to Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva by, 47; attitude toward Talmud proficiency by, 151; establishment of Brisk Kibbutz by, !53-154; funds’ collection in the United States by, 43,154, 236, 243, 258Ո29; in Poltava, 41,182; lessons of, 151; in post-WWI Mir, 42-43; in post-WWI Vilna, 42,225; rosh-yeshiva of Mir, 202,230,250,256,334; son in-law of the head of the Mir Yeshiva, 41,334; Va’adHaYeshivot work of, 64,233. See also Finkel, Eliezer-Yehuda in WWII Finkel, Eliezer-Yehuda in WWII: aliyah certificates to, 280,310; attempts to get aliyah certificates for the yeshiva by, 279,281,298-299,301; attempts to go to the Land of Israel of, 280,310; departure from Soviet Lithuania, 302,334; efforts to save the Mir Yeshiva by, 279-281,298, 315; establishment of Mir Yeshiva in Jerusalem by, 334; in Grinkishok, 294; in Keidan, 279,281; in Vilna, 275 Finkel, Moshe, õrnu, 94,188 Finkel, Notte-Hirsch (Nattan-Zvi), 41, 91-92,340; aliyah of, 94,172,188,198, 334; disciples of, 197; expression about the WWI-exile of, 25Ո29; fashionable clothes’ provision to students by, 247; founding the Knesset-Yisrael Slabodka Yeshiva by, 38,196; founding the Slabodka Yeshiva by, 38,145,188,195,334; founding the Slutsk Yeshiva by, 53; help running other yeshivas by, 198; Musar counselors' appointment by, 197-98; Musar method of, 38,44,146,165,171, 196; Musar supervisor, 139-60,196,202, 236,334; Musar talks of, 19,171-72,249; post-WWI return to Slabodka of, 39; supervisor in Slabodka Ohr-haHayim Yeshiva, 195; Talmud instructors’ appointment by, 38,152-53,196 Finland, 244 France, 244,245 Frankfurt, 26Ո37,300 Fried, Eliezer-Yitzhak, 180 fundraising, for yeshivas, 4,48,112,326. See also charity boxes Galicia, 70,99 Gateshead Yeshiva, 26Ո37 Gedvilas, Mečislovas, 291 George, Lloyd, 297 Georgia, 235 German occupational regime: elementary schools’ set up by, 51; in WWI, 14,35,86, 239; in WWII, 312 INDEX Germany, 266,338; Nazi, 18,23,243,291, 310; rabbis of, 239; Russian accusation ofJewish collaboration with, 11. See also yeshiva students: from Germany Gerondi, Yona, 176Ո37 Glickson, Hirsch, 101,205 Gordon, Avraham-Yaakov, 163,197, 198-201,204 Gordon, Eliezer, 18s, 210,235; death of, 50, 335; establishment of a yeshiva in Keim by, 335; fundraising trip to London of, 335; rabbiofTelz, 49,333 Gordon, Yehiel-Mordechai, 140; funds’ collection in the United States, 96, 116, 308, 317Ո42,339; head of the Lomzhe Yeshiva, 95,205,248,335; opening a branch in the Land of Israel, 90,335; Talmud instructors’ appointments by, 195; in WWI, 95,182 Gorzd, 153, 339 Grade, Hayim, 230,250 Greenberg, David, 57 Greenberg, Ya’akov-Sender, 87 Grinkishok, 294 Griva, 337 Grobin, 334 Grodnensky, Eliyahu-Eliezer, 184 Grodno, 11,127,132,136,341; Alsheich Beit-Midrash, 223; Forshtat suburb of, 157; public meetings in, 127; study-hall in Shershevsky s courtyard, 223; under WWII-Soviet rule, 274 Grodno Yeshiva: devotion to study in, 248; emissaries, 115; establishment, 218; haluka for students in, 252; heads, 116, 120,138,203,340; help ofWWI-German field-rabbis to, 239; lessons, 156-57; Musar haburot, 163; Musar supervisor, 163,203, 338; post-WWI, 218; student population, 216,218-19,221,223; students’ ages, 223-24; studies ofhalachic rulings, 150; Va’adHaYeshivot allocation offunds to, 129. See also Grodno Yeshiva in WWII; mechinah; of Grodno Yeshiva Grodno Yeshiva in WWII: departure of the management of, 307-8; management of, 308,310; in Vilna, 277 371 Grodzensky, Avraham, 188,202,293 Grodzensky, Avraham-Zvi, 204 Grodzensky, Hayim-Ozer, 283; aid to postWWI religious educational institutions by, 125; aid to WWII migrating yeshivas by, 270-71,275,279,280,286; attitude toward aliyah of yeshiva students of, 89; establishment of Ostroh Yeshiva by, 84; funeral of, 296; head ofVa’adHaYeshivot, 126,200,286; help to integration of Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva in Vilna by, 45; leader of the Lithuanian yeshivas in Poland, 19, 124; participation plan in American campaign for the yeshivas of, 120; patron of the Remayle Yeshiva, 114,183-84,335; Radin Yeshiva din-Torah by, 193 Grodzensky, Yitzhak (Itche), 81 Grozovsky, Reuven, 44,45,89,116,203,308 Gutvirt, Nahum-Zvi, 298,299 gymnasia (high schools): general, 15,17, 24Ն 255, 322; Jewish, 15, 30, 32,213, 222-23,320; for Jewish religious girls, 51,234; Jewish religious gymnasia (see under Lithuania, independent; and Poland, Republic of) Hachmei-Lublin Yeshiva. See Lublin Yeshiva, HachmeiHaCohen, Meir-Simha (ofDvinsk), 120 HaCohen, Yisrael-Meir, 63Ո47,140,198, 239,253; admiration of Hasidim to, 81; appointments ofTalmud instructors by, 192-193; critical biography of, 25Ո35; death of, 220; encouragement of Kodshim studies by, 155-156; encouragement of studies in Radin Yeshiva by, 157; establishment of Ostroh Yeshiva by, 84; establishment ofVa’ad-HaYeshivot by, 123-127,132,335; founder of Radin Yeshiva, 81,192,220,335; Hafetz-Hayimbookof, ՅՅ5-ՅՅ6; help to Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva by, 46; leader of the Lithuanian yeshivas in Poland, 19; participation plan in American campaign for the yeshivas of, 120; preparation for the messiah coming by, 155; renown of, 220 372 INDEX Hadera, 98 Hafetz-Hayim. See HaCohen, Yisrael-Meir Haifa, 98 halachic: authorities, 45,183,184,335; conclusion from a Talmudic sugya, 174; principles in Talmudic sugya, 152; rulings, 81,192; rulings study in yeshiva curriculum, 14,25Ո33,82-83,149-150, 172-173; studies of practice in yeshiva curriculum, 149 HaLevi, Yosef-Zvi, 96 halutzim, zyz HaNe'eman, 326-327 Harkavy, Shlomo, 163,197,203,308 Hasidic: batei-midrash, 77-78,81,103Ո26; communities, 77,191,325; court, 331; customs, 80,101,io6n8s,331; dress, 78,80; families, 77,79-80,100; -Lithuanian circles, 22; mentality, 82; movement, 331; outer appearance, 78,80,100-101; prayer rite, 80, 83; rebbes (admorim) (see Hasidic rebbes {admorim]); shtieblach, 77-79,81; style yeshivas within Hasidic courts, 78-79; writings, 86; youth, 79. See also Vohlin Hasidic-Lithuanian yeshivas, 17,22,32, 86-88, 98-100, 325; multiage structure of, 227; Talmud lecturers’ appointments in, 86-88,100,183. See also Hasidic rebbes (admorim) Hasidic rebbes (admorim), 101; establishment of Hasidic-Lithuanian yeshivas by, 65,86; Hasidic-Lithuanian yeshivas under the authority of, 21,79,86, 100,325; of Karlin, 86-87; ofVohlin, 127 Hasidim, 79; attitude toward Lithuanian yeshivas of, 77-81, 85,99-100; of Gur dynasty, 79; in Lithuanian yeshivas, 101; of Poland, 79-81; of Poland in Lithuanian yeshivas, 79-81,86-88, 100; ofVohlin, 81,83-85; ofVohlin in Lithuanian yeshivas, 81-85 Hasidism, 77,83,100-101 Haskalah (Enlightenment), 145,239,247; literature, 246-247; movement, 6,319; worldview, 81 Hasman, Leib, 125-127,197,336 Hayim ofVolozhin, 1,3-4,174Ո6,180 Hazanovitch, David, 204 Hebron, 93-94, 172·; 188-190,339; 1929 riots of, 240 heder, 74,222 Heide Yeshiva, 26Ո37 Heiman, Shlomo, 204 Hernsohn, Hayim-Shim’on, 54 Herzog, Yitzhak-Isaac, 284-286,297,300 Hilfsverein, 118,141Ո14 Hindes, Shraga-Faivel, 138 Hindes, Yeshaya, 308 Hirschowitz, Avraham-Shmuel, 86-87, 100,309,328,336 Hirschowitz, Yitzhak-Eliezer, 52,63Ո38,185-86 Hlusk, 44,337; 340 Hlusk Yeshiva, 334,337,340 Holland, 244,245,289Ո42,298,302 Holocaust, 1-2,101; extermination of the Jews in Lithuania in, 22,314,330; Lithuanian yeshiva world after the, 102, ՅՅՕ-31 Holtzberg, Yitzhak-Raphael, 52 Homel, 68. See also under Novardok Yeshiva Horodok (Belorussian), 339 Horodok (Ukrainian), 88 Hungary: yeshivas, 147. See also yeshiva students: from Hungary Hurwitz, Baruch, 39,182; fundraising journey to the United States of, 116 Hurwitz, Pesah (“Timkovitcher”), 158 Hurwitz, Shraga-Faivel, 182 Hurwitz, Yosef-Yozel, 67-68,75,171,342; branching out approach of, 67-68, 70-71; disciples of, 68-69,7I; 7Ö, 197; establishment of Novardok Yeshiva by, 67,336; Musar method of, 67,165,167-68, 197; naming Novardok yeshivas after, 103П18; periodicals issuing approach of, 76; yeshivas of, 69 Hutner, Yitzhak (“Varshever”), 249 Ibn-Pakuda, Behaye, 160 Idels (Maharsha), Shmuel-Eliezer HaLevy, 84 illuy, 78,86,248-249 Indianapolis, 117 Intourist, 302-3,306 Ireland, 244 INDEX Israel, Land of, 310,312; Aliyah Department of the Jewish Agency in, 281; aliyah to, 89-98,187,299,310,314; attempts of aliya ofyeshivas in WWII to, 279-82,284,299-300,310; chief rabbi of, 120,284,286,297,337; chief rabbinate of, 93,282,284,297; economic condition of the local yeshivas in, 120; emissaries oflocal yeshivas of, 134; Lithuanian yeshiva leaders’ influence in, 19; opening Novardokbranches in, 77,96-98, 102П14; opening yeshiva branches in, 21-22,88-96,101-2; requests for transfer ofWWII migrating yeshivas to, 279,297; roshei-yeshiva immigration certificates to, 315; yeshiva students’ immigration certificates to, 306 Istanbul, 302 Itzikovitz, David, 275 Ivye,69,333,335-36 Ivye Novardok Yeshiva, 69,71,102Ո9 Jaffa, 96-97,337,341 Japan, 299-300,302,304-306,314-15, ЗЗО, 337 Japan, Sea of, 302 Japanese consul in Kovna, 300 JDC (Joint), 28s; cessation of activities in Soviet Lithuania, 297; cessation of support to yeshivas by, 115,120-22; change of goals of, 119; “Committee on Cultural Affairs” of, 119,141Ո22; establishment of, 118; funding of post-WWI religious educational institutions by, 125; funding of yeshivas by, 122,139; funding requests for German yeshiva students from, 241, 244; funding requests from, 236; funding WWII migration yeshivas by, 275,282; material help for WWII Polish refugees in Lithuania by, 282, 299; subsidies provided to yeshivas by, 122 Jerusalem, 187,318Ո57,342; branch of Agudat-Yisrael, 298; Etz-Hayim Yeshiva, 153,187,338,342; Hebron Yeshiva in, 334, ЗЗ6,339; Mercaz HaRav Yeshiva in, 337; 373 Mir Yeshiva in, 334; Novardokbranch in, 98; OldYishuvof, 93; rabbi of, 337 Kahaneman, Yosef-Shlomo, 202; establishment of a yeshiva-ketana in Vilna Province, 65,336; founding of Ponevezh Yeshiva in Bnei-Brak by, 306-7, 336; fundraising journeys overseas of, 116; nomination to rabbi of Ponevezh of, 65,336; reaching the Land of Israel by, 307,311,318Ո48,336; reestablishment of Ponevezh Yeshiva by, 65,336 Kalish, 120 Kalmanowitz, Avraham, 128,303 Kamai, Avraham-Hirsch, 43,151,270,275, 336-37 Kamai, Eliyahu-Baruch, 41,43,182,336 Kamenitz (Kamenitz-Litevsk), 46,216,267 Kamenitz Yeshiva: Brisk Kibbutz students of, 154; buildings, 154; devotion to study in, 248; economic deficit, 47,116; establishment of, 46-47; expansion of, 47,58; haluka for students, 252,254; heads, 203; image, 227; ladies’ auxiliaries in the United States for, 117; lessons, 156-57; Musar supervisor, 121,203,226-27, 258Ո30; shutting the doors in face of yeshiva-ketana graduates by, 215,227; student population, 214-15,227; students, 100-101; students’ familiarity with general knowledge in, 247; students’ protests, 254; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; Va’ad-HaYeshivot assignment of students’ quotas to, 227; Westerners in, 246. See also Kamenitz Yeshiva in WWII Kamenitz Yeshiva in WWII, 313; arrests of students in Rasein, 313; attempts to get aliya certificates for, 279-80; confiscation of the buildings of, 268; Curacao visas to the students of, 305; departure of the management of, 307-8; exit permits to the administration of, 304; in Kamenitz, 267-68; management of, 308,310; migration to Vilna of, 271; exit permits to the students of, 305; in Rasein, 277,278,295; in Vilna, 273 Kanyevsky, Ya’akov-Yisrael, 97 374 INDEX Kaplan, Avraham-Eliyahu, 239 Kaplan, Eliezer-Ze'ev, 184,199; Musar Supervisor in Radin Yeshiva, 163,198, 203,221,309; the source of Musar education of, 197 Kaplan, Yisrael-Hayim, 184,201,204 Karlin, 150,339 Katz, Mordechai, 50,307,310,318Ո48 Katz, Reuven, 116 Keidan, 281,294; Mir yeshiva in WWII in, 275,277,279,29Յ, 299-300; rabbi of, 275, 336-37 Keim, 334,335 Keim Yeshiva: curriculum, 165-66; establishment, 159; goal, 165; graduates, 162-63; heads, 202, 255,334; Musar “exercises” (“actions”) in, 173-74; Musar haburah in, 162; Musar method, 165-67, 172; Musar sessions, 162,166-67; Musar tone, 159-161,166-67; source of Musar development, 196-97,209Ո40; students, 167,197-98; 333-34, 336-38, 340-41; transfer of Telz Yeshiva students to, 186; Westerners in, 255 Keim Yeshiva of Rabbi Eliezer Gordon, 335 Kelts, 99 Kiev, 68-69 Kiev Novardok Yeshiva, 69,333 Kleinerman, Ya’akov, 205 Kletsk, 54-56,60,236,267 Kletsk Yeshiva, 139; American Jewish funding of, 55; building, 153; economic situation, 115; emissaries, 115; establishment, 54-56; expansion, 60; graduates, 153; haluka for students, 252; heads, 55-56,153,203,338; involvement in politics of heads of, 89; lessons, 157-158; Musar supervisor, 88,203,337; room and board provision to students, 55; senior students, 231,231; student population, 218; students, 265; students’ age, 231,231; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; WWI-migrant students in, 236. See also Kletsk Yeshiva in WWII Kletsk Yeshiva in WWII: arrests of students in Salok, 313; attempts to get aliya certificates for, 279-80,300; Chile and visas for students of, 306; departure of the management of, 305-6,307-8; dispersal to towns in Lithuania of, 294-95; in Kletsk, 268; management of, 308,310; migration to Vilna of, 270-71; in Salok, 305-6,312; in Vilna, 270; in Yaneve, 275,277 Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva: economic condition, 46; establishment, 44; inclusion of Musar studies in the curriculum, 160; move from Vilna to Kamenitz, 46-47; return from WWIexile, 37; settling in post-WWI Vilna, 45-46,237; student population, 45-47, 216-17; students, 339; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; after WWI, 57; WWI exile in Krementchug (Ukraine), 44-45,58,198; WWI exile in Minsk, 44; WWI-migrant students in, 237 Knesset-Yisrael Slabodka Yeshiva, 41, біті; administration discord, 187-92, 194; after return from WWI-exile, 40; American supporters, 92; approach to Talmud studies, 147; attitude toward aliyah of the heads of, 90,92-93; branch establishing in the Land of Israel, 90-96, 101,187,240,334; building, 39,117; as choice for graduates ofyeshivot-ketanot, 212; donations to, 40,190-91; economic condition, 40,92; economic deficit, 190-91; establishment after 1897 split (prior to it, see Slabodka Yeshiva), 38,196-97; expansion after WWI, 40,58; general studies curriculum, 91-92; graduates, 26Ո37,80,101,158; heads, 182,186,190, 202,236,340; hereditary appointments in, 182,188; illuy of, 192; image, 224; involvement in politics of heads of, 89; in WWI-exile in Krementchug (Ukraine), 25Ո24,25Ո29,38-39,92, 217; in WWI-exile in Minsk, 38; Musar method, 165,171-72,174,196,199; Musar supervisor, 202,317Ո47; Musar tone, 161; ownership, 188-89,194,196; return from WWI-exile, 37,39,92,236; source of missions to run yeshivas according Musar teachings, 198; students, 147,249, INDEX 333,335,337,339; students’ age, 224; students' indignation at appointment in, 186; students’ outward appearance, 93,247; student population, 39-40, 217-18; studies of Shabbat Tractate in, 149; Talmud instructors, 340,342; unification of the WWI-established Slabodka Yeshiva and, бішо; Va’adHaYeshivot allocation offunds to, 129; Westerners in, 244-45; WWI migrant students in, 236-37. See also KnessetYisrael Slabodka Yeshiva in WWII Knesset-Yisrael Slabodka Yeshiva in WWII: actual rosh-yeshiva of, 293; arrests of Polish students in, 313; confiscation of buildings of, 293; studies in, 293,314 Kobrin, 338,340; argument in regard to the local rabbinate, 57; Hasidic court, 101; Hayei-Adam synagogue in, 56; Rabbi, 57, 338; Rebbe, 101; yeshivah establishment in, 56,60; Zionists and intelligentsia of, 57 Kobrin Yeshiva, 101,278; Amtchislav Yeshiva refugees in, 56,60; decline, 60; economic condition, 57; economic deficit, 57,116; establishment, 56,338; expansion, 57,60; haluka for students, 252; heads, 204,252; lack of offices in United States and England, 117; lessons, 157; Musar supervisor, 204,338; reputation, 214; strained relations in management of, 210; student population, 57,214-15,218-19; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; Va’adHaYeshivot referrals to, 214; WW1migrant students in, 237 kollel, 21,43,76; Beit-Yisrael Slabodka, 188-89,191; Kovna, 336; Radin Kodshim, 193,336-37,341; Slabodka, 334 Koine, 340 Komi Republic, 313 Kongresówka, 25Ո33,328; communities’ authority on Jewish matters, 30; establishment of yeshivot-ketanot in, 329; Hasidic circles, 81; Lithuanian yeshivas’ expansion to, 17,21-22; Lithuanian yeshivas in (Hasidic), 17, 375 80-81,100; local yeshivas' emissaries, 134; Novardokyeshivas near the borders and inside, 70-71,99; Polish yeshivas in, 25Ո34,273-74; rabbinical positions in, 150; in WWII, 266-67 Konigsberg, 338 Kook, Avraham-Yitzhak, 120-21 Korets, 82,340 Korets Ohr-Torah Yeshiva, 84-85,99, 278; addition of Musar system to the curriculum of, 83; establishment a branch in Rovne of, 83; Halachic ruling in curriculum of, 83,149; Hasidic rite of prayer, 83; heads, 203; Musar supervisor, 203; practical halachic studies, 149; relocation from Zvhil, 82 Kostopl, 88 Kostyokovsky, Yehoshua-Isaac (“Viiner”), 195,30« Kotler, Aharon, 203; activism in AgudatYisrael of, 89; activity in Va’ad-HaYeshivot of, 138; attitude toward aliyah ofyeshiva students of, 89; establishment ofKletsk Yeshiva by, 54-55,337; lessons of, 157-58, 231; regarding the economic situation of Kletsk Yeshiva, 115. See also Kotler, Aharon, in WWII Kotler, Aharon, in WWII: aliyah certificates to, 280,305,310; American visa to, 305; appointment to head of Beth Medrash Govoha of, 337; departure for United States, 305-6,308,337; efforts to get visas of, 305,307; in Salok, 294,300, 305; in Vilna, 270, 275,179 Kovel, 85,99,1Օ2Ո9 Kovel Ohr-Torah Novardok Yeshiva, 85 Kovna, 38,306; consulates in, 304; Eretz Yisrael Refugee Committee in, 280; honorary Dutch consul in, 299,305; Japanese consul in, 300; Nevyazher Kloyzin, 144; newspaper Di Idishe Shtime, 89; NKVD offices in, 301-2; Polish WWII refugees in, 279; rabbi, 44,120,340; train station, 302; Yavneh teacher's seminary in, 52; in WWII, 281-82,291,298-300,304. See also Nevyazher Kloyz Yeshiva 37ó INDEX Kovna Province, 333-34, 336-39, 344 before WWI-expulsion ofJews of, 275; towns in, 49,101; WWI-expulsion of Jews of, 11,25Ո21,35,50,65,153; WWI-expulsion order regarding the Jews of, 44 Kozlovsky Moshe-Menahem, 204 Krakinove, 293 Krementchug, 44,62Ո22; WWI migrating yeshivas in, 39,44-45,198,209Ո52, 217,236 Kresy, 25Ո33; at outbreak of WWII, 266-68,270; community councils in, 31-32,114,136; emissaries of local yeshivas’ appearance in, 134; Jewish communities in, 123; Jewry, 127,132; leaders of Orthodoxy in, 122-24, 136-137; Novardok yeshivas, 130; poverty of the Jews in, 124; rabbis, 124,126; Soviet occupation of, 232,278; spiritual changes in, 123; under control of the Soviets in WWII, 18; yeshiva heads, 120,124-26; yeshivas, 17,128,212,253; yeshivas’ deployment in, 70,112,122,131 Kresy provinces: Bialystok, 124,127; Lithuanian, 124,126-27; Novardok, 124, 127; Polesia, 56,85-86,88,124,127,214; Vilna, 124,127; Vohlin, 88,99,102Ո9,127, 214,328 Krinik, 1,3,342 Krinik Yeshiva, 342 Kristallnacht, 241 Krok, 293 Kul, 336 Kupishok, 294 Lakewood, Newjersey, 337 Langbordt, Shimon, 280 Lan River, 63Ո40 Latvia, 244,245,290, 294, 332Ո12; Novardok yeshivas in, 69-70,98-99, 1Օ2Ո14, io6n8i, 205; Soviet citizenship in WWII to inhabitants of, 311,317Ո47; yeshivas in, 17,26Ո36 Leibowitz, Baruch-Ber, 57,199,203,216, 274; attitude toward Musar study of, 160; disciple of Rabbi Hayim Soloveitchik, 154-55, 47,160; funds’ collection in the United States by, 47,115-16,258Ո30; head of Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva in Kamenitz, 46; head of Knesset BeitYitzhak Yeshiva in Vilna, 45-46; lessons of, 19,156-57; nomination as Halachic authority in Vilna of, 45; nomination as the head of Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva of, 44,337; rabbi of Hlusk, 44,337; rabbi of Krementchug, 44; return from WWIexile to Vilna of, 45. See also Leibowitz, Baruch-Ber, in WWII Leibowitz, Baruch-Ber, in WWII: aliya certificates for, 280,310; funeral of, 274; in Kamenitz, 267-68,271; migration to Vilna of, 271; in Vilna, 279 Leibowitz, David, 26Ո37 Leibowitz, Moshe Yaakov, 308 Leibowitz, Naftali-Ze’ev, 44,121,204,226, 308; appointment as Musar supervisor of Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva of, 44, 198; return with the yeshiva from WWIexile of, 45 Lev, Yehoshua, 214 Levenstein, Yehezkel: aliyah certificate for, 310-11; Musar supervisor in Kletsk, 203, 337; Musar supervisor in Mir, 163,202, 216,337; source of Musar education of, 197; in WWII, 293-94,310-11,337 Levin, Yehoshua-Heschel, 180 Levinson, Hirsch, 192,198 Levinson, Yehoshua, 194,271,309 Levitan, Hirsch, 195 Levovitz, Yeruham, 184; death of, 216-17, 337; fashionable clothes’ provision to students by, 247; Musar supervisor in Mir, 41,61Ո1Օ, 197,203,226,337-38; Musar supervisor in Ponevezh, біпіо, 202,337-38; Musar supervisor in Radin, 197,337; Musar supervisor in Slabodka, 39-40,42,337-38; Musar talks of, 19, 206; source of Musar education of, 197; students of, 163,197; in WWI-exile in Poltava, 41,70-71 Levovitz, Yisrael, 204,309 Libshitz, Yehezkel (of Kalish), 120 Lida, 24П18,128,272,339 INDEX Lida Yeshiva: criticized by Orthodox circles, $1; establishment, 24Ո18,339; secular studies in, 51; WWI-exile, 25Ո23 Lifshitz, David, 254 Lipkin, Yisrael, 24Ո13; character improvement method of, 163-65, 176Ո42; disciples of, 7,67,79,159,167, 334; earlyrecognition of the changes in Jewish society by, 6; establishment of Musar yeshivas in Vilna and Kovna by, 144-45,338; Igerret HaMusar (Gaon Yisrael) of, 176Ո42; originator of the Musar movement, 144,150,163,171,338; setting up "Musar houses” by, 144 Listovsky, Avraham-Zvi, 49,63Ո47,204,309 Lithuania, Grand Duchy of, 1-3 Lithuania, independent, 310; autonomous Jewish community councils in, 29-31; Christian-Democratic bloc in the Seimas of, 30; commissar for refugee affairs of, 274; community councils for religious matters in, 30; constitution of, 29; cultural autonomy for Jews in, 14, 30,52,320; discriminatory policy in, 112; drafting to the army of, 90-91,94, 101,105Ո55,187; economic conditions in, 22,31,59,114; economic condition of the yeshivas in, 120; economic crisis in, 40; equal rights to citizens in, 29,239; exiled yeshivas’ post-WWI arrival at, 13, 39,57,235; exiles’ post-WWI arrival at, 37,40,50,52; expulsion of illegal WWI immigrants by, 236; government of, 91,93,291,311; honorary Dutch consul in Kovna, 299; Jewish educational institutions in, 40,64,89,111,210-11, 327; Jewish elementary schools in, 148, 222; Jewish gymnasia in, 33Ո4,148,222; Jewish religious gymnasia in, 30-31, 51-52,148; Jewish traditional public in, 31-32; Jews of, 119; less well-to-do class ofJewish society in, 212; minister of interior of, 236; Ministry of Education of, 52; national autonomy for Jews in, 29-30; network of educational institutions in, 14,30; network of yeshivot-ketanot in, 21; post-WWI yeshivas in, 47; 377 practicality-oriented atmosphere in, 31,146,148,234,320; protests against Vilna’s annexation by Poland, 37; rabbis of, 113; requirement for general studies curriculum in yeshivas of, 91; relation between Poland and, 61Ո3; relation to the Jewish citizens of, 14; Seimas of, 30; signs post-WWI repatriation agreement with the Russians, 36-37,39,41,45; Supreme Council in Lithuania, 29-31; teachers’ seminary in, 52; towns of, 256,322-323, 331; yeshivas in, 14,17,20,113,122,239-40; yeshiva students’ military deferment in, 91; yeshiva students post-WWI arrival at, 234-35- See also Lithuania, independent, in WWII; Rabbis’ Association of Lithuania Lithuania, independent, in WWII: crossing the border to, 272,285; exit routes from, 282; material help for Polish refugees in, 282; migrant yeshivas in, 22,278-79, 280-281,283; Polish refugees in, 278, 282; Soviet garrison in, 287Ո12,290-91; Soviet occupation of, 283,291,300,311, 314; under German/Russian control, 269 Lithuania, Soviet: bombing of Nazi Germany over, 23,314; elections to “people’s seimas՞, 291; establishment of “people’s government” in, 291; massive deportation from, 313; nationalization of banks and industry in, 293; Nazi German invasion to, 19,330; Nazi German occupation of, 315,324; persecution of religious institutions in, 293; as republic in Soviet Union, 291; Russian domination of, 18,22; shutting organizations in, 292-93; Soviet citizenship offered to refugees in, 311; Soviet citizenship to inhabitants of, 292,306,311 Lithuanian Jewry, image of, 2,6 Lithuanian scholars, 80 Liubtchansky, Yisrael-Ya’akov, 204 Lochvitza, 340 Lodz, 80,87-88,99,252 Lomzhe: Novardok branches in the area of, 73; rabbis, 191,320,333; under WWIGerman rule, 95; in WWII, 266,268 378 INDEX Lomzhe Yeshiva, 135; athletic abilities of students of, 250-51; branch established in the Land of Israel by, 90,95-96,101, 337; devotion to study in, 248; economic situation, 116,135; establishment, 79, 95,340; funding, 116; graduates, 26Ո37; Hasidic students, 79-80; heads, 101,140, 199,205,339; hereditary appointments in, 182-83; hereditary claims in, 182-83; kitchen, 135; multiage structure, 228; Musar supervisor, 183,198-199,205,338; nomination of Talmud instructors in, 339; preparations before WWII, 266; preparatory program, 228; seats’ order in, 228,230; students, 335,337; students’ ages, 228,229; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; in WWI, 95,182. See also Lomzhe Yeshiva in WWII Lomzhe Yeshiva in WWII: building of, 266; heads of, 271-72; in Lomzhe, 266,271; management of, 308,317Ո42; migration to Vilna of, 271; in Plungyan, 276,277; in Vilna, 278 London, 112,253,284,297,300,335 Łopian, Eliyahu, 203 Luban, 337 Lubavitch: Hasidim, 82; Otvotsk TomcheiTemimim Yeshiva, 273,277,314-15; Rebbe, 99; scions of families of, 101; Tomchei-Temimim Yeshiva, 99-100 Lubavne, 215 Lublin, 2,269,274 Lublin, Union of, 2 Lublin Yeshiva, Hachmei-, 86,147,268; students’ departure from Soviet Lithuania, 314-315; in WWII in Vilna, 274, 277 Ludmir, 85,99-100 Ludmir Ohr-Torah Novardok Yeshiva, 85, 99-100,205 Ludvinove, 336 Luninets Yeshiva, 86,106Ո84,278 Lutsk, 85 Lutsk Novardok Yeshiva, 205,238; building confiscation in WWII, 268; in WWII in Vilna, 85,277 Luzzatto, Moshe-Hayim, 160 MacDonald, Malcolm, 284 Maggid, Shraga-Ze’ev (“Varzhan’er”), 104Ո43,205 Maimonides, 152 Maisky, Ivan, 285,300 Malin, Leib, 293 Maltch, 340 Maltch Yeshiva, 339,340 Manchuria, 235 Mastis Lake, 250 Matus, Shlomo, 117,197,204,252 mechinah: of Grodno Yeshiva, 63Ո35,223; Ohr-Yisrael in Slabodka, 40,91,223-224; secular studies in, 50,63Ո35,91; of Telz Yeshiva, 50,223,293 Meltzer, Isser-Zalman, 53-56,153,203,337; arrest by Slutsk Soviet authorities of, 55; crossing the border into Poland of, 55, 60,338; establishment of Slutsk Yeshiva by, 38,53,338; head of Etz-Hayim Yeshiva in Jerusalem, 338; head of Kletsk Yeshiva, 55,60,338; participation plan in American campaign for the yeshivas of, 120; rabbi of Slutsk, 53; renewal of Shklov Yeshiva by, 56,325; Talmud instructor in Slabodka Yeshiva, 38,196,338 Memel (Klaipėda), 186 Mesirut-Nefesh (self-sacrifice), 296 Mezritch, 69,75-76,169, 333 Mezritch Beit-YosefYeshiva: branching out, 71; establishment, 69,333; heads, 97-98,150,205; Musar supervisor, 205; Musar Va’ad (session) in, 170-171; studies of Shabbat Tractate in, 149; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129-130. See also Mezritch Beit-Yosef Yeshiva in WWII Mezritch Beit-YosefYeshiva in WWII: management of, 272,309; migration to Vilna of part of, 272; move to Shirvint of, 294-295; in Nementchin, 277; underground studies in Mezritch of, 272 Miadnik, Gershon, 166 Michigan, 117 Miller-Feigin, Pesia, 96 Minsk, 37, 38, 39,44, 45,303 INDEX Міг, 62Ո17, 242,338,342; establishment of a yeshiva in, 40; Jewish population of, 275; post-WWI Polish rule in, 42; post-WWI yeshiva return to, 42,226; rabbi of, 43,182, 337; under WWI Russian rule, 42; WWI frontline nearby, 41; in WWII, 267 Mir Yeshiva, 256; administration discord, 180-181; American supporters, 301; building, 42-43; economic condition, 43; economic deficit, 43; establishment, 4-5) 40-41; expansion in Mir, 43,58; graduates, 47,84,149,266; haluka for students, 251-252; Hasidic students, 81; heads, 41-43,64,151,202,230; hereditary appointments in, 182; image, 227; kollel program, 43; ladies’ auxiliaries in the United States for, 117,180-181; Musarhaburot in, 163; Musar supervisor, 206, 202,258Ո29,337; in nineteenth century, 5-6,41,325; office in the United States, n?) 303; post-WWI reintegration in Mir, 42-43,225-226; post-WWI stay in Vilna, 42,45,218,225; protests of students in, 253; return from WWI-exile, 37,41,337; seats’ order in, 230; senior students, 230-31; shutting the doors in face ofyeshivaketana graduates by, 215,226; sought-after destination for students, 210,216-17; student population, 216-18,219,221; students, 153,206,247-49,340; students’ ages, 225-26,230-31; students’ familiarity with general knowledge in, 247; students’ image, 246-47,253; students’ outward appearance, 247; Talmud proficiency competition in, 151; turned into Musar yeshiva, 41; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation offunds to, 129-30; Va’ad-HaYeshivot assignment of students’ quotas to, 226; visits in, 86,148,226,246,247,252; Westerners in, 242-44,246; WWI-exile in Poltava, 25Ո24,41,70-71,182,217; WWI-migrant students in, 235-36. See aho Brisk Kibbutz; Mir Yeshiva in WWII Mir Yeshiva in WWII: attempts to get aliya certificates for, 279-81,298-99; Curacao visas to the students of, 299; departure from Soviet Lithuania, 302-4,311,Зі4 379 33°) 337) dispersal to towns of, 293-94, 295; Japanese visas to the students of, 300; in Keidan, 275,277,279,293,299300; management of, 302,310; migration to Vilna of, 270; Musar supervisor of, 310-11; Shaft group’s decision to remain in Lithuania, 304; Soviet exit permits to students, 301-2; substitute passports for students, 282; timely actions of, 30ά Mitnagdim, 44,86,331 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 290 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 267,269 Mordcovsky, Yosef (“Meitcheter”), 86 Moscow, 235) 285, 3°°) 3θ3 3°6 Moscow University, 235 Movshovitz, Daniel, 165,202,255 Movshovitz, Yisrael, 205,266,272,308 Musar: debate, the, 8-9,24Ո15,145, 160; Musar-Kabbalistic system, 248; methods, 22,66,165,196. See also Musarmashgihim; Musar movement; Musar yeshivas; Musar works; yeshiva: Musarhaburah in; yeshiva: Musar sessions in; yeshiva: Musar studies in Musar-mashgihim: as leading figures in yeshivas, 16; before WWI, 9,15-16,179, 198,323; influence of, 15-16,146,195-96, 206,207,323-24; itinerant character of, 198-99,206,207; as leading figures in yeshivas, 16; Musar talks of, 8,16,161-63, 246,324; Musar works desirable to, 162; in Novardok yeshivas, 197; origin of, 162-63,196-97; role of, 162,196-98,206, 207,324; status of, 179,323-24 Musar movement, 24Ո15,159,323; articles of leaders of the, 76; formation of, 6,338; influence of, 41,145,174; leaders of, 67, 79) 16Յ) 17I) 191 Musar works, 163-64; Hovot HaLevavot, 160,162; Mesilat Yesharim, 160,162; Orhot Hayim, 166; Sha'arei Teshuva, 162 Musar yeshivas: pioneers of, 7-8,144-45, 159-61; students’ outer clothing in, 78; turning yeshivas into, 41,196,198 Narev River, 250 Nementchin, 277,294 380 INDEX Nenedik, Yosef-Leib, 88,197,294,202-4, 308,338 Ner-YisraelYeshiva, 261137 Nevyazher Kloyz Yeshiva, 144-45, 334-35,338 New York, 26Ո37,93 Niesvizh, 55 NKVD, 304,313,317Ո28 NKVD emigration offices, 301-2,305-6, 307,311,315 Norway, 288Ո42 Novardok, 67,69,102Ո9,160 Novardok Beit-Yosef yeshivas: attitude toward rabbinical positions of, 150; attitude toward study of halachic rulings of, 150; branching of, 75; central type, 66, 69-74; contact in WWI-exile among, 75; economic situation of, 99; heads of, 65,70,71,96; in Galicia, 70,99; heads of, 65,70,71,96; Musar activities’ calendar of, 169-70,173; Musar-hirzhe in, 67,168; Musar “exercises” (“actions”) in, 67,168, 171,173-74; Musar-haburotin, 67,72, 169-71; Musar-mashgihim in, 197; Musar method in, 165,168-72,199; Musar sessions in, 162,168; Musar tone in, 161; Musar Vaadim in, 169-71; network of, 21,66,69,75,342; popularity among Hasidim of, 81; relocation to Poland of, 66,68-69; “season of seclusion” in, 169-70; “seekers” and “workers” in, 168; spread in Eastern Europe, 70-75,85,88, 98-99; spread in WWI exile, 66,68,71, 237; students of, 250; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 130; WWImigrant students in, 234,237-238,255; WWI-stealing the border of, 238 Novardok journals, 67,76-77; El HaMevakesh, 77; Hayei HaMusar, 77; Ohr HaMusar, 71,76-77,96 Novardok movement, 150,296; directors, 96-97; establishment of yeshivas by, 32,98-99; general meetings, 67,74,76, 169; spread in the Land of Israel, 77,90, 96-98,101. See also Novardok journals; Novardok teachings Novardok teachings, 237-38; branching out, 73,96,101; theoreticians of, 168; virtue of “clarifying and repairing character traits”, 168; virtue of “refining character traits”, 169; virtue of “relinquishing ownership”, 169,176Ո52; virtue of “trust without making efforts”, 73,169,176Ո52 Novardok Yeshiva: branching in WWI-exile, 98; establishment, 67,336; establishment ofyeshivot-ketanot in South Russia by, 67; in Homel, 68,336,342; Musar-birzhe, 67; Musar exercises, 67; Musar studies, 67; Musar tone, 160; number of students in, 217; reestablishment in Novardok of, 69; students, 333,336,341-42; Talmud instructors, 342; WWI-exile of, 25Ո23, 25Ո28,36,68,98,336 Odessa, 302 Ogulnik, Aharon, 205 Ohr-Yisrael in Slabodka. See under mechinah Ohr-Zore’ah (Jaffa Novardok) Yeshiva, 96-97,341 Olshwang, Zvi-Yehuda, 203 Orthodoxjewry, 329; European, 79,239-40; in Germany, 241; in Lithuania, 113; overseas, 16; in Poland, 70; in United States, 112,243; world, 19,191 Orthodoxy: American, 240,286; critics of Lida Yeshiva, 51; East European, 7, 113; German, 239; 173; leaders of, 8,123; Lithuanian, 79,92,173. See also Kresy: leaders of Orthodoxy in Oshmiana, 272 Osovsky, Zalman, 191 Ostroh, 84 Ostroh Maharsha Yeshiva, 84-85,204,277 Ostrov-Mazovietsk Novardok Yeshiva, 205,277 Ostrovtsa, 77 Ostrovtsa Novardok Yeshiva, 77,205,287Ո19 Otvotsk, 273 Paleckis, Justas, 291 Pale of Settlement: communities in, 181; definition of, 3; donations for yeshivas in, 111,136; Hasidic batei-midrash in, 77-78; Jewish refugees in south of, 11; INDEX Jews of, 49,178,235; modernization trends in, 6; yeshiva emissaries in, 4; yeshiva locations in, 9,56; yeshivas in, 53,80-82 Palestine. See Israel, Land of Panitch, Shmuel, 205,272,309 Paris, 141П14,338 Perelman, Yeruham-Leib, 340 Perlov, Moshe, 87-88 Perlov, Yisrael (“Yanuka”), 87 Persitz (Zlatopolsky), Shoshana, 235 Persitz, Yosef, 235 Petah-Tikva, 95-96 Petrograd (St. Petersburg), 62Ո17 Philadelphia, 96 Piešk, 342 Pilsudski, Józef, 61П4 Pinsk, 69,150,342 Pinsk Beit-YosefYeshiva: heads, 97-98,150, 205; Musar supervisor, 2051 settlement, 69-70,342; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129-30. See also Pinsk Beit-Yosef Yeshiva in WWII Pinsk Beit-Yosef Yeshiva in WWII: attempts to get aliya certificates for, 280; confiscation of the building of, 268; management of, 309; in Vilkomir, 277, 296; in Vilna, 275,278 Pinsk first Beit-YosefYeshiva, 85 Plotnick, Pesah, 83,203 Plungyan, 276-77,336 Po’alei-Tsiyon, Labor Zionist, 283 Podorovsky, Hayim, 135 Pogramansky, Mordechai, 248-49 pogroms, 13 Pohost-Zahorodny, 88 Poland, Congress: fundraising for yeshivas in, 111; Hasidic batei-midrash in, 77-78; Lomzhe Province of, 340; Suvalk Province of, 336; yeshiva emissaries in, 4; yeshiva locations in, 9,79; yeshivas, 325; yeshiva students from, 17,255; yeshivas under WWI German rule, 47; WWI expel ofJews from, 25Ո21 Poland, Kingdom of, 2 Poland, Republic of: barrierbetween Lithuania and, 91,93,211,236; border 381 between Russia and, 6ini6,63Ո40; cultural autonomy for Jews in, 14,30,320; discriminatory policy in, 112; drafting to the army of, 90,95,101; economic condition ofyeshivas in, 120; economic conditions in, 22,31,46,56,114; economic crisis in, 43,112; equal rights to citizens in, 29,239; Jewish educational institutions, 64,89,111,210-11, 327; Jewish elementary schools in, 148,222; Jewish gymnasia in, 33Ո4,148,222; Jewish Orthodox residents of, 70; Jewish religious gymnasia in, 30; Jewish traditional public in, 31-32; Jews of, 119; less well-to-do class ofJewish society in, 212; “miracle on the Vistula” of, 37,61Ո4; Ministry ofReligion and Public Education in, 30; national autonomy for Jews in, 29-30; network of educational institutions in, 14,30; network ofNovardok yeshivas in, 32; network of yeshivot-ketanot in, 21; police of, 55; postWWI yeshiva heads’ arrival at, 53,55,65, 68,71; post-WWI yeshivas’ arrival at, 13-14, 42,53,57,61Ո5,82; post-WWI yeshivas in, 47,65,69,83; post-WWI yeshiva students’ arrival at, 55,234-35; practicality-oriented atmosphere in, 31,79,146,148,234,320; public figures in, 97; rabbis in, 97; residence permits for migrant students from, 236; towns of, 256,322-23,331; yeshiva heads in, 120; yeshivas in, 14,17,60,112,139,239-40; yeshiva students in, 18,46. See also Poland in WWII Poland in WWII: dissolution of, 282; occupation of eastern, 267-68,285; occupation ofwestern, 18,22,268; “refugee rehabilitation committees”, 312; refugees in eastern, 269,312; under Soviet rule, 306; yeshivas’ flight from occupied, 18 Polier, Moshe, 101 Polish government-in-exile, 282,299,302, 304, ՅԱ Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 2-4 Polish provinces pre-WWI: Lomzhe, 9; Suvalk, 9,25Ո21 Polish refugees: deportation to Siberia of, 19; in Vilna, 18 382 INDEX political parties: Agudat-Yisrael, 31, 79,89, 283,298; Ahdus in Lithuania, 31; Ahdus in Polish Kresy, 31; HaMizrahi, 31,93, 118,283,339; Orthodox, 31-32; Orthodox merchants in Polish Kresy, 31-32; Orthodox workers in Polish Kresy, 31-32 Poltava: Hasidim of, 82; Mir Yeshiva in, 41,182 Ponevezh, 65,153,3°7 ՅՅ6,339 Ponevezh Yeshiva: as a choice for graduates ofyeshivot-ketanot, 212; establishment, 65, 153,336,339; heads, 202,209Ո40,311; involvement in politics of heads of, 89; Musar supervisor, 202,209Ո40,337-338; new building prior to WWI, 24Ո19; postWWI establishment of, 65; practical halachic studies in, 149; students, 342; transfer of Telz Yeshiva students to, 186; WWI-expulsion, 25Ո21,153,339; in WWII, 307 Portnoy, Eliezer, 281,299 Potashinsky, Nisan, 308 Poupko, Leib, 253 Proskurov, 341 Pruskin, Leib, 183,308 Pruskin, Pesah,204,278; collecting funds in the United States, 57,116; crossing the border into Poland, 56, бо; establishment ofAmtchislav Yeshiva by, 56,338; establishment of Kobrin Yeshiva by, 56, 60,237,338; lessons, 157; member of the nucleus of the Slutsk Yeshiva, 56; Musar supervisor in Slutsk Yeshiva, 56,338; rabbi ofAmtchislav, 56; rabbi of Kobrin, 56,338; renewal of Shklov Yeshiva by, 56,338 Rabbeinu Yisrael-Meir HaCohen Yeshiva, 26Ո37 Rabbinical: Council ofAmerica, 298; mission to the United States for yeshivas, 120; ordination, 17,146-148, 150, 240,255, 322; position, 148,150,233, 255; seminary in Berlin, 239 Rabbis’ Association of Lithuania, 113,275 Rabinowitz, Azriel, 182,296 Rabinowitz, Hayim, 50,182,196 Rabinowitz, Hirsch, 44 Rabinowitz, Shalom, 309 Rabinowitz, Yisrael, 272 Rabinowitz, Yitzhak-Ya’akov: founder and head of Ponevezh Yeshiva, 152-153, 339; lectures of, 152; rabbi of Gorzd, 153, 339; rabbi of Ponevezh, 153,339; Talmud instructor in Slabodka Yeshiva, 152-153, 196, 339; Talmud study method of, 152-153 radical movements, 78-79; birzhe of socialists, 168; Bund, 8,320; revolutionary, 145; socialist, 8,79,145, 217,319; Zionist, 79,145,217,310 Radin, 61Ո5,156,268,271 Radin Yeshiva, 214; acceptance requests to, 214-15; administration discord, 187, 192-194; approach to Talmud studies, 147; change to a supracommunity yeshiva, 24П12,192; economic deficits, 220; economic situation, 220-21; emissaries, 115-16; establishment, 192, 335; graduates, 26Ո37,166,233; haluka for students, 252; heads, 192-94,203,220-21, 231-32, 341; lessons, 156-57; Musarhaburot, 163; Musar supervisor, 163,184, 198,203,221,337-38; popularity among Hasidim, 81; practical halachic studies in, 149; pre-WWI new building, 24Ո19; protests of students in, 253-54; renown, 192,220; return from WWI-exile, 6ins, 218; senior students, 232,232; student population in, 218-19,219-21; students, 335л 337-8; students’ ages, 224-25,225, 231-32,232; students in Brisk Kibbutz, 154; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129-130; visit of Rabbi Meir Shapiro in, 86; WWI-migrant students in, 236; WWI migration to Smilovitch, 339,341; WWI second exile, 25Ո24. See also Radin Yeshiva in WWII Radin Yeshiva in WWII: Eishishok branch of, 232,277; management of, 309; migration to Eishishok of, 272; move to Utyan of the Vilna branch of, 277; in Radin, 268; requisition of the building of, 268; split of, 232; Vilna branch of, 232, 276,278; visas for students of, 305 Radom, 99 INDEX Rakishok, ιοί, 339 Rakov, 128 Ramat-Gan, 342 Rappaport, David, 2871116 Rasein, 277,278,295,304-5,313,333-34 rebbes. See Hasidic rebbes (admorim) Rehovot, 98 Reines, Yitzhak-Yaakov, 7,24Ո15,51, US, 339 Reisen, 235 Reiss, Moshe, 85,205 Reitblatt, Mordechai-Dov, 328 Remayle Yeshiva, 325; assistance ofVilna community to, 62Ո23,114; dormitory, 237; economic situation, 114-15; emissaries, 114-15; heads, 204,338; Musar supervisor, 204; nonhereditary positions in, 183; student population, 219; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; WWI-migrant students in, 237. See also Remayle Yeshiva in WWII Remayle Yeshiva in WWII: building of, 274; management of, 309; number of students in, 277,288Ո31 Remigole, 293 Revolution: 1905 year, 8,145,198; March 1917,13; November 1917,13,111,239,322; reactionary policy against, 9 Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, 18 Riga, 280,306,310 Rigger, Simha-Zelig, 184 Riz, Baruch-Mordechai, 83,203 Rosen, Yosef (“Rogatchover”), 191 Rosenberg, Yisrael, 118 Rosenstein, Moshe, 183,197,198-99, 20s, ļoS Rostov-on-Don, 68 Rostov-on-Don Yeshiva, 68,69,342 Rovne, 83,127 Rovne Ohr-Torah Yeshiva, 83 Rozental, Yosef, 309 Rozhinoy, 340 Ruch, Yehoshua-Zelig, 101; exile in WWI, 95; manager of the Lomzhe Yeshiva, 95, 101,308,317Ո42,339; Talmud instructor in Lomzhe Yeshiva, 101,339; WWIImigration to Vilna of, 272 383 Ruderman, Ya’akov-Yitzhak, 26Ո37 Russia: civil war in, 13; post-WWI wandering of yeshiva students in/from, 42,46; post-WWI yeshivas in, 17,53,60; return of WWI-exiled yeshiva heads from, 53,55,65; return ofWWI-exiled yeshivas from, 57,119,271; return of WWI- exiles from, 46,52; WWI migrant yeshiva students from, 211,234-35,237, 255,322; WWI wandering of yeshivas in, 11-12,36 Russian army, Bolshevik: post-WWI, 42; post-WWI fights with the Polish army, 37,61Ո4 Russian army, Tsardom, 2; discriminatory police, 29; escape conscription to, 10; shortening service in, 6; WWI counterattack of, 11; WWI defeats of, 41; WWI retreat of, 11,35,95; WWI successes of, 11 Russian authorities, Bolshevik: post-WWI spiritual oppression ofJews by, 13,53, 68,82,234,271; WWII-takeover of Lithuania by, 263 Russian Empire provinces: Courland, 11, 334, ՅՅՃ-37; Grodno, 1,9,11,47, 335, 337-342; Kiev, 69,333; Kovna, 9, n, 24Ո13 (see also Kovna Province); Minsk, 4, 9, Зв, 40-41, 44,53, 67, ՅՅ7-40, 342; Mohilev, 9,56,68,338,341; Podolia, 341; Poltava, 39,340; southern New, 11-12, 67; Ukrainian, 11-12,14; Vilna, 4,7,9, n, SL 65, 3ՅՅ-36,339, 341; Vohlin, 9,69, 80-81,235,340; Voronezh, 235; western, 47; White Russian, 11,14 Russian Empire (Tsarist Russia), 12,47: distribution of charity boxes in (see charity boxes); fundraising for yeshivas in, 111; Novardok yeshivas in WWI in, 66,68,70-71,75,98; reactionary policy, 9,217,320; rebellion in, 8-9; reforms, 6; support for yeshivas from the Jewry of, 48,82,112,136; WWI-exiles and refugees in, 35; yeshiva emissaries in, 111; yeshivas in, 17,20,238,325; yeshivas in WWI in, 44,47,53. See also charity boxes; yeshiva students: from Russia յ84 INDEX Salant, 24Ո13 Salok, 294,300,305-306 Sandomirsky, Asher: arrested by Slutsk Soviet authorities, 55; head of Tel-Aviv Stolin Yeshiva, 88; Musar supervisor in Slutsk Yeshiva, 54,88,203 Sarna, Yehezkel, 91,93-94,188-189,339 Scandinavian countries, 283 Schmidt, Shmuel, 283 Schnaider, Moshe, 26Ո37 Schneersohn, Yosef-Yitzhak, 99 Schuw, Yosef, 49,127 Schwartz, Moshe, 182-183 Scotland, 244 Segal, Ze’ev, 309 Semiatitch, 95 Semiatitzky, Hayim (“Tiktiner”), 249-250 Semilishok, 294 Shach, Elazar, 294,308 Shadeve, 24П18, 65, 333 Shadeve Yeshiva, 24Ո18,24Ո20,65,333 Shamush, Michael, 57 Shapiro, Avraham-Duber, 120-121,182, 248,283,340 Shapiro, Meir, 86 Shapiro, Raphael, 180,187,341 Shapiro, Shraga-Faivel, 26Ո37 Shapiro, Yaakov, 203 Shatt, 294 Shatzkes, Moshe, 203,308,320 Shavl, 273,333 Shedlets, 99 Sher, Yitzhak-Isaac, 188-189,335; appointments by, 186; head of KnessetYisrael Slabodka Yeshiva, 190,202,340; reaching the Land of Israel of, 318Ո48,340 Shershev, 339 Shim’onovitz, Mordechai, 205 Shklov, 56 Shklov Yeshiva, 56,325,338 Shkop, Moshe-Mordechai, 223,308 Shkop, Shim’on, 203, 216,223, 274; attitude toward studying of Kodshim of, 155-156; fundraising journey to the United States of, 116; head of Grodno Yeshiva, 340; lessons of, 19, 156-157; participation plan in American campaign for the yeshivas of, 120; students of, 157 Shkud, 336 Shkudvil, 294 Shlamovitz, Yisrael, 202 Shmuelevitz, Hayim, 202,293,302,303 Shorin, Yoel, 82,83,99,203,340 Shorin, Yosef (“Zvhiller”), 83 Shtchigel, Ze’ev, 106Ո78 Shukian, 339 Shulevitz, Eliezer, 101,205,335,339; aliyah to the Land of Israel of, 90,95,340; founder of Lomzhe Yeshiva, 79,340; in WWI exile, 95,182 Shulman, Mordechai (“Tiktiner”), 186,318Ո48 Shulman, Yerahmiel, 205,309 Siberia, 235,272,311-313,330 Silver, Eliezer, 283 Sislevitch, 337 Slabodka, 189,314; Butchers’ Beit-Midrash in, 40; dayyan of, 192; dissension within the community of, 191-192; election campaign for the rabbinate of, 192; New Kloyz in, 191; Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva (see Knesset Beit-Yitzhak Yeshiva); Knesset-Yisrael Yeshiva (see Knesset-Yisrael Slabodka Yeshiva); rabbis, 44, 92, 187-192, 334-335, 342; residents, 192; return ofWWI-exiles to, 45, suburb from 1919,39,61Ո9,93-94, 236; town until 1919,38; WWI expulsion order for Jews, 38,44 Slabodka Yeshiva: 1897 split of, 38,44, 196; Alumni in America, Association of, 117; attempt ofbranch establishment in Kletskby, 54; branch establishment in Slutsk by, 53,56,325,338; establishment, 24П12,38,145,173,195,334; graduates, 101; Knesset-Yisrael (see KnessetYisrael Slabodka Yeshiva); Musar tone, 159-160; reestablishment by German Occupation, 39,239,337-338; students, 333-334,336-338,340-341; Talmud instructors, 38,152,196,338-339; WWIGerman field-rabbis help to, 239 Slavin, Shlomo Halevy (“Krementchuger”), 88,100 INDEX Slonim, 114; Hasidic court, 86; Hasidim in Lithuanian yeshivas, 100; Jewish community, 48; Jewish large educational institution in, 47-48; rabbis, 133; Rebbe, 86; Talmud-Torah, 47-48; under Polish rule, 48 Sloním Yeshiva, 325; economic situation, 49,114; economic situation during WWI German occupation, 48-49; emissaries, 48,115; foreign students in, 23$; fundraising campaigns, 48; Hasidic students, 80; heads, 204,342, 237; introduction of Musar-study sessions in, 49; kibbutz class of, 48, 227; multiage structure, 227-228; Musar supervisors, 49,204; in the nineteenth century, 48; nonhereditary positions in, 183; reputation, 214; separation from the educational institution in Slonim, 48; student population, 217; support of Russian Jewry to, 48; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; Va’adHaYeshivot referrals to, 214; WWImigrant students in, 237; in WWII period, 277,309 Slutsk, 38,53,34-55,56,60,337 Slutsk Yeshiva, 88; crossing the border into Poland of the head of, 55-56,60; establishment, 38,53,56,325, Յ38; graduates, 153; heads, 337-338; student population, 217; students, 334, 337-338, 341-342; transfer to the Polish side of students of, 54-55,236; under Soviet rule, 55; in WWI, 53-54 Smetona, Antanas, 291 Smilovitch, 341 Smolevitch, 340 socialist movements. See radical movements Sohovola, 338 Sokolovsky, Moshe, 129,200-201,204, 252,325; lectures of, 200; nomination of Musar supervisor by, 199; post-WWI reestablishment of Brisk Yeshiva by, 184,340; Talmud instructor in Brisk Yeshiva, 340 385 Soloveitchik, Hayim, 101,341; attitude toward Musar study of, 160,199; establishment ofBrisk Yeshiva, 184,199; lectures of, 152; novellae of, 154; rabbi of Brisk, 152-53,341; students of, 154; Talmud instructor in Volozhin Yeshiva, 152-53,157,180,341; Talmud study method of, 101,152-156,173 Soloveitchik, Max, 29 Soloveitchik, Yitzhak-Ze’ev, 205,325; head of Brisk Kibbutz, 87,153-54,274; migration to WWII-Vilna of, 274; rabbi of Brisk, 153-54,184,201,341; reaching the Land of Israel of, 341 Soloveitchik, Yosef-Ber, 180,339,341 Solovey, Elhanan, 88 South Africa, 113,244,245 Soviet authorities, 302; blocking ofpostWWI flow of students to the Lithuanian yeshivas by, 211; imposing Soviet citizenship on local residents by, 311-12; offering of Soviet citizenship to WWIIrefugees by, 312; opening of official emigration offices in WWII by, 301,304; permission for Polish WWII-refiigees to leave, 304,314; post-WWI disbanding of yeshivas by, 53,311 Soviet Union, 116,312, 322; 1920s rabbis’ persecution in, 311; control of the Kresy region in WWII, 18; foreign currency in, 302, 306; Supreme Soviet, 292; traditional policies, 300,307; ultimatum presentation to independent Lithuania by, 291. See also Lithuania, independent, in WWII: Soviet occupation of; treaty: RussianLithuanian WWII mutual assistance; visas/permits St. Louis, 117 Stockholm, 305 StOibtZ, 61Ո16 Stolar, Ya’akov, 204 Stolin, 86-87,87-88 Stolin Beit-Yisrael Yeshiva, 86-88,100, 106Ո84,278; building of, 88; branching out of, 88-89 Strigler, Mordechai, 238,250 386 INDEX study kibbutz, 5-6,78,103Ո26,145,319,343; Eishishok Kibbutz, 335,339-40,342; in Brisk, 153,334, 341; in Radin, 192,335; in Slabodka, 196; in Vilna, 335 Stutchin, 24П18,336 Stutchin Yeshiva, 24ПШ8-20,336 Subbotniks, 235 Sugihara, Chiune, 300 Suvalk, 65, 254,333 Suvalk Yeshiva, 65 Sventchian, 7,145,339 Sventchian Yeshiva, 7,24Ո15,145,339 Svir, 335 Sweden, 2,244 Switzerland, 318Ո48,244,245,335,340 Talmud: dafyomi of, 147; deriving halachic conclusions from study of, 174Ո6; learning selected sugyot in, 41; order ofKodshim, 154-56,173,17ՏՈ21,274; order of Nashim, 147,150-51,155,174ns; order of Nezikin, 147,150-51,155,174ns; Talmud proficiency competition (see under Mir Yeshiva); proficiency learning, 151; study approaches, 21-22; Torah liShma, theoretical study of, 5,9,2$пзз, 81,147-50,172; tractates ofpractical legal material, 147; tractates/sugyot of theoretical material, 14,147,172; “way of understanding” of, 146,152-156,173 Taisen, 86,336 Tavrig, 248,277,294 Tchechanovitz, 85 Tchechanovitz Novardok Yeshiva, 85 teachers’ seminary: Grodno religious, 136; of Yavneh in Kovna, 52; ofYavneh in Telz, 52,63Ո38 Tel-Aviv: Ge’oneiVolozhin Yeshiva in, 280; Novardok Yeshiva in, 96-98; publication of the Novardok movement’s journal in, 77; Stolin Yeshiva in, 88-89 Telz, 291,327,333,336; Beit-haHinuch institution in, 51; community yeshiva foundation in, 49; during WWI German occupation, 50; elementary school foundation by German occupation in, 51; girls gymnasium in, 51-52; HaNe'eman periodical publication (in the 1930s) in, 327; occupation by WWI German forces, 50; rabbi, 49-50,335; Torah schools’ foundation during German occupation in, 51; Yavneh teacher's seminary in, 52,63Ո38 Telz Yeshiva: athletic abilities of students of, 250; a choice for graduates ofyeshivotketanot, 212; devotion to study in, 248; division into classes in, 50,230; during WWI German occupation, 50,59; establishment, 49; foreign students in, 235; graduates, 331; graduates as students at the teachers’ seminary, 52; haluka for students, 253; heads, 49-50,159,182,202, 333; hereditary claims in, 182; inclusion of Musar studies in, 50,59,197; involvement in politics ofheads of, 89; mechinah (see mechinah: ofTelz Yeshiva); Musar-haburot in, 163; Musar sessions, 161-62; Musar supervisor, 198,202,336; Musar talks, 176Ո38; objection to appointments in, 18586; opposition to Musar studies in, 200; protests of students in, 253; reputation, 49; revolts ofstudents in, 50,210; seats’ order, 258Ո36; secular studies in the mechinah of, 51; students, 248,298,333-34,336,338-39» 341-42; students as teachers in girls’ school and gymnasium, 51-52; students’ familiarity with general knowledge in, 247; student population, 217; study haburah in, 158-59; study ofhalachic rulings in, 149; Talmud instructors, 340; Westerners in, 244-46,245. See also Telz Yeshiva in WWII Telz Yeshiva in WWII : attempts to rescue the, 307; confiscation of the building of, 293; confiscation of the building ofthe mechinah of, 293; dispersal to towns of, 295, 295; mission to the United States of instructors of, 307,311,311; in Trishik, 314 Tiktinsky, Avraham, 180 Tiktinsky, Hayim-Leib, 180-81 Tiktinsky, Shmuel, 180 Torat-Emet Yeshiva: in Frankfurt, 26Ո37; in London, 26Ո37 Trans-Siberian Railway, 303 Treaty: Russian-Lithuanian post-WWI peace, 37; Russian-Lithuanian WWII INDEX mutual assistance, 18,269,272,287Ո12, 290-291; Russian-Polish post-WWI peace, 37,42,54 Trishik, 314 Trok, 27s, 277,294,335 Trop, Avraham, 192-94,309 Trop, Naftali, 203,232; death of, 192-93,220; lessons of, 19,156-157,166,192-93; head of Radin Yeshiva, 192,341; studies of, 148-49 Trop family, 193 Turēts, 340 Turets, Yitzhak, 47,117 Turkey, 302,314 Tze'irei Agudat-Yisrael in America, 298 Tzelniker, Nisan (“Bobroisker”), 296,308 Ukraine: Novardokyeshivas in WWI in, 66, 68,70-71,75,98; post-WWI Bolshevik takeover of, 39,82; post-WWI pogroms in, 13; post-WWI wanderings of refugees from, 45; post-WWI wanderings of yeshiva students from, 42; post-WWI yeshivas in, 17,53,60,82; return ofWWIexiled yeshiva heads from, 53,65; return ofWWI-exiled yeshivas from, 37,70, 119,271; WWI exiles and refugees in, 35; WWI migrant yeshiva students from, 17, 82,85,211; yeshivas in WWI in, 25Ո29,41, 95,182,234-237,255 Ukraine, western, 312 Ukrainian Jewry, 82 Uman, 333 Union of Orthodoxjewish Congregations of America, 118 Union of Orthodox Rabbis, American, 118, 122,282,284 United States, 283,307,312; emergency entry permits to, 298,300,315; Great Depression, 116,121-122; Jewish philanthropic organizations, 285; Jewish public, 120,241,298; Lithuanian yeshivas* WWII attempts to migrate to, 280; Polish yeshiva leaders’ influence reaches the, 19; rabbis fundraising journeys to, 120; roshei-yeshiva fundraising journeys to, 40,43,57-59,91-92,96,115-16; roshei-yeshiva immigration in WWII Յ87 to, 306,315; waves of immigration to, 240; yeshiva emissaries in, 115; yeshivas, 26Ո37,240,329. See also yeshiva students: from United States universities, 15,17,247; graduates of, 241, 255,322 Utyan, 277 Va’ad-Hatzalah, 282-83,285,298-98 Va’ad-HaYeshivot, 20; acceptance quotas for each senior yeshiva, 212-13,226, 326; acting director, 49,127-28,153; establishment, 87,122-27,326-27, 336; funding ofyeshivot-ketanot, 49, 84,87-88,130-31,222; funding of Vohlin yeshivas, 84,131; fundraising regulations, 127,133-34,138; funds’ allocation to the yeshivas, 128-31,326; list of funded yeshivot-gedolot, 87,228; local yeshiva committees under, 124, 128,134-135; pressures on, 253; referrals to yeshiva-ketana graduates, 212-15, 321,326; Shekel Donation campaign, 123-38; stafi՝, 138; tasks, 136,256,326; treasurer, 117,127; WWII-organized aid to migrating yeshivas, 271,273,286 Vaikin, Hayim, 203,280,309 Varshavsky, Avraham, 203 Vasilishok Yeshiva, 335 Vernikovsky, Shabtai, 308 Vidz, 336 Vienna, 118 Vilkomir, 192,277,296,342 Vilna, 156,183; aid to religious educational institutions in the region of, 125; beitmidrash ofLukishok suburb in, 42, 45; ceded to Lithuania after WWI, 37; economic situation, 46; emigrants in the United States, 114; halachic authorities, 45, 183-84,333; home ofVa’ad-HaYeshivot, 124-28; Novogrod suburb of, 273; place of meetings ofrabbis and rosheiyeshiva, 121-22,124-26; post-WWI annexation to Poland, 37,45; post-WWI changings of Russian-Polish rule in, 37; post-WWI place of assembly/transit ofyeshiva students, 237; post-WWI 388 INDEX yeshiva gathering point, 37,39,45,218; public meetings in, 127; Remayle Kloyz in, 45; spiritual situation, 123; yeshiva in Zaretche suburb of (see Zaretche Yeshiva); in WWI, 44. See also Vilna in WWII Vilna in WWII, 283,300; borders between Soviet occupied areas and the region of, 272; group of Mir Yeshiva in, 293-94; halutzim migration to, 272-73; handing over to Lithuania of, 18,269-70,273,286; move ofyeshivas from, 274-76; NKVD offices in, 301; Polish refugees in, 18, 269,272-74; train station in, 271,305-7; Vohlin yeshiva migration to, 85; yeshiva migration to, 18,22,25Ո34,270-73, 283-84; yeshiva stay in, 273,276-77,286 Vilovsky, Ya’akov-David, 53 Virbaln, 63Ո38 visas/permits, 307,314-15; from Bolshevik Ukraine to the Land of Israel, 92 to Chile, 306; to the Dutch Curacao Islands, 299,304,305,314; emergency entry permits to United States, 298,300, 315; Japanese transit, 299-300,304-5, 314; Soviet exit, 292,300-2,304-6, 314; Soviet special exit, 307,311; Soviet transit, 284-85,300 Vitkind, Hillel, 97,341 Vladivostok, 302-3,306 Vohlin: attitude toward study of halachic rulings in, 81-82,149; establishment ofyeshivot-ketanotin, 329; Jewry, 127; Lithuanian yeshivas in, 17,21,32,81-85, 99; multiage structure of the yeshivas in, 227; Novardok yeshivas in, 85,99; rabbis, 127; rebbes, 127 Volkovisk, 71 Volozhin, 1,3-4,341 Volozhin Yeshiva, 146-47; branch establishment in the Land of Israel, 90; establishment, 4,41,136,180; graduates, 38,82-83, 192, 331; haluka for students, 251; heads, 152,180,187,203; hereditary appointments in, 180; lack of offices in the United States and England, 117; Musar supervisor, 203; in the nineteenth century, 5-6,152,185,251,325; objection to appointments in, 180,185-187,210; opposition to Musar studies in, 200; student population, 20,219,221; students, 333-340; 342; Talmud instructors, 341; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 129; way of study of Talmud in, 174Ո6; WWI-exile of, 25Ո24 in WWII period, 277,280,309 Vorne, 333 Vorne Yeshiva, 333 Waldschein, Yitzhak, 77,204-5 Warhaftig, Zerah, 89,280-81,299-300 Warsaw, 83,87-88,101,194,250,337; American embassy in, 265; bombing of during WWII, 274; establishment of a Novardok yeshiva in, 69; Novardok general meeting in, 75; Russian army arrival, 37; yeshivas in, 81 Warsaw Beit-Shmuel Yeshiva, 274,277 Warsaw Beit-Yosef Yeshiva: aliyah arrangement for Novardok students, 97; branching out, 71,73; establishment, 69, 341-342; head, 205,342; under WWII German rule, 287Ո19 Warsaw Torat-Hayim Yeshiva, 101,205, 287Ո19 Washington, 298 Wasserman, Elhanan: activism in ÁgúdatYisrael of, 89,311; head of Baranovitch Ohel-Torah Yeshiva, 204,214,229,341; in WWII in Baranovitch, 269; in WWII in Trok, 310 Weinberg, Avraham, 86 Weinberg, Shmuel, 86 Weinberg, Yehiel-Ya’akov, 158,239 Weinstein, Aharon, 97 Weinstein, Yitzhak, 49,203-4 Weintraub, Shmuel: aliyah certificates to, 310; heads his Berditchev Novardok Yeshiva in Poland, 69-70,205,341-342; leaving for the Land of Israel of, 309, 342; nomination as dayyan of Karlin community, 150; in WWII, 296 Weiss, Leib, 84 Wiernik, Peter, 119 Williamsburg, 26Ո37 INDEX World War I: American aid to East European Jewry in, 11г, 118; American aid to East European rabbis in, 118; armed conflicts after, 13; assistance for yeshivas in, 137; deployment ofyeshivas after, 17,20,111; deployment ofyeshivas prior to, 9,10,17,20; German-Russian battlefront, 11,41,44,67,95,118; impact on post-war Jewish life, 78-79,109; migration ofyeshivas in, 11-12,36,53, 234; origin of talmidim prior to, 17; passing down positions of rosh-yeshiva during, 182; post-WWI RussianLithuanian expatriation agreement, 36-37) 39) 4L 45; reestablishment of yeshiva world after, 22,64; RussianPolish fights after, 37; yeshivas at the outbreak of, 10,41,44,50; yeshivas' economic situation in, 10,12-14,31,35, 48; yeshivas’ image prior to, 14; yeshivas’ size change during, 217-18; yeshivas that survived WWI, 58,114-115 World War П; call to American students to leave the Kresy yeshivas before, 265; conscription ofyoung men to the Polish army before, 265; flight of Kresy yeshivas in, 18,324; outbreak of, 18, 22-23,232,263, 266,324,330,340 Ya’akobowitz, Elhanan, 204 Yablonsky, Nisan, 39-40, біпіо Yaneve, 275,277,294 Yekaterinoslav, 125 YEKOPO, 43,62Ш7,247,252 yeshiva, Kresy: closure of doors to new students, 200,233,254,321; economic situation, 122-23; emissaries, 125-26; Va’ad-HaYeshivot allocation of funds to, 130-31 yeshiva: as rabbinical seminary, 147-48; attribution of political identity to, 89, 112; best training program for religious professions, 211; bribes to release from draft students of, 254,324; buildings, 10, 36,39,47,122; change of organizational framework of, 15,221-22; dining halls, 16,251; division to classes, 50,159; 389 donors, 36; dormitories, 251; economic deficits, 16,113,115-17,139-40; economic status, 120-24,134) 137) 139; emissaries in the interwar period, 114-15,123,125-26; emissaries in the nineteenth century, 4,48,111,235; funding room and board for students, 15,251,256,324; graduates, 240; heads’ fundraising journeys, 9,16, 98,139,206 (see also under specific rosheiyeshivas); interwar period deployment, 66; joining for economic reasons, 15, 32; haluka for students, 251-54,256; kibbutz classes, 48,83-85,87-88, 99-100; kitchens, 139; lectures of heads of, 156-58; migration during WWI, 12; Musar-huhuruli in, 151,162-63,255; Musar sessions in, 86,159-62,173; Musar studies in, 146,161; Musar supervisor, 323 (see also Musar-mashgihim); of community model, 3-6,9,40,114-15, 136,325; offices in the United States, 117) 139; of multiage structure, 83-85, 87,227-29,230; of supracommunity model, 4-6,9,41,136-37,251,325; ownership, 100,137-38,179-94,201, 326; payment of clothing and shoes for students, 256,324; payment of medical bills for students, 254,324; pre-WWI deployment, 10; protests of students in, 257,321,323; publicity, 115,240; reading permitted literature in, 15,247; reputation, 4,9,58,113,178,238-39; reputation of heads of, 4,115,137,178; search for forbidden literature in, 8,15; staff, 178-79; student population in, 212-21, 233, 254-55,257Ո4,321,327-28; study haburah in, 158-59,162-63,171; support to students, 256; tasks of heads of, 178-80; tuition fees in, 15-16,32, 111,201,212; under WWI-German occupation rule, 48,50,57,59,218; vocational studies in, 121. See also WWI: migration ofyeshivas in; yeshivas in WWII yeshiva branches in the Land of Israel, 21-22,89-98; in Bnei-Brak, 97-98; in Hebron, 92-94,187-190,240,336,339; in 390 INDEX Jaffa, 96-97; in Petah-Tikva, 95-96,280, 337; in Tel-Aviv, 96-98 Yeshiva Committee. See Va’ad-HaYeshivot yeshiva curriculum: Elu Treifotin, 147, 174Ո7; Even-HaEzer in, 147,174Ո7; halachic rulings in, 14,25Ո33,82,147, 171-73; integration steps of Musar studies in, 7-8,144-46,159-161,179, 206; integration of secular studies in, 7,14, Sb 63Ո35,145; Orah-Hayim in, 83, 174Ո12; practical Halacha in, 149,173; pre-WWI integration of Musar studies in, 7-9,24Ո15,160,198,320; post-WWI integration of Musar studies in, 14,161, 173,198,324; Shulhan-Aruch in, 83; Torah liShma (see Talmud: Torah liShma, theoretical study of); update of, 144-45; Yoreh-De'ah in, 147-48,174Ո7 yeshiva-ketana, 320; division of the yeshiva institution into a, 15,222-23; EvenYisrael (Ohel-Moshe) in Slabodka, 40, õrnu, 91,223,293; graduates, 213, 215,254-55; graduates in Lithuania, 212-13; graduates in Poland, 212-14; in Brisk before WWI, 341; in Eishishok, 329; in Ivye, 214; in Kresy, 123,213; in Lithuania, 212,214; of Novardok type, 70-75, 99; Ohel-Moshe in Stolin, 87-88; Ohr-haHayim in Slabodka, 195,341; in Poland, 212; “Rabbi Itche’s Yeshiva”, 81; in Radin, 328; in Rovne, 214; TiferetYisrael in Kobrin, 56,135; Torat-Hesed in Baranovitch, 87; Torat-Hesed in Lodz, 80-81; in Vidz, 336; in Vohlin Province, 81-82,99 yeshivas in WWII: confiscation of buildings of, 311,314; departure of the heads of, 307,308-9,310-11,330; deployment, 276,277; dispersal to towns in Soviet Lithuania, 293-95,295,311, 314; efforts to get visas for the heads of, 307; liquidation of the world of, 23,330; material aid for the migrant, 282-83, 297; migration to Vilna, 18,270-73, 283,324; spreading out to towns in independent Lithuania, 274-76,276-77; stay in Vilna, 273 yeshiva students: age of, 221-34,246,255, 321,328; athletic abilities of, 250-51; from Central and Western Europe, 17, 238,245,322; closing of yeshiva doors to new, 16,227,328; deportation to labor camps by the Soviets, 313,330; division to Musar-haburot, 170-71; division to study haburot, 158-59; from England, 161; from free world, 211,244,245; from Germany, 17,122,161,239-46,244-245, 255; from Hungary, 161,244,245; image, 4 931137; 246—47; opposition to Musar teachings, 32.3—2.4; origin, 234-46,255, 322; outward appearance, 246-47; postWWI migrants, 17,211,234-38,255,322; from Russia, 17,235,255; senior, 230-34, 255, 323, 32-8; skills development of, 159, 163,171; socioeconomic background, 15,25Ո32,251,256,324; stealing over the border in post-WWI, 41-42,55,68,238; studying halachic rulings of, 147-50; Torah character development of, 163; from United States, 17,238,240-46, 244-245,255,322; yeshiva financial support for, 16,25Ո31. See also yeshiva students in WWII yeshiva students in WWII: Curacao visas to, 304; extermination of, 19; involuntary Soviet citizenship to local residents among, 306-7,311; Japanese visas to, 304; regular financial support to, 273; Soviet citizenship offering to migrating, 312-13; Soviet exit permits to, 301-2,304-6; stay in Vilna of, 274; stealing over the border, 18; substitute passports to, 304 Yishuv, 93; new, 95-96,98; old, 93 Yitzhak ofVolozhin, 180 Yoffen, Avraham, 74,205; aliyah certificates to, 310; arrest by the Bolsheviks of, 68; establishment of Beit YosefYeshiva in United States by, 342; establishment of Bialystok Yeshiva by, 69,342; head of Homel Novardok Yeshiva, 68-69,342; head of Novardok network, 68,96,342; in the Land of Israel, 97; leaving for the United States, 308,342; setting up the INDEX Lutsk Yeshiva initiative of, 85; WWII migration to Vilna of, 272 Yogel, Shabtai, 63Ո47; activism in AgudatYisrael of, 89; administrative steps regarding the Slonim Yeshiva by, 48-49; establishment of Slonim Yeshiva in Ramat-Gan, 342; head of Slonim Yeshiva, 48-49,59,204,227-28,23s, 342; head of the educational institution in Slonim, 48; involvement in Va adHaYeshivot activity of, 128,135; leaving for the Land of Israel, 309,342 Yosef of Krinik, Rabbi, 1,3 youth movements, 18 Zaks, Mendel, 193,203,309 Zaretche Yeshiva, 144,335,338 Zaritzky, David, 233 Zefatman, Moshe-Ber, 202 Zeldin, Ya’akov, 205 З9І Żeligowski, Lucjan, 37,39 Zelmans, Avraham, 69,205,342 Zhager, 338 Zheimel, 337 Zhetl, 335 Zhitomir Novardok Yeshiva, 69 Zhosle, 294 Zimmerman, Avraham-Yitzhak, 44 Zionism, 8,89 Zionist movements. See radical movements: Zionist Zuchovsky, Dov, 317Ո47 Zuckerman, Yitzhak-Ze’ev, 134 Żupnik, Moshe, 300 Zurich, 121 Zusmanovitch, Yosef (the “Jerusalemite”), 187-9Ն 342 Zvhil, 82 Zvhil Ohr-Torah Yeshiva, 84-85 Zwartendik, Jan, 299
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geographic	Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd
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id	DE-604.BV048263146
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-03T19:59:42Z
indexdate	2025-01-07T13:15:46Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780253058508 9780253058492
language	English
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physical	391 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten (schwarz-weiß)
psigel	BSB_NED_20220729
publishDate	2022
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publisher	Indiana University Press
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spelling	Klibansky, Ben-Tsiyon 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)1089692811 aut Ke-tsur ḥalamish The Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas Ben-Tsiyon Klibansky ; translated by Nahum Schnitzer Bloomington, Indiana Indiana University Press [2022] © 2022 391 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten (schwarz-weiß) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "The Golden Age of the Lithuanian Yeshivas tells the story of the final years of Orthodox Jewish schools in Lithuania, from the eve of World War I to the outbreak of World War II. The Lithuanian yeshiva established a rigorous standard for religious education in the early 1800s that persisted for over a century. Although dramatically reduced and forced into exile in Russia and Ukraine during WWI, the yeshivas survived the war, with yeshiva heads and older students forming the nucleus of the institutions. During the economic depression of the 1930s, students struggled for food and their leaders journeyed abroad in search of funding, but their determination and commitment to the yeshiva system continued. The Soviet occupation of Lithuania and the coming of WWII marked the beginning of the end of the Yeshivas, however, and the Holocaust ensured the final destruction of this venerable institution. The Golden Age of the Lithuanian Yeshivas is the first book-length work on the modern history of the Lithuanian yeshivas published in English. Through exhaustive historical research of every yeshiva, Ben-Tsiyon Klibansky brings to light for the first time the stories, lives, and inner workings of this long-lost world"-- Geschichte 1918-1941 gnd rswk-swf Jeschiwa (DE-588)4354970-6 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Yeshivas / Lithuania / History / 20th century Jews / Education / Lithuania / 20th century Lithuania / Religious life and customs Yeshivot / Lituanie / Histoire / 20e siècle Juifs / Éducation / Lituanie / 20e siècle Jews / Education Yeshivas Lithuania 1900-1999 History Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Jeschiwa (DE-588)4354970-6 s Geschichte 1918-1941 z DE-604 Schnitzer, Nahum (DE-588)126278011X trl Online version 9780253058522 Klibansky, Ben-Tsiyon Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 2022 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033643343&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033643343&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033643343&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register
spellingShingle	Klibansky, Ben-Tsiyon 1960- The Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas Jeschiwa (DE-588)4354970-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4354970-6 (DE-588)4074266-0
title	The Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas
title_alt	Ke-tsur ḥalamish
title_auth	The Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas
title_exact_search	The Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas
title_exact_search_txtP	The Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas
title_full	The Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas Ben-Tsiyon Klibansky ; translated by Nahum Schnitzer
title_fullStr	The Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas Ben-Tsiyon Klibansky ; translated by Nahum Schnitzer
title_full_unstemmed	The Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas Ben-Tsiyon Klibansky ; translated by Nahum Schnitzer
title_short	The Golden age of the Lithuanian yeshivas
title_sort	the golden age of the lithuanian yeshivas
topic	Jeschiwa (DE-588)4354970-6 gnd
topic_facet	Jeschiwa Litauen
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033643343&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033643343&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033643343&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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