The Macedonian front, 1915-1918: politics, society and culture in time of war
"The 'Macedonian question' has been much studied in recent years as has the political history of the period from the Balkan Wars in 1912-13 to the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. But for a variety of reasons, connected with the political division of Greece and the involvement of outside p...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | British School at Athens - Modern Greek and Byzantine studies
volume number 9 |
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| Zusammenfassung: | "The 'Macedonian question' has been much studied in recent years as has the political history of the period from the Balkan Wars in 1912-13 to the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. But for a variety of reasons, connected with the political division of Greece and the involvement of outside powers, the events at and behind the Macedonian front have been side-lined. The recent commemorations of the centenary of the end of the First World War in the UK illustrate how by comparison with the enormous and moving emphasis on the western front, Macedonia has been not wholly but largely ignored. This volume illuminates this comparatively neglected period of Greek history and examines the strategic and military aspects of the war in Macedonia and the political, social, economic and cultural context of the war"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 277 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780367353780 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "The 'Macedonian question' has been much studied in recent years as has the political history of the period from the Balkan Wars in 1912-13 to the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. But for a variety of reasons, connected with the political division of Greece and the involvement of outside powers, the events at and behind the Macedonian front have been side-lined. The recent commemorations of the centenary of the end of the First World War in the UK illustrate how by comparison with the enormous and moving emphasis on the western front, Macedonia has been not wholly but largely ignored. This volume illuminates this comparatively neglected period of Greek history and examines the strategic and military aspects of the war in Macedonia and the political, social, economic and cultural context of the war"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents ix xiii List offigures List of contributors 1 Editors’ Introduction BASIL C. GOUNARIS, MICHAEL LLEWELLYN-SMITH AND IOANNIS D. STEFANIDIS PARTI The context 15 17 1 The Salonika campaign: an overview IAN F.W. BECKETT 2 Unintended colonialism? The Armée Française d’Orient and Macedonia 28 JOHN HORNE 41 3 The financial mobilisation of Greece, 1914-18 KOSTAS KOSTIS 4 Resisting National Defence: Greek mutinies and desertions in 1916-18 49 GEORGE TH. MAVROGORDATOS 5 The second Great War, 1917-23 JAY WINTER 56
vi Contents PART II On and behind the front line 69 6 Cameras with the British Salonika Force, 1915-18 71 ALAN WAKEFIELD 7 Theodore Stephanides at the Macedonian Front, 1917-18 89 ANTHONY HIRST 8 ‘Baby killers’ in the Balkans: airship raids on Salonika and their impact 98 RODERICK BAILEY 9 Malaria and the Salonika Campaign 108 MARK HARRISON 10 ‘New Cotton and the dust of ages’: nursing in and around Salonika from 1915 to 1918 121 CHRISTINE E. HALLETT 11 Mediterranean Jews and the politics of contraband trade in World War I 134 PARIS PAPAMICHOS CHRONAKIS 12 Housing, infrastructure, social issues in Salonika during World War I: the presence and role of the Army of the Orient 143 EIRINI ANESTI 13 Greek Eastern Macedonia, 1916-18: the experience of the Bulgarian occupation 154 EVANTHIS HATZIVASSILIOU 14 Behind the front lines: Serbian soldiers on everyday life in Salonika 163 JASMINA TOMASEVIC PART III War of words and ideologies 171 15 The image of the enemy: Greek propaganda during the Salonika campaign, 1917-18 173 MARINA PETRAKI
Contents vii 16 ‘The history of the Balkan policy of the Allies is a series of intangible mistakes’: Ernst von Falkenhausen and his perceptions of the Balkan Front 184 NICOLE IMMIG 17 The Macedonian Front, the Great Idea and the ‘weaponization’ of antiquities 191 RICHARD CLOGG 18 Beyond the Anathema: the Church of Greece as policy agent during World War I 200 THEODOSIS TSIRONIS 19 The Great War and the coming together of Zionists in Greece, 1914-19 210 PHILIP CARABOTT PART IV The end and the aftermath 20 The breakthrough on the Salonika front and the German armistice, 1918 217 219 HEW STRACHAN 21 ‘The Real Gardeners of Salonika’: the Imperial War Graves Commission on the Macedonian Front 232 GLYN PRYSOR 22 War pensions in Greece: healing the social wounds of a decade of war 237 HELEN GARDIKAS KATSIADAKIS 23 The Greek soldier-writers of World War I and testimony as a subversive discourse 246 MARIA NIKOLOPOULOU 24 Painting visions of war and peace: Stanley Spencer, Henry Lamb and the Salonika campaign 258 PAUL GOUGH Index 273
Index Note: Italie page numbers refer to figures and page numbers followed by “n” refer to end notes. Aegean Islands 3, 6, 8, 50 Albania 1, 19, 21, 33-4, 168, 221-6 Alexander, King of the Hellenes 50, 178, 197nl, 211; frees self from his father’s dictates 52; tells Lamia troops mutiny is treachery 52 alliance 205; Greek, with the Entente 2; quadruple 228-9 America 63, 74,194,198, 220, 223, 236; American Red Cross 154, 156, 158-9; American relief administration 63; American School of Classical Studies 156,250-3 anti-semitism: increase from 1918 on 64 anti-Venizelists 4, 6, 155, 201, 203, 213; favour neutrality 2; see also royalists archaeology 29, 34, 83; behind the front 7; British School at Athens 194-5; ‘weaponization’ of antiquities 7, 191, 194-8 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH) 2, 11-12 Armée française d’Orient (AFО) 2, 29, 73 Armenia 175, 221; Armenian genocide 57, 62, 182nl Asia Minor: A.M. catastrophe 10 Austria-Hungary 1, 2, 3, 17, 18, 22, 25, 46, 63, 134, 136, 221, 222-3; see also Austria ‘baby killers in the Balkans’ 7, 98, 102 Balkan Wars 1, 3, 9, 11, 17, 41, 42, 47, 51, 66,132,191, 207, 239, 244, 247, 249, 253, 254 bands, pro-Bulgarian, pro-Romanian 3, 63; italo-albanian 187 Belgrade 1, 25, 167, 222, 224; fall of 19 ‘Birdcage’, the 1, 3, 5, 21, 75, 76, 110, 146 Briand, Aristide, French prime minister 20 Britain 1, 2, 6, 9, 11, 18, 20, 29, 45, 56, 58, 71, 106, 154,193; battles of Doiran 22, 24, 76, 80, 81, 82; British provide logistic support 24; Bulgaria: armistice with B. 23, 25, 58, 191,193, 195,221,226; attacks Serbia 5 October 1915 19; B.
evacuates Monastir, November 1916 22; Britain, France declare war on B. October 1915 18; collapse of B. army September 1918 23, 25; famine in E. Macedonia 5, 154-7; partner of Central Powers 2, 6, 17, 18, 19; deposition of Constantine 197; doubts about Macedonia campaign 21; German airships target 102; patron of Greece 195-6; propaganda 173, 182; war photography 7, 71-6, 79, 80 Caillaux, Joseph, radical French politician: convicted of treason 1918 59 Canada: and public memory 272n2 cemeteries 9, 232-3, 235, 236; see also imperial (later commonwealth) war graves commission Central Powers 2, 3, 6, 13n2,17, 18, 28, 56, 63, 138, 186, 192, 221-4, 227-9; economic blockade of 134; fragile unity of 25; offensive vs. Serbia 19; Prussian staff acts on behalf of 220; trade with 135-6
274 Index Chantilly, allied conference at 21 chiftlik see land reform ‘civilising mission’ 29-31, 33, 36-7 Clemenceau, Georges, French prime minister 8, 23, 225; ‘gardeners of Salónica’ quote 17, 22 colonialism 28, 30, 37; ‘unintended c.’ 28 colonial troops 3, 35, 37 commonwealth war graves commission see imperial war graves conscription 4, 23, 59, 176, 238, 247, 251; enforced in ‘new territories’ 50; resistance to 50 Constantine, crown prince, later king of Greece 1, 2, 6, 10,13nl0, 96, 175-6, 185-7, 191-2, 197nl, 206; expulsion by allies 19, 49, 193; and neutrality 2; and schism 18; soldiers’ loyalty to 50-2 Corfu: Serb forces retreat to 1, 19, 174; Stephanides in 90 Crete 3, 6; conscription in 50; provisional government declared in 19; war pensions in 9, 237, 240, 243 Dardanelles see straits; Gallipoli Delcassé, Théophile, French foreign minister 20 desertion 6, 49-54, 176, 177; Greek experience singular 49; see also mutinies devil’s eye, the 23 Diomedis, Alexandros, Greek finance minister 42 Doiran, lake and village 240, 243, 259-60, 268; 1st and 2nd battle of 22, 24, 76, 80, 81, 82, 87; and British photography 87; and malaria 89, 112; D. memorial 234 Dreyfus, Captain Alfred: military degradation of 82 economy, Greek: cleavages 5; deterioration of housing conditions 47; financial mobilisation for war 6, 41; German 63; inflation (Greek) 42, 43, 46, 47, 58, 59, 146, 236; international financial commission 45; international gold standard 43; Negrepontis warning 47; public finances 41, 42 Eftaxias, I., governor, national bank of Greece: Venizelos dismisses 45, 47n3 Eliakis,
Ioannis, governor general western Macedonia 4 Entente, the see Central Powers Epirus 3, 4, 9, 13 Exarchist church (Bulgarian) 3, 5, 13n4 expeditions: British argue for abandoning Salonika e. 21; by great powers to S and E Europe and Levant 28; ‘expeditionary tradition’ 28, 29; French see opportunities in Salonika e. 20; Napoleon’s e. 20; and patrimony 34; scientific purpose 35; see also civilising mission Falkenhausen, Ernst von, German pilot, diplomat, courtier 184, 185-7; correspondence with Queen Sophia 185; F. in Macedonia 188-9 Ferdinand, king of Bulgaria 18; abdicates in favour of son Boris 4 October 1918 25; requests armistice 27 September 1918 25 financial commission, international see international financial commission (IFC) fire: Salonika 85, ST, 149,150, 167; see also great fire Florina 3, 10, 201 ‘forgotten front’, the 2, 121, 167, 258 France 2, 18, 54-6, 59, 60, 73, 93, 102, 104, 106, 138,219, 220, 221,258, 159, 196; British-French tensions 9; civilising mission 29; colonial troops 35; dominates campaign strategy 6; expeditionary tradition 29; Franchet d’Esperey strategy 222, 224; French culture 29; malaria 113, 117; mutinies, desertion, punishments 49, 49-54; Sarrail commands AFO 6; scientific interests 35; Serbia client of France 20; use of colonial troops 35; war graves 232-4, 236 Franchet d’Esperey, Louis, General, C-in-C AFO 23-25, 221-8; replaces Guillomat 23; vision of advance on Belgrade, Vienna, Berlin 24, 227 French, Sir John, General, British C-in-C western front 20 Gallieni, Joseph-Simon, French war minister 20 Gallipoli 3, 19, 20, 21, 29, 35, 74,
121, 175, 270; Lemnos harbour for G. campaign 132; private photography at 80; The Ship of Remembrance, Gallipoli-Salonika 235
Index Germany 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 19, 22, 24, 25, 56, 62֊3, 66, 98,173,186-7; airship campaign 98-9, 106, 134-6; expedition to Ottoman empire pre-1914 20; final campaign 219-30; G.’s financial mobilisation 41; Gn. propaganda 176; Haig’s claim re armistice 219 government, provisional 4, 6, 10, 49-50, 76, 148-9, 200, 249; and the church 200, 201, 202; and Jewish national rights 214 Great Idea, the {Megali Idea) 3, 7, 191; of revival of Byzantine empire 28 great fire in Salonika, August (1917) 5, 7, 12, 212-3; and war photography 87; reshaping the city 149 Greece: claims at Paris peace conference 18, 33; ‘Greece of two continents and five seas’ 9 Guillaumat, Marie-Louis-Adolphe, French General 23 Halkidiki: resistance to conscription in H. 4, 50 Hindenburg, Paul von: and Bulgarian collapse 25, 65, 186 hunger 61—4. 156, 188, 229; allied blockade of Germany 63, 134, 146, 204, 205, 229; American Relief food aid 63; food shortages hamper German war effort 5, 62, 63, 181; Hoover food aid 1921 63; widespread after the great war 56 Imperial war graves commission: Doiran memorial (Robert Lorimer) 234 inflation see economy, Greek international financial commission (IFC) 45 Italy: cultivates Vlachs of Pindus 4, 13n5; highest rate of executions in WWI49; joins Entente 18; promotes Albanian propaganda 4; takes part in Macedonia campaign 2 Joffre, Joseph, French C-in-C western front: reluctant to release troops for Macedonia 20 Kitchener, Field Marshal Lord, Secretary of State for war 19, 20 Köberle, Paul Ritter von, Bavarian military plenipotentiary 25 Kondylis, Captain G: harsh
conscription in Halkidiki 4 275 Kosturino: Bulgarian attack on, December 1915 21, 80, 81 land reform 4, 6, 13n6 Laskaridis, Theodoros, anti-war writer 9, 246,248, 249, 255; suicide 247 Latvia 62; invaded by Bolsheviks December 1918 62 Ludendorff, General Erich 8,25,186, 219-30; ‘the black day of the German army’ 219 Macedonia campaign 191, 196; Bulgarian occupation of E. Macedonia 6, 136, 154-9, 177; climate and terrain 21, 24, 83,109,121, 123, 127, 130, 232, 233, 235, 267; cosmopolitan character of 23, 87; ethnic rivalries in 6; landing of British and French forces 3, 18; Mahon, Major General Bryan, commander British forces in Macedonia until May 1916 19; mules 21, 80, 224, 261, 266, 270; sole means of supply 21; means of redemption 271; opinion survey on awareness of campaign 2; state failure in 4, 5 malaria 1, 7, 22, 30-3, 35, 83, 90, 108, 110, 113-14,115; casualties caused by 108; contrasting French and British medical views 111-12; reasons for prevalence in Salonika area 109 migration 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 108,143, 148, 159, 174, 240, 242 Milne, Lt. General Sir George 19, 22, 23, 24, 131; commands British forces in Macedonia May 1916 on 19; his recollections as CIGS 234; suggests deposit of archaeological materials at Imperial War Museum 195, 226; ‘The whole damn lot has gone bolshie’ of Russians 23 Mišić, Zivojin, commander 1st Serbian army 24 Mourelos, Ioannis 2 Muslims 8, 32, 35, 57, 136, 235; deportation of Μ. by Greeks 4; Μ. villages in SW Macedonia, conscription in 4 Mussolini, Benito 57, 65 mutinies: death sentences 50, 51; at Lamia 50, 177-8; military degradation
52; motive devotion to King Constantine 51 ; Theotokis rehabilitates executed ‘victims of
276 Index Venizelist tyranny’ 53-4; see also desertion Myrivilis, Stratiš, author 9, 52, 246, 247, 249, 250; Life in the Tomb (1923) 249-52 National Bank of Greece 42, 45, 147, 239; governor I. Eftaxias dismissed 45; Ioannis Valaoritis, governor 42 neutrality 6, 184; choice for Greece, n. or join entente 2 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia: abdicates March 1917 58 Nivelle, General Robert: April 1917 western front offensive fails 60 nursing, British and empire in Macedonia 7, 13n9, 101, 121 Ottoman empire 4, 9, 28-9, 57, 63, 134, 143, 222, 225, 226, 229; see also Young Turks Paris peace conference 8, 9; Greek claims at 8, 197n3 pensions, war 9, 42, 54, 237-41, 243-5 photography, war 7, 35, 71-6, 79, 80, 87 Pilsudski, Marshal Joseph 61 post-imperial violence 56; brutalisation of norms 64; collapse of empires 57; famine, class, civil and ethnic conflicts 57-8; revolution and war in Russia 57; second great war 1917-23 62-5 post-war situation: American Red Cross relief 158; anti-semitism grows 64; blockade of German ports 63, 134, 229; disease, famine, wars cause loss of live, s 154; US relief efforts 63 propaganda: allied p. features the ‘barbarous Hun’ 174; Greek p. highlights Bulgarian atrocities 173, 176; lurid anti-Bulgar posters 179-81; role of Patriotic Union 177 Radoslavov, Vasil, Bulgarian prime minister 18 refugees see migration reservists 51, 200; devotion to Constantine 51 Romania 2, 4, 17, 18, 22, 25, 221-2, 224-6, 228-9 Rupprecht, crown prince of Bavaria, army group commander: sees Bulgarian collapse as poor excuse for failure 25 Russia 2, 3, 7, 9, 19, 20, 29, 45, 63,
222, 224, 229, 241; civil war and anarchy 57, 63, 64, 65; collapse of Tsarist government 23; declares war on Bulgaria 18; Greek intervention in S. Russia 47; orthodox church of 204; social unrest 59; western troops oppose Bolsheviks 62, 192 Salonika: allied landings 13n3; brothels 8, 30, 164—8; S. campaign 17-25 (see also Macedonia campaign); contraband trade 8, 134-5, 137,139; exoticism 8, 36; great fire 1917 5, 7, 12, 85, 87, 149, 167, 212-4; housing, infrastructure issues 7, 33, 143-9; Jewish quarter 5; recreational centre during campaign 7, 76; see also Thessaloniki Sarrail, General Maurice, commander AFO (army of orient) 6, 20, 21-3, 32, 76, 121, 147, 165; proclaims martial law 5, 146, 176 schism, national (ethnikos dichasmos) 10, 13nl0,18, 19, 28, 175, 184, 192, 200-202, 206, 241, 247 Scholtz, Friedrich von, German commander in Bulgaria 24 self determination 58, 210 Skra di Legen, battle 6; Greek national defence army defeats Bulgarians 1918 6, 53, 191 Serbia 17-18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28, 74, 91, 123, 159, 176, 186; Central Powers attack S. 19; the final campaign 1918 221, 223-5, 227, 229; impact of Salonika on S. troops 163-5, 167—9; S. retreat through Albania to Corfu 19,174 Skopje: taken by French cavalry 28 September 1918 24 Smyrna: destruction by fire, August 1922 96; Greek landing at, May 1919 195 social cohesion 5; cleavages (ethnic, social, religious, local) 5; and clientelism 5; and housing, infrastructure in Salonika 7, 143 Spencer, Stanley 258, 259; ambulance worker in Macedonia 268; infantry private soldier 269; wall paintings at Sandham memorial chapel 9,
130, 267-72 Skouloudis, Stefanos, Greek prime minister 45
Index 277 Stephanides, Theodore, doctor, scientist and author 7, 89-97 strike waves 1917 on 58-9 Theotokis, Nikolaos, Greek war minister: reports May 1921 on Venizelist courts martial and executions 53^1 Thrace 8, 9, 193, 225, 226; Eastern Thrace 57, 96 Turkey: joints central powers 227 U.S.A, see America Valaoritis, Ioannis, governor National Bank of Greece 42 Venizelos, Eleftherios, prime minister 6, 10, 45, 47, 49-50, 96, 137, 143, 149,155, 175, 185-6; achievements of provisional government 6; and antiquities 195; arrives Salonika October 1916 18; attachment to the Entente 8, 18; condemns mutinies as serving Greece’s enemies 52; in exile 9; and the great idea 28; and the Greek church 197; irredentist aims 192; land reform 4, 6, 13; and national schism 18,184, 192; provisional government of 19; resigns February, October 1915 21, 42; return to Athens June 1917 19; war gains 8; and wartime propaganda 176-8 Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy 57 ‘war anxiety’ (cf Winter ch.) 57, 58, 60, 65 war graves commission, imperial see imperial war graves commission; commonwealth war graves commission western front 2, 8, 19, 20, 24, 56, 72, 121, 174, 220, 222-5, 227; war graves 232—3 war loans 41,42, 45 Wilson, Field Marshal Sir Henry, CIGS 226 Wilson, President 8; and self-determination 58 women: role in post-war protests 59; mistreatment of women and animals 30; role of nurses in wartime 7, 121 young turk revolution 28 Bayenscnt Stastsbiblioth? i MūnchPr
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| adam_txt |
Contents ix xiii List offigures List of contributors 1 Editors’ Introduction BASIL C. GOUNARIS, MICHAEL LLEWELLYN-SMITH AND IOANNIS D. STEFANIDIS PARTI The context 15 17 1 The Salonika campaign: an overview IAN F.W. BECKETT 2 Unintended colonialism? The Armée Française d’Orient and Macedonia 28 JOHN HORNE 41 3 The financial mobilisation of Greece, 1914-18 KOSTAS KOSTIS 4 Resisting National Defence: Greek mutinies and desertions in 1916-18 49 GEORGE TH. MAVROGORDATOS 5 The second Great War, 1917-23 JAY WINTER 56
vi Contents PART II On and behind the front line 69 6 Cameras with the British Salonika Force, 1915-18 71 ALAN WAKEFIELD 7 Theodore Stephanides at the Macedonian Front, 1917-18 89 ANTHONY HIRST 8 ‘Baby killers’ in the Balkans: airship raids on Salonika and their impact 98 RODERICK BAILEY 9 Malaria and the Salonika Campaign 108 MARK HARRISON 10 ‘New Cotton and the dust of ages’: nursing in and around Salonika from 1915 to 1918 121 CHRISTINE E. HALLETT 11 Mediterranean Jews and the politics of contraband trade in World War I 134 PARIS PAPAMICHOS CHRONAKIS 12 Housing, infrastructure, social issues in Salonika during World War I: the presence and role of the Army of the Orient 143 EIRINI ANESTI 13 Greek Eastern Macedonia, 1916-18: the experience of the Bulgarian occupation 154 EVANTHIS HATZIVASSILIOU 14 Behind the front lines: Serbian soldiers on everyday life in Salonika 163 JASMINA TOMASEVIC PART III War of words and ideologies 171 15 The image of the enemy: Greek propaganda during the Salonika campaign, 1917-18 173 MARINA PETRAKI
Contents vii 16 ‘The history of the Balkan policy of the Allies is a series of intangible mistakes’: Ernst von Falkenhausen and his perceptions of the Balkan Front 184 NICOLE IMMIG 17 The Macedonian Front, the Great Idea and the ‘weaponization’ of antiquities 191 RICHARD CLOGG 18 Beyond the Anathema: the Church of Greece as policy agent during World War I 200 THEODOSIS TSIRONIS 19 The Great War and the coming together of Zionists in Greece, 1914-19 210 PHILIP CARABOTT PART IV The end and the aftermath 20 The breakthrough on the Salonika front and the German armistice, 1918 217 219 HEW STRACHAN 21 ‘The Real Gardeners of Salonika’: the Imperial War Graves Commission on the Macedonian Front 232 GLYN PRYSOR 22 War pensions in Greece: healing the social wounds of a decade of war 237 HELEN GARDIKAS KATSIADAKIS 23 The Greek soldier-writers of World War I and testimony as a subversive discourse 246 MARIA NIKOLOPOULOU 24 Painting visions of war and peace: Stanley Spencer, Henry Lamb and the Salonika campaign 258 PAUL GOUGH Index 273
Index Note: Italie page numbers refer to figures and page numbers followed by “n” refer to end notes. Aegean Islands 3, 6, 8, 50 Albania 1, 19, 21, 33-4, 168, 221-6 Alexander, King of the Hellenes 50, 178, 197nl, 211; frees self from his father’s dictates 52; tells Lamia troops mutiny is treachery 52 alliance 205; Greek, with the Entente 2; quadruple 228-9 America 63, 74,194,198, 220, 223, 236; American Red Cross 154, 156, 158-9; American relief administration 63; American School of Classical Studies 156,250-3 anti-semitism: increase from 1918 on 64 anti-Venizelists 4, 6, 155, 201, 203, 213; favour neutrality 2; see also royalists archaeology 29, 34, 83; behind the front 7; British School at Athens 194-5; ‘weaponization’ of antiquities 7, 191, 194-8 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH) 2, 11-12 Armée française d’Orient (AFО) 2, 29, 73 Armenia 175, 221; Armenian genocide 57, 62, 182nl Asia Minor: A.M. catastrophe 10 Austria-Hungary 1, 2, 3, 17, 18, 22, 25, 46, 63, 134, 136, 221, 222-3; see also Austria ‘baby killers in the Balkans’ 7, 98, 102 Balkan Wars 1, 3, 9, 11, 17, 41, 42, 47, 51, 66,132,191, 207, 239, 244, 247, 249, 253, 254 bands, pro-Bulgarian, pro-Romanian 3, 63; italo-albanian 187 Belgrade 1, 25, 167, 222, 224; fall of 19 ‘Birdcage’, the 1, 3, 5, 21, 75, 76, 110, 146 Briand, Aristide, French prime minister 20 Britain 1, 2, 6, 9, 11, 18, 20, 29, 45, 56, 58, 71, 106, 154,193; battles of Doiran 22, 24, 76, 80, 81, 82; British provide logistic support 24; Bulgaria: armistice with B. 23, 25, 58, 191,193, 195,221,226; attacks Serbia 5 October 1915 19; B.
evacuates Monastir, November 1916 22; Britain, France declare war on B. October 1915 18; collapse of B. army September 1918 23, 25; famine in E. Macedonia 5, 154-7; partner of Central Powers 2, 6, 17, 18, 19; deposition of Constantine 197; doubts about Macedonia campaign 21; German airships target 102; patron of Greece 195-6; propaganda 173, 182; war photography 7, 71-6, 79, 80 Caillaux, Joseph, radical French politician: convicted of treason 1918 59 Canada: and public memory 272n2 cemeteries 9, 232-3, 235, 236; see also imperial (later commonwealth) war graves commission Central Powers 2, 3, 6, 13n2,17, 18, 28, 56, 63, 138, 186, 192, 221-4, 227-9; economic blockade of 134; fragile unity of 25; offensive vs. Serbia 19; Prussian staff acts on behalf of 220; trade with 135-6
274 Index Chantilly, allied conference at 21 chiftlik see land reform ‘civilising mission’ 29-31, 33, 36-7 Clemenceau, Georges, French prime minister 8, 23, 225; ‘gardeners of Salónica’ quote 17, 22 colonialism 28, 30, 37; ‘unintended c.’ 28 colonial troops 3, 35, 37 commonwealth war graves commission see imperial war graves conscription 4, 23, 59, 176, 238, 247, 251; enforced in ‘new territories’ 50; resistance to 50 Constantine, crown prince, later king of Greece 1, 2, 6, 10,13nl0, 96, 175-6, 185-7, 191-2, 197nl, 206; expulsion by allies 19, 49, 193; and neutrality 2; and schism 18; soldiers’ loyalty to 50-2 Corfu: Serb forces retreat to 1, 19, 174; Stephanides in 90 Crete 3, 6; conscription in 50; provisional government declared in 19; war pensions in 9, 237, 240, 243 Dardanelles see straits; Gallipoli Delcassé, Théophile, French foreign minister 20 desertion 6, 49-54, 176, 177; Greek experience singular 49; see also mutinies devil’s eye, the 23 Diomedis, Alexandros, Greek finance minister 42 Doiran, lake and village 240, 243, 259-60, 268; 1st and 2nd battle of 22, 24, 76, 80, 81, 82, 87; and British photography 87; and malaria 89, 112; D. memorial 234 Dreyfus, Captain Alfred: military degradation of 82 economy, Greek: cleavages 5; deterioration of housing conditions 47; financial mobilisation for war 6, 41; German 63; inflation (Greek) 42, 43, 46, 47, 58, 59, 146, 236; international financial commission 45; international gold standard 43; Negrepontis warning 47; public finances 41, 42 Eftaxias, I., governor, national bank of Greece: Venizelos dismisses 45, 47n3 Eliakis,
Ioannis, governor general western Macedonia 4 Entente, the see Central Powers Epirus 3, 4, 9, 13 Exarchist church (Bulgarian) 3, 5, 13n4 expeditions: British argue for abandoning Salonika e. 21; by great powers to S and E Europe and Levant 28; ‘expeditionary tradition’ 28, 29; French see opportunities in Salonika e. 20; Napoleon’s e. 20; and patrimony 34; scientific purpose 35; see also civilising mission Falkenhausen, Ernst von, German pilot, diplomat, courtier 184, 185-7; correspondence with Queen Sophia 185; F. in Macedonia 188-9 Ferdinand, king of Bulgaria 18; abdicates in favour of son Boris 4 October 1918 25; requests armistice 27 September 1918 25 financial commission, international see international financial commission (IFC) fire: Salonika 85, ST, 149,150, 167; see also great fire Florina 3, 10, 201 ‘forgotten front’, the 2, 121, 167, 258 France 2, 18, 54-6, 59, 60, 73, 93, 102, 104, 106, 138,219, 220, 221,258, 159, 196; British-French tensions 9; civilising mission 29; colonial troops 35; dominates campaign strategy 6; expeditionary tradition 29; Franchet d’Esperey strategy 222, 224; French culture 29; malaria 113, 117; mutinies, desertion, punishments 49, 49-54; Sarrail commands AFO 6; scientific interests 35; Serbia client of France 20; use of colonial troops 35; war graves 232-4, 236 Franchet d’Esperey, Louis, General, C-in-C AFO 23-25, 221-8; replaces Guillomat 23; vision of advance on Belgrade, Vienna, Berlin 24, 227 French, Sir John, General, British C-in-C western front 20 Gallieni, Joseph-Simon, French war minister 20 Gallipoli 3, 19, 20, 21, 29, 35, 74,
121, 175, 270; Lemnos harbour for G. campaign 132; private photography at 80; The Ship of Remembrance, Gallipoli-Salonika 235
Index Germany 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 19, 22, 24, 25, 56, 62֊3, 66, 98,173,186-7; airship campaign 98-9, 106, 134-6; expedition to Ottoman empire pre-1914 20; final campaign 219-30; G.’s financial mobilisation 41; Gn. propaganda 176; Haig’s claim re armistice 219 government, provisional 4, 6, 10, 49-50, 76, 148-9, 200, 249; and the church 200, 201, 202; and Jewish national rights 214 Great Idea, the {Megali Idea) 3, 7, 191; of revival of Byzantine empire 28 great fire in Salonika, August (1917) 5, 7, 12, 212-3; and war photography 87; reshaping the city 149 Greece: claims at Paris peace conference 18, 33; ‘Greece of two continents and five seas’ 9 Guillaumat, Marie-Louis-Adolphe, French General 23 Halkidiki: resistance to conscription in H. 4, 50 Hindenburg, Paul von: and Bulgarian collapse 25, 65, 186 hunger 61—4. 156, 188, 229; allied blockade of Germany 63, 134, 146, 204, 205, 229; American Relief food aid 63; food shortages hamper German war effort 5, 62, 63, 181; Hoover food aid 1921 63; widespread after the great war 56 Imperial war graves commission: Doiran memorial (Robert Lorimer) 234 inflation see economy, Greek international financial commission (IFC) 45 Italy: cultivates Vlachs of Pindus 4, 13n5; highest rate of executions in WWI49; joins Entente 18; promotes Albanian propaganda 4; takes part in Macedonia campaign 2 Joffre, Joseph, French C-in-C western front: reluctant to release troops for Macedonia 20 Kitchener, Field Marshal Lord, Secretary of State for war 19, 20 Köberle, Paul Ritter von, Bavarian military plenipotentiary 25 Kondylis, Captain G: harsh
conscription in Halkidiki 4 275 Kosturino: Bulgarian attack on, December 1915 21, 80, 81 land reform 4, 6, 13n6 Laskaridis, Theodoros, anti-war writer 9, 246,248, 249, 255; suicide 247 Latvia 62; invaded by Bolsheviks December 1918 62 Ludendorff, General Erich 8,25,186, 219-30; ‘the black day of the German army’ 219 Macedonia campaign 191, 196; Bulgarian occupation of E. Macedonia 6, 136, 154-9, 177; climate and terrain 21, 24, 83,109,121, 123, 127, 130, 232, 233, 235, 267; cosmopolitan character of 23, 87; ethnic rivalries in 6; landing of British and French forces 3, 18; Mahon, Major General Bryan, commander British forces in Macedonia until May 1916 19; mules 21, 80, 224, 261, 266, 270; sole means of supply 21; means of redemption 271; opinion survey on awareness of campaign 2; state failure in 4, 5 malaria 1, 7, 22, 30-3, 35, 83, 90, 108, 110, 113-14,115; casualties caused by 108; contrasting French and British medical views 111-12; reasons for prevalence in Salonika area 109 migration 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 108,143, 148, 159, 174, 240, 242 Milne, Lt. General Sir George 19, 22, 23, 24, 131; commands British forces in Macedonia May 1916 on 19; his recollections as CIGS 234; suggests deposit of archaeological materials at Imperial War Museum 195, 226; ‘The whole damn lot has gone bolshie’ of Russians 23 Mišić, Zivojin, commander 1st Serbian army 24 Mourelos, Ioannis 2 Muslims 8, 32, 35, 57, 136, 235; deportation of Μ. by Greeks 4; Μ. villages in SW Macedonia, conscription in 4 Mussolini, Benito 57, 65 mutinies: death sentences 50, 51; at Lamia 50, 177-8; military degradation
52; motive devotion to King Constantine 51 ; Theotokis rehabilitates executed ‘victims of
276 Index Venizelist tyranny’ 53-4; see also desertion Myrivilis, Stratiš, author 9, 52, 246, 247, 249, 250; Life in the Tomb (1923) 249-52 National Bank of Greece 42, 45, 147, 239; governor I. Eftaxias dismissed 45; Ioannis Valaoritis, governor 42 neutrality 6, 184; choice for Greece, n. or join entente 2 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia: abdicates March 1917 58 Nivelle, General Robert: April 1917 western front offensive fails 60 nursing, British and empire in Macedonia 7, 13n9, 101, 121 Ottoman empire 4, 9, 28-9, 57, 63, 134, 143, 222, 225, 226, 229; see also Young Turks Paris peace conference 8, 9; Greek claims at 8, 197n3 pensions, war 9, 42, 54, 237-41, 243-5 photography, war 7, 35, 71-6, 79, 80, 87 Pilsudski, Marshal Joseph 61 post-imperial violence 56; brutalisation of norms 64; collapse of empires 57; famine, class, civil and ethnic conflicts 57-8; revolution and war in Russia 57; second great war 1917-23 62-5 post-war situation: American Red Cross relief 158; anti-semitism grows 64; blockade of German ports 63, 134, 229; disease, famine, wars cause loss of live, s 154; US relief efforts 63 propaganda: allied p. features the ‘barbarous Hun’ 174; Greek p. highlights Bulgarian atrocities 173, 176; lurid anti-Bulgar posters 179-81; role of Patriotic Union 177 Radoslavov, Vasil, Bulgarian prime minister 18 refugees see migration reservists 51, 200; devotion to Constantine 51 Romania 2, 4, 17, 18, 22, 25, 221-2, 224-6, 228-9 Rupprecht, crown prince of Bavaria, army group commander: sees Bulgarian collapse as poor excuse for failure 25 Russia 2, 3, 7, 9, 19, 20, 29, 45, 63,
222, 224, 229, 241; civil war and anarchy 57, 63, 64, 65; collapse of Tsarist government 23; declares war on Bulgaria 18; Greek intervention in S. Russia 47; orthodox church of 204; social unrest 59; western troops oppose Bolsheviks 62, 192 Salonika: allied landings 13n3; brothels 8, 30, 164—8; S. campaign 17-25 (see also Macedonia campaign); contraband trade 8, 134-5, 137,139; exoticism 8, 36; great fire 1917 5, 7, 12, 85, 87, 149, 167, 212-4; housing, infrastructure issues 7, 33, 143-9; Jewish quarter 5; recreational centre during campaign 7, 76; see also Thessaloniki Sarrail, General Maurice, commander AFO (army of orient) 6, 20, 21-3, 32, 76, 121, 147, 165; proclaims martial law 5, 146, 176 schism, national (ethnikos dichasmos) 10, 13nl0,18, 19, 28, 175, 184, 192, 200-202, 206, 241, 247 Scholtz, Friedrich von, German commander in Bulgaria 24 self determination 58, 210 Skra di Legen, battle 6; Greek national defence army defeats Bulgarians 1918 6, 53, 191 Serbia 17-18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28, 74, 91, 123, 159, 176, 186; Central Powers attack S. 19; the final campaign 1918 221, 223-5, 227, 229; impact of Salonika on S. troops 163-5, 167—9; S. retreat through Albania to Corfu 19,174 Skopje: taken by French cavalry 28 September 1918 24 Smyrna: destruction by fire, August 1922 96; Greek landing at, May 1919 195 social cohesion 5; cleavages (ethnic, social, religious, local) 5; and clientelism 5; and housing, infrastructure in Salonika 7, 143 Spencer, Stanley 258, 259; ambulance worker in Macedonia 268; infantry private soldier 269; wall paintings at Sandham memorial chapel 9,
130, 267-72 Skouloudis, Stefanos, Greek prime minister 45
Index 277 Stephanides, Theodore, doctor, scientist and author 7, 89-97 strike waves 1917 on 58-9 Theotokis, Nikolaos, Greek war minister: reports May 1921 on Venizelist courts martial and executions 53^1 Thrace 8, 9, 193, 225, 226; Eastern Thrace 57, 96 Turkey: joints central powers 227 U.S.A, see America Valaoritis, Ioannis, governor National Bank of Greece 42 Venizelos, Eleftherios, prime minister 6, 10, 45, 47, 49-50, 96, 137, 143, 149,155, 175, 185-6; achievements of provisional government 6; and antiquities 195; arrives Salonika October 1916 18; attachment to the Entente 8, 18; condemns mutinies as serving Greece’s enemies 52; in exile 9; and the great idea 28; and the Greek church 197; irredentist aims 192; land reform 4, 6, 13; and national schism 18,184, 192; provisional government of 19; resigns February, October 1915 21, 42; return to Athens June 1917 19; war gains 8; and wartime propaganda 176-8 Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy 57 ‘war anxiety’ (cf Winter ch.) 57, 58, 60, 65 war graves commission, imperial see imperial war graves commission; commonwealth war graves commission western front 2, 8, 19, 20, 24, 56, 72, 121, 174, 220, 222-5, 227; war graves 232—3 war loans 41,42, 45 Wilson, Field Marshal Sir Henry, CIGS 226 Wilson, President 8; and self-determination 58 women: role in post-war protests 59; mistreatment of women and animals 30; role of nurses in wartime 7, 121 young turk revolution 28 Bayenscnt Stastsbiblioth? i MūnchPr |
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| geographic | Makedonien Landschaft (DE-588)4037159-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Makedonien Landschaft |
| id | DE-604.BV048258081 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:59:10Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:33:20Z |
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| language | English |
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| physical | xviii, 277 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
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| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
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| series | British School at Athens - Modern Greek and Byzantine studies |
| series2 | British School at Athens - Modern Greek and Byzantine studies |
| spelling | The Macedonian front, 1915-1918 politics, society and culture in time of war edited by Basil C. Gounaris, Michael Llewellyn-Smith and Ioannis D. Stefanidis London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2022 xviii, 277 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier British School at Athens - Modern Greek and Byzantine studies volume number 9 "The 'Macedonian question' has been much studied in recent years as has the political history of the period from the Balkan Wars in 1912-13 to the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. But for a variety of reasons, connected with the political division of Greece and the involvement of outside powers, the events at and behind the Macedonian front have been side-lined. The recent commemorations of the centenary of the end of the First World War in the UK illustrate how by comparison with the enormous and moving emphasis on the western front, Macedonia has been not wholly but largely ignored. This volume illuminates this comparatively neglected period of Greek history and examines the strategic and military aspects of the war in Macedonia and the political, social, economic and cultural context of the war"-- Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Makedonien Landschaft (DE-588)4037159-1 gnd rswk-swf World War, 1914-1918 / Campaigns / Balkan Peninsula World War, 1914-1918 / Campaigns / Greece / Thessalonikē Macedonian question World War, 1914-1918 / Territorial questions / Macedonia Macedonia / History / 1912-1945 Military campaigns Balkan Peninsula Europe / Macedonia Greece / Thessalonikē 1912-1945 History (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2018 Thessaloniki gnd-content Makedonien Landschaft (DE-588)4037159-1 g Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s DE-604 Gunarēs, Basilēs K. 1961- (DE-588)141322764 edt Smith, Michael Llewellyn 1939- (DE-588)137243006 edt Stephanidēs, Giannēs D. ca. 20./21. Jh. (DE-588)129377961 edt Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-032-19608-4 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-429-33108-4 British School at Athens - Modern Greek and Byzantine studies volume number 9 (DE-604)BV043827063 9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033638303&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033638303&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | The Macedonian front, 1915-1918 politics, society and culture in time of war British School at Athens - Modern Greek and Byzantine studies Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4037159-1 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | The Macedonian front, 1915-1918 politics, society and culture in time of war |
| title_auth | The Macedonian front, 1915-1918 politics, society and culture in time of war |
| title_exact_search | The Macedonian front, 1915-1918 politics, society and culture in time of war |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Macedonian front, 1915-1918 politics, society and culture in time of war |
| title_full | The Macedonian front, 1915-1918 politics, society and culture in time of war edited by Basil C. Gounaris, Michael Llewellyn-Smith and Ioannis D. Stefanidis |
| title_fullStr | The Macedonian front, 1915-1918 politics, society and culture in time of war edited by Basil C. Gounaris, Michael Llewellyn-Smith and Ioannis D. Stefanidis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Macedonian front, 1915-1918 politics, society and culture in time of war edited by Basil C. Gounaris, Michael Llewellyn-Smith and Ioannis D. Stefanidis |
| title_short | The Macedonian front, 1915-1918 |
| title_sort | the macedonian front 1915 1918 politics society and culture in time of war |
| title_sub | politics, society and culture in time of war |
| topic | Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Erster Weltkrieg Makedonien Landschaft Konferenzschrift 2018 Thessaloniki |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033638303&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033638303&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV043827063 |
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