The Holocaust in Romania: the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944
"Now in an expanded edition that draws on newly available materials, this important book traces Romanian policies of racism, anti-Semitism, and Jewish extermination during the regime of Ion Antonescu. Ioanid details the reality of the persecutions, the cruelty and blatant opportunism of the per...
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London
Rowman & Littlefield
[2022]
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| Ausgabe: | Second edition, revised and updated |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Now in an expanded edition that draws on newly available materials, this important book traces Romanian policies of racism, anti-Semitism, and Jewish extermination during the regime of Ion Antonescu. Ioanid details the reality of the persecutions, the cruelty and blatant opportunism of the perpetrators, and the denial that continues to the present"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 647 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781538138083 |
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| 250 | |a Second edition, revised and updated | ||
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| 505 | 8 | |a The Legal Status of Jews in Romania -- The Massacres before the War -- The Massacres at the Beginning of the War -- Transit Camps and Ghettos, Deportations, and Other Mass Murders -- The Massacres in Transnistria -- Life in Transnistria -- The Deportation, Persecution, and Extermination of Roma -- The Survival of the Romanian Jews -- The Fate of Romanian Jews Living Abroad -- The Antonescu Government through Its Own Statements/in His Own Words -- Summing Up | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "Now in an expanded edition that draws on newly available materials, this important book traces Romanian policies of racism, anti-Semitism, and Jewish extermination during the regime of Ion Antonescu. Ioanid details the reality of the persecutions, the cruelty and blatant opportunism of the perpetrators, and the denial that continues to the present"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Foreword by Dennis Deletant vii Acknowledgments xi Maps xiii Introduction 1 1 The Legal Status of the Jews in Romania 11 2 The Massacres before the War 87 3 The Massacres at the Beginning of the War 121 4 Transit Camps and Ghettos, Deportations, and Other Mass Murders 221 5 The Massacres in Transnistria 331 6 Life in Transnistria 373 7 The Persecution of Roma and Members of Religious Sects 435 8 The Survival of the Romanian Jews 479 9 The Fate of Romanian Jews Living Abroad 521 The Antonescu Government through Its OwnStatements 541 10 11 A Summing Up 589 Index 599 About the Author 647 v
Index Note: Italie page numbers indicate illustrations. Abrahamites, 14 Abteilung Deutschland, 493 Abwehr: on emigration of Jews, 484-85; in Iași pogrom, 124, 163; on Odessa massacre, 339 acculturation. See assimilation Achim, Viorel, 423-24 Aclipei, Bereu, 93 Acmecetka, 343-50; deportations of Roma to, 447; massacres at, 345-50 Acs, Frima, 297-98, 395 Adamovici, Iulian, 199 Adevărul (newspaper), 26 Adincata, 91 Adjud, 32, 496 Adler, Der (magazine), 135 Adventists, 463, 470-73 Agafarov, lacov, 468 Agafița (gendarme), 467 Agafiței, Grigore, 232 Agapie, Dumitru, 197, 198 Agapie, Vasile, 263, 265-67, 287 Agerevna, 383 Agricultural Act of 1922, 184 Ahasuerus (king), 272, 324n228 Alba Iulia, 100 Albu, Ioan, 306-8 Alcedar, 201 Alecsandri, Vasile, 19, 20, 34 Alectoride (lieutenant), 333-34 Alecu, Rafael C., 109 Alexandrescu (colonel), 178, 245 Alexandrescu, Iancu, 181 Alexandrovka, 416-17, 560 Alexandru cel Bun, 249 Alexandrudar, 446-47,452 ALEXIANU (code word), 276 Alexianu, Gheorghe: Antonescu’s use of violence and, 545; in Central Jewish Office inspection, 418; on Cernăuți deportations, 306; on deportation plans, 273-75, 289-90; on ethnic Germans in Transnistria, 351—52; execution for war crimes, 11, 580; forced labor used by, 416-17; mission of, in Transnistria, 374; on number of deaths, 591; on number of deportees, 384, 385, 425, 559; on Odessa deportations, 401, 404, 405, 559-60; in Odessa massacre, 339, 342, 559; and property of deportees, 558; on repatriation, 505; in Roma deportations, 438-40, 448, 449, 573; Scazineț closed by, 410; term 599
600 Index as governor of Transnistria, 331, 374; on Transnistria massacres, 364; Yiddish banned by, 48 Alexieni, 467-68 All for the Country, 35, 43 Alovirescu, Octavian, 358 Aniariuc (Iron Guard member), 96 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 418 Ananiev District, 385-86, 389, 396, 397,510-11 Anca, Ovidiu, 334-38, 340-42 Ancel, Jean, vii, 6, 193, 313, 534 Andreescu (captain), 455 Andronic, Dumitru, 136 Androtefca, 454-55 Andruhovici (prosecutor general), 300 Andruşin (commander), 350 Anghel (commissar), 142 Anghel, Dumitru, 105 Anghel, Lina, 443 Anghel, Vasile, 200 Anghelescu, Stefan, 311-12 Angrick, Andrej, 351 Anițulesei, Mihai, 136 Antal, Stefan, 496 anticommunism: in fascist ideology, 37, 46; in Romanian nationalism, 87 anti-Jewish legislation. See antisemitic legislation antiliberals, Romanian fascists as, 46 antimodernists, Romanian fascists as, 46 antisemitic legislation, 11-74; before 1800s, 12-15; during 1800s, 16-25; from 1900-1918, 25-28; from 1918-1939, 27-48; from 1940-1944, 49-74; application to foreign nationals, 523; on citizenship (See citizenship); on definition of “Jew,” 49-54, 57, 523; economic, 54-58; on education, 24, 66-67; on forced labor, 58-63; under Goga-Cuza government, 4, 47—48; on health-care professions, 23-24, 65-66; Michael I’s abrogation of, 74; on military service, 63-65; US responses to, 18, 166-67. See also specific laws antisemitism: before 1800s, 12-15; during 1800s, 1-2,16-25; during 1900s, 2-3; of Antonescu, 547-55, 560-66; economic problems in, 1-2; in fascist ideology, 36, 39; of intellectual elite, 18-20, 34, 46; as
largest prewar threat to Jews, 31; of political elite, 18, 20, 34; in Romanian army, 25-26,169-70; Romanization as economic, 55; in xenophobia, 34, 39 anti-Zionism, 30 Anton, Dan, 452 Antonescu, Ion, 541-81; ambiguity in historical memory of, viii-ix, 5-8; antisemitic policies of, softening of, 560-66; antisemitic views of, 54755, 560-66; in Carol Il’s abdication, 48, 93, 541; on Chișinău ghetto, 268, 269; civil rights of Jews under, 4; on communists’ internment, 413; as Conducător, 93; coup attempt of 1941 against (See Legionnaire Rebellion); coup of 1944 against, 74, 473, 542; definition of “Jew” under, 51-53; on deportations (See Antonescu, Ion, on deportations); on doctor shortage, 65-66; on economic legislation, 54-55; on emigration of Jews, 74, 480, 484, 578; execution for war crimes, 11, 580; in fascist cult of the elite, 43; Filderman’s connection to, 70, 71, 95-97; on Final Solution, vii-viii; on forced labor, 59-60, 238; as head of national-legionary state, 49; Hitler’s alliance with, 103-4, 531, 541-43; Hitler’s meetings with, 103-4, 542-43; on Iași pogrom, 162-65, 551; ideology of, 594-96; as iron fist leader, 543-46, 594; on Iron Guard attacks on Jews, 98, 100, 101-3; Iron Guard’s alliance with,
Index 49, 55, 93-95; on Jewish problem, vii, 54,115; in lead-up to entering war, 122-23; monuments to, ix, 6, 8, 12; on neo-Protestant churches, 470, 472, 574-76; in Odessa massacre, 334-39, 559; on Odessa siege, 332; on passport stamps, 521; photo of, 94՝, political adversaries of, treatment of, 543-44; Popovici’s memo to, 309-10; as president of Council of Ministers, 93; on repatriation, 504, 505, 508-14,566-72; on Roma, 572-74, 579; on Romanian Jews abroad, 527-29, 534-35, 538; on Romanization, 595; on segregation of Jews, 115-16; on Târgu Jiu camp, 122, 222; on Transnistria, Alexianu as governor of, 374; on Transnistria camps, 343, 392; on Transnistria massacres, 354; violence used by, 544-46; xenophobia of, 11, 546-47; on yellow star, 71-72, 561-62 Antonescu, Ion, on deportations, 555-60; appeals from deportation opponents to, 491-92, 496, 500, 593; from Cernăuți, 270; destination of, 273, 379; vs. emigration, 74; exemptions from, 289, 291, 295; motivations for, 236-38; to Nazi camps, 490, 492-93, 496, 500-503, 561, 576; number of, 315-16, 590; from Odessa, 402, 559-60; orders laying groundwork for, 122-23, 167-68, 555-56; orders starting process of, 273, 289-91, 343, 55657; property confiscation in, 557-58; from Regat, 593; of Roma, 436, 438, 444; of Ukrainians, 462 Antonescu, Maria, 491, 580 Antonescu, Mihai: anti-Nazism of, 577; antisemitism of, 551-53, 569-70, 578; on Bessarabia deportations, 556; deportation administrators selected by, 243; on deportations as barbaric, 171,237-38; on deportations 601 to Nazi camps, 490, 492-503; Elena’s opposition to deportations
and, 491-92; on emigration to Palestine, 481-85, 487, 506, 578; in establishment of Central Jewish Office, 73; on ethnic cleansing, 171, 546; on ethnic Germans in Transnistria, 351; execution for war crimes, 11, 580; on exemptions from antisemitic legislation, 53; on foreign Jews, 523; on German assistance in deportations, 241; Hitler’s 1941 meeting with, 462; in Iași pogrom, 143, 144, 162-63; on Jewish question, 488-89, 499, 551-52; at Ministry of Justice, 95; on neo-Protestant churches, 575; opportunism of, 577-78; on Polish Jews, 564; relation to Ion Antonescu, 70; on repatriation, 505-7, 513; on Roma deportations, 439, 444, 573-74; on Romanian Jews abroad, 528-32, 534, 536-38; yellow star and, 70, 71 Antoniu (sergeant), 89-90 Antoniu, Lascăr, 26 AOK, 351 Apolozan, Teodor, 407, 460-61 Apostolic Church of God, 463 Apreutesii (police chief), 300 Arad, 95, 492-93, 506 Arăpașu, Teoctist, 112-13 Arbore (general), 262, 381 Ardeal, North, 541 Argeș, 22 Argeșeanu, Gheorghe, 97 Argetoianu, Constantin: antisemitism of, 294; assassination attempt against, 97; on Bessarabia and Bukovina massacres, 204; on Cernăuți deportations, 293-94; on Elena’s opposition to deportations, 491-92; on failed deportations across Dniester, 231; and fascism, 33; on Iași pogrom, 166; on Moldova
602 Index and Walachia deportations, 222; on Odessa massacre, 342-43; on Transnistrian ghettos, 373 Arion, C. C., 25-26 Armenian Gregorianism, 67 army, German. See German army army, Romanian: antisemitic propaganda of, 169-70; antisemitic tradition in, origins of, 25-26; compulsory service in, 25, 63; in deportations (See deportations; specific locations)·, forced labor in, 59-65, 225; German army relations with, 203-4; Iron Guard’s killing of members of, 97; Jewish soldiers in (See soldiers, Jewish); in massacres (See mass murders; specific locations)·, religious minorities in, 471-73; Roma soldiers in, 435-36, 439, 441-46, 449-50, 573; in Second Balkan War, 25-26; in World War I, 26-27. See also specific organizations and units army, Soviet. See Red Army Army Corps (Romania): 2nd, 131, 336, 338, 341, 404, 412; 3rd, 280, 388-89; 4th, 62 Army Corps, Thirtieth (Germany), 126, 132 army counterintelligence. See Second Section. Army Supply Corps, 225 Aronevici, Mendel, 396 Aron Voda, 13 Artillery Regiments (Romania): Twenty-fourth, 129; Twenty-third, 175 artists, Jewish, 68 Artzi, Itzhak, 412-13, 421 Aryanization, vs. Romanization, 55 Aryans: Germans as, 50; LANC on Romanians as, 37 Ashkenazi Jews, 3, 12, 28 assassinations, by Iron Guard, 97-98 Assembly of Deputies, 32-33 assimilation, of Jews, 3,26, 29, 30 Atachi, 282-84, 294-99, 301, 512-14 Atherton, Ray, 107 Atizic brothers, 91 Atudorei, Dumitru, 152 Auschnitt, Max, 490-91 Auschnitt family, 3 Auschwitz, 530, 535, 536 Austria, Romanian Jews in, 524-25, 530, 532-33 Austrian Jews, 524 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 2, 29-30 Averbuch,
Cozac, 135 Avram, Dumitru, 109 Axelrad, Josef, 482 Babat family, 177 Babii, Dimitrii, 190 Babinger (professor), 160-61 Băbuș, Grigore, 112-13 Bacău: Antonescu on, 570; census of Roma in, 437; health care discrimination in, 24; yellow star in, 70 Bacău District, 22 Baciu, Anton, 243 Baciu, Dumitru Iancu, 109 Bădescu, Gheorghe, 131 Bădoiu, Ilie, 358 Bahlui River, 137, 144, 147-48 Băhnăreanu, Mihai, 200 Bălăceanu, Eugen, 233, 341 Balaiciuc, 355, 358 Bălan (metropolitan), 491, 496, 497, 576 Balanovka, 383 Bălcescu, Nicolae, 34 Baldovin, Bobolina, 442 Baldovin, Gavrilä, 442 Balkan War, Second, 25-26, 51 Balki, 360, 393, 408 Bally, Davicion, 16 Balmoș, Stavăr, 202 Balotescu (captain), 162 Balotescu, Gheorghe, 125, 128, 333
Index Balta: Central Jewish Committee inspection of, 418, 420; conditions in, 377-79; deportations from, 411; Detachment 120 in, 423; massacres in, 364; number of internees in, 384, 385, 396, 420 Balta District, 385-86, 389, 396, 399400,423-24,510-11,514 Bălți: massacres in, 196-99,198, 203; number of Jews deported from, 314 Bălți District: persecution of Baptists in, 466-69; repatriation to, 514 Banat, viii, 28, 490, 493 Bănățeanu (doctor), 308 Banda, 179, 245 Banila pe Siret, 299 Bank, Josef, 482 banks, Jewish, 3. See also National Bank of Romania Baptists: Antonescu on, 575-76; in Bessarabia camps, 290; as Bolsheviks, 463; government position on, 463, 464, 472; persecution of, 464-70 Bar, 360 Bâra, Gheorghe, 201 Bărăgan, 572 Băran, Tatiana, 285 Barang, Manóle, 471 bar associations, 67 Barbascumpa, Gheorghe, 183 Barbaza, 179 Barbu, Radu, 201 Barcan, Ion, 304-5, 594 Bârlad, 168 Bârnova, 245,247 Barozzi, Gheorghe, 131, 228, 404 Barrés, Maurice, 37 Bartfeld (massacre victim), 90 Baruh, Haim Avrum, 180 Băsescu, Traian, ix, 8-9 Bătuceni, 194 Bavarian Statistical Office, 435 beaches, Jewish access to, 68 Beceanu (pharmacist), 137 603 Becescu-Georgescu, Florin, 124, 162 Bechi, Filip, 199 Beiler, Millo, 111 Beiliș (secretary), 497 Beiner, Golda, 302 Belei, Arno, 294 Belgium, Romanian Jews in, 526, 533 Bellacitta (ship), 481,486-87 Belzee, 496, 501, 564 Benea (priest), 254 Bengliu, Ion, 97 Benish, Moise, 158 Benone, Constantin, 157, 159 Benton, James Webb, 593 Benvenisti, Mișu, 578, 591 Benz, Wolfgang, 352-53 Berbca, 396 Berbeni, 247 Bercovici, Emil, 92 Beresloci, 201 Berezovka
District: deportations of Jews from Odessa to, 401-6; deportations of Jews from Tiraspol to, 411; deportations of Roma to, 448, 454— 56, 568; ethnic Germans in, 352; massacres in, 350-59, 364; number of Jewish deportees in, 385-86, 389, 396; repatriation from, 510-11 Berghof, Isidor, 180 Bergson, Henri, 46 Beris, Liviu, 236, 257, 283, 388, 395 Berkenbrücken, 106 Berlin, Treaty of, 21. See also Congress of Berlin Bernadovka, 355, 358 Berşad, 383; Central Jewish Committee inspection of, 418; conditions in, 392, 398, 421, 422-23; deportations from, 411; massacres in, 363-64; number of internees in, 396, 420, 568 Bersan, Nicolae Dimitrovici, 284 Berura, Mehr, 332 Berzovia, 61 Berzovska, 353 Besner, Haim, 178
604 Index Bessarabia: Antonescu on use of violence in, 545; citizenship in, 28; ethnic minorities in, 28; Propaganda Ministry in, 170; religious minorities in, 463; returned to Romania after World War I, 2, 28, 29; returned to Romania in 1941, 7; Roma in, deportations of, 438; Russian annexation in 1918 of, 46; Soviet annexation in 1940 of, 88-93, 116, 169. See also specific locations Bessarabia, Jews in: assimilation of, 3; citizenship of, 28, 522-23, 530; deportations of (See deportations); forced labor by, 60; as hostages, 173; population in 1930s of, 4, 29, 31213; population in 1940s of, 313-15; repatriation of, 514; Romanization and, 58; under Russia, 29-30; total number of wartime deaths of, 591; yellow star on, 69, 72, 238; Zionism among, 30 Bessarabia, Jews in, massacres of: in 1903 pogrom, 29; during 1940, summer of, 88-92; during 1941, summer of, 167-204, 227-36, 589; as ethnic cleansing, 169-73, 238; government orders leading to, 16774; number killed in 1941 in, vii, 204, 589; SSI plan for, 124, 172-73. See also specific locations Besuțiu (captain), 269 Bevrik, 383 Bilhorod-Dnistrovskii, 203 Biliceni, 468 Bilieni, 467 biological racism, 40 Birnbaum, Eti, 284 Biroul Central de Evacuare a Evreilor. See Central Office for the Evacuation of the Jews Birzula, 389 Black Book, The (Carp). See Cartea Neagră blackmail, 6 Blanc, Hinta, 141,156 Blank, Burach, 197,198 Blau family, 130 Blech, Andrei, 200,201 Biei, Arno, 388 Bleichauer, 536 Blînduț, Constantin, 135 Blondel, David, 152 blood libel, 13-15 Blumenfeld, Alexandru, 447 Blumenthal (accountant), 416 B’nai B’rith, 3
Bobei, Gheorghe, 345, 348 Bobești, 181 Bocancea, Gheorghe, 136 Bodestii Precista, 471 Bogdan, Valeriu, 235-36, 264 Bogdanovka, 343-50; massacres at, 344-50; origins of Jewish deportees in, 290, 342, 344, 356, 383; Roma deportees in, 446, 457, 458 Bohemia, 525, 530 Boia, Lucian, 26 Boldescu, Maria Manu, 244 Bolgrad, 273, 280, 286 Boliuh, Vasil, 388 Bolsheviks: in Iron Guard, 102; Jews as agents of, 122, 167; neo-Protestant churches as agents of, 463 Bona (doctor), 300-301 Book of Memory, The. See Cartea Memoriei Borcescu, Traian, 123,124,162, 341-42 Bordei, Ion, 184-85, 188 Borobaru, Traian, 105 Boroș (captain), 92 Borsan, V., 472-73 Bosânceanu, Ionel, 176-77 Botez, L, 148,150-52 Botoroagä (mayor), 299-300, 363 Botoșani: blood libel accusations in, 15; deportations of Roma from, 451; health care discrimination in, 24; persecution of neo-Protestants in, 470
Index Botoșani District, 22 Botta, Dan, 36 Boulescu, Μ., 468-69 Boulescu, Mihai, 198 boyars, 1 Bradu, Daniel, 276-77 Brăila, 99,102, 549 Brăileanu, Traian, 94 Brailov, 359, 360 Brancusi, Constantin, 46 branding, Antonescu on, 545-46 Brănișteanu, Beno, 26 Brânzan, Anuța, 458 Brătianu, Constantin L C., 100, 439-40, 500, 561, 593 Brătianu, Dinu, 498 Brătianu, Gheorghe, 33 Brătianu, Ion, 18, 21, 34 Bratslav, 360-61 Bratu, Anastase, 153 Bratulescu, Alexandru, 464 Braunstein, Berthold, 127 Bravicea, 200-201 Breazova, 464 Brecher, Iacob, 179 Brega, Ion Gheorghe, 188 bribes: to avoid forced labor, 59, 411; in Iași pogrom, 156, 159; paid to Lecca, 579-80; during repatriation, 512 Brickman, Rodriques Honores, 112 Bringles, Herman Naftuli, 96 Britain: Antonescu on customs in, 544; immigration visas denied by, 481 British Intelligence Service, 104 Broitman, Iosif, 197,198 Broscăuți, 181 Broșteanu (colonel), 316,405 Broșteni, 22 Brotea (captain), 289 Brownshirts, 103-4 Brudaru, Gheorghe, 355 Bruja, Petru, 178 Brusturoasa, 22 Bucharest, Jews in: before 1800s, 13,14; during 1800s, 15, 23; 605 destruction of synagogues of, 18, 112,113; expropriation of property of, 101; Iron Guard’s torture of, 99; massacres of (See Bucharest pogrom); population in 1800s of, 16, 28-29; repatriation of, 504; Sephardic, 3,13, 112,113 Bucharest, Roma in, deportations of, 438 Bucharest pogrom (1801), 15 Bucharest pogrom (1941), 107-17; events and sites of, 107-14; number of victims of, 49, 107, 113-14, 116; photos from, 111, 113; punishment for killers in, 111, 115; synagogues destroyed in, 112-13,113; women
in, 112 Buchenwald, 106 Buchman, Ghetl, 147 Buciulueni, 197 Buck (colonel), 174 Bucur, Maria, 51 Budai, 192-93, 201 Budi, 398 Búdica, Ion, 201 Budieni, 407 Budineț, 180 Budisán, Ion, 202 Budisteanu, Radu, 463 Bug River. See deportations, from Bessarabia and Bukovina Buhatir, Citizen, 180 Bujică (police chief), 90-91 Bukarester Tageblatt (newspaper), 72, 315, 490, 491 Bukovina: Antonescu on use of violence in, 545; citizenship in, 28; closing of Soviet-Romanian border in, 116; ethnic minorities in, 28; Propaganda Ministry in, 170; returned to Romania after World War I, 2, 28, 29; returned to Romania in 1941, 7; Roma in, deportations of, 438; Soviet annexation in 1940 of, 88-93, 116, 169. See also specific locations
606 Index Bukovina, Jews in: under AustroHungarian Empire, 30; citizenship of, 28, 522-23, 530; deportations of (See deportations); Folkist movement of, 30; as hostages, 173; photos of, 239; population in 1930s of, 4, 29, 312-13; population in 1940s of, 313-15; repatriation of, 514; Romanization and, 58; segregation of, 271-72; total number of wartime deaths of, 591; yellow star on, 69, 72, 238, 271-72; Zionism among, 30 Bukovina, Jews in, massacres of: during 1940, summer of, 88-93; during 1941, summer of, 167-204,227-36, 589; as ethnic cleansing, 169-73,238; government orders leading to, 16774; number killed in 1941 in, vii, 204, 589. See also specific locations Bulbul (ship), 481,483,487 Bulgaria, 486-87, 488, 505, 592 Bulgarian Jews, 524, 532 Bulgarians, Antonescu’s xenophobia against, 546 Bunaciu (attorney general), 339^10 Bunaciu, O. A., 447 Bund (organization), 30 Burada, Nicolae, 200 Buradescu, Sever, 263, 267, 287,421 Burcea, Anastasia, 442 Burdujeni, 116-17 Burgdöfer (professor), 435 Burihovici-Havas, Lida (Lidia), 231, 234, 255, 273, 344, 400, 417-18 Burla (peasant), 180 Bursan, Constantin, 505 Burstin, Ițic, 135 businesses, Jewish: Iron Guard attacks on, 95-96, 100-103; nationalization of, 35, 56-57, 100 Busovca, 201 Buzău, 95, 99, 168, 549 Cabâlea, 201 Căbești, 181 Cahul, 251, 273, 280,286 Căile Ferate Române (CFR). See General Administration of the Romanian Railroads Calafeteanu, Ion, 93,256, 589 Călărași: Iron Guard torture of Jews in, 99; massacres in, 190-91, 197. See also Iași death trains, to Călărași Călărașu, Andrei, 132,154 Căliman, Franz, 357
Calmanovici, Avram, 92 Calotescu, Corneliu: on Cernăuți ghetto and deportations, 271-72,293, 295, 306; on Dorohoi deportations, 304; on emigration of Jews to Palestine, 481-82; on neo-Protestant churches, 575; on number of deportees, 315, 558-59; in planning for Bukovina deportations, 291-93, 557; on population of Jews in Bukovina, 295֊ 96; term as governor of Bukovina, 270; on yellow star, 72,271-72 Calotescu, Gheorghe, 272 Călugăru, David, 200 Cămăreni, 467 Cambodia, 317 camps, map of, xiv. See also extermination camps; internment camps; transit camps; specific camps Câmpulung Moldovenesc, 393 Candrea, Ioan Aurel, 53 cannibalism, 460 Cantacuzino, Alexandru, 38-39 Cantacuzino, Ștefan, 14 Cantemir, Dimitrie, 13-14 capitalism, fascist ideology on, 44—45 Captaru, Dumitru, 127,138,143, 144, 162, 164, 224 Capusterna, 364 Caracal, 222 Caracas, Nicolae, 197 Caragea, Ioan, 14 Caragiale, Ion Luca, 20 Caraites, 403, 404 Caranfir, Nicolae, 109
Index Coranica, 459-60 Carlaonț (general), 164 Cârlig, 175,176-77 Carol I (king of Romania), 1 Carol II (king of Romania): antisemitic legislation under, 47-49, 52; antisemitism under, rise of, 2; Antonescu in abdication of, 48, 93, 541; on citizenship review, 47-48; definition of “Jew” under, 49; economic polarization under, 2; in fascist cult of the elite, 43; Iron Guard’s agreement with, 88; opposition to fascism by, 33; Party of the Nation under, 88; political parties’ acceptance of role of, 35; pro-Nazi appointments of, 88; royal dictatorship of, 2, 48-49, 93; totalitarian state under, 88, 93 Carp, Matatías. See Cartea Neagră Carp, P. P., 18, 20 Carp, Valeria, 89-90 Carp, Valeriu, 177 Cartea Memoriei (The Book of Memory), 88 Cartea Neagră (Carp): on Alexandrovka, 417; on Bessarabia and Bukovina massacres, 179, 190, 197, 233; on Bucharest pogrom, 107, 113; on Bukovina deportations, 296, 306; on deaths in July and August 1941, 313; on deportations rumors, 490; on Dumbrava Verde, 424; on expropriations by Iron Guard, 100; on Iași pogrom and death trains, 122, 158; on Ladijin stone quarry, 410-11; on Mărculești camp, 252; on massacres during summer of 1940, 91, 93; on Moldova and Walachia deportations, 222; on number of deportees in Transnistria, 425; on Odessa deportations, 403; on Pecioara, 416; on repatriation, 503, 504; on Transnistria massacres, 360, 363 607 Cassulo, Andrea, 492, 496 Catargi, Nelly, 491 Catholicism, 67, 463 Catovska, 358 Caufinan, Marcu, 128 Cavalry Division 3 (Romania), 388-89 Cavarna (ship), 560 Cazachievici, Mihail, 350 Cazangic, 189 CBBT. See
Civilian-Military Cabinet of the Administration of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transnistria Ceaușescu, Nicolae: fall of, 7; nationalism under, 581; revisionist history under, 6-7, 483, 592-93 censorship, press, 490 censuses: of Roma, 436-37; of Romanian Jews, 4, 29, 69, 252, 312, 490 Center for Ethnic Germans (VoMi), 351-53 Centrala Evreilor. See Central Jewish Office Central Institute of Statistics, 42, 312 Central Jewish Office (Centrala Evreilor): Aid Committee of, 355, 418; aid to Jews in Transnistria from, 378, 385, 392, 410, 420; and deportations to Nazi camps, 494; establishment of, 73; forced labor and, 59; inspection of Transnistria by, 418-20; registration of Jews at, 52; on repatriation, 504, 506-8, 514; responsibilities of, 73; role in Holocaust, 73; on Transnistria, 355, 406 Central Office for the Evacuation of the Jews, 402-3 Ceplăuți, 196 Cepleanu (general), 226 Cernat, Ilie, 471 Cernăuți, 270-72; assimilation of Jews in, 30; deportations to Siberia from, 313; deportations to Transnistria in 1941 from, 270-71, 291-97,
608 Index 299, 303, 306, 315; deportations to Transnistria in 1942 from, 270, 306-9, 315, 359, 410, 504; establishment of ghetto in, 270-71; Jewish population in 1940s in, 314; massacres in, 182, 203, 232; neo Protestants in, 470-72; number of Jews deported from, 270, 306, 315, 589-90; number of Jews in ghetto of, 252, 270, 315; prewar violence against Jews in, 32; yellow star in, 271-72 Cernăuți District, 182, 508, 514 Cernavodă, 96 Certovata, 446 Cetatea Albă District, 172, 202 Cetvertinovka, 410-12 CFR. See General Administration of the Romanian Railroads Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 2, 37 Chamber of Deputies, 18, 19, 22, 32-33 Chapuisat (Red Cross vice president), 506 Chelcea, Ion, 435 Chifu (tax agent), 236 Chifu, Panait, 181 children, Jewish: emigration to Palestine by, 485-86; forced labor by, 59, 99-100; in Iași pogrom, 134, 161; in Odessa deportations, 403. See also orphans Chilean Jews, 306, 309, 524, 564 Chilia Nouă, 273, 280, 286 Chiperceni, 201 Chiriac, Mitrofan, 112-13 Chirilă (medical officer), 398 Chirilovici, Constantin, 125,127-28, 137, 138, 142, 162-64 Chirova, 200 Chișinău, 267-70; age and gender of internees in, 251, 267,269-70; conditions at, 267-70; deaths of internees in, 269; deportations from, 270, 273, 279-80, 282, 287-90; establishment of ghetto in, 246, 267; forced labor in, 270; massacres in, 124, 172, 199,203,232-33; number of internees in, 251,252, 254, 267-69 Chițcani, 201 Chmielnicki, Bogdan, 13 Christianity: banning of sects of, 472; in fascist ideology, 39,40, 42-44; government on categories of, 46263; persecution of sects of, 462-73;
state-protected sects of, 67, 463 Christian Scientists, 472 Christians in the Gospel, 463 Cihrin, 355 Cihrini-Berezovka, 358 Cimpoesu, Gheorghe, 175 Cîmpulung Moldovenesc, 298, 306 Cineșeuți, 201 Cioculescu, Radu, 343-44 Cioflâncă, Adrian, 108-11 Cioran, Emil, 38, 39, 42, 44 Ciornei, 179 Cires, 180 Cîrlan, Vasile, 197 Cisek, Oskar Walter, 500 Cișmele, 202 citizenship, of Jews: in Bessarabia and Bukovina, 28, 522-23, 530; and Bessarabia deportations, 272-73; changes in 1918-1919 to requirements for, 27-28; Congress of Berlin on, 1-2,21, 34, 74; constitution of 1866 on, 1-2, 21; constitution of 1923 on, 2, 28; debate in 1866 over, 17-18; intellectual elite on, 19-20, 34; LANC on, 31; legal definitions of “Jew” and, 49-54, 523; living abroad, 530; number granted, 21; parliamentary confirmation required for, 21, 27, 51; review of, law mandating, 47-48; revocation in 1935 of, 47; revocation in 1941 of, 522-23; Treaty of Saint-Germain on, 28; for veterans, 21, 26, 27, 51 Citizenship Law of 1924, 28
Index Ciubotaru, Dumitru, 136 Ciuciueni, 468 Ciudacov, Gleb, 194-95 Giudei, 90,177-78 Ciuhat (commander), 156 Ciurea, Ion, 286 Ciurea, Nicolae, 109 Ciutac, Tasache, 201 Ciutacu (gendarme), 254 Civic Guards, 181, 203 Civilian-Military Cabinet of the Administration of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transnistria (CBBT), 316, 377,385 civil rights of Jews, history of, 1-4, 28. See also citizenship civil servants, Jewish, 50, 51, 57 “cleansing of the land,” 123, 169-73, 199, 238, 279, 333, 546 Clejan, Herman, 504, 564-65, 568-69 Clim, Nicolae, 177 Clim, Stefan, 177 Climăuți, 197 Clincofer, Aron, 267 Clingher, David, 186-87 Cliniceanu, Constantin, 423 clothing: of forced laborers, 61-62, 224-25; of Jews in Transnistria, 374; restrictions on, before 1800s, 14; of Roma in Transnistria, 448 Cluj District, 470 Cobadin, 224 Cobâlna, 244 Cobilca, 201 Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea: antisemitism of, 39-40; arrest and execution of, 97; in establishment of Iron Guard, 35; in fascist cult of the elite, 43-44; ideology of, 38—40, 42-43; as leader of Iron Guard, 31, 36; mysticism of, 42-43; on nationalism, 38; on political program of Iron Guard, 36 Codrescu, Ion, 18 Cohn, Leon, 91 Cohn, Silviu, 99 609 Cohn, Simion, 92 Cojocaru, losub, 127,128 Cojocaru, Pavel, 233 Cojocaru, Romulus, 309 Colibaba, Anna, 466 Colodelo, Ioan, 179 Coman (Iron Guard member), 96 Comănești-Suceava, 91 Comaniciu, Horațiu, 43 Commission No. I, II, and III, 453-55 communism: fascist ideology on, 37, 46; Romanian nationalism on, 87 communist Jews: “cleansing of the land” of, 169-70; deportations of, 226, 413-14, 505, 563; exclusion
from repatriation, 505-7, 509, 593; government propaganda and reports on, 88-89, 169-70; Iron Guard on, 46; orders on, 169, 226; Romanian nationalism on, 87 Communist Party, Romanian (RCP), 45, 46, 580-81 Communist regime, revisionist history during, 5-7 Comrat, 172 concentration camps. See extermination camps Conducător (ruler) of Romania, 4, 93 Congress of Berlin: Article 44 of, 1-2, 21, 34; on citizenship for Jews, 1-2, 21, 74; Hay’s Note to, 23; Romanian politicians on, 2, 20, 34 Conoplea (police officer), 406-7 Conotcăuti, 396 Conservative Party, 18, 20, 24 Constanța: deportations from, 223-24; forced labor in, 99, 224; ships leaving for Palestine from, 480-81 Constantin (general), 549 Constantin, Constantin, 443 Constantin, Constantin I., 109 Constantin, Mihăila, 200 Constantin, Petre, 444 Constantinescu, Alexandru, 261-63, 593 Constantinescu, Dumitru, 135, 355
610 Index Constantinescu, Emil, 8 Constantinov (gendarme), 468 constitutions of Romania: of 1831, 16; of 1866, 1-2, 21, 22; of 1923, 2, 28 Conta, Vasile, 19, 34 conversion, of Jews: Antonescu on, 564; in definition of “Jew,” 50; laws banning, 52, 68 conversion, of neo-Protestants, 470-71 Copaigorod, 379, 383, 393 Corbu, 283 Coronica, 451 corporatism, 35-36, 44 Corriere della Sera (newspaper), 161 Cosăuți, 278-79, 282-83, 285, 297 Coslar, 227-28 Cosma (physician), 127 Cossacks, 13 Costantin, Ioan, 355 Coste, Brutus, 107 Costești, 180 Costică (major sergeant), 394 Costica, Ignat, 181 Costiner (doctor), 384 Costișa, 464 Cotier, Puiu, 158 Coțmani, 182 Council of Internal Order, 509, 511 Council of Ministers: as chief governmental body, 22; on Chișinău ghetto, 269; on deportations of Jews in 1800s, 22; on disbanding of churches, 472; Iron Guard in, 94-95, 102; Jewish doctors and, 65-66; on motivations for deportations, 236-37; on Polish Jews, 564; on radios, 68-69; on Roma deportations, 573-74; on yellow star, 71-72, 238. See also specific members counterintelligence, army. See Second Section counter-propaganda, 170 coup attempt of 1941. See Legionnaire Rebellion coup of 1944, 74, 473, 542 Covaci, Maria, 256, 589 Covaleovka, 447-48,454-56,461 Covurlui District, 22 Cozlov, 227-28 Crăciun, Nicolae, 127 Crăciunescu, Nicolae, 225 Crainic, Nichifor, 45 Crăiniceni, 91 Craiova, 222, 440-41, 450 Crasna, 90, 178,410,419 Crăsnăețeni, 201 Crăsnăuți, 201 Crâsnișoara Nouă, 178 Creștinu, Avram, 348 Crețu, Constantin, 151 Crețu, Gheorghe, 105 Cretzianu, Alexandru, 513 Crijopol, 392 Cripps,
197,198 Crișana, 28 Cristescu, Eugen, 123-24, 127, 162, 342, 543 Cristescu, Gheorghe, 385 Cristescu, Gică, 162 Cristescu-Gică, Gheorghe, 341 Cristiniuc, Leon, 135 Crivoi Ozero, 448, 460 Croatian Jews, 524, 532 Croială, Andrei, 200 Croitoru, Cătălin, 176 Croitoru, Rifca, 92 Cucu (shoemaker), 136-37 Cucuruzeni, 201 cult of the dead, 43-44 cult of the elite, 42—43 cultural assimilation, of Jews, 3, 26, 29, 30 curfews, Antonescu’s orders on, 167 Cuvântul (newspaper), 38, 41 Cuvântul Nostru (periodical), 107, 577 Cuza, Alexandru C.: on elimination of Jews, 32; in establishment of LANC, 31; in establishment of National Christian Party, 47; in establishment of National Democratic Party, 19;
Index family of, 594; in fascist cult of the elite, 43; as founding father of antisemitism, 36; German relations with, 36; and massacres in Bessarabia, 196; on nationalism, 38; political program of, 34; racism of, 41; swastika used by, 35; Western tolerance of antisemitism of, 3; xenophobia of, 39. See also GogaCuza government Cuza, Alexandru Ioan, 1, 17, 34 Cuza, George, 37 Cuza, Gheorghe, 594 Cuzists, 173, 195-96 Czechia, 13 Czech Jews, 524 Czechoslovakia, Romanian Jews in, 530 Dachau, 106 Dacia, 11, 12 DACIA (code name), 131 Dädírlat, Dumitru, 135 Dagani, Anisoara, 359-60 Dagani, Arnold, 359-60 Daily Herald (newspaper), 47 Dallin, Alexander, 331, 334, 358, 389 Dálnic, 339, 342, 404 Damain (security guard), 151 Dănulescu (doctor), 552 Darabani District, 222-23, 305 Darie, Constantin, 140-42 Darlan (admiral), 166 David, Grigore, 290 Davidescu (lieutenant), 400 Davidescu, Gheorghe, 381-82, 528, 532 Davidescu, Radu: on forced labor, 59-60; and National Bank of Romania, 554; in Odessa massacre, 336, 338-39; and repatriation, 508; in Roma deportations, 436; on Romanian Jews abroad, 525, 527, 529, 531; on transit camps, 266 Davidovici, Iacob, 296, 391-92 Davidovici, Leon, 135 611 DCFRJDH. See Documents Concerning the Fate ofRomanian Jewry During the Holocaust death penalty: for refusing to wear yellow star, 272; for theft, 545; for trying to return from Transnistria, 376; for war crimes, 11, 580 death train. See Iași death trains Decision No. 42.181 (1940), 68 Decision No. 42.352 (1940), 463 Decision No. 44.400 (1940), 68 Decision No. 49.782 (1940), 56 Decision No. 191.730
(1940), 67 Decision No. 203 (1941), 56 Decision No. 4501/947 (1947), 302 Decree-Law No. 169 (1938), 47-48 Decree-Law No. 377 (1941), 67 Decree-Law No. 431 (1943), 472 Decree-Law No. 693 (1941), 56 Decree-Law No. 711 (1941), 52 Decree-Law No. 825 (1940), 57 Decree-Law No. 842 (1941), 56, 57 Decree-Law No. 927 (1942), 463, 472 Decree-Law No. 1215 (1941), 69 Decree-Law No. 1253 (1941), 68 Decree-Law No. 1257 (1942), 69 Decree-Law No. 1647 (1941), 56 Decree-Law No. 2085 (1919), 54 Decree-Law No. 2506 (1941), 272 Decree-Law No. 2507 (1941), 273 Decree-Law No. 3294 (1940), 56 Decree-Law No. 3347 (1940), 56-57 Decree-Law No. 3438 (1940), 66-67 Decree-Law No. 3758 (1940), 56 Decree-Law No. 3811 (1940), 56 Decree-Law No. 3847 (1940), 67 Decree-Law No. 3850 (1941), 68 Decree-Law No. 3902 (1918), 54 Decree-Law No. 3968 (1940), 56 Degrelle, Léon, 37 Deleanu, Nicolae, 233, 340-41 Delineu, 200, 201 denationalization, 100 deportations: in 1800s, 21-23; Antonescu on (See Antonescu, Ion,
612 Index on deportations); “cleansing of the land” through, 123,169, 238; exemptions from, 289, 291, 295; motivations for, 236-38; to Nazi camps, plans for, 487-503, 561, 576, 592; of non-Jewish minority groups, 461-62; opposition to, 490-92, 496-500, 593-94; orders laying groundwork for, 122-23,167-68, 555-56; by train vs, foot, viii; vs. voluntary emigration, 74; during World War I, 26 deportations, from Bessarabia and Bukovina, 272-317; as almost total, 270, 289-90, 315; of communists, 226, 413-14; exemptions from, 289-90, 291, 295-97; final destination of, 274, 379-83; first stage of, 243 (See also ghettos; transit camps); of foreign nationals, 523; German criticism of, 240-43, 274, 379-83, 488, 592; government justification for, 236-38; international reactions to, 310-11, 494-95; massacres along routes of, 276-78, 282-84; massacres before start of, 227-36; non-Romanian Jews in, 306, 309; number deported in 1940 and 1941, 88, 286-87, 312-16, 589-90; number deported in 1942, 296,306,315-16, 425, 590; number deported in total, 331, 365, 384-86, 397, 589-90; number killed during, 312-13, 315, 590; photos of, 228, 235, 237, 307; planning and preparations for, 27280, 290-93; press coverage of, 272, 311-12; routes used for, 274-75, 278; second stage of, 243 (See also Transnistria); by Soviet Union, 312-13; by train, 294-96. See also specific locations deportations, from Moldova: planned, to Nazi camps, 490, 495-96, 503; during World War I, 26; during World War II, 123-24, 222-26, 291, 316, 555-56 deportations, from Regat, 221-22, 479, 515, 564, 589 deportations, from
Walachia, 222-26, 316, 490, 495-96, 503 deportations, of Roma. See Roma, deportations of Derebcin, 364 Derevenciuc, Stefan Vasile, 236 Denner, Fredi, 90 Despot Voda. See Iacob Eraclide Detachment 120, 423 Diagot, Sacha, 197,198 Dicä, Damian, 192 Dindelegan (prosecutor), 363, 390 Dinu, Mirica, 457 Dinu, Panait, 201 Dinulescu, Radu, 123, 238,248-49, 273, 291, 342, 557 diphtheria, 397 Djurin, 393-95, 504 Djuvara, Neagu, 332 Dlujanschi, Dezideriu, 182 Dniester River, first failed deportations across, 227-33, 238, 240. See also deportations, from Bessarabia and Bukovina Dober, Alexandru, 109 Dobruja, 4 doctors, Jewish: in 1800s, 23-24; in 1900s, shortages of, 65-66; in Transnistria, 400-401 Documents Concerning the Fate ofRomanian Jewry During the Holocaust (DCFRJDH), 193 Doering (air force commander), 104 Dolganiuc, Mihail, 188-89 Dolma, 22 Donauzeitung (newspaper), 490 Doncu, Constantin, 109-11 Doncu, Elena, 109 Donnenfeld, Michel, 179 Doriot, Jacques, 37 Doroban, Grigore Iacob, 187
Index Dorohoi: deportations from, 304-6, 315-16, 410, 504; massacres in, 91-93,116; repatriation to, 504, 506, 507, 509-12, 568 Dorohoi District: deportations from, in 1800s, 22; deportations from, wartime, 222, 295, 589-90; deportations to, 222-23; massacres in, 91-93; population of Jews in, 313; repatriation to, 510; Soviet annexation in 1940 of parts of, 88; transfer from Bukovina to Regat, 222 Dositei, 15 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 46 Dracineț, 181 Dragalina, C. L, 270, 272, 309, 510, 569 Drăgan, Virgil, 202 Dragomir (deputy prefect), 450 Dragomir, Năstase, 471 Dragomirescu, Stefan, 267 Dragoș, Titus, 578 Drăgulescu (commander), 276, 278 Drancy, 530 Drapelul (newspaper), 23 Drimer, Carol, 147 Drimer, Solomon, 178 Druckman, Nuta, 90 Drumont, Edouard, 2 Dubālaru, Dumitru, 243 Duboșari, 352 Duboșari District, 385, 389, 510 Dumanovka, 343-50; conditions in, 399-400; deportations of Jews to, 344; deportations of Roma to, 448, 457, 460; massacres at, 344-50,400 Dumbrava Verde, 424 Dumbrăveni, 195, 243-44 Dumitraș-Bițoaica, Gheorghe, 8Ini84 Dumitrecu, Mihail, 423 Dumitrescu, Eugen, 287-89 Dumitrescu, Ioan, 467, 469 Dumitriu, Dumitru, 136, 139 Dumitru, Diana, 172-73, 195, 203 Dumitru, Gheorghe, 109 Dumitru, Mihai Vasile, 109 613 Dumitru, Olaru, 468 Duțescu (pharmacist), 99 Easterman, A. L., 47 Echimăuți, 201 economy, Romanian: antisemitic legislation on, 54-58; antisemitism in Antonescu’s views on, 548-52; in rise of antisemitism, 1-2; role of Germans in, 55, 100; role of Romanian Jews in, 1-3; Romanization of, 55-58, 595. See also businesses; professions Edelstein family, 90
Edineți: conditions in, 247, 257-61; deportations from, 276, 283-84, 287, 297-98; establishment of transit camp in, 245, 248; forced march to, 245; massacres in, 197; number of deaths at, 245, 257; number of internees in, 249, 252, 254,257; origins of internees in, 178 education: in 1800s, 24-25; in 1940s, 66-67; antisemitic propaganda in, 24-25 Eftimie, Nicolae, 262 Egalitatea (newspaper), 23 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 334 Eichmann, Adolf: cooperation with Romania on Jewish question, 489-90; in deportations to Nazi camps, 495; on emigration of Jews, 484-85; Lecca’s meeting with, 579; on Romanian approach to deportations, 382-83; and Romanian Jews abroad, 529 Einsatzgruppe D: on Bălți massacre, 197-98; in Cernăuți massacre, 182; in Hotin massacre, 196; in lampol massacre, 232; on problems with Romanian massacres, 203-4; SSI operational echelon and, 162; in Transnistria massacres, 350-53; in Ukraine massacres, 238 Einsatzkommando: Xb, 182,196, 19798, 203; Xia, 199,230, 232; Xlb, 401
614 Index Eisenberg, Bets, 27 elections, parliamentary, 32-33,47 Elena (queen mother of Romania), 491-92, 593 Eleventh Army (Germany), 197, 242, 350 Eliade, Mircea, 36, 38, 39, 42 Elicher, Leon, 178 Elie Wiesel Institute, 177 Elie Wiesel National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania, 8, 60 elites: antisemitism of, 18-20, 34, 46; fascism’s impact on, 46; in fascist ideology, 42֊43 Ellenboghen, Leib, 91 Emental, 252 emigration from Romania: Antonescu on, 74, 480, 484, 578; in early 1900s, 23, 27; forced, 595; vs. forced deportations, 74; German opposition to, 484-87; of orphans, 505-7, 513; to Palestine, 480-87, 494, 505, 513; poverty in, 23; revisionist history on, 483, 595; as solution to Jewish question, 521; to Soviet Union, applications for, 360, 413, 506, 507, 511; taxes on, 482, 484, 504; temporary repatriation before, 504 Eminescu, Mihai, 19, 34 Enăchiță (second lieutenant), 411 Engel, Bubi, 180 England. See Britain Eoniț, Ion Nicolae, 183 Epureanu, Manolache Costache, 17 Erhan (Iron Guard chief), 95 espionage: Antonescu on, 571-72; during World War I, 26-27 ethnic cleansing, 169-73, 238, 546 ethnic minorities. See minority groups eugenics, 41 Europe: complicity in Holocaust, 481; tolerance of antisemitism, 3 evacuations. See deportations Evangelical Christians, 67,470, 472 expulsions. See deportations extermination camps, Nazi: plans for deportations from Romania to, 479, 487-503, 561, 576, 592; Romanian Jews living abroad in, 530, 531, 536, 578 external detachments, forced labor in, 58-62 Extraordinary Congress of Romanian Jews, 25 Fabricius, Wilhelm,
104, 541 Făcăoaru, Gheorghe, 41-42 Făcăoaru, lordache, 51 Faendrich, Emanuel, 412 Făină, Vasile, 151 Fălciu District, 22 Fălești, 468 Falik, David, 32 Fall family, 134 Fărăoani, 202 Fascia Nationala Romana. See National Romanian Fascia fascism, Romanian, 33-49; anticommunism in, 37,46; connections to German fascism, 36-38; “constitutional,” 31; electoral performance of, 47; expansion in 1940 of, 88; ideology of, 36—46, 594-95; political programs of, 34-36, 45; racism in, 36-37, 40-41, 462; xenophobia in, 34, 37, 39 federations, Jewish, 3 Feigenbaum (massacre victim), 91 Feingold (doctor), 302 Feodorovca, 460 Fetecău (captain), 416 Fifth Macedonian Legion, 12 Fifty-Fourth Army (Germany), 230 Filderman, Wilhelm: Antonescu’s connection to, 70, 71, 95-97; as community leader, 31; in establishment of Central Jewish Office, 73; in fight against Holocaust, 31, 516; in fight for civil
Index rights, 3; on forced labor, 424; on Golta massacres, 350; on Iron Guard violence, 96-97, 101-2; judicial inquiry into, 562; on Odessa, 332; and planned deportations to Nazi camps, 495, 496, 498; on Polish refugees, 524; press coverage of, 312; on repatriation, 504-10, 513; in softening of Antonescu’s antisemitic policies, 561-62, 566; on total number of deaths, 591; as UER leader, 3, 30; on yellow star, 70-71, 561-62 Filipenco, Gurie, 198 Filipescu, Richard, 132 “Final Solution,” vii-viii, 487-88 Finchelstain, Ana, 27 Finchelstein, Leizer, 60-61, 132, 142, 157, 159, 160 Finkelstein, losef, 131-32, 147-48 Finland, 566 Fischbach, Pincu, 362 Fisher, Josef, 3, 578 Fisher, Julius, 316, 364 Fisher, Theodor, 3 FLAMURA (code name), 130-31 Fleischer (German official), 349-50 Fleischer, Iacob, 179 Flinstein family, 178 Flondor, Șerban, 178 Florescu, I. Μ., 22 Florescu, Marin, 305 Flugojanu, Florea, 200 Focsani, 168 fodder peas, 414-15 Foit (communal official), 300 Folkist movement, 30 Follender, Alfred, 417 food: antisemitism in Antonescu’s views on, 549-51; for forced laborers, 60, 62-63, 225; restrictions on supply of, 69; in transit camps, 246-48,25666; in Transnistria, 374-75,414-15 forced deportations. See deportations forced emigration, 595 615 forced labor, 58-65; Alexianu’s use of, 416-17; Antonescu’s orders on, 59-60, 238; categories of, 58, 63-64; clothing in, 61-62, 224; conditions in, 59-63, 224-25; deportations of laborers to Transnistria, 59, 64-65, 226; in ghettos, 270; by Iași death train passengers, 156; under Iron Guard, 99-100; military taxes and, 63; in
Moldova and Walachia, 62, 224-25; non-Jewish, 226; number of laborers, 61, 224; payments for, 424; punishments for violations in, 58-59, 62, 64-65, 226, 416; in Regat, 60, 423; repatriation after violations of, 506, 507; in Transnistria, 60, 423-24; by women and children, 59, 64, 99-100 forced sterilization, 41-42, 435 foreigners in Romania, foreign nationals as: antisemitic legislation affecting, 523; deportations of, 523-24 foreigners in Romania, Romanian Jews as: in economic policy, 55; education of, 24; health care for, 24; military service by, 25; monitoring of, 1915 law for, 26; xenophobia toward, 39 Foti, Ion, 41 Fotino, Dionisie, 363, 420-21 Fourth Army (Romania): antisemitic propaganda in, 169-70; in deportations from Odessa, 404; in deportations of Roma, 435; in Odessa massacre, 336, 338-39 France: Antonescu on customs in, 544; on deportations, 310-11; deportations of citizens of, 523; Romanian Jews in, 526, 530-31, 533-34 Franco, Francisco, 37, 44 Frankel (rabbi), 284 Frankel, Dina, 196 Frankel, lehosua, 284 Frankists, 14 Frătăuții Noi, 464
616 Fratesca, Vasile, 62 Frederic the Great (king of Prussia), 13 Freemasoniy, 40, 46 Freitag (Jewish leader), 152 Freud, Sigmund, 46 Friedman (dentist), 156-57 Friedman, Samuel, 109 Friedmann, Avram, 303 Fringhieru family, 111-12 Frölich, Heinrich, 233 Frunze, Vasile, 250 Fullop, Ladislau, 482 Fullop, Veronica, 482 Furceni, 201 Gâdea, Ștefan L, 440-41 Gajion, Nona, 191-92 Galați, 15,91-92, 116, 168 Galavata, Leibis, 197,198 Gall, Matei, 361-62, 415-16 Gălușcă (police chief), 223 Garinstein, Ella, 265 Garisin, 360 Gaspar, 467 Gaster, Moses, 21 Găureni-Suceava, 91 Gavaziuc, Efímie, 467 Gavaziuc, Efrosina, 467 Geheime Feldpolizei, 124 Geisler, Kurt, 106 Gelinova, 383 Geller, Iakob, 180 gendarmerie: in “cleansing of the land,” 169, 199; in deportations (See deportations; specific locations')·, in massacres (See mass murders; specific locations); treatment of Jewish soldiers in, 25 General Administration of the Romanian Railroads (CFR), 495-96 General Staff. See Supreme General Staff “gentiles, righteous,” 137 Georgescu, C., 67 Georgescu, Corneliu, 105 Index Gerber, Teodor, 97,107 Gereoplova, 383 German army: in Bessarabia and Bukovina deportations, 227-33, 250; in Bessarabia and Bukovina massacres, 182,192-93, 196-200, 203-4; in Golta massacres, 348-50; in Iași pogrom and death trains, 126, 132,146,158, 159; Romanian army relations with, 203-4. See also specific organizations and units German Jews, 525-29; deportations of, 524, 527-28; emigration to Palestine by, 480; in Romania, 529; vs. Romanian Jews, treatment of, 525-27 German-Romanian relations: alliance of Hitler and
Antonescu in, 103-4, 531, 541-43; deportations to Nazi camps in, 489-503; ethnic Germans living in Transnistria and, 351-52; Jewish question in, 487-90; Legionnaire Rebellion in, 49, 103-6; oil in, 103, 489, 541; Romanian approach to deportations in, 227-33, 240-43, 274, 379-83, 488, 592; Romanian approach to massacres in, 203-4, 227, 488, 592 Germans, ethnic: as Aryans, 50; living in Romania, expropriation of Jewish property by, 55, 100; livinģ in Transnistria, massacres by, 351-62; in Romanization, 542 Germany, Nazi: definition of “Jew” in, 49-50; on deportations from Romania, 240-43, 274, 379-83; on emigration of Jews to Palestine, 484-87; on forced emigration, 595; in Iași pogrom, 123-24, 163-65; Iron Guard’s connections to, 36-38, 98, 103-4, 577; on Jewish question, 487-90; LANC’s connections to, 36-37; in Legionnaire Rebellion, 49, 103-6, 541; in MolotovRibbentrop Pact, 87-88; on number of deaths in Transnistria, 352, 356,
Index 358; Nuremberg Laws of, 4, 51; revisionist history of Romanian cooperation with, 5-8; on Roma, Romanian handling of, 435; Romanian Jews in, 521-22, 524-32; in Transnistria massacres, 350-62; Wannsee Conference in, 487-88 Gestapo: in Iași pogrom, 124, 165; Polish Jews handed over to, 309; and repatriation negotiations, 504; and Romanian Jews abroad, 532; on yellow stars, 524 Gheller, Haim, 147 Gheller family, 90-91 Ghelmegeanu, Mihail, 97 Ghenea, Gheorghe, 189 Gheorghe, Dumitru, 174 Gheorghe, Ion, 536 Gheorgheni, 156 Gheorghiu, Constantin, 148, 151 Gheorghiu, Constantin Virgil, 167 Gheorghiu, Ioan, 137 Gherman, Joe, 257 Ghervase, Constantin, 451 Ghervase, Elena, 451 ghettos, in Bessarabia and Bukovina, 267-72; conditions in, 253; establishment of, 74, 169, 231; as first stage of deportations, 243; map of, xiv; number of deaths at, 256; number of internees in, 251-52; property taken in, 558. See also specific locations Ghewirtz, Herș Heinrich, 110-11 Ghewirtz, Marcel, 110-11 Ghica-Comănișteanu, D., 17 Ghica-Dumbrăveni, Leon, 26 Ghidighici, 233, 269-70, 341 Ghika, Alexandru, 104, 105 Ghilaș, Nina, 257-59 Ghimpu, Gheorghe Andrei, 188 Ghineraru (general), 337-38, 341, 401 Ghineraru, Florian, 363-64, 422-23 Ghingold, Nandor, 504, 506-8 Ghinsberg (rabbi), 180 617 Ghirova, 201 Ghirovo, 196 Gide, André, 46 Gigurtu, Gheorghe, 97 Gigurtu, Ion, 48-49, 52, 88, 103, 166-417 Ginsberg, Sulim, 398 Giosianu, E., 127, 130, 131 Gîrneață, Ilie, 105 Giurescu, Dinu C., 589 Giurgiu, 224 Glogojanu (general), 334-37, 341 Gobineau, Arthur de, 37 Godzovka, 383 Goebbels, Joseph, 37 Goga,
Octavian, 3,32, 35, 43, 47-48 Goga-Cuza government, 3, 4, 28, 47-48 Goilav (officer), 89 Goldenberg, Moses Faibis, 99 Goldhammer (deportation casualty), 303 Goldman (dentist), 157 Goldner, Milu, 134 Goldschlager, Ingeborg, 395 Goldstein, Nathan, 147-48 Golta District, 343-50; Baptists in, 469; conditions in, 397, 399-400, 417-18; deportations from, 421; forced labor in,՛ 423; massacres in, 343-50, 364, 397, 461; number of Jewish deportees in, 385-86, 389, 396; repatriation from, 510-11; Roma deportees in, 448,457,461 Göring, Hermann, 88, 103 Goroflei, Gheorghe, 471 Goroj, 383 Gorovei, Arthur, 302 Gorsky, Vasile, 446, 448-53 Grabvitz, 396 Grădinara, Costache, 176-77 Grădinara, Dumitru, 176-77 Gramatiuc, Aurel, 136 graves, mass: in Cernăuți, 182; along deportation routes, 276-78, 282; for Iași death trains, 151-52,160; in Iași pogrom, 126-27, 142, 144; in
618 Index Ineşti, 193-94; in Popričam, 176-77; in Sadagura, 181; in Slobozia, 197; in Stînca Roznovanu, 175-76; in Teleneşti, 192 Great Britain. See Britain Great Depression, 3 Great Pogrom, 107 Greece, Romanian Jews in, 534 Greeks, 435 Grigore, Vlaj inca, 90 Grigorescu (lieutenant), 360 Gronih, Roza, 245 Gross, Chaim, 303 Gross, Mina, 303 Gross family, 90 Grossman, Vassili, 334 Grossu, Bruno, 408 Grossu, Sirata, 136 Grosu, Gheorghe, 136 Grosu, Ion, 132-34 Grosulovo, 511, 514 Grozdovca, 389-90 Grozea, Dumitru, 105, 107 Gruia, Ion V., 49 Grunberg, Simon, 197,198 Grünberg, Tauba, 134 Grünberg family, 177 Guard Division, 3rd (Romania), 435 guilds, 14 Gunther, Franklin Mott, 166-67, 310 Gura Căinări, 182-83 Gutan, Nicolae Gheorghe, 188 Guttman (rabbi), 108-9, 111 Guttman, Bernard, 296-97 Guttman, Iancu, 108 Guttman, losef, 108 Guttman, Ruth, 297 Guttmann, Bernard, 390-91 Guttmann, Ruth, 394 Gypsy, use of term, 5. See also Roma “Gypsy problem,” 435 Haaretz (newspaper), 8 Haber family, 308 Habsburg Empire, 30 Hagiesti, 200 Haham, Avram, 579-80 Haimovici, Leon, 131, 139 Halcineț, 396 Haller, Moise, 90 Haller family, 179 Hamer, Emanuel, 178 Hamer, Leon, 90 Hamer, Puiu, 178 Hăncești, 172 Hapinciu (farmer), 90-91 Harbuz (police officer), 407 Harnik, Henriette, 267, 397 Hart (doctor), 400 Hartman family, 177 Hartung, Rudolf, 353 Hașdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu, 18, 21, 34 Hasidic Jews, 14, 30 Hass family, 179 Hatieganu, Ion, 423 Hauffe (major general), 242 Hauffe-Tătăranu Convention, 242-43, 274,313-14 Hausner, Mihail, 358, 448, 461 Hay’s Note, 23 health care: in 1800s, 24; doctor shortages
in, 65-66; in Transnistria, 392, 400-401 health-care professions: in 1800s, 23-24; in 1940s, 65-66 health law of 1886, 23-24 Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), 268 Heleșteni, 225 Herghelegiu, Ioan, 355 Herman (doctor), 400 Herman, Lesner, 308 Hermann, Rubin, 302-3 Herr (massacre victim), 90 Herșcovici, Haim, 109 Herscu, Smil, 96 Herseni, Traian, 41, 44, 51, 435 Herța, 181, 236
Index Hessman brothers, 90 Heydrich, Reinhard, 104, 241-42, 487 HIAS. See Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society Hibner family, 91 Hilberg, Raul: on Bessarabia and Bukovina deportations, 256, 313, 379; on Bessarabia and Bukovina massacres, 204, 589; on Bucharest pogrom, 107; on deaths in summer of 1941, 313, 315, 589; on deportations to Nazi camps, 493; on GermanRomanian relations, 489-90; on Iași pogrom, 161; on Odessamassacre, 339; on Pecioara, 416; on total number of wartime deaths, 5, 591; on Transnistria as disaster, 374; on Vapniarka, 414—15 Himmler, Heinrich, 98, 106, 241, 488, 497, 502, 576, 577 Hîncești, 194-95 Hirsch, Joseph Μ., 167 Hirschhorn, Dora, 302 Hirschmann, Ira, 513, 516 Hîrsova, 98, 116 History of the Holocaust in Romania, The (Ancel), vii Hitler, Adolf: Antonescu’s (Ion) alliance with, 103—4, 531, 541-43; Antonescu’s (Ion) meetings with, 103-4, 542-43; Antonescu’s (Mihail) meeting with, 462; vs. Carol II, rule of, 93; definition of “Jew” under, 52; eugenics of, 41; on expansion toward the East, 351; on humanity of Jews, 311; LANC’s connections to, 37; and Legionnaire Rebellion, 49, 104-6, 541; Mein Kampf, 38; in Romanian fascist ideology, 37-38; swastika used by, 31 Hlists, 463 Hoffmeyer, Horst, 351-53 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Carol de. See Carol I 619 Hoisie, Silvia, 393-94 Holocaust: European complicity in, 481; Romanian vs. German-European, 204, 316-17; total number of Romanian Jews killed in, ix, 5, 8, 49, 591 Holocaust Remembrance Day, ix, 8 Holzman family, 134 Hongiman, Albert, 26 Hongiman, Samuel, 26 Horia, Vintilă, 27, 163, 170-71 Horodiștea, 201
Horowitz (rabbi), 245 Horowitz, Max, 407 Horthy, Miklós, 543 hostages, Jewish: Antonescu’s order on, 167-68; end of policy of, 222; execution of, 168, 173, 199; purposes of taking, 167-68 Hotin, 182, 196, 203, 246-47 Hotin District, 182, 306, 514 housing: for forced laborers, 59-60, 62, 225; marked by cross, 125,126, 127; in transit camps, 256-66; in Transnistria, 374 Hramiuca, 395 Hristea, Ilina, 460 Hristici, 244 Hudiță, Ioan, 581 Hulievca, 358 Hull, Cordell, 310, 494-95 humanitarianism, 171 Hunedoara District, 465 Hungarian Jews: in Germany, 531-32; in Romania, 524; vs. Romanian Jews, treatment of, 522, 524—25, 538, 576 Hungarians, Antonescu’s xenophobia against, 546 Hungary: non-Hungarian Jews killed in, 592; Romanian Jews killed in, ix, 8, 589; rumors about deportations to, 490 Hunsche, Otto, 532-33 Huși, 93, 222
620 Huston, Cloyce К., 167 Huțanu, Vasile, 184-85 labloana, 468 lacobdeal, 553 Iacob Eraclide (Despot Voda), 13 lacobici, Ion, 336, 338, 341 lalovschi, Grigore Efim, 260 lampol: arrival of deportees in, 229-32; conditions in, 420-21; deportations from, 412; ghettos near, 383; ՛ massacres in, 203, 232, 363; number of deportee crossings at, 316, 384, 590 lampol District, 385, 389, 511 Iancu, Carol, 18, 20-21 Iancu, Dumitru, 138-39 Iancu, Naftule, 151 lanculovici, Caiman, 140, 142, 143 lanovka, 343-44 laroșinca, 363 Iași: houses marked by cross in, 125, 126, 127; location near war front, 123; population in 1941 of, 122; Soviet air raids on, 125-26 Iași, Jews in: arrests in 1940 of, 95; blood libel accusations against, 15; emigration of, 23; expropriation of property of, 101; history of antisemitism against, 122; massacre in 1941 of (See Iași pogrom); payments to Lecca from, 579-80; population from late 1800s to early 1900s, 23; population in 1930s of, 4; population in 1941 of, 122; professions of, 16; repatriation of, 513; yellow star on, 125 Iași death trains: to Călărași, 146-57, 149, 150, 163; to Podul Iloaiei, 156֊ 61, 163, 164 lașinschi, Vasile, 94,105 Iași pogrom (1941), 121-67; Antonescu on, 162-65, 551; evacuation to train station in, 142-44; historical context Index leading to, 121-25; international reactions to, 166-67; investigation into, 165; number killed in, viii, 6, 142, 161-62,222; other massacres as continuation of, 174; photos of, 130, 133, 140, 145, 162; responsibility for planning and execution of, 123-27, 162-66; start of, 125-29, 174; trains in (See Iași
death trains); unfolding of, 129-46; war crimes trials for, 165; women in, 134, 157-58, 161 laska, 280,316,383-84 Idel, Bianca, 419-20 Idelovici, Șmil, 136 ideo-communists, 163 ideology: of Antonescu regime, 594—96; of Romanian fascism, 36-46, 594—95 Ieroșinca, 358 Ifras, Constantin, 144 Ifrim, N., 471 Igesti, 91 Ignat, Sofian, 232 Ihil, Avram, 135 Ilasievici (colonel), 93 Ilie, Rusu, 90 Iliescu (court counselor), 300 Iliescu (general), 416, 418 Iliescu, Ion, ix, 8 Iliescu, Paul, 32 împrumutul Reîntregirii, 467 Inești, 193-94 Infantry Divisions (Germany): 73rd, 351; 170th, 197 Infantry Divisions (Romania): Fifth, 233; Fourteenth, 125-27, 129, 138, 163, 175, 196; Seventh, 181; Sixteenth, 177; Thirteenth, 336 Infantry Regiments (Romania): Fiftythird, 376; Sixteenth, 90; Thirteenth, 126-28; Thirty-seventh, 197; Twenty-ninth, 91-92; Twenty-third, 155, 233, 340 Inochentists, 463,470-72 Inotești, 155
Index Institute for Research on the Jewish Question (Institut zur Erforschung der Judenfrage), 36 intellectual elite: antisemitism of, 18-20, 34, 46; fascism’s impact on, 46 International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, ix, 8,18 International Committee of the Red Cross: in cancellation of deportations, 593; on deaths in Moghilev, 393; and deportation plans, 496; on emigration, 486-87, 506, 507; Roma correspondence sent through, 448; visit to Transnistria by, 421-22 internment: Antonescu’s orders laying groundwork for, 122-23, 167-68; “cleansing of the land” through, 123, 169, 199, 238, 279, 333. See also deportations internment camps: establishment of, 74,169, 222; forced labor in, 59; in Moldova and Walachia, 222. See also specific locations loachimescu (deputy prefect), 299-300 Ioan (Red Cross representative), 421-22 loanițiu (general), 130-31 loina, Pincu, 150, 155 lonaș, Herș, 93 Ionesco, Eugène, 46 Ionescu (gendarme), 417 Ionescu, Alexandru, 172 Ionescu, Nae, 43, 543 Ionescu, Nanciu, 337 Ionescu, Radu, 233, 341 Ionescu, Sarina, 298, 393 Ionescu, Vasile, 291-92, 295 Ionescu, Virgil, 151 lonescu-Micandru (lieutenant colonel), 124, 127 Ion Voda, 13 lordache, Gheorghe, 358 lordănești, 179 621 Iorga, Nicolae, 19-21, 97, 98, 105, 544 losub, Ghiță, 139 Iran, emigration of Jews to, 484 Irimia, Gheorghe, 459-60 Iron Guard, 93-117; anticommunism of, 46; antisemitism of, 31-32, 39-40; Antonescu’s alliance with, 49, 55, 93-95; in Carol Il’s abdication, 93; Carol Il’s agreement with, 88; in Council of Ministers, 94-95, 102; cult of the elite in, 42-43; electoral performance
of, 47; establishment of, 28, 31, 35; expropriation of Jewish property by, 95-96, 100-103; as fascist movement, 34; German connections of, 36-38, 98, 103-4, 577; in Iași pogrom, 125, 128, 162, 164, 166; ideology of, 37-46, 594; massacres under, 93-102; on minority religions, 463; mysticism in, 42-44; origins of, in Iași, 122; photos of, 94՛. political program of, 35-36; rebellion of 1941 by (See Legionnaire Rebellion); as splinter of LANC, 31; xenophobia of, 37, 39. See also specific leaders and members Isäceanu, Vasile, 579 Isăcescu (lieutenant), 93 Isbota, Ion, 201 Iscovescu, lehuda Barbu, 17 Islam, 67, 463 Ismail: conditions in, 255-56; deportations from, 273, 280,286; number of internees in, 251 Isopescu, Modest, 345-50, 461 Istanbul, Sephardic Jews in, 13 Italian Jews, 524 Italian Renaissance, 38 Italy: Antonescu on customs in, 544; fascism in, 37-38; Romanian Jews in, 534; Sima in, 106 Itic, Smil, 153 “Ițic Ștrul” (Rebreanu), 26
622 lucani, 296 luhrman, Mózes, 178 lungman family, 180 Ivănescu, Dumitru, 16 Ivănescu, Petre, 109,110 Ivanoiu, Vasile, 174 Ivanoviči, Chirioc Mihail, 250 Ivascu (colonel), 449 Ivascu, Lucian, 453 Jacob, Constantin, 158 Jadova Veche, 180 Jagendorf (engineer), 393, 408 Janea, Ion, 300 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 290, 415-16 Jew, legal definitions of, 49-54, 57, 523. See also specific countries of origin “Jewish Activity: The Jews of Bessarabia and Bukovina during the Evacuation,” 89 Jewish Agency for Palestine, 505 Jewish Committees, in Transnistria: Central Jewish Office meeting with, 419; cooperation with Romanians, 407-8 Jewish emigration. See emigration Jewish nationalism, 30. See also Zionism Jewish Party (Partidul Evreiesc), З Jewish question/problem: Antonescu (Mihai) on, 488-89, 499, 551-53; Antonescu’s (Ion) approach to, vii, 54, 115; in Bessarabia, as resolved by deportations, 289; emigration as solution to, 521; in GermanRomanian relations, 487-90; Germany’s Wannsee Conference on, 487-88; intellectual elite on, 20; political parties on violence in dealing with, 31-32 Jigheu, Ion Mihai, 188 Jilă, Paul, 455-57 Jilava Forest, 107-11 Jilava Prison, 11, 97, 98, 105, 543-44 Index jobs. See professions Jodi (German officer), 543 Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor), 15 JucicaNouā, 181-82 Judaism, government on existence of, 67-68,463 Judenrat, 73 Jugastru District: number of internees in, 385-86, 389,396; repatriation from, 510 Jurencu, Eugen, 466-69 Jurkovca, 363 Kahane, Solomon, 147 Kalmuks, 361-62 Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 497 Kamar, Ruhal, 267 Kaputt (Malaparte), 161 Karadja,
Constantin, 521-22, 531-32, 534-35 Karaites, 403, 404 Karanika, 447 Karpel, Roza, 178 Kassel, 530 Katz, Adolf, 178 Katz, Iacob, 178 Katz, Μ., 396, 409-10 Katz, Mitea, 267 Katz, Smil, 178 Keitel (German officer), 543 Keitel, Wilhelm, 103 Khazars, 12 Kherson, 351 Khrincihrin, 358 Kíevilovka, 383 “kike,” use of term, 5, 18 Killinger, Manfred von: on Antonescu’s (Ion) rise to power, 104; on Antonescu’s (Mihail) anti-Nazism, 577; on deportations to Nazi camps, 490, 494-95, 500, 502—3; on emigration of Jews to Palestine, 484, 485; on ethnic.Germans in Transnistria, 351; on GermanRomanian relations, 489; and
Index repatriation, 505; on Romanian approach to deportations, 240-42, 381, 383; on Romanian Jews abroad, 527-29, 535-38 Kirkur, Vladimir, 191 Kiş, Pavel, 407 Kishinev ghetto, 239, 290 Klein, Solomon, 97 Kiernan, Iacob, 348 Klessheim, 542—43 Klingenfuss (German official), 500-501, 527-29 Klinger family, 184 Kogälniceanu, Mihail, 17, 18, 21, 22 Kogälniceanu, Vasile, 34 Koģan, Beniamin, 347 Kokoschka, Oskar, 46 Kolb, Charles, 421-22 Koller (colonel), 197 Konig (school principal), 139 Kopel (brigadier), 417 Korber-Bercovici, Miriam, 298, 398-99 Koriskov, 383 Kosak, Walter, 146 Kotovsk, 183 Kozirca, 446 Kraft, Scheindel, 302 Krakover (deportation casualty), 303 Krasnopolsk, 360, 412 Kreis, Conrad, 90 Kristallnacht, 521-22 Krivoi Ozero, 344 Krizkipine Slobodka, 383 Krugman family, 180 Kudievki-Kiotki, 383 Kula family, 177 Kunovici (store owner), 145 Kunstadt, Lipman, 394-95 labor. See forced labor labor battalions, forced labor in, 60-61 Ladijin, 359, 363, 410-12 Lambert, Leica, 196 LANC. See National-Christian Defense League 623 Landau (town), 352 Landau, Edith, 348 Landau, Izu, 342, 345, 348, 404 Lăpușna, 172, 173,197 Lapusneanu, Alexandru, 13 Lathyrus sativus, 414—15 Laubach, Anton, 90 Laufer, Moise, 96 Laur, Ion, 136 Law No. 2650 (1940), 49-51 lawyers, Jewish, 67 Lax de Costina, Suhar, 90 Lazăr, Dumitru, 471 Lazar, Simion, 355 Lăzărescu, Ioan, 465 Lazarovici, Aron, 302 League of the Archangel Michael, 31, 35. See also Iron Guard Leahu, Georghe, 127,129, 142 Lecca, Junius, 123 Lecca, Radu: on aid to Jews in Transnistria, 410; in deportations to Nazi camps, 492-97, 501; on
emigration of Jews, 484, 485, 578; in establishment of Central Jewish Office, 73; and forced labor, 224, 226; as German agent, 579; on Golta massacres, 350; Jewish payments to, 579-80; motivations of, 579-80; press coverage of, 490; on repatriation, 504-7, 567; on Romanian Jews abroad, 528, 531, 533, 536; on Ukrainian Jews, 591 Lederman (guard), 411 Lefter, Florea, 471 legal status of Romanian Jews, 11-74; before 1800s, 12-15; during 1800s, 1-2, 16-25; from 1900-1918, 25-28; from 1918-1939, 27-Л8; from 1940-1944, 49-74; constitution of 1831 on, 16; constitution of 1866 on, 1-2, 21; constitution of 1923 on, 2, 28; definition of “Jew” in, 49-54, 57, 523. See also antisemitic legislation legionary mysticism, 42—44
624 Index legionary nationalism, 38 Lipcani, 190,196 Legionnaire Rebellion (1941), 102-17; Lipovans, 89 Antonescu’s response to, 98,103-7, Lipoveni, 575 114-15, 543; casualties of, 105; Litani, Dora, 334, 342, 349-50 events leading to, 102-4; German role Litman, Leopold, 399 in, 49,103-6, 541; massacres of Jews Liubașevka, 383,448 during, 107-17, 591; number of Jews Liuzii Humorului, 91 attacked in, 113-14; Orthodox priests Livre Noir, Le (Ehrenburg and in, 574; outcome of, 104-5, 543; Grossman), 334 punishment of participants in, 105-6, Locker, Bernhard, 359 115. See also Bucharest pogrom Locker, Mizzi, 359 Legionnaires. See Iron Guard Locoman, Ilarion Iacob, 185, 187 Legionnaire Workers’ Corps, 105 Loebel, Moritz, 178 Legion of the Archangel Michael, 34, Loghin (colonel), 359, 411, 416 35, 577. See also Iron Guard London, Max, 107,115, 543 Legio V Macedonica (Fifth Macedonian looting. See property Legion), 12 Lord’s Army, 463 Leib, Aizic Burah, 152 Lomer, Alfred, 91-92 Leibovici, Avram, 160 Lovinescu, Eugen, 500 Leibovici, Paul, 96 Lozan, Paramon, 203 Leibovici, Samuel, 134 Lozan, Tamara, 203 Leibovici, Sulim, 181 Lubaș, Rudolf, 135 Leibovitz, Maurice, 25 Lublin, 490 Leibusor, Hunea, 96 Lubyanka Prison, 577 Leivadman, Riva, 282 Lucavăț, 181 Leoveanu (general), 165-66, 555 Lucineț, 363, 383, 393 Lerey, Iancu, 99 Lugoj, 222 Lespezi, 146 Lukarovca, 383 Leucea, Ion, 146 Lungani-Roman, 153-54 Leucuția (party deputy), 499 Lungu, Aurel, 407 Leușeni, 201 Lungulescu, Anghel, 286 Levsin, Grigore, 290 Lupovici, Ira, 90 Liberal Party. See National Liberal Lupu, Constantin,
127-28,131, 162-63 Party Lupu, N. Gh., 498-99 Lichtental, 443 Lupu, Nicolae, 71,136, 270, 500, 504, Lieberman family, 178 561-62, 593 Liebl, Franz, 353 Lupu, Solomon, 153-54 Liefering, 542 Luther, Martin: on deportations to Liga Apărării Național Creștine Nazi camps, 492-93, 495, 500—501; (LANC). See National-Christian on emigration, 484; on Romanian Defense League approach to deportations, 241, 379Ligheti (doctor), 490 80; on Romanian Jews abroad, 526, Lihova, 392 528, 529; at Wannsee Conference, Limbenii Noi, 246, 251, 252, 254, 287 487-88 Lincăuți, 196 Lutheranism, 67, 463
Index Macedonski, Alexandru, 20 Machine-Gun Battalion, Tenth (Romania), 233, 339, 341 Macici, Nicolae, 336-38, 341 Madgearu, Virgil, 97 Magyars, 28, 30, 226, 532 Malanciuc, Sergiu, 468 Malaparte, Curzio, 161, 213ո226 Mălini, 22 Mamuica, Constantin, 104,105 Mănăstireanu, Ion, 136 Mancovca, 447 Manecuta (colonel), 304 Mănescu, Vasile, 345-46, 349 Maniu, Iuliu, 497-500, 547, 561, 593-94 Mann, Michael, 37, 39-40 Manoilescu, Mihail, 55, 88 Manoilo, Vasile Leonte, 187 Manoliu, T. R. Mircea, 127-29,164-65, 174 Manstein, Erich von, 350 Manu, Alexei, 244 Manulla, Sabin, 42 maps: faked, in meeting of Hitler and Antonescu, 543; of Romania, xiii, xiv Maramureș District, 28 Mărășești, 155 Maratiev (massacre victim), 91 Marconescu, T., 333 Marcopol, Jack, 100 Marcu, Eti, 132, 141 Marcu, Herscu, 134-35 Marcu, Octavian, 105 Mărculescu, Eustatiu, 341 Mărculești: conditions in, 265-67; deaths of internees in, 265; deportations from, 273, 287, 390; deportations to, 294—95, 297, 303; establishment of camp at, 183,245, 265; massacres in, 183; number of internees in, 183,246, 252; origins of internees in, 265 Marcus, Samuel, 96 Marcusohn family, 135 625 Mardare (colonel), 270 Mareș, Constantin, 532-33 Mareș, Nicolae, 495 Marghiloman, Alexandru, 24-25 Marginea, 90 Margulius, David, 59-60 Maria Antonescu Patronage Society, 491 Marian, Hanina, 158 Maria Teresa (Holy Roman Empress), 15 Marievici, Vlad, 131 Marin, Búlete, 469 Marin, Vasile, 44 Marinescu (captain), 548 Marinescu (minister), 550 Marinescu, Danubiu, 146 Marinescu, Gabriel, 97 Marinescu, Ioan C., 506 Marinescu, Nicolae, 97 Marinescu,
Stere, 306, 308 Marinescu, Victor, 464-65 Marino (lieutenant colonel), 93 Marino (second lieutenant), 302 Marino, Eugen, 276, 278 marriages, between Romanians and Jews: in fascist ideology, 41; law banning, 49, 51, 53-54 Marșenița, 197 martial law, 167 Marțian, D. P., 19, 34 Marton, Silvia, 18 Marxism, 40, 46 Mășcăuți, 194 massacres. See mass murders mass graves. See graves, mass mass murders, 87-204; before 1800s, 13; during 1940, summer of, 88-93; from 1940-1941, under Iron Guard, 93-102; in 1941, during Rebellion, 107-17, 591; Antonescu’s threats of future, 550-51; along deportation routes, 276-78, 282-84; German critics of Romanian approach to, 203-4,227, 488, 592; map of
626 1941-1942 sites of, xiv; motivations of local populations for joining in, 195-96. See also specific locations Mateescu, Vasile, 196 Mateiaş, Alexe, 179 Matei Corvin, 15 Mateuți, 201 Matieș, Ermil, 174-75, 182 Maurer, Mihai, 200 Maurras, Charles, 2, 37 Mayer, Isac, 301 Mayer, Scolnic, 266 Mayer, Titus, 465 Mechelen, 533 Meculescu (colonel), 171-72, 240, 252, 268, 275-76, 278-79, 284, 286, 290 media coverage. See press coverage medical care. See health care Medina, Samuel de, 12-13 Medier, Sloime, 91 Meer, Avrum, 184 Meer, David, 184 Meer brothers, 179 Mefkura (ship), 481, 482-83 Mehr, Berura, 267 Meier, David Ițic, 137 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 38 Meissner (German officer), 543 Meleșanu, Dumitru Grigore, 192 Melinescu, Vasile, 346, 349-50 Mendelsohn, Ezra, 29-30 Merdier family, 181 Merkury (ship), 487 messianic movements, 14 Micescu, Istrate, 48 Michael I (king of Romania), 74, 93, 491, 500, 580 Mihai, Bria, 460 Mihai, Lucia, 457-58 Mihai, Munteanu, 63 Mihăiescu, Ion, 265-67 Mihail, Ion, 419 Mihăileni, 305 Mihăilescu, Aurel, 155 Mihăilescu, Eugen, 174—75, 197 Index Mihailiuc, Vasile, 302-3 Mihailov, Vasile, 175 Mihailoviči, Herman, 135 Mihailovka, 359 Mihăiță, Marin, 109,110 Mihai Viteazul, 13 Mihalache, Ion, 499, 500 Mihalache, Vasile, 200 Mihok, Brigitte, 352-53 Milcoreni, 89 Milenaristi sect, 290 Milenist sect, 574—75 Milie, 180 military. See army military taxes, 63, 69 Mille (tavern keeper), 145 Milovăț, 196 Minceni, 201 Mincu, Filip, 192, 199 Miniș-Pauliș, 61 Ministers, Council of. See Council of Ministers Ministry of Agriculture, 95 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 94
Ministry of Internal Affairs, 94 Ministry of Justice, 95 Ministry of Labor, Health, and Social Security, 94 Ministry of National Culture and Cults, 463, 465 Ministry of National Economy and the National Bank, 94 Ministry of National Education, Religion, and the Arts, 66-67, 68, 94 Ministry of Propaganda, 170 Ministry of Public Works and Communications, 94 Ministry of the Interior, 144, 146, 161, 162, 222 Ministry of War, 94-95 minority groups: constitution on citizenship of, 28; as percentage of population, 29; persecution of nonJewish, 461-73; Treaty of SaintGermain on protection of, 28. See
Index also religious minorities; specific groups Miran, Constantin, 201 Mircescu (commissar), 137 Mirceşti, 153-55 Mircu, Marius, 90, 126-27, 142, 144, 179-81 Miron, Gheorghe Fiodor, 188 Mișcarea Naționala Fascista ItaloRomana. See National ItaloRomaniàn Fascist Movement Mischlinge, 50, 52 Mociulski (colonel), 95 Mocsoni-Styrcea (baron), 490-91 modernism, fascists’ opposition to, 46 Moghilev: Central Jewish Committee inspection of, 418-19; conditions in, 301-2, 375, 386-88, 392-93, 400; death of internees in, 393; deportations from, 359, 389, 392-93, 408-10, 416, 424; deportations to, 240, 248, 311; ghettos near, 383; number of deportee crossings at, 316, 384, 590; number of internees in, 385; orphans in, 412-13, 421; repatriation from, 504, 512-14 Moghilev District: forced labor in, 423-24; number of ghettos in, 393; number of internees in, 385-86, 389; repatriation from, 510-11; surviving internees in, 386-87, 393 Moinesti, 470 Moise, Leia, 145 Molceanov, Lida, 234-35 Moldavia, 4 Moldova, Jews in: before 1800s, 12-14; during 1800s, 14-17, 22-24; assimilation of, 29; blood libel accusations against, 13-14, 15; citizenship laws on, 28; deportations of, during World War I, 26; deportations of, during World War II, 123-24, 222-26, 291, 316, 555-56; expropriation of property of, 100-101; in failed revolution of 627 1848, 16-17; forced labor by, 62, 224—25; health care discrimination against, 24; as hostages, 168,173; planned deportations to Nazi camps, 490, 495-96, 503; population in 1800s of, 14, 16, 28; population in 1930s of, 4; professions of, 14-16; repatriation of, 504,
506-7, 512-13; vs. Walachia, 28-29; yellow star on, 69-70, 72, 23 8; Yiddish ban of 1916 on, 27 Moldova, united with Walachia in 1859, 28 Moldovca, 460 Moldoveanca, 468 Moldoveana, Constantin, 449, 453-54 Moldoveanu, Sandu, 449, 454 Molocina, 392 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 334 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 87-88 Monitorul Oficial (periodical), 24 Monkovka, 383 monuments: to Antonescu, ix, 6, 8, 12; to the Victims of the Holocaust in Romania, 8-9 Moore, Barrington, 103 Morari, Ion Semion, 187 Moravia, 525, 530 Morina (ship), 481, 487 Moriț, Ițic, 137 Moroșeanu, Barlaconschi, 175 Morovaia, 189 Morozeni, 200-201 Morris, E. Joy, 18 Morusov, Mihail, 97 Moruzi, Alexandru, 15 Moscaliu (mayor), 179 Moscovici, Ruti, 395-96 Moscovici family, 89 Moscú, Andrei, 471 Moscú, Gheorghe C., 471 Moscú, Ștefan, 471 Moses family, 177 Mosley, Oswald, 37 Mostovoi, 352-61, 405-7, 448, 568
628 Moszes, Henry, 362 Moszes, losub, 362 Moįa, Ion, 44 Motora, Sabin, 593 Motrici (sergeant major), 181 Mountain Assault Battalion, Ninth (Romania), 197 Mountain Corps (Romania), 227-28 Mountain Regiments (Romania): Eighth, 26; Sixth, 174 movie industry, 68 Muller, Bruno, 401 Muller, Heinrich, 492 Mumuianu, Iuliu, 418 Munteanu (shoemaker), 136-37 Muntenia, 4 Murafa, 393, 395 Muram, Andrei, 348, 349, 356, 363, 365,407 murders, mass. See mass murders Mureșanu, Romulus, 183 Murgescu, Ion C., 414 Musat (attorney), 305 Mussolini, Benito, 37-38, 543 mysticism, in fascist ideology, 37, 42-44 ՛ Nachman, Aaron, 150, 151, 154 Nacht (engineer), 145 Nasi, Joseph, 13 Năstase, Ioan, 422-23 Năsturaș (prefect), 408, 421 National Agrarian Party, 35, 47 National Association of Physicians, 65 National Bank of Romania, 58, 265-66, 281,289, 293, 302, 304-5, 554, 558 National Center for Romanization, 58 National-Christian Defense League (LANC): as “constitutional” fascist party, 31; establishment of, 31, 35; as fascist movement, 34; German connections of, 36-37; in Iași, origins of, 122; ideology of, 37; in massacres in Bessarabia, 173, 196; merger into National Christian Party, Index 47; political program of, 34-36; rise to power of, 28; violence against Jews by, 31-32 National Christian Party (PNC): in Antonescu regime, 95, 594-95; electoral performance of, 47; establishment of, 35, 47; as fascist movement, 34; ideology of, 37, 594; in massacres in Bessarabia, 173, 196; nationalism in, 33; political program of, 35, 45. See also Goga-Cuza government National Democratic Party, 19 nationalism,
Jewish, 30. See also Zionism nationalism, Romanian: anticommunism in, 87; evolution in 1800s of, 1; in fascist ideology, 36-39; on Hungarian vs. Romanian Jews, 522; in Parliament, 33; postwar, 581. See also fascism Nationalist Party of the People, 33 National Italo-Romanian Fascist Movement (Mișcarea Nationala Fascista Italo-Romana), 37 nationalization, of businesses, 35, 56-57, 100 national-legionary state, Romania as, 48^19,51,93 National Liberal Party, 2,18, 31, 33, 500 National Peasant Party, 2, 31, 33, 500, 581 National Romanian Fascia (Fascia Nationala Romana), 37 National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 37,103 Nation’s Party, 33 naturalization. See citizenship “natural selection,” 397 Naum (engineer), 137 Nazarenes, 463 Nazi extermination camps. See extermination camps Nazi Germany. See Germany, Nazi Neacșu, Alexe, 340
Index NEAGOE (code name), 131 Neagu, Dumitru, 441-42 Neagu, Ion, 442 Neagu, Tudor Vasile, 442 Neamț District, 22 Neașcu (gendarme), 201-2 Nedelea, Anghel, 458-59 Negruzzi, Jacob, 20 Negură, Vasile, 232 Negureni, 201 Neigebauer, J. F., 16 Nemeș, Virgil, 448 Nemțeanu, Silviu, 90 Neolog Jews, 30 neo-Protestants: Antonescu on, 470, 472, 574-76; persecution of, 463, 470-73 Nepomnici, Sidor Mihai, 188 Nestervorka, 363, 396 Netherlands, Romanian Jews in, 524, 526, 530 Neubacher (minister), 483 Neumann (baron), 490-91,497,499 “new man,” 36 Nicolae, Ioana, 451 Nicolaev, 458 Nicolau (corporal), 128 Nicolau, Pompiliu, 94 Niculescu-Coca, Mihail, 135, 340-41 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 37 nihilists, 1882 law against, 21 Nikolaev, 351, 361, 411, 421, 424 Nikolaev (general), 352 Nimovitz, Iacob, 167 1922 Generation, 594 Ninth Army (Germany), 196, 203 Nisporeni, 203 Niță, Ilie I., 109 NKVD, 196, 334 Noica, Constantin, 43-44 North Ardeal, 541 Noua Suliță, 197, 246 Novac (mayor), 181-82 Nova Umani, 358 Novițchi, Sandu, 189 629 NSDAP. See National Socialist German Workers’ Party Nudelman, Haskel, 357 numerus clausus, 32, 34, 47, 66 numerus nullus, 31, 66 Nuremberg Laws, 4, 51 Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), 49 Obodovka, 383, 390-92, 396, 397, 399-401, 420 Obuchov, 388 Oceakov District: deportations from Odessato, 401, 405; ethnic Germans in, 352; forced labor in, 423; number of Jewish internees in, 385-86, 389; repatriation from, 510; Roma deportees in, 446-54 Ochișor, Alexandru, 202 Odessa: Central Jewish Committe inspection of, 418-19; deportations from, 344, 352-53, 356, 401-6, 425; ethnic
Germans in, 352; explosion at military command in, 334-39; government seat in, 374; massacre of 1941 in (See Odessa massacre); number of internees in, 333-34, 386, 404-5; photos of roundup in, 333; prison as ghetto in, 333-34, 338-39, 401, 404-5; siege of, 332; Slobodka neighborhood as ghetto in, 383, 401-5; Ukrainian Jews in, 591 Odessa District, 352, 385, 389 Odessa massacre (1941), 332-43; Antonescu in, 334-39, 559; in “cleansing of the land,” 333; deportations of survivors of, 344, 352-53, 356, 401-6, 559-60; execution of survivors of, 343-44, 352, 358, 406; number killed in, vii, 334, 338-39, 341, 342; orders given on, 334-39; responses to, 342-43; as retaliation for explosion, 334-39; SSI in, 124, 333-35; unfolding of events of, 338-42
630 Index Office for Jewish Problems, 73 Office of Strategie Services (OSS), 314, 316 Ohlendorf, Otto, 350 oil, Romanian, German interest in, 103, 489, 541 OKW. See Oberkommando der Wehrmacht Olănești, 203 Olanı, Vasile, 471 Old Kingdom of Romania. See Regat Oldson, William, viii Oleanița, 410-11 Olgopol, 360, 363, 420, 423, 505 Olivenbaum, Jean, 135 Olteanu, Horia, 202 Oltenia, 4. See also Târgu Jiu Oluenec, Gheorghe, 189 Onesti, 201 Oneștii Noi, 289, 290, 469 Onișcani, 200, 201 Onitcani, 15 Opinca, 466-68 Opinia Capitalei (periodical), 311 Oppermann, Ewald, 379-81 opportunism: of Mihai Antonescu, 57778; in survival of Jews, 595-96 Oprea, Ghiță, 471 Oprean, Ion, 200, 263 Oprișani, 181 Oradea, 577 Orășanu (major), 410, 419 Oravița, 61, 223 Order No. 7, 401 Order No. 23, 412 Order No. 35, 401 Order No. 61,267 Order No. 70S, 436 Order No. 193, 130-31 Order No. 462, 289, 562 OrderNo. 518, 248 Order No. 528, 247 Order No. 561, 336 Order No. 562, 338 Order No. 563, 339 OrderNo. 1344,271 Order No. 2141,290 OrderNo. 2830, 279-80 OrderNo. 3154,336 OrderNo. 3161,338 Order No. 4147,122-23 Order No. 5023/B, 254 Order No. 5295, 59 OrderNo. 6651,291,557 Order No. 8507, 554 Order No. 15035, 289 Order No. 21955, 505 Order No. 24206, 280 OrderNo. 33911,436 OrderNo. 55347, 505 OrderNo. 302816, 336 Ordinance No. 3, 125 Ordinance No. 15,272 Organic Regulation of 1831, 16 Organisation Todt, 126,139, 359, 411, 424 Organization of Native-Born Jews (Uniunea Evreilor Pământeni), 30 Orhei: conditions in, 253-54; deaths of internees in, 253; deportations from, 273, 286-87; number of internees in,
249, 251, 253-54 Orhei District, massacres in, 199-203, 233-34 orphans, in Transnistria, 412-13, 41921, 425, 503-14 Orthodox Church, Romanian: Antonescu on, 574-76; in fascist ideology, 42-43; in persecution of minority religions, 464-65 Orthodox Jews, 30 Osetchi, Dumitru, 358 Osiais, Segal, 406-7 Osmancea, 224 OSS. See Office of Strategic Services Otaci, 511-12 Ottoman Empire, 12-14, 435 Ovid, Densușianu, 25-26 Ovidopol, 384, 590 Ovidopol District, 352, 385-86, 389, 397
Index Oxman (engineer), 409 Ozias, Sigai, 356, 407 Pădure, Aristide, 345-46, 349-50 Païs (clerk), 300 Palace of the Handicapped, 490 Palade (lieutenant colonel), 249, 273, 275, 278 Palade, Isidor, 178 Pălăngeanu (general), 230, 274 Pălăria, 467 Palestine, Jewish wartime emigration to, 480-87, 494, 505,513 Palty, Sonia, 416, 417 Pămînteni, 256-57 Panaitescu, P. P., 44, 45 Pandrea, Dumitru, 357 Pantazi, Constantin, 335, 553-54 Pântea, Gherman, 342, 404, 418 Papanace, Constantin, 435 Papuc (coporal), 357 Paraschiv, Nicolae, 201 Paraschiv, Vasile T., 109 Parean։, 243^15 Parikman, Israel, 390, 409 Paris Peace Conference of 1856, 74 Paris Peace Conference of 1923, 74 Paris Peace Conference of 1946, 5, 515 Paris Soir (newspaper), 47 Parliament of Romania: antisemitic declarations in 1800s, 18, 19,21; on citizenship of Jews, 17-18, 21, 27, 51; elections for, 32-33, 47; Jewish members of, 31; nationalism in, 33; on Russian Jews, 21 Pârlița, 250 Partidul Evreiesc. See Jewish Party Party of the Nation, 88 Pascal, Aristide, 17-18 Pașcani, 146 passports: Chilean, 306, 309, 524, 564; German, 529; Romanian, 521-22; US, 513 Pătrășcanu, Lucrețiu, 45, 74, 515, 580 Pătrășcoiu, Nicolae, 423 631 Pătrașcu, Nicolae, 105 PATRIA (code name), 130-31 Paulescu, N. C., 39, 40-41 Păun, Mihai, 309 Pavalache, Gheorghe, 471 Pavel, Marin, 202 Pavelescu (general consul), 525 Pavlovca, 392 peasant fascism, 45-^46 peasants, Antonescu on, 544 Pecioara, 360, 363, 397, 416, 421 Pentecostal Church, 463, 464, 471 People’s Party, 31 Pepeni, 183-88 Perciun, Piotr, 243-44 Perdevară, Alexandru Șura, 357 Peresecina, 201
Peretz family, 156 Pervomaisk, 274, 384 Pesiana, 396 Petală, Marcel, 202 Peter the Great (csar of Russia), 13 Petlyura, Symon, 399 Petrache, Nicolae, 473 Petre, Acostachioaiei, 143 Petrescu, Gheorghe, 123, 273, 291-93, 304, 557 Petrescu, Toma, 41 Petrișor, Gheorghe, 262-63 Petroșani, 99 Petrovicescu, Constantin, 94, 98, 101, 104 Petroviči, Grigore, 123, 162, 341 Petroviči, Ion, 463, 472, 481-82, 545, 575-76 Petru Șchiopul, 13 Pfaumer (minister), 270 Phanariots, 14-15 pharmacies, 23-24, 56, 65 philo-German, Jews perceived as, 26 physicians. See doctors PiaPetrea, 156 Piatkovka, 383 Piatra Neamț, 14, 61, 71, 96, 168 Picasso, Pablo, 46
632 Index Piker family, 134 Pilat, Ion, 500 Pilsudski, Józef, 37 Pitești, 72, 437-38 Pleșița, Nicolae, 6 Ploiești: Iași death train in, 155; massacres in, 97, 99, 116 PNC. See National Christian Party PNT. See National Peasant Party Pobujanschii, Ilie Ion, 260 Podul Iloaiei, Iași death train to, 156-64 pogroms. See mass murders; specific locations Pogromurile din Bucovina si Dorohoi (Mircu), 179 Poitevin (lieutenant colonel), 247 Polack (Polak), Solomon, 139, 143-44, 154 Poland: deportations to Nazi camps in, 479,490, 493-96, 561, 592; Romanian Jews living in, 530 police, German, in Transnistria massacres, 353-55 police, Romanian: imdeportations (See deportations; specific locations)·, Legionnaire, 95-97, 102; in massacres (See mass murders; specific locations)·, on yellow star, 70-72 Police Company 7,181, 197 Police Company 60, 281, 303 Polish Jews: Antonescu on deportations of, 555, 564; in Bukovina, deportations of, 306, 309, 524; exclusion from repatriation, 508-9; in Transnistria, massacres of, 360 political elite, antisemitism of, 18,20,34 political parties: antisemitic slogans of, 2; approach to Jewish problem, 31-32; in electoral process, 33; fascist (See fascism); first explicitly antisemitic, 19; Jewish support for, 31; nationalism in, 33; violence against Jews by, 31-32. See also specific parties politicians, Jewish, after World War I, 30-31 politicians, Romanian: antisemitism of, 18, 20, 34; Iron Guard’s assassinations of, 97 Polizu, Dumitru, 444 Pol Pot, 317 Pop (colonel), 163-64 Pop, Constantin, 105 Pop, Leonida, 407, 448 Pop, Mircea, 96 Popescu, Adam, 355
Popescu, Constantin, 236 Popescu, Dumitru, 201 Popescu, Gheorghe, 363 Popescu, Ioan Adam, 358 Popescu, Ion “Jack”: on deportation plans, 122, 495, 555-56; on emigration of Jews, 578; on ethnic cleansing, 173; on forced labor, 59; on yellow star, 70-72, 238 Popescu, Savin, 197 Popescu, Titus, 303 Popiniuc (attorney), 300 Popoiu (lieutenant), 279 Popoiu, Constantin, 199, 286 Popovici, Dori, 308 Popovici, Mircea, 233 Popovici, Traian, 291-92, 295, 306, 309-10,314, 593 Popovici, Victor, 276, 283 Popoviți, 393 Popricani, 176-77 population, of Roma, 436-37 population, of Romania, at end of World War I, 29 population, of Romanian Jews: before 1800s, 13; in 1800s, 4, 14,16; from 1859-1945, change in, 4; in 1930s, 3-4, 29, 312-13, 589; in 1940s, 490; at end of World War II, 5, 426, 589; in national censuses, 4, 29, 69, 252, 312, 490; by region, 4; survival of half of, 5, 426, 589. See also specific locations
Index Porcereanu, Gheorghe Ion, 188 Porfir, Grigor, 137 Port, Mihail, 290 Portărescu, Pavel, 189 Porunca Premii (newspaper), 72, 163, 272,311-12, 324ո228, 495 Postelnicu, Alexandru, 109 poverty: Antonescu on, 544; in Jewish emigration, 23; among Jews before World War II, 3,23 Poznovska, 383 Prabst (captain), 197 Prast (captain), 197 Predeal, 60-61, 547 Prepeliță, Andronic, 175 press coverage: censorship of, 490; of deportations, 272, 311-12, 490. See also specific publications Primary Education Law of 1893, 24 prime ministers, selection process for, 33 professions, Jewish: before 1800s, 13, 14; during 1800s, 14-17,22, 23-24; in 1930s, 3, 31; 1940s restrictions on, 51, 57-58, 65-67, 95; constitution of 1831 on, 16 property, Jewish: administration and resale of, 58; Antonescu on, 557-58; constitution of 1866 on, 22; definition of “Jew” and, 51,57; during deportations, 281-84, 299305, 557-58; in ghettos, 558; Iron Guard attacks on, 95-96, 100-103; as motivation for massacres, 195; of Romanian Jews abroad, 529; in Romanization, 55-58; in rural areas, 51, 56-57; at transit camps, 266-67; in urban areas, 56 property, Roma, in deportations, 438, 440, 447-48 Protestant churches: Antonescu on, 470, 472, 574-76; government on categories of, 462-63; persecution of, 462-63 Proust, Marcel, 46 633 Prundeni, I. P., 312 Prussia, 13 Prut Valley, 61-62 Puești, 22 Pulferman family, 134 Pungești, 99-100 Purice, Mihail, 277-78 Pușcașu, Emil, 233 Quakers, 463 Rabinovici, Isac, 93 Râbnița: camps near, 383; conditions in, 376-77, 397; deportations from, 425; massacres in, 361-62, 363; number of
deportee crossings at, 316, 384, 590; prison of, 361-62, 363, 397, 514 Râbnița District: number of internees in, 385-86, 389, 396; repatriation from, 510-11 Răcescu, Alexandru, 342 racism: in fascist ideology, 36-37, 40-41, 462; against Roma, 41-42 Racovița (mortician), 135 Racoviță, N., 17 Rădăuți, 91, 296-97, 504 Rădăuți District, 181, 303, 306 radios, 68-69, 571 Rădoia, 468 Radu, N., 72 Răducanu, Elena, 445 Răducanu family, 442-43 Rădulescu (captain), 263 Rădulescu (colonel), 421, 566 Rădulescu (doctor), 444 Rădulescu, Ilie, 311, 312 Rădulescu-Mehedinți, Vasile, 47 Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin, 25-26 Rădulescu-Sița, Constantin Μ., 127 Rahn, Rudolf, 525 Rahni, 421 Rahoveanu, Titus, 138-39 Ramadan, Victor, 279 Râmnicu Sărat, 168
634 Index Rand Corporation, 316 rape: during deportations, 286; in massacres in summer of 1941,180, 181, 201; in transit camps, 260, 263; in Transnistria, 417-18 Răpujineț, 182 Rares, 13 Râșcani, 246, 251, 252, 254, 287 Răspopeni, 201 Rastadt, massacres in, 355, 357, 358, 360 Rauch brothers, 111 Răuțel: conditions at, 249-50, 256-57; deportations from, 287; massacres in, 232; number of internees in, 246, 249, 251, 252, 254; persecution of Baptists in, 468 Răzmeriță (priest), 137 RCP. See Romanian Communist Party real estate. See property Reapers, 463 Rebreanu, Liviu, 26 Recordon, Francois, 14 Red Army: Antonescu on execution of officers of, 553-54; in Iași air raids, 125; in Odessa, 332; Romanian Jews in, 312, 313; Transnistria liberated by, 424-25 Red Cross. See International Committee of the Red Cross Rediu Mari, 252 Reformed Adventists, 463 Reformed (Calvinist) Church, 67 Reformed Pentacostals, 463 refugees: deportations of, 524; international agreements on, 524; Legionnaires in Germany as, 106; massacres of, 181; number of, in Romania, 524; Polish, 309, 360, 524, 564 Regat, Jews in: aid to Jews in Transnistria from, 373; assimilation of, 3; deportations of, 221-22, 479, 515, 564, 589; federations of, 3; forced labor by, 60, 423; number killed, 5; population in 1899 of, 28; repatriation of, 508-9, 514; wartime experience of, 479 registration, of Jews, 16, 52 Reicher (doctor), 400 Reicher, Abraham, 302 Reicher, Gertruda, 298-99 Reicher, Leon, 139-40 Reichsbahn, 490 Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), 486, 487, 489, 492-93, 531 Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 353, 379-80, 382
Reinis (massacre victim), 284 Reintegration Loan, 467 Reizei family, 92 religions, protected by state, list of, 67, 463. See also specific religions religious conversion. See conversion religious minorities, non-Jewish: Antonescu on, 470, 472, 574-76; disbanding of churches of, 472; persecution of, 462-73; repatriation of, 511; in Romanian army, 471-73; state protection of religions of, 67, 463. See also specific groups Renaissance, 38 Reni, 92 repatriation: of Roma from Transnistria, 461; of Romanian Jews from other countries, 524, 531, 532 repatriation, of Romanian Jews from Transnistria, 503-16; Antonescu on, 504, 505, 508-14, 566-72; categories excluded from, 507-9; categories qualifying for, 425, 5039; of communist Jews, 505-7, 509, 593; number of, 514, 515; opposition to, 594; of orphans, 425, 503-14; to Southern Bukovina, 425; start of, 503—4 Reșița, 61, 223 revisionist history of Romania, 5-8; under Ceaușescu, 6-7, 483, 592-93; on emigration to Palestine, 483, 595
Index Rezina, 286-88, 510 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 103, 106, 124, 379-80, 485-86,492-93, 5023, 542-43 Richter, Gustav: debate over posting of, 241-42; in deportations to Nazi camps, 488-91, 494-95, 497-502, 576-77; in Lubyanka Prison, 577; on Romanian Jews abroad, 528, 530, 531; in solution to Jewish question, 552 “righteous gentiles,” 137 Rioşanu, Alexandru, 94, 97, 270, 271 Ritgen, Hermann von, 488-89 Rivera, Miguel A., 93,108, 166 Rizea, Andrei, 472-73 robberies. See property Rodler (colonel), 339, 342 Roedel, Willi, 488-89 Rohozna, 181 Roif, Şabs, 391 Roitman, Suchar, 197,198 Roma, 435-64; Antonescu’s policy toward, viii; population of, 436-37; racism against, 41-42; in Romanian army, 435-36, 439, 441-46,449-50; as slaves, viii; in unloading of Iași death train, 148-52; use of term, 5 Roma, deportations of, viii, 435-64; Antonescu on, 572-74, 579; conditions in Transnistria after, 446-61; German study of, 435; implementation of, 437-39; legal basis for, 436; local population’s resistance to, 440-41; looting in, 447-48; nomadic vs. sedentary, 436-38; number of deaths, ix, 8,448, 461; number of deportees, ix, 49, 437-38, 461, 573, 591; number of survivors, 461, 591; as percentage of population, 435, 461; planning for, 436-38; postwar trials on, 578-79; repatriation after, 461; Roma soldiers in, 435, 439, 441-46, 449-50 Romalo (soldier), 26-27 635 Roman (city), 15, 71, 146, 153, 154-55, 524 Roman District, 22 Roman Empire, 11,12 Romania: independence of, 1, 21; maps of, xiii, xiv; as national-legionary state, 48-49, 51, 93; revisionist history of (See revisionist history)
Romanian(s): Antonescu’s use of violence against, 545-46; as Aryan, 37; legal definitions of “Jew” vs., 49-54; as race, 41; by race vs. by residence, 48; in United States, 494 Romanian Academy, 21 Romanian army. See army Romanian Communist Party (RCP), 45, 46 Romanian constitution. See constitution Romanian gendarmerie. See gendarmerie Romanian-German relations. See German-Romanian relations Romanian Jews: deportations of (See deportations); economic role of, 1-3; legal status of (See legal status); massacres of (See mass murders); population of (See population); “stateless,” 1,25, 530, 531; survival of (See survivors); total number of wartime deaths, ix, 5, 8, 49, 591. See also specific locations Romanian Jews, living abroad, 521-38; in Austria, 524-25, 530, 532-33; in France, 526, 530-31, 533-34; in Germany, 521-22, 524-32; in Nazi camps, 530, 531, 536, 578; passports of, 521-22; yellow star on, 524-27 Romanian Lands, 12,14 Romanian names, 51 Romanian nationalism. See nationalism Romanian Orthodox Church. See Orthodox Church Romanian Parliament. See Parliament Romanian police. See police Romanian Red Cross, 421-22, 486-87
636 Index Romanization, 55-58; definition of, 55; end of, 595; ethnic Germans in, 542; Iron Guard in, 101-4; property in, 55-58; of rural areas, 56-57 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 513 Ropcea, 179 Roșea, Augustin, 276, 278, 282-84, 303 Rosen, Lucian, 97,107 Rosen, Mark, 179 Rosen, Osias, 179 Rosen, Sarah, 394 Rosenberg, Alfred, 2, 37, 47, 380-81 Rosenblatt family, 177 Rosenthal, Constantin Daniel, 16-17 Rosenthal, S., 23 Rosetti, Radu, 52, 68 Rosh Hashanah, 3 Rosner family, 178 Rostochi-Vijnita, 80-81 Roșu (adjutant), 245 Roșu, Aurel, 201 Roșu, Nicolae, 38, 41, 45 Rotaru, Mina, 181 Rotkirchen (general), 493 Rotmann (stonecutter), 144 Rottman, Herman, 134 roundups, Antonescu’s orders on, 16768. See also deportations Rozen, Marcu, 589-90 RSHA. See Reich Security Main Office Rubin, Moses Iosif, 95 Rublen ița, 249, 252 Rucker, Hans, 360 Rudich, Μ., 257, 392, 400-401 Rudich, Moise, 91 Rudik family, 92 Rumega, Dumitru, 236 rural areas, in fascist ideology, 45-46 rural areas, Jews in: extermination of, in “cleansing of the land,” 123, 169; moved to transit camps (See transit camps); population in 1800s of, 16; property ownership by, 51, 56-57 Rusca, Ivan, 201 Rusin, Radu; 471 Rusin, Voicu, 471 Russia: Bessarabia annexed in 1918 by, 46; Bessarabia returned to Romania by, 2, 29-30 Russian Jews, 21-22 Rusu, Cristea, 95 Rusu, Dimitrie, 178 Rusu, Dumitru, 135 Rusu, Nicolae, 136 Rusu, Victor, 181 Ruthenians, 179,203 Săbăoani, 147, 153, 154,155 Sabar River, 108,109 Șabs, Roif, 254, 265, 303 Sacagiu, Mendel, 136 Sadagura, 3, 181-82 Safram, Josef, 131 Şafran, Alexandru, 71, 491, 496, 515, 578-80
Saftenco, Traian, 286 Sahama, 200 Şaineanu, Lazăr, 21 Saint-Germain, Treaty of, 28, 74 Salazar, Antonio, 93 Salmuth, Hans von, 132 Saltinger, Sumer, 177-78 Salzberg (doctor), 179 Sănătescu (general), 93 Șanders, Șaie, 17 Sandu, Ion, 190-91 Sănești, 544 Sanielevici, H., 53 Șaraga, Achile, 499 Șaraga, Fred, 418-20, 591 Sărățeni, 201 Sârbca, 416 Sârbu, Andrei, 201 Șargorod, 362-63, 392-401 Săseni, 183 Safran, Μ., 179 Satu Mare, 15, 28 Sava (police officer), 137 Săveni, 305 Savrani, 505
Index Savu, Constantin, 105 Scala, Count of, 179-80 Scarlat, Elisabeta, 110-11 Scazineț, 240, 408-10 Schachter, Leon, 127 Schachter, Moise, 90 Schachter, Roza, 413 Schachter family, 177 Schachtman, Aizic, 197,198 Schactel family, 91 Schechter, Meir Hers, 181 Schechter, Otto, 143, 157 Scheer, Jori, 110-11 Schefler family, 178 Schellenberg, Walter, 104 Schellhorn, Fritz Gebhard: on deportations, 270-71, 295, 308-9; on Iași pogrom and death trains, 128, 130,160-61, 163-64 Schenker, Lya, 298, 387-88 Scherman, Simon, 364 Schertzer, Sura, 284 Schickert, Klaus, 36 Schleier, Israel, 132, 140, 147 Schleier, Rudolf, 533 Schmeltzer, Mendel, 178 Schmidt, Hans, 361 Schneer family, 134 Schneider (tavern keeper), 136 Schneider, Iancu, 131 Schneider, Rifca, 179 Schnitter, Eli, 180 Schobert, Ritter von, 197, 242, 350 Schoihat, Schmerl, 197,198 Schuller, Nathan, 177 Schurtzer (doctor), 296 Schutzstaffel (SS): in Bessarabia and Bukovina massacres, 182; forced labor used by, 424; in Iași pogrom, 126, 139; in Legionnaire Rebellion, 49, 103-5, 541; in Odessa massacre, 337, 342; in Roma deportations, 461; on Romanian approach to massacres, 488; in Transnistria massacres, 351-61 637 Schwartz, Aurel, 141 Schwartz, Carol, 168 Scobai, Stefan, 135 Scriban, Nicolae, 129, 131, 142 Scripnic, Ivan, 249-50 Sculeni, 174-77, 196 SD. See Sicherheitsdienst Seara (newspaper), 25 Şebraru, Moise, 136 Second Army (Romania), 412 Secondary and Higher Education Law of 1893,24 Second Section (army counterintelligence): on deportations, 383, 399-400; in ethnic cleansing, 172; in Iași pogrom, 123, 162; mission of, 172;
on transit camps, 248-49, 265 Secret Intelligence Service (SSI): on conditions at ghettos and camps, 268; first operational echelon of, 124, 162; in Iași pogrom, 123-25, 128, 161-62, 164; on location of Jews in Transnistria, 385; on neo-Protestants, 471; on Odessa deportations, 404; in Odessa massacre, 124, 333-35; on Red Cross visit to Transnistria, 422 Secureni: conditions in, 248, 257, 260; deportations from, 276, 282; establishment of camp at, 245, 257; forced marches to and from, 245; German request for labor from, 240; number of internees in, 247, 248, 249, 252, 254; origins of internees in, 257; Soviet annexation in 1940 of, 89 Securitate, 6-7 security service, German. See Sicherheitsdienst Segal, Haim, 139 Segal family, 144 Segall, Gustav, 408 segregation of Jews: Antonescu on, 115-16; in Bukovina, 271-72; after repatriation, 514-15. See also ghettos
638 Index Selbstschutz, 351-53, 356 Sephardic Jews, 3, 12-13 Şeptelici, Gheorghe, 194 Șerbăuți, 90-91 Serebria, 410 Serra, Maurizio, 213n226 Seventh Day Adventists, 463, 472 Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), 13 Sferdiac, 468 Shapiro, Paul, vii, 36, 414 Siberia, deportations to, 313 Sibiu District, 465 Sicherheitsdienst (SD): in Iași pogrom, 124; in Legionnaire Rebellion, 49, 103-5, 541; in Red Cross visit to Transnistria, 422; on Romanian Jews abroad, 533 Sidor, Miciu, 244-45 Siegler family, 178 Sighetu Marmației, 3 Sihna Valley, 61-62 Silesia, 13 Siliștea, 199 Sima, Horia: on Bucharest pogrom, 114; in fascist mysticism, 43—44; German connections of, 98; in Italy, 106; in Legionnaire Rebellion, 104—6; in Party of the Nation, 88; photos of, 94՛, on Ploiești Jews, 97; as vice president of Council of Ministers, 93-94 Simion, Aurica, 93 Simion, Crucico, 90 Simion, Marin, 109 Simionovici, Filip, 145 Simulescu, Virgil, 154 Sin, Erna, 284 Sinescu, V., 25 Singer, Sami, 3 Singureni, 544 Sion, Gheorghe, 272 Sîrbu (Iron Guard member), 105 Sîrbu, Andrei, 202 Șiret, 181, 296 Șiret River, 179 Șiret Valley, 61-62 Sirovno, 383 Sișcăuți, 202 Sixth Assault Troops Regiment, 197 Skariuci, 251 slaves, Roma as, viii Slavici, Ioan, 19 Slivina,511 Slobodka (town), massacres in, 364 Slobodka ghetto in Odessa, 383, 401-5 Slobozia, 197 Slobozia Doamnă, 199-200 Sloimovici, Leon, 152 Slovakian Jews, 524, 532 Șmerinka, 360, 393, 408, 418-19, 424 Șmerinka-Odessa railroad, 385, 408 Smilovici, Iosif, 129 Șmilovici, Tili, 156 Smirny (ship), 487 Sniatyn, 494 Soare, Ioan, 201 Society of Architects, 67 Society of
Jewish Physicians, 65 Socolița, 245 Soditei Filitti, 15 Șofrâncani, 188-89 Șoicat, Iancu, 139 Șoicat, Sami, 139 Soihăr, Moise, 181 Soldãneçti, 201 Șoldănești, 244-45 soldiers, Jewish, 25-27; Antonescu’s antisemitism and, 548; citizenship for, 21, 26, 27, 51; in massacres of 1940, 91-92; repatriation of, 503—4; suicide by, 25, 26 Solomon (soldier), 90 Solomon, Adam, 151 Solomon, Corneliu, 109 Solomon, Eugen, 109 Solomon, Iancu, 92 Solomon, Manóle, 134 Solomon, Moise, 159-60 Solomon, Ștefan, 423 Solomonovici, Μ., 25
Index Solomonovici family, 134 Somer, Natan, 91 Sonderkommando R, 351-52 Sonntag (massacre victim), 178 Soroca, 229-30, 247-48, 286-87, 314, 512 Soroca District, 1.82 Sortirovocinaia-Odessa train station, 402, 405 Sosnovca, 363 Sova, N., 487, 536, 578 Soviet Union: annexation of Bessarabia and Bukovina in 1940, 88-93, 116, 169; deportations in Bessarabia and Bukovina by, 312-13; emigration to, applications for, 360, 413, 506, 507, 511; Iași air raids by, 125-26; in Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 87-88; in Odessa, siege of, 332; population of Jews in, 312; retreat of Romanian Jews with, 312-14; Transnistria liberated by, 364, 42425; Transnistria under, 331. See also Red Army Spanachi, Georghelon, 188 Spengler, Oswald, 37 Sperber, Magnus, 500 Spiegel, Alexandru, 98 Spinosu, Vasile, 160 Spintecatu, Vasile, 198 Spiridon, Enuța, 460 Spitzer, Nathan, 167 SS. See Schutzstaffel SS colonies, 351-52 SSI. See Secret Intelligence Service Staerman, Henry, 126, 135 Stalingrad, Battle of, 74, 221, 227, 479, 531, 595 Stampa, La (newspaper), 54—55 Stan, Ion Natale, 448 Stan, Liviu, 41 Stanca, Ion, 189 Stanca Roznovanu, 177 Stănciulescu (police station director), 142 639 Stānculescu (colonel), 337 Stănculescu, L, 374-75, 412, 415 Stänescu, Μ., 530 Stănescu, Vasile, 417 Stănești de Jos, 179 Stănești de Sus, 179 Staraia Balca, 358 Star of David, 70-73. See also yellow star State Department, US, 23 “stateless” Romanian Jews, 1, 25, 530, 531 Statutuljuridic (Dumitraș-Bițoaica), 81Ո184 Stavăr, Stati, 471 Stavarche, Grigore, 201 Stavrescu (general), 138, 142, 163 Steclaru, Ilie, 181 Stefanescu, Dimitre,
408 Ștefănescu, Mihai, 181 Ștetănoaia (sergeant), 90 Ștefanovici (priest), 179 Ștefanovka, 383 Stein (doctor), 301 Stein, Avram, 180 Steinberg, Solomon, 135 Steinhart, Eric C., 350 Stekel, Leib, 90 Steltzer, G., 381-82, 493, 501, 527 Sterian, Aurel, 356 sterilization, forced, 41-42, 435 Stihi, Ion, 174-75, 182 Stînca Roznovanu, 174-76, 182, 197 Stino (captain), 93 Stoenescu, Ion, 200 Stoenescu, N., 72 Stoian, Dumitru, 201-2 Stoian, loachim, 201 Stoian, Nicolae, 200 Stoian, Vasile, 280-81 Stoica, Zoltan, 444 Stoican (prosecutor), 438 Stoicescu, C., 53-54 Stoleru (captain), 285 Stoliar, David, 481
640 Index Stolzmann, Robert, 360 Storoj ineț: deportations from, 232, 294-95, 306; establishment of ghetto in, 245, 246; forced labor in, 245; massacres in, 178-80 Storojineț District, 514 Stránský, Hermann von, 124, 127 Stratan, Gheorghe, 233-34, 253-54 Străulești, 108 Streit, Bernhard, 352 Stroescu (doctor), 490 Stroia, Ion V., 471 Stroia, Soica, 471 Stroiescu (prefect), 299-300 Struma (ship), 480-84 students: antisemitic demonstrations by, 32; forced labor by, 59; laws on, 24, 66-67 Stunovka, 447 Stuparu (medical officer), 398 Sturdza, D. A., 20, 21-22 Sturdza, Mihail, 94, 103, 105 Sturdza, Vlad, 101 Stylists, 463, 575 Suceava, 90-91, 296-302 Suceava District: deportations in 1800s from, 22; massacres in, 90-91; Yiddish banned in, 48 sugar, 549 Suhaia Balca: conditions in, 406-7, 461; number of Jewish deportees in, 354, 406; Roma deportees in, 448, 460-61 Suhar, Morit, 143 Suha Verba, 358 Suhr (envoy), 527 Suhr, Friedrich, 497 Suhuluceni, 201 Șuianu, Ghiță, 189 suicide: in deportations, 308; in ghettos, 269; on Iași death trains, 147, 155, 157; by Jewish soldiers, 25, 26; in transit camps, 260 Sulemer, Isidor, 136 Şulim, Victor, 422 Sulimovici (massacre victim), 92 Sulimovici family, 245 Summer, Berl, 303 Summer, Moses, 303 Sumovka, 363 Supreme General Staff: on Berezovka District, 406; on communists, internment of, 413; in deportations (See deportations); on Edineți camp, 248; on emigration, 484-85; on forced labor, 58-60, 224,226; on Iași death trains, 153; in Iași pogrom, 130-31; on Jewish soldiers during World War I, 26; on massacres by ethnic Germans, 354; on
repatriation, 513-14; on Roma soldiers, 439; on Transnistria massacres, 354; on yellow star, 70-71 supreme leaders, in fascist ideology, 37, 42 Surchise family, 178 survivors, Romanian Jewish, 479-516; of deportations to Transnistria, number of, 331-32, 365, 425-26, 508; as half of population, 5,426, 589; opportunism and, 595-96; planned deportations to Nazi camps and, 479, 487-503; in Regat, 479; repatriation of (See repatriation); total number of, 5, 426, 589; wartime emigration to Palestine and, 480-87 Șuvei (commissar), 137 Svart, Slioma, 290 swastika, 31, 35 Swedish Jews, 532 Swiss Jews, 524, 525 synagogues: destruction of, 15, 18, 112, 113; regulations on, 13, 68 Syria, emigration of Jews to, 484 Talmaz, 172 Talpalațchi, Mihail Moșcu, 186 Talpalațchi, Moșcu, 186 Talpalațchi, Zosea, 186 Țambul, 467 Țambula, 468
Index Tänase, Gheorghe, 136, 151, 152 Tănăsescu, Ioan, 105 Țăndărei, 448 Țandură, Mihai, 90 Tank Regiment, First, 201 Țanțari, 61 Tantu (captain), 89-90 Taranui, Ilie, 183 Țara Românească, 116, 552, 555 Tarasivca, 361 Tarasova, 201 Tarassiwka, 359-60 Târgu Frumos, 146-53,149, 150, 155, 513 Târgu Jiu, 116,122, 222, 226, 414, 507, 514 Târgu Neamț, 15 Tartars, 13 Tarutino, 246, 279-80 Tătăranu (general): on ethnic cleansing, 546; and execution of Red Army officers, 553; in Hauffe-Tâtăranu Convention, 242, 274; on massacres in summer of 1941, 196; on Odessa deportations, 402; in Odessa massacre, 337; on property in deportations, 281; on yellow star, 72 Tătărași-Chilia, 233 Tătărescu, Gheorghe, 97, 515 Tauber, Fabius, 412 Tauber, Zoniu, 412 TăuraNoua, 196, 203 Tăura Veche, 196, 203 taxes: before 1800s, 13; collection by Jews, 22; electoral, 32-33; on emigrants, 482, 484, 504; military, 63, 69; and repatriation, 504, 506 teachers, Jewish, 66 Tecuci, 168 Tecuci District, 22 Teich, Meyer, 299-302 Teișani, 96 Teitelbaum (doctor), 296 Telefon, Halache, 179 Telenești, 191-92, 199 641 Teleșeu, 201-2 Tenenboim, lankei, 197,198 Tener (doctor), 490 Țentilo, Vasile David, 187 Teodorescu, Paul, 152 Tereblecea, 181 Tester, A., 504-6 Theresienstadt, 525 Third Army (Romania), 169-70, 177, 227, 381 Third Day Adventists, 463 Tíbirica, 200 Țibulovka, 392, 397 Țigănești, 195 Tiganus, Vasile, 355 Tighina, 124, 203, 252, 279-80, 511-13 Tighina Agreement, 274, 353, 379 Timișoara, 492-93, 498 Timpul (newspaper), 91 Tiparescu, Petru, 41 Tiraspol: conditions in, 377; deportations from, 411; ethnic
Germans in, 352; government seat in, 374; number of deportee crossings at, 316, 384, 590; origins of internees in, 383; repatriation from, 510-11, 513-14; SSI in, 124 Tiraspol District: number of internees in, 385, 389, 396; repatriation from, 510-11 Tîrgoviște, 99 Tiribica, 201 Tița, Țața, 157 Titus (Roman emperor), 12 Tivriv, 410 Tobescu (general), 281, 510 Tolea (soccer player), 141 Toma, Nuțu, 202 Toma, Tänase, 460 Tomescu, Eduard, 109, 110, 111 Tomoviči, Stefan, 178 Țopa, Leon, 38 Topor, Ion: on deportations, 270, 27576, 278, 291, 557; ethnic cleansing
642 Index orders of, 171,173; on transit camps, 246, 254, 265 Torkanovka, 383, 390 torture: by Iron Guard in 1940, 95-96, 98-99; in Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and Bukovina, 90-91 totalitarianism, under Carol II, 88, 93 Totoescu, Aurel, 150-51 Totu, Nicolae, 32 trains: deportations from Bukovina by, 294-98; deportations of Roma by, 437-39; deportations to Nazi camps by, 490, 495-96; vs. foot, deportations by, viii; massacres of 1940 on, 91, 117; repatriation by, 512. See also Iași death trains Trajan (Roman emperor), 12 transit camps, in Bessarabia and Bukovina, 236-67; age and gender of internees in, 251-52; conditions in, 246-48, 256-67; establishment of, 74, 231, 240; as first stage of deportations, 243; forced marches to, 245; number of deaths at, 256, 314, 589; number of internees in, 249, 251-55, 315; rules governing, 260-61. See also specific locations transit camps, in Moldova and Walachia, 222 Transnistria: Antonescu on use of violence in, 545; borders of, 314; districts of, 374; ethnic Germans living in, 351-62; Hauffe-Tătăranu Convention for, 242-43, 274, 31314; Romanian control after German conquest of, 331; selection as final destination of deportations, 379-83; Soviet liberation in 1944 of, 364, 424—25. See also specific locations Transnistria, deportations to: of communists, 226,413-14, 505, 563; as punishment for forced labor violations, 59, 64-65, 226; of Roma (See Roma). See also deportations, from Bessarabia and Bukovina Transnistria, Jews in, 373-426; aid to, 373, 378, 385, 392, 410, 420; causes of death of, 397; Central Jewish Office inspection of,
418-20; change in Romanian approach to, 397, 425-26, 516, 566; by district, 385; establishment of camps for, 74, 343-44, 373; food for, 374-75; forced labor by, 60,423-24; guarding of, 375-76, 380-81; housing of, 374; indigenous, 331,360, 364, 397, 591; mail service to, 507; number deported within Transnistria, 425; number of deaths, 256,589,591; number of survivors, 331-32,365,425-26, 508; orphaned (See orphans); population of, 316,331, 383-86, 389; Red Cross inspection of, 421-22; repatriation of (See repatriation); summary of situation of, 374-75; Ukrainian, 591; yellow star on, 69,72. See also specific locations Transnistria, Jews in, massacres of, 33165; by ethnic Germans, 350-62; in Golta District, 343-50; of indigenous Jews, 360,364,397; number killed in, 5, 352, 355, 358, 364-65, 589; by SS, 351-61. See also Odessa massacre; specific locations Transnistria, Roma in, viii; number of, ix, 8; number of deaths of, 364; repatriation of, 461; in Vapniarka, 415. See also Roma, deportations of Transylvania, 2, 28, 29 Transylvania, Jews in: before 1800s, 12, 14,15; assimilation of, 3; under Austro-Hungarian Empire, 30; blood libel accusations against, 14; citizenship laws on, 28; expropriation of property of, 100-101; number killed, 5, 589; planned deportations to Nazi camps of, 490,493, 496503; population in 1779 of, 15; population in 1930s of, 4, 29; as refiigees, 524; Zionism among, 30
Index Trestioreanu, Constantin, 333-34, 33637, 341—42 Triandaf, Aurel, 153-55 Tridubi, 473 Trifa, Viorel, 105 Trifeşti, 201 Trihati, 359, 363, 421,448-49,461, 505 Tropova, 419-20 Truelle, Jacques, 166, 310-11, 339 Țucărman, Iancu, 157-59 Tudose, D., 268, 287 Tudose, L, 62 Tudosie (colonel), 199 Tulbure, Emil, 125, 128, 162, 205nl5 Tulcea, 480 Tulcea District, 546 Tülcin, 384,411,421,425 Tülcin District, 385-86, 389, 397, 423, 510-11 Țurcan, Gheorghe, 193-94 Țurcan, Gheorghe Petru, 188 Țurcan, Iacob Petru, 187 Turčin family, 184 Turda, 492-93 Tureatca Forest, 89 Türelle, Jacques, 88 Turilă (shoemaker), 136-37 Turkey, in emigration of Jews, 481, 482, 485-87, 505 Turkish Jews, 13, 524 Turks, Ottoman Empire of, 12-14,435 Turnu Măgurele, 437 Turnu Severin, 222 Turtuman, Alexandrina, 132 Tutnauer, Camilia, 267 Tutová District, 22 typhoid, 268, 301, 392, 395, 397 typhus, 247, 257, 274, 379-80, 392, 395, 397-401,452 Typhus abdominalis, ЗОЇ UER. See Union of Romanian Jews Ukraine: attempted deportations to, 227-31,240; as planned destination of deportations, 274 643 Ukrainian Jews, in Romanian territories: ethnic cleansing orders on, 171; massacres of, 345, 364; number killed, ix, 5, 8, 49, 591 “Ukrainian question,” 461-62 Ukrainians: Antonescu’s xenophobia against, 547; deportations from Romania of, 461-62 Uleiovka, 362 Ungureanu, Mihai, 150-51 Union of Jewish Communities of Romania, 73,101, 102 Union of Romanian Jews (Uniunea Evreilor Români, UER), З, 30, 31, 95, 562 Unitarianism, 67, 463 United Romanian Jews of America, 107 United States: on antisemitic legislation, 18,166-67; on
deportations, 310, 494-95; deportations of citizens of, 523; emigration of Romanian Jews to, 23; on Iași pogrom, 166-67; on Iron Guard, 104; on repatriation, 513; threatened reprisals against Romanians in, 494; tolerance of antisemitism by, 3 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 177 Uniunea Evreilor Pământeni. See Organization of Native-Born Jews Uniunea Evreilor Români (UER). See Union of Romanian Jews Universal Israelite Alliance, 18 Urechia, V. A., 21 Ursache, Ion, 160 Ursu, Alexei Efim, 187-88 Ursu, Ion Nicolae, 188 Ursuleanu, Octavian, 355, 408 Urzică, Carol, 200 Urziceni, 100 USSR. See Soviet Union Ustje, 383 Văculești, 91 Vaida-Voevod, Alexandru, 33
644 Index Vainstein, Florica Pepi, 290 Vâlcov, 273, 280, 286 Valea lui Purice, 277 Văleanu (diplomat), 527 Valea Seacă, 22 Valiscău, 252 Văluță (prison guard), 361 Vapniarka: conditions in, 397, 413-16, 421, 568; deportations from, 421; deportations .to, 405, 413-14; repatriation from, 505, 510-12, 514, 593 Vartic, Gheorghe, 181,197 Varușino, 454-57 Varvarovca, 460 Vârzava, 201 Vășcăuți, 180, 245^16 Vasilescu (second Lieutenant), 410-11 Vasilescu-Bucumi, Ioan, 51 Vasilinovo, 355, 361 Vasiliu, C. Z.: on “cleansing of the land,” 123,169,171-72, 199, 333; on converted Jews, 564; in deportation plans, 123,495,496,498; on emigration of Jews, 578; execution for war crimes, 11, 580; on number of deportees, 316, 384, 386; on Polish refugees, 524; on radio equipment, 571; on repatriation, 505-10, 513, 514-15, 566-68, 571; on Roma deportations, 436,438-39,445-46, 573, 578-79; on Romanian Jews abroad, 534; on Vapniarka, 413-14 Vasiliu, L, 573 Vaslui, 96 Vaslui District, 22 Vătăjanu, Ioan, 151 Vătămăneasa, 190-91 Vătășescu (police commissioner), 99 Vatra Domei, 298-99, 504 Vazdovka, 344 Vechi, Soborul, 198 Velcescu, Matei, 405 Velescu, Vasile, 136 Velicu, Tudor, 99 Veniamin Costache, 15 Versailles, Treaty of, 2 Vertujeni: conditions in, 260-64; deaths of internees in, 264; deportations from, 273, 275,278-79,285, 389֊ 90; establishment of camp at, 245, 248-49, 261; massacres in, 234-36; number of internees in, 249, 251, 252, 254, 261-62, 263; origins of internees in, 240,249 Vetu, Ion, 233 Vexler (Jewish soldier), 26-27 Vextler, Bertha, 299, 387 Victorovka, 404, 406 Vidrascu,
Constantin, 405 Viișoara, 464-65 Vijnița, 180, 510, 566-68 Vilavca, 180 Vinovschi (actor), 134 Vintiloiu, Nicolae, 200 Virtutea Militara, 67, 304, 442 Viștig (sergeant), 357 Viteazul, Mihai, 13 Vivsic, Nicolae Alexandru, 188 Vlad, Iulian, 6 Vlădescu (colonel), 342 Vlădescu (secretary general), 498 Vladimirovca, 446,458 Vodislav (secretary), 468 Voicu, George, 7 Voiculescu (general): Antonescu’s use of violence and, 545; Baptists and, 466, 469-70; in Bessarabia deportations, 274, 281, 286, 289-90, 557-59; on Chișinău ghetto, 267-68; reports on ethnic cleansing to, 172 Voiculescu, Nicolae, 109-10 Voiculescu, Vasile, 500 Voitovka, 383,447 Volbură, Poiană, 361 Volcineț, 232-33,257, 301, 307 Völkischer Beobachter (newspaper), 490,579 Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VoMi). See Center for Ethnie Germans
Index Voloschina, 383 Volovici, Leon, 46 VoMi. See Center for Ethnie Germans Voroşilovka, 410 Voznesensk, 379-80 Vradievka, 448 Vradiovca, 457 Vulcanescu, Mircea, 557 Vuipe, Andrei Ion, 183-88 Wagner, Bemard, 301 Wagner, Eti, 284 Walachia, Jews in: before 1800s, 12-14; during 1800s, 15-17, 22; assimilation of, 29; citizenship laws on, 28; deportations of, 222-26, 316; expropriation of property of, 100-101; in failed revolution of 1848, 16-17; forced labor by, 22425; vs. Moldova, 28-29; planned deportations to Nazi camps of, 490, 495-96, 503; population in 1800s of, 14,16,29; repatriation of, 504, 506-7, 513 Waldman, Herescu, 132 Walter, Bemard, 197,198 Walter, Isac, 362 Wannsee Conference, 487-88 War College, 548 war crimes: execution of Romanians for, 11, 580; in Iași pogrom, 165; start of trials for, 580-81 War of Independence, Romanian (1877), 20-21, 51 War Refugee Board, 513, 593 Wasserman, Burah, 91 Week, René de, 492, 516 Wedemann (major), 337 Wehrmacht, 146 Weidenfeld family, 239 Weiner family, 89 Weinstein (massacre victim), 91 Weiss, Aureliu, 500, 547, 577 Weissman, Mișu, 3 Weissmann, losub, 137 645 Weizsäcker, Emst von, 91-92, 492 Western powers, tolerance of antisemitism by, 3 Wiesel, Elie, ix, 8 Wittner, Manóle, 93 Wittner, Siegfried, 284 Woermann, Emst, 492 Wolf, Herșcu, 127 Wolloch, Madeleine, 523 World War I: antisemitic legislation during, 26-28; Romanian Jewish soldiers in, 26-27, 51; Roma soldiers in, 435, 441, 442 World War II: lead-up to Romania’s entry into, 115,122-24; population of Romanian Jews at end of, 5, 426, 589; propaganda on Jewish
responsibility for, 169-70 Worms (town), 352 Wurbrand, Hilda, 482 xenophobia: antisemitism in, 34, 39; of Antonescu, 11, 546—47; in fascist ideology, 34, 37, 39; after World War II, 6-7 Xenopoi, Alexandru D., 19, 20 yellow star, 69-73; Antonescu on, 71-72, 561-62; in Bessarabia and Bukovina, 69, 72, 23 8, 271-72; Council of Ministers on, 71-72, 238; debate over universal requirement for, 70-72; design of, 70; in lași pogrom, 125; in limited locations, 69-70; punishments for not wearing, 71, 72, 272; on Romanian Jews abroad, 524-27 Yiddish language, 3,26-27, 29, 30,48 Yom Kippur, 3 Yugoslav civil wars, 317 Zabocrita, 383 Zăhăicani, 201 Zaharești, 90 Zaharia, Alexandru, 175
646 Zaharia, Gheorghe, 161 Zaharovca, 355, 358 Zăicescu, Leonard, 125, 136, 141, 143, 157-59 Zalman, Herscu, 154-55 Zăluceni, 234-35 Zamfirescu (colonel), ՅՕՕ-ՅՕ1 Zapp (commander), 199 Zaraful, Lăzărica, 17 Zavadovca, 355, 358 Zăvoianu, Stefan, 105 Zazulenii-Noi, 467-69 Zeitzier (German officer), 543 Index Zeletin, Stefan, 34 Zeliger family, 93 Zgoneą, Pavel, 460 Zgurita, 183 Zionism, in Romania: deportation for, 313; before World War II, 3, 30-31 Zisman brothers, 91 Zitterman, Summer, 197,198 Zlotschewer (massacre victim), 284 Zmeu (gendarme), 467 Zoniachie, 182 Zosenova, 383 Zwiedineck, E., 53 |
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Contents Foreword by Dennis Deletant vii Acknowledgments xi Maps xiii Introduction 1 1 The Legal Status of the Jews in Romania 11 2 The Massacres before the War 87 3 The Massacres at the Beginning of the War 121 4 Transit Camps and Ghettos, Deportations, and Other Mass Murders 221 5 The Massacres in Transnistria 331 6 Life in Transnistria 373 7 The Persecution of Roma and Members of Religious Sects 435 8 The Survival of the Romanian Jews 479 9 The Fate of Romanian Jews Living Abroad 521 The Antonescu Government through Its OwnStatements 541 10 11 A Summing Up 589 Index 599 About the Author 647 v
Index Note: Italie page numbers indicate illustrations. Abrahamites, 14 Abteilung Deutschland, 493 Abwehr: on emigration of Jews, 484-85; in Iași pogrom, 124, 163; on Odessa massacre, 339 acculturation. See assimilation Achim, Viorel, 423-24 Aclipei, Bereu, 93 Acmecetka, 343-50; deportations of Roma to, 447; massacres at, 345-50 Acs, Frima, 297-98, 395 Adamovici, Iulian, 199 Adevărul (newspaper), 26 Adincata, 91 Adjud, 32, 496 Adler, Der (magazine), 135 Adventists, 463, 470-73 Agafarov, lacov, 468 Agafița (gendarme), 467 Agafiței, Grigore, 232 Agapie, Dumitru, 197, 198 Agapie, Vasile, 263, 265-67, 287 Agerevna, 383 Agricultural Act of 1922, 184 Ahasuerus (king), 272, 324n228 Alba Iulia, 100 Albu, Ioan, 306-8 Alcedar, 201 Alecsandri, Vasile, 19, 20, 34 Alectoride (lieutenant), 333-34 Alecu, Rafael C., 109 Alexandrescu (colonel), 178, 245 Alexandrescu, Iancu, 181 Alexandrovka, 416-17, 560 Alexandru cel Bun, 249 Alexandrudar, 446-47,452 ALEXIANU (code word), 276 Alexianu, Gheorghe: Antonescu’s use of violence and, 545; in Central Jewish Office inspection, 418; on Cernăuți deportations, 306; on deportation plans, 273-75, 289-90; on ethnic Germans in Transnistria, 351—52; execution for war crimes, 11, 580; forced labor used by, 416-17; mission of, in Transnistria, 374; on number of deaths, 591; on number of deportees, 384, 385, 425, 559; on Odessa deportations, 401, 404, 405, 559-60; in Odessa massacre, 339, 342, 559; and property of deportees, 558; on repatriation, 505; in Roma deportations, 438-40, 448, 449, 573; Scazineț closed by, 410; term 599
600 Index as governor of Transnistria, 331, 374; on Transnistria massacres, 364; Yiddish banned by, 48 Alexieni, 467-68 All for the Country, 35, 43 Alovirescu, Octavian, 358 Aniariuc (Iron Guard member), 96 American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 418 Ananiev District, 385-86, 389, 396, 397,510-11 Anca, Ovidiu, 334-38, 340-42 Ancel, Jean, vii, 6, 193, 313, 534 Andreescu (captain), 455 Andronic, Dumitru, 136 Androtefca, 454-55 Andruhovici (prosecutor general), 300 Andruşin (commander), 350 Anghel (commissar), 142 Anghel, Dumitru, 105 Anghel, Lina, 443 Anghel, Vasile, 200 Anghelescu, Stefan, 311-12 Angrick, Andrej, 351 Anițulesei, Mihai, 136 Antal, Stefan, 496 anticommunism: in fascist ideology, 37, 46; in Romanian nationalism, 87 anti-Jewish legislation. See antisemitic legislation antiliberals, Romanian fascists as, 46 antimodernists, Romanian fascists as, 46 antisemitic legislation, 11-74; before 1800s, 12-15; during 1800s, 16-25; from 1900-1918, 25-28; from 1918-1939, 27-48; from 1940-1944, 49-74; application to foreign nationals, 523; on citizenship (See citizenship); on definition of “Jew,” 49-54, 57, 523; economic, 54-58; on education, 24, 66-67; on forced labor, 58-63; under Goga-Cuza government, 4, 47—48; on health-care professions, 23-24, 65-66; Michael I’s abrogation of, 74; on military service, 63-65; US responses to, 18, 166-67. See also specific laws antisemitism: before 1800s, 12-15; during 1800s, 1-2,16-25; during 1900s, 2-3; of Antonescu, 547-55, 560-66; economic problems in, 1-2; in fascist ideology, 36, 39; of intellectual elite, 18-20, 34, 46; as
largest prewar threat to Jews, 31; of political elite, 18, 20, 34; in Romanian army, 25-26,169-70; Romanization as economic, 55; in xenophobia, 34, 39 anti-Zionism, 30 Anton, Dan, 452 Antonescu, Ion, 541-81; ambiguity in historical memory of, viii-ix, 5-8; antisemitic policies of, softening of, 560-66; antisemitic views of, 54755, 560-66; in Carol Il’s abdication, 48, 93, 541; on Chișinău ghetto, 268, 269; civil rights of Jews under, 4; on communists’ internment, 413; as Conducător, 93; coup attempt of 1941 against (See Legionnaire Rebellion); coup of 1944 against, 74, 473, 542; definition of “Jew” under, 51-53; on deportations (See Antonescu, Ion, on deportations); on doctor shortage, 65-66; on economic legislation, 54-55; on emigration of Jews, 74, 480, 484, 578; execution for war crimes, 11, 580; in fascist cult of the elite, 43; Filderman’s connection to, 70, 71, 95-97; on Final Solution, vii-viii; on forced labor, 59-60, 238; as head of national-legionary state, 49; Hitler’s alliance with, 103-4, 531, 541-43; Hitler’s meetings with, 103-4, 542-43; on Iași pogrom, 162-65, 551; ideology of, 594-96; as iron fist leader, 543-46, 594; on Iron Guard attacks on Jews, 98, 100, 101-3; Iron Guard’s alliance with,
Index 49, 55, 93-95; on Jewish problem, vii, 54,115; in lead-up to entering war, 122-23; monuments to, ix, 6, 8, 12; on neo-Protestant churches, 470, 472, 574-76; in Odessa massacre, 334-39, 559; on Odessa siege, 332; on passport stamps, 521; photo of, 94՝, political adversaries of, treatment of, 543-44; Popovici’s memo to, 309-10; as president of Council of Ministers, 93; on repatriation, 504, 505, 508-14,566-72; on Roma, 572-74, 579; on Romanian Jews abroad, 527-29, 534-35, 538; on Romanization, 595; on segregation of Jews, 115-16; on Târgu Jiu camp, 122, 222; on Transnistria, Alexianu as governor of, 374; on Transnistria camps, 343, 392; on Transnistria massacres, 354; violence used by, 544-46; xenophobia of, 11, 546-47; on yellow star, 71-72, 561-62 Antonescu, Ion, on deportations, 555-60; appeals from deportation opponents to, 491-92, 496, 500, 593; from Cernăuți, 270; destination of, 273, 379; vs. emigration, 74; exemptions from, 289, 291, 295; motivations for, 236-38; to Nazi camps, 490, 492-93, 496, 500-503, 561, 576; number of, 315-16, 590; from Odessa, 402, 559-60; orders laying groundwork for, 122-23, 167-68, 555-56; orders starting process of, 273, 289-91, 343, 55657; property confiscation in, 557-58; from Regat, 593; of Roma, 436, 438, 444; of Ukrainians, 462 Antonescu, Maria, 491, 580 Antonescu, Mihai: anti-Nazism of, 577; antisemitism of, 551-53, 569-70, 578; on Bessarabia deportations, 556; deportation administrators selected by, 243; on deportations as barbaric, 171,237-38; on deportations 601 to Nazi camps, 490, 492-503; Elena’s opposition to deportations
and, 491-92; on emigration to Palestine, 481-85, 487, 506, 578; in establishment of Central Jewish Office, 73; on ethnic cleansing, 171, 546; on ethnic Germans in Transnistria, 351; execution for war crimes, 11, 580; on exemptions from antisemitic legislation, 53; on foreign Jews, 523; on German assistance in deportations, 241; Hitler’s 1941 meeting with, 462; in Iași pogrom, 143, 144, 162-63; on Jewish question, 488-89, 499, 551-52; at Ministry of Justice, 95; on neo-Protestant churches, 575; opportunism of, 577-78; on Polish Jews, 564; relation to Ion Antonescu, 70; on repatriation, 505-7, 513; on Roma deportations, 439, 444, 573-74; on Romanian Jews abroad, 528-32, 534, 536-38; yellow star and, 70, 71 Antoniu (sergeant), 89-90 Antoniu, Lascăr, 26 AOK, 351 Apolozan, Teodor, 407, 460-61 Apostolic Church of God, 463 Apreutesii (police chief), 300 Arad, 95, 492-93, 506 Arăpașu, Teoctist, 112-13 Arbore (general), 262, 381 Ardeal, North, 541 Argeș, 22 Argeșeanu, Gheorghe, 97 Argetoianu, Constantin: antisemitism of, 294; assassination attempt against, 97; on Bessarabia and Bukovina massacres, 204; on Cernăuți deportations, 293-94; on Elena’s opposition to deportations, 491-92; on failed deportations across Dniester, 231; and fascism, 33; on Iași pogrom, 166; on Moldova
602 Index and Walachia deportations, 222; on Odessa massacre, 342-43; on Transnistrian ghettos, 373 Arion, C. C., 25-26 Armenian Gregorianism, 67 army, German. See German army army, Romanian: antisemitic propaganda of, 169-70; antisemitic tradition in, origins of, 25-26; compulsory service in, 25, 63; in deportations (See deportations; specific locations)·, forced labor in, 59-65, 225; German army relations with, 203-4; Iron Guard’s killing of members of, 97; Jewish soldiers in (See soldiers, Jewish); in massacres (See mass murders; specific locations)·, religious minorities in, 471-73; Roma soldiers in, 435-36, 439, 441-46, 449-50, 573; in Second Balkan War, 25-26; in World War I, 26-27. See also specific organizations and units army, Soviet. See Red Army Army Corps (Romania): 2nd, 131, 336, 338, 341, 404, 412; 3rd, 280, 388-89; 4th, 62 Army Corps, Thirtieth (Germany), 126, 132 army counterintelligence. See Second Section. Army Supply Corps, 225 Aronevici, Mendel, 396 Aron Voda, 13 Artillery Regiments (Romania): Twenty-fourth, 129; Twenty-third, 175 artists, Jewish, 68 Artzi, Itzhak, 412-13, 421 Aryanization, vs. Romanization, 55 Aryans: Germans as, 50; LANC on Romanians as, 37 Ashkenazi Jews, 3, 12, 28 assassinations, by Iron Guard, 97-98 Assembly of Deputies, 32-33 assimilation, of Jews, 3,26, 29, 30 Atachi, 282-84, 294-99, 301, 512-14 Atherton, Ray, 107 Atizic brothers, 91 Atudorei, Dumitru, 152 Auschnitt, Max, 490-91 Auschnitt family, 3 Auschwitz, 530, 535, 536 Austria, Romanian Jews in, 524-25, 530, 532-33 Austrian Jews, 524 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 2, 29-30 Averbuch,
Cozac, 135 Avram, Dumitru, 109 Axelrad, Josef, 482 Babat family, 177 Babii, Dimitrii, 190 Babinger (professor), 160-61 Băbuș, Grigore, 112-13 Bacău: Antonescu on, 570; census of Roma in, 437; health care discrimination in, 24; yellow star in, 70 Bacău District, 22 Baciu, Anton, 243 Baciu, Dumitru Iancu, 109 Bădescu, Gheorghe, 131 Bădoiu, Ilie, 358 Bahlui River, 137, 144, 147-48 Băhnăreanu, Mihai, 200 Bălăceanu, Eugen, 233, 341 Balaiciuc, 355, 358 Bălan (metropolitan), 491, 496, 497, 576 Balanovka, 383 Bălcescu, Nicolae, 34 Baldovin, Bobolina, 442 Baldovin, Gavrilä, 442 Balkan War, Second, 25-26, 51 Balki, 360, 393, 408 Bally, Davicion, 16 Balmoș, Stavăr, 202 Balotescu (captain), 162 Balotescu, Gheorghe, 125, 128, 333
Index Balta: Central Jewish Committee inspection of, 418, 420; conditions in, 377-79; deportations from, 411; Detachment 120 in, 423; massacres in, 364; number of internees in, 384, 385, 396, 420 Balta District, 385-86, 389, 396, 399400,423-24,510-11,514 Bălți: massacres in, 196-99,198, 203; number of Jews deported from, 314 Bălți District: persecution of Baptists in, 466-69; repatriation to, 514 Banat, viii, 28, 490, 493 Bănățeanu (doctor), 308 Banda, 179, 245 Banila pe Siret, 299 Bank, Josef, 482 banks, Jewish, 3. See also National Bank of Romania Baptists: Antonescu on, 575-76; in Bessarabia camps, 290; as Bolsheviks, 463; government position on, 463, 464, 472; persecution of, 464-70 Bar, 360 Bâra, Gheorghe, 201 Bărăgan, 572 Băran, Tatiana, 285 Barang, Manóle, 471 bar associations, 67 Barbascumpa, Gheorghe, 183 Barbaza, 179 Barbu, Radu, 201 Barcan, Ion, 304-5, 594 Bârlad, 168 Bârnova, 245,247 Barozzi, Gheorghe, 131, 228, 404 Barrés, Maurice, 37 Bartfeld (massacre victim), 90 Baruh, Haim Avrum, 180 Băsescu, Traian, ix, 8-9 Bătuceni, 194 Bavarian Statistical Office, 435 beaches, Jewish access to, 68 Beceanu (pharmacist), 137 603 Becescu-Georgescu, Florin, 124, 162 Bechi, Filip, 199 Beiler, Millo, 111 Beiliș (secretary), 497 Beiner, Golda, 302 Belei, Arno, 294 Belgium, Romanian Jews in, 526, 533 Bellacitta (ship), 481,486-87 Belzee, 496, 501, 564 Benea (priest), 254 Bengliu, Ion, 97 Benish, Moise, 158 Benone, Constantin, 157, 159 Benton, James Webb, 593 Benvenisti, Mișu, 578, 591 Benz, Wolfgang, 352-53 Berbca, 396 Berbeni, 247 Bercovici, Emil, 92 Beresloci, 201 Berezovka
District: deportations of Jews from Odessa to, 401-6; deportations of Jews from Tiraspol to, 411; deportations of Roma to, 448, 454— 56, 568; ethnic Germans in, 352; massacres in, 350-59, 364; number of Jewish deportees in, 385-86, 389, 396; repatriation from, 510-11 Berghof, Isidor, 180 Bergson, Henri, 46 Beris, Liviu, 236, 257, 283, 388, 395 Berkenbrücken, 106 Berlin, Treaty of, 21. See also Congress of Berlin Bernadovka, 355, 358 Berşad, 383; Central Jewish Committee inspection of, 418; conditions in, 392, 398, 421, 422-23; deportations from, 411; massacres in, 363-64; number of internees in, 396, 420, 568 Bersan, Nicolae Dimitrovici, 284 Berura, Mehr, 332 Berzovia, 61 Berzovska, 353 Besner, Haim, 178
604 Index Bessarabia: Antonescu on use of violence in, 545; citizenship in, 28; ethnic minorities in, 28; Propaganda Ministry in, 170; religious minorities in, 463; returned to Romania after World War I, 2, 28, 29; returned to Romania in 1941, 7; Roma in, deportations of, 438; Russian annexation in 1918 of, 46; Soviet annexation in 1940 of, 88-93, 116, 169. See also specific locations Bessarabia, Jews in: assimilation of, 3; citizenship of, 28, 522-23, 530; deportations of (See deportations); forced labor by, 60; as hostages, 173; population in 1930s of, 4, 29, 31213; population in 1940s of, 313-15; repatriation of, 514; Romanization and, 58; under Russia, 29-30; total number of wartime deaths of, 591; yellow star on, 69, 72, 238; Zionism among, 30 Bessarabia, Jews in, massacres of: in 1903 pogrom, 29; during 1940, summer of, 88-92; during 1941, summer of, 167-204, 227-36, 589; as ethnic cleansing, 169-73, 238; government orders leading to, 16774; number killed in 1941 in, vii, 204, 589; SSI plan for, 124, 172-73. See also specific locations Besuțiu (captain), 269 Bevrik, 383 Bilhorod-Dnistrovskii, 203 Biliceni, 468 Bilieni, 467 biological racism, 40 Birnbaum, Eti, 284 Biroul Central de Evacuare a Evreilor. See Central Office for the Evacuation of the Jews Birzula, 389 Black Book, The (Carp). See Cartea Neagră blackmail, 6 Blanc, Hinta, 141,156 Blank, Burach, 197,198 Blau family, 130 Blech, Andrei, 200,201 Biei, Arno, 388 Bleichauer, 536 Blînduț, Constantin, 135 Blondel, David, 152 blood libel, 13-15 Blumenfeld, Alexandru, 447 Blumenthal (accountant), 416 B’nai B’rith, 3
Bobei, Gheorghe, 345, 348 Bobești, 181 Bocancea, Gheorghe, 136 Bodestii Precista, 471 Bogdan, Valeriu, 235-36, 264 Bogdanovka, 343-50; massacres at, 344-50; origins of Jewish deportees in, 290, 342, 344, 356, 383; Roma deportees in, 446, 457, 458 Bohemia, 525, 530 Boia, Lucian, 26 Boldescu, Maria Manu, 244 Bolgrad, 273, 280, 286 Boliuh, Vasil, 388 Bolsheviks: in Iron Guard, 102; Jews as agents of, 122, 167; neo-Protestant churches as agents of, 463 Bona (doctor), 300-301 Book of Memory, The. See Cartea Memoriei Borcescu, Traian, 123,124,162, 341-42 Bordei, Ion, 184-85, 188 Borobaru, Traian, 105 Boroș (captain), 92 Borsan, V., 472-73 Bosânceanu, Ionel, 176-77 Botez, L, 148,150-52 Botoroagä (mayor), 299-300, 363 Botoșani: blood libel accusations in, 15; deportations of Roma from, 451; health care discrimination in, 24; persecution of neo-Protestants in, 470
Index Botoșani District, 22 Botta, Dan, 36 Boulescu, Μ., 468-69 Boulescu, Mihai, 198 boyars, 1 Bradu, Daniel, 276-77 Brăila, 99,102, 549 Brăileanu, Traian, 94 Brailov, 359, 360 Brancusi, Constantin, 46 branding, Antonescu on, 545-46 Brănișteanu, Beno, 26 Brânzan, Anuța, 458 Brătianu, Constantin L C., 100, 439-40, 500, 561, 593 Brătianu, Dinu, 498 Brătianu, Gheorghe, 33 Brătianu, Ion, 18, 21, 34 Bratslav, 360-61 Bratu, Anastase, 153 Bratulescu, Alexandru, 464 Braunstein, Berthold, 127 Bravicea, 200-201 Breazova, 464 Brecher, Iacob, 179 Brega, Ion Gheorghe, 188 bribes: to avoid forced labor, 59, 411; in Iași pogrom, 156, 159; paid to Lecca, 579-80; during repatriation, 512 Brickman, Rodriques Honores, 112 Bringles, Herman Naftuli, 96 Britain: Antonescu on customs in, 544; immigration visas denied by, 481 British Intelligence Service, 104 Broitman, Iosif, 197,198 Broscăuți, 181 Broșteanu (colonel), 316,405 Broșteni, 22 Brotea (captain), 289 Brownshirts, 103-4 Brudaru, Gheorghe, 355 Bruja, Petru, 178 Brusturoasa, 22 Bucharest, Jews in: before 1800s, 13,14; during 1800s, 15, 23; 605 destruction of synagogues of, 18, 112,113; expropriation of property of, 101; Iron Guard’s torture of, 99; massacres of (See Bucharest pogrom); population in 1800s of, 16, 28-29; repatriation of, 504; Sephardic, 3,13, 112,113 Bucharest, Roma in, deportations of, 438 Bucharest pogrom (1801), 15 Bucharest pogrom (1941), 107-17; events and sites of, 107-14; number of victims of, 49, 107, 113-14, 116; photos from, 111, 113; punishment for killers in, 111, 115; synagogues destroyed in, 112-13,113; women
in, 112 Buchenwald, 106 Buchman, Ghetl, 147 Buciulueni, 197 Buck (colonel), 174 Bucur, Maria, 51 Budai, 192-93, 201 Budi, 398 Búdica, Ion, 201 Budieni, 407 Budineț, 180 Budisán, Ion, 202 Budisteanu, Radu, 463 Bug River. See deportations, from Bessarabia and Bukovina Buhatir, Citizen, 180 Bujică (police chief), 90-91 Bukarester Tageblatt (newspaper), 72, 315, 490, 491 Bukovina: Antonescu on use of violence in, 545; citizenship in, 28; closing of Soviet-Romanian border in, 116; ethnic minorities in, 28; Propaganda Ministry in, 170; returned to Romania after World War I, 2, 28, 29; returned to Romania in 1941, 7; Roma in, deportations of, 438; Soviet annexation in 1940 of, 88-93, 116, 169. See also specific locations
606 Index Bukovina, Jews in: under AustroHungarian Empire, 30; citizenship of, 28, 522-23, 530; deportations of (See deportations); Folkist movement of, 30; as hostages, 173; photos of, 239; population in 1930s of, 4, 29, 312-13; population in 1940s of, 313-15; repatriation of, 514; Romanization and, 58; segregation of, 271-72; total number of wartime deaths of, 591; yellow star on, 69, 72, 238, 271-72; Zionism among, 30 Bukovina, Jews in, massacres of: during 1940, summer of, 88-93; during 1941, summer of, 167-204,227-36, 589; as ethnic cleansing, 169-73,238; government orders leading to, 16774; number killed in 1941 in, vii, 204, 589. See also specific locations Bulbul (ship), 481,483,487 Bulgaria, 486-87, 488, 505, 592 Bulgarian Jews, 524, 532 Bulgarians, Antonescu’s xenophobia against, 546 Bunaciu (attorney general), 339^10 Bunaciu, O. A., 447 Bund (organization), 30 Burada, Nicolae, 200 Buradescu, Sever, 263, 267, 287,421 Burcea, Anastasia, 442 Burdujeni, 116-17 Burgdöfer (professor), 435 Burihovici-Havas, Lida (Lidia), 231, 234, 255, 273, 344, 400, 417-18 Burla (peasant), 180 Bursan, Constantin, 505 Burstin, Ițic, 135 businesses, Jewish: Iron Guard attacks on, 95-96, 100-103; nationalization of, 35, 56-57, 100 Busovca, 201 Buzău, 95, 99, 168, 549 Cabâlea, 201 Căbești, 181 Cahul, 251, 273, 280,286 Căile Ferate Române (CFR). See General Administration of the Romanian Railroads Calafeteanu, Ion, 93,256, 589 Călărași: Iron Guard torture of Jews in, 99; massacres in, 190-91, 197. See also Iași death trains, to Călărași Călărașu, Andrei, 132,154 Căliman, Franz, 357
Calmanovici, Avram, 92 Calotescu, Corneliu: on Cernăuți ghetto and deportations, 271-72,293, 295, 306; on Dorohoi deportations, 304; on emigration of Jews to Palestine, 481-82; on neo-Protestant churches, 575; on number of deportees, 315, 558-59; in planning for Bukovina deportations, 291-93, 557; on population of Jews in Bukovina, 295֊ 96; term as governor of Bukovina, 270; on yellow star, 72,271-72 Calotescu, Gheorghe, 272 Călugăru, David, 200 Cămăreni, 467 Cambodia, 317 camps, map of, xiv. See also extermination camps; internment camps; transit camps; specific camps Câmpulung Moldovenesc, 393 Candrea, Ioan Aurel, 53 cannibalism, 460 Cantacuzino, Alexandru, 38-39 Cantacuzino, Ștefan, 14 Cantemir, Dimitrie, 13-14 capitalism, fascist ideology on, 44—45 Captaru, Dumitru, 127,138,143, 144, 162, 164, 224 Capusterna, 364 Caracal, 222 Caracas, Nicolae, 197 Caragea, Ioan, 14 Caragiale, Ion Luca, 20 Caraites, 403, 404 Caranfir, Nicolae, 109
Index Coranica, 459-60 Carlaonț (general), 164 Cârlig, 175,176-77 Carol I (king of Romania), 1 Carol II (king of Romania): antisemitic legislation under, 47-49, 52; antisemitism under, rise of, 2; Antonescu in abdication of, 48, 93, 541; on citizenship review, 47-48; definition of “Jew” under, 49; economic polarization under, 2; in fascist cult of the elite, 43; Iron Guard’s agreement with, 88; opposition to fascism by, 33; Party of the Nation under, 88; political parties’ acceptance of role of, 35; pro-Nazi appointments of, 88; royal dictatorship of, 2, 48-49, 93; totalitarian state under, 88, 93 Carp, Matatías. See Cartea Neagră Carp, P. P., 18, 20 Carp, Valeria, 89-90 Carp, Valeriu, 177 Cartea Memoriei (The Book of Memory), 88 Cartea Neagră (Carp): on Alexandrovka, 417; on Bessarabia and Bukovina massacres, 179, 190, 197, 233; on Bucharest pogrom, 107, 113; on Bukovina deportations, 296, 306; on deaths in July and August 1941, 313; on deportations rumors, 490; on Dumbrava Verde, 424; on expropriations by Iron Guard, 100; on Iași pogrom and death trains, 122, 158; on Ladijin stone quarry, 410-11; on Mărculești camp, 252; on massacres during summer of 1940, 91, 93; on Moldova and Walachia deportations, 222; on number of deportees in Transnistria, 425; on Odessa deportations, 403; on Pecioara, 416; on repatriation, 503, 504; on Transnistria massacres, 360, 363 607 Cassulo, Andrea, 492, 496 Catargi, Nelly, 491 Catholicism, 67, 463 Catovska, 358 Caufinan, Marcu, 128 Cavalry Division 3 (Romania), 388-89 Cavarna (ship), 560 Cazachievici, Mihail, 350 Cazangic, 189 CBBT. See
Civilian-Military Cabinet of the Administration of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transnistria Ceaușescu, Nicolae: fall of, 7; nationalism under, 581; revisionist history under, 6-7, 483, 592-93 censorship, press, 490 censuses: of Roma, 436-37; of Romanian Jews, 4, 29, 69, 252, 312, 490 Center for Ethnic Germans (VoMi), 351-53 Centrala Evreilor. See Central Jewish Office Central Institute of Statistics, 42, 312 Central Jewish Office (Centrala Evreilor): Aid Committee of, 355, 418; aid to Jews in Transnistria from, 378, 385, 392, 410, 420; and deportations to Nazi camps, 494; establishment of, 73; forced labor and, 59; inspection of Transnistria by, 418-20; registration of Jews at, 52; on repatriation, 504, 506-8, 514; responsibilities of, 73; role in Holocaust, 73; on Transnistria, 355, 406 Central Office for the Evacuation of the Jews, 402-3 Ceplăuți, 196 Cepleanu (general), 226 Cernat, Ilie, 471 Cernăuți, 270-72; assimilation of Jews in, 30; deportations to Siberia from, 313; deportations to Transnistria in 1941 from, 270-71, 291-97,
608 Index 299, 303, 306, 315; deportations to Transnistria in 1942 from, 270, 306-9, 315, 359, 410, 504; establishment of ghetto in, 270-71; Jewish population in 1940s in, 314; massacres in, 182, 203, 232; neo Protestants in, 470-72; number of Jews deported from, 270, 306, 315, 589-90; number of Jews in ghetto of, 252, 270, 315; prewar violence against Jews in, 32; yellow star in, 271-72 Cernăuți District, 182, 508, 514 Cernavodă, 96 Certovata, 446 Cetatea Albă District, 172, 202 Cetvertinovka, 410-12 CFR. See General Administration of the Romanian Railroads Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 2, 37 Chamber of Deputies, 18, 19, 22, 32-33 Chapuisat (Red Cross vice president), 506 Chelcea, Ion, 435 Chifu (tax agent), 236 Chifu, Panait, 181 children, Jewish: emigration to Palestine by, 485-86; forced labor by, 59, 99-100; in Iași pogrom, 134, 161; in Odessa deportations, 403. See also orphans Chilean Jews, 306, 309, 524, 564 Chilia Nouă, 273, 280, 286 Chiperceni, 201 Chiriac, Mitrofan, 112-13 Chirilă (medical officer), 398 Chirilovici, Constantin, 125,127-28, 137, 138, 142, 162-64 Chirova, 200 Chișinău, 267-70; age and gender of internees in, 251, 267,269-70; conditions at, 267-70; deaths of internees in, 269; deportations from, 270, 273, 279-80, 282, 287-90; establishment of ghetto in, 246, 267; forced labor in, 270; massacres in, 124, 172, 199,203,232-33; number of internees in, 251,252, 254, 267-69 Chițcani, 201 Chmielnicki, Bogdan, 13 Christianity: banning of sects of, 472; in fascist ideology, 39,40, 42-44; government on categories of, 46263; persecution of sects of, 462-73;
state-protected sects of, 67, 463 Christian Scientists, 472 Christians in the Gospel, 463 Cihrin, 355 Cihrini-Berezovka, 358 Cimpoesu, Gheorghe, 175 Cîmpulung Moldovenesc, 298, 306 Cineșeuți, 201 Cioculescu, Radu, 343-44 Cioflâncă, Adrian, 108-11 Cioran, Emil, 38, 39, 42, 44 Ciornei, 179 Cires, 180 Cîrlan, Vasile, 197 Cisek, Oskar Walter, 500 Cișmele, 202 citizenship, of Jews: in Bessarabia and Bukovina, 28, 522-23, 530; and Bessarabia deportations, 272-73; changes in 1918-1919 to requirements for, 27-28; Congress of Berlin on, 1-2,21, 34, 74; constitution of 1866 on, 1-2, 21; constitution of 1923 on, 2, 28; debate in 1866 over, 17-18; intellectual elite on, 19-20, 34; LANC on, 31; legal definitions of “Jew” and, 49-54, 523; living abroad, 530; number granted, 21; parliamentary confirmation required for, 21, 27, 51; review of, law mandating, 47-48; revocation in 1935 of, 47; revocation in 1941 of, 522-23; Treaty of Saint-Germain on, 28; for veterans, 21, 26, 27, 51 Citizenship Law of 1924, 28
Index Ciubotaru, Dumitru, 136 Ciuciueni, 468 Ciudacov, Gleb, 194-95 Giudei, 90,177-78 Ciuhat (commander), 156 Ciurea, Ion, 286 Ciurea, Nicolae, 109 Ciutac, Tasache, 201 Ciutacu (gendarme), 254 Civic Guards, 181, 203 Civilian-Military Cabinet of the Administration of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Transnistria (CBBT), 316, 377,385 civil rights of Jews, history of, 1-4, 28. See also citizenship civil servants, Jewish, 50, 51, 57 “cleansing of the land,” 123, 169-73, 199, 238, 279, 333, 546 Clejan, Herman, 504, 564-65, 568-69 Clim, Nicolae, 177 Clim, Stefan, 177 Climăuți, 197 Clincofer, Aron, 267 Clingher, David, 186-87 Cliniceanu, Constantin, 423 clothing: of forced laborers, 61-62, 224-25; of Jews in Transnistria, 374; restrictions on, before 1800s, 14; of Roma in Transnistria, 448 Cluj District, 470 Cobadin, 224 Cobâlna, 244 Cobilca, 201 Codreanu, Corneliu Zelea: antisemitism of, 39-40; arrest and execution of, 97; in establishment of Iron Guard, 35; in fascist cult of the elite, 43-44; ideology of, 38—40, 42-43; as leader of Iron Guard, 31, 36; mysticism of, 42-43; on nationalism, 38; on political program of Iron Guard, 36 Codrescu, Ion, 18 Cohn, Leon, 91 Cohn, Silviu, 99 609 Cohn, Simion, 92 Cojocaru, losub, 127,128 Cojocaru, Pavel, 233 Cojocaru, Romulus, 309 Colibaba, Anna, 466 Colodelo, Ioan, 179 Coman (Iron Guard member), 96 Comănești-Suceava, 91 Comaniciu, Horațiu, 43 Commission No. I, II, and III, 453-55 communism: fascist ideology on, 37, 46; Romanian nationalism on, 87 communist Jews: “cleansing of the land” of, 169-70; deportations of, 226, 413-14, 505, 563; exclusion
from repatriation, 505-7, 509, 593; government propaganda and reports on, 88-89, 169-70; Iron Guard on, 46; orders on, 169, 226; Romanian nationalism on, 87 Communist Party, Romanian (RCP), 45, 46, 580-81 Communist regime, revisionist history during, 5-7 Comrat, 172 concentration camps. See extermination camps Conducător (ruler) of Romania, 4, 93 Congress of Berlin: Article 44 of, 1-2, 21, 34; on citizenship for Jews, 1-2, 21, 74; Hay’s Note to, 23; Romanian politicians on, 2, 20, 34 Conoplea (police officer), 406-7 Conotcăuti, 396 Conservative Party, 18, 20, 24 Constanța: deportations from, 223-24; forced labor in, 99, 224; ships leaving for Palestine from, 480-81 Constantin (general), 549 Constantin, Constantin, 443 Constantin, Constantin I., 109 Constantin, Mihăila, 200 Constantin, Petre, 444 Constantinescu, Alexandru, 261-63, 593 Constantinescu, Dumitru, 135, 355
610 Index Constantinescu, Emil, 8 Constantinov (gendarme), 468 constitutions of Romania: of 1831, 16; of 1866, 1-2, 21, 22; of 1923, 2, 28 Conta, Vasile, 19, 34 conversion, of Jews: Antonescu on, 564; in definition of “Jew,” 50; laws banning, 52, 68 conversion, of neo-Protestants, 470-71 Copaigorod, 379, 383, 393 Corbu, 283 Coronica, 451 corporatism, 35-36, 44 Corriere della Sera (newspaper), 161 Cosăuți, 278-79, 282-83, 285, 297 Coslar, 227-28 Cosma (physician), 127 Cossacks, 13 Costantin, Ioan, 355 Coste, Brutus, 107 Costești, 180 Costică (major sergeant), 394 Costica, Ignat, 181 Costiner (doctor), 384 Costișa, 464 Cotier, Puiu, 158 Coțmani, 182 Council of Internal Order, 509, 511 Council of Ministers: as chief governmental body, 22; on Chișinău ghetto, 269; on deportations of Jews in 1800s, 22; on disbanding of churches, 472; Iron Guard in, 94-95, 102; Jewish doctors and, 65-66; on motivations for deportations, 236-37; on Polish Jews, 564; on radios, 68-69; on Roma deportations, 573-74; on yellow star, 71-72, 238. See also specific members counterintelligence, army. See Second Section counter-propaganda, 170 coup attempt of 1941. See Legionnaire Rebellion coup of 1944, 74, 473, 542 Covaci, Maria, 256, 589 Covaleovka, 447-48,454-56,461 Covurlui District, 22 Cozlov, 227-28 Crăciun, Nicolae, 127 Crăciunescu, Nicolae, 225 Crainic, Nichifor, 45 Crăiniceni, 91 Craiova, 222, 440-41, 450 Crasna, 90, 178,410,419 Crăsnăețeni, 201 Crăsnăuți, 201 Crâsnișoara Nouă, 178 Creștinu, Avram, 348 Crețu, Constantin, 151 Crețu, Gheorghe, 105 Cretzianu, Alexandru, 513 Crijopol, 392 Cripps,
197,198 Crișana, 28 Cristescu, Eugen, 123-24, 127, 162, 342, 543 Cristescu, Gheorghe, 385 Cristescu, Gică, 162 Cristescu-Gică, Gheorghe, 341 Cristiniuc, Leon, 135 Crivoi Ozero, 448, 460 Croatian Jews, 524, 532 Croială, Andrei, 200 Croitoru, Cătălin, 176 Croitoru, Rifca, 92 Cucu (shoemaker), 136-37 Cucuruzeni, 201 cult of the dead, 43-44 cult of the elite, 42—43 cultural assimilation, of Jews, 3, 26, 29, 30 curfews, Antonescu’s orders on, 167 Cuvântul (newspaper), 38, 41 Cuvântul Nostru (periodical), 107, 577 Cuza, Alexandru C.: on elimination of Jews, 32; in establishment of LANC, 31; in establishment of National Christian Party, 47; in establishment of National Democratic Party, 19;
Index family of, 594; in fascist cult of the elite, 43; as founding father of antisemitism, 36; German relations with, 36; and massacres in Bessarabia, 196; on nationalism, 38; political program of, 34; racism of, 41; swastika used by, 35; Western tolerance of antisemitism of, 3; xenophobia of, 39. See also GogaCuza government Cuza, Alexandru Ioan, 1, 17, 34 Cuza, George, 37 Cuza, Gheorghe, 594 Cuzists, 173, 195-96 Czechia, 13 Czech Jews, 524 Czechoslovakia, Romanian Jews in, 530 Dachau, 106 Dacia, 11, 12 DACIA (code name), 131 Dädírlat, Dumitru, 135 Dagani, Anisoara, 359-60 Dagani, Arnold, 359-60 Daily Herald (newspaper), 47 Dallin, Alexander, 331, 334, 358, 389 Dálnic, 339, 342, 404 Damain (security guard), 151 Dănulescu (doctor), 552 Darabani District, 222-23, 305 Darie, Constantin, 140-42 Darlan (admiral), 166 David, Grigore, 290 Davidescu (lieutenant), 400 Davidescu, Gheorghe, 381-82, 528, 532 Davidescu, Radu: on forced labor, 59-60; and National Bank of Romania, 554; in Odessa massacre, 336, 338-39; and repatriation, 508; in Roma deportations, 436; on Romanian Jews abroad, 525, 527, 529, 531; on transit camps, 266 Davidovici, Iacob, 296, 391-92 Davidovici, Leon, 135 611 DCFRJDH. See Documents Concerning the Fate ofRomanian Jewry During the Holocaust death penalty: for refusing to wear yellow star, 272; for theft, 545; for trying to return from Transnistria, 376; for war crimes, 11, 580 death train. See Iași death trains Decision No. 42.181 (1940), 68 Decision No. 42.352 (1940), 463 Decision No. 44.400 (1940), 68 Decision No. 49.782 (1940), 56 Decision No. 191.730
(1940), 67 Decision No. 203 (1941), 56 Decision No. 4501/947 (1947), 302 Decree-Law No. 169 (1938), 47-48 Decree-Law No. 377 (1941), 67 Decree-Law No. 431 (1943), 472 Decree-Law No. 693 (1941), 56 Decree-Law No. 711 (1941), 52 Decree-Law No. 825 (1940), 57 Decree-Law No. 842 (1941), 56, 57 Decree-Law No. 927 (1942), 463, 472 Decree-Law No. 1215 (1941), 69 Decree-Law No. 1253 (1941), 68 Decree-Law No. 1257 (1942), 69 Decree-Law No. 1647 (1941), 56 Decree-Law No. 2085 (1919), 54 Decree-Law No. 2506 (1941), 272 Decree-Law No. 2507 (1941), 273 Decree-Law No. 3294 (1940), 56 Decree-Law No. 3347 (1940), 56-57 Decree-Law No. 3438 (1940), 66-67 Decree-Law No. 3758 (1940), 56 Decree-Law No. 3811 (1940), 56 Decree-Law No. 3847 (1940), 67 Decree-Law No. 3850 (1941), 68 Decree-Law No. 3902 (1918), 54 Decree-Law No. 3968 (1940), 56 Degrelle, Léon, 37 Deleanu, Nicolae, 233, 340-41 Delineu, 200, 201 denationalization, 100 deportations: in 1800s, 21-23; Antonescu on (See Antonescu, Ion,
612 Index on deportations); “cleansing of the land” through, 123,169, 238; exemptions from, 289, 291, 295; motivations for, 236-38; to Nazi camps, plans for, 487-503, 561, 576, 592; of non-Jewish minority groups, 461-62; opposition to, 490-92, 496-500, 593-94; orders laying groundwork for, 122-23,167-68, 555-56; by train vs, foot, viii; vs. voluntary emigration, 74; during World War I, 26 deportations, from Bessarabia and Bukovina, 272-317; as almost total, 270, 289-90, 315; of communists, 226, 413-14; exemptions from, 289-90, 291, 295-97; final destination of, 274, 379-83; first stage of, 243 (See also ghettos; transit camps); of foreign nationals, 523; German criticism of, 240-43, 274, 379-83, 488, 592; government justification for, 236-38; international reactions to, 310-11, 494-95; massacres along routes of, 276-78, 282-84; massacres before start of, 227-36; non-Romanian Jews in, 306, 309; number deported in 1940 and 1941, 88, 286-87, 312-16, 589-90; number deported in 1942, 296,306,315-16, 425, 590; number deported in total, 331, 365, 384-86, 397, 589-90; number killed during, 312-13, 315, 590; photos of, 228, 235, 237, 307; planning and preparations for, 27280, 290-93; press coverage of, 272, 311-12; routes used for, 274-75, 278; second stage of, 243 (See also Transnistria); by Soviet Union, 312-13; by train, 294-96. See also specific locations deportations, from Moldova: planned, to Nazi camps, 490, 495-96, 503; during World War I, 26; during World War II, 123-24, 222-26, 291, 316, 555-56 deportations, from Regat, 221-22, 479, 515, 564, 589 deportations, from
Walachia, 222-26, 316, 490, 495-96, 503 deportations, of Roma. See Roma, deportations of Derebcin, 364 Derevenciuc, Stefan Vasile, 236 Denner, Fredi, 90 Despot Voda. See Iacob Eraclide Detachment 120, 423 Diagot, Sacha, 197,198 Dicä, Damian, 192 Dindelegan (prosecutor), 363, 390 Dinu, Mirica, 457 Dinu, Panait, 201 Dinulescu, Radu, 123, 238,248-49, 273, 291, 342, 557 diphtheria, 397 Djurin, 393-95, 504 Djuvara, Neagu, 332 Dlujanschi, Dezideriu, 182 Dniester River, first failed deportations across, 227-33, 238, 240. See also deportations, from Bessarabia and Bukovina Dober, Alexandru, 109 Dobruja, 4 doctors, Jewish: in 1800s, 23-24; in 1900s, shortages of, 65-66; in Transnistria, 400-401 Documents Concerning the Fate ofRomanian Jewry During the Holocaust (DCFRJDH), 193 Doering (air force commander), 104 Dolganiuc, Mihail, 188-89 Dolma, 22 Donauzeitung (newspaper), 490 Doncu, Constantin, 109-11 Doncu, Elena, 109 Donnenfeld, Michel, 179 Doriot, Jacques, 37 Doroban, Grigore Iacob, 187
Index Dorohoi: deportations from, 304-6, 315-16, 410, 504; massacres in, 91-93,116; repatriation to, 504, 506, 507, 509-12, 568 Dorohoi District: deportations from, in 1800s, 22; deportations from, wartime, 222, 295, 589-90; deportations to, 222-23; massacres in, 91-93; population of Jews in, 313; repatriation to, 510; Soviet annexation in 1940 of parts of, 88; transfer from Bukovina to Regat, 222 Dositei, 15 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 46 Dracineț, 181 Dragalina, C. L, 270, 272, 309, 510, 569 Drăgan, Virgil, 202 Dragomir (deputy prefect), 450 Dragomir, Năstase, 471 Dragomirescu, Stefan, 267 Dragoș, Titus, 578 Drăgulescu (commander), 276, 278 Drancy, 530 Drapelul (newspaper), 23 Drimer, Carol, 147 Drimer, Solomon, 178 Druckman, Nuta, 90 Drumont, Edouard, 2 Dubālaru, Dumitru, 243 Duboșari, 352 Duboșari District, 385, 389, 510 Dumanovka, 343-50; conditions in, 399-400; deportations of Jews to, 344; deportations of Roma to, 448, 457, 460; massacres at, 344-50,400 Dumbrava Verde, 424 Dumbrăveni, 195, 243-44 Dumitraș-Bițoaica, Gheorghe, 8Ini84 Dumitrecu, Mihail, 423 Dumitrescu, Eugen, 287-89 Dumitrescu, Ioan, 467, 469 Dumitriu, Dumitru, 136, 139 Dumitru, Diana, 172-73, 195, 203 Dumitru, Gheorghe, 109 Dumitru, Mihai Vasile, 109 613 Dumitru, Olaru, 468 Duțescu (pharmacist), 99 Easterman, A. L., 47 Echimăuți, 201 economy, Romanian: antisemitic legislation on, 54-58; antisemitism in Antonescu’s views on, 548-52; in rise of antisemitism, 1-2; role of Germans in, 55, 100; role of Romanian Jews in, 1-3; Romanization of, 55-58, 595. See also businesses; professions Edelstein family, 90
Edineți: conditions in, 247, 257-61; deportations from, 276, 283-84, 287, 297-98; establishment of transit camp in, 245, 248; forced march to, 245; massacres in, 197; number of deaths at, 245, 257; number of internees in, 249, 252, 254,257; origins of internees in, 178 education: in 1800s, 24-25; in 1940s, 66-67; antisemitic propaganda in, 24-25 Eftimie, Nicolae, 262 Egalitatea (newspaper), 23 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 334 Eichmann, Adolf: cooperation with Romania on Jewish question, 489-90; in deportations to Nazi camps, 495; on emigration of Jews, 484-85; Lecca’s meeting with, 579; on Romanian approach to deportations, 382-83; and Romanian Jews abroad, 529 Einsatzgruppe D: on Bălți massacre, 197-98; in Cernăuți massacre, 182; in Hotin massacre, 196; in lampol massacre, 232; on problems with Romanian massacres, 203-4; SSI operational echelon and, 162; in Transnistria massacres, 350-53; in Ukraine massacres, 238 Einsatzkommando: Xb, 182,196, 19798, 203; Xia, 199,230, 232; Xlb, 401
614 Index Eisenberg, Bets, 27 elections, parliamentary, 32-33,47 Elena (queen mother of Romania), 491-92, 593 Eleventh Army (Germany), 197, 242, 350 Eliade, Mircea, 36, 38, 39, 42 Elicher, Leon, 178 Elie Wiesel Institute, 177 Elie Wiesel National Institute for the Study of the Holocaust in Romania, 8, 60 elites: antisemitism of, 18-20, 34, 46; fascism’s impact on, 46; in fascist ideology, 42֊43 Ellenboghen, Leib, 91 Emental, 252 emigration from Romania: Antonescu on, 74, 480, 484, 578; in early 1900s, 23, 27; forced, 595; vs. forced deportations, 74; German opposition to, 484-87; of orphans, 505-7, 513; to Palestine, 480-87, 494, 505, 513; poverty in, 23; revisionist history on, 483, 595; as solution to Jewish question, 521; to Soviet Union, applications for, 360, 413, 506, 507, 511; taxes on, 482, 484, 504; temporary repatriation before, 504 Eminescu, Mihai, 19, 34 Enăchiță (second lieutenant), 411 Engel, Bubi, 180 England. See Britain Eoniț, Ion Nicolae, 183 Epureanu, Manolache Costache, 17 Erhan (Iron Guard chief), 95 espionage: Antonescu on, 571-72; during World War I, 26-27 ethnic cleansing, 169-73, 238, 546 ethnic minorities. See minority groups eugenics, 41 Europe: complicity in Holocaust, 481; tolerance of antisemitism, 3 evacuations. See deportations Evangelical Christians, 67,470, 472 expulsions. See deportations extermination camps, Nazi: plans for deportations from Romania to, 479, 487-503, 561, 576, 592; Romanian Jews living abroad in, 530, 531, 536, 578 external detachments, forced labor in, 58-62 Extraordinary Congress of Romanian Jews, 25 Fabricius, Wilhelm,
104, 541 Făcăoaru, Gheorghe, 41-42 Făcăoaru, lordache, 51 Faendrich, Emanuel, 412 Făină, Vasile, 151 Fălciu District, 22 Fălești, 468 Falik, David, 32 Fall family, 134 Fărăoani, 202 Fascia Nationala Romana. See National Romanian Fascia fascism, Romanian, 33-49; anticommunism in, 37,46; connections to German fascism, 36-38; “constitutional,” 31; electoral performance of, 47; expansion in 1940 of, 88; ideology of, 36—46, 594-95; political programs of, 34-36, 45; racism in, 36-37, 40-41, 462; xenophobia in, 34, 37, 39 federations, Jewish, 3 Feigenbaum (massacre victim), 91 Feingold (doctor), 302 Feodorovca, 460 Fetecău (captain), 416 Fifth Macedonian Legion, 12 Fifty-Fourth Army (Germany), 230 Filderman, Wilhelm: Antonescu’s connection to, 70, 71, 95-97; as community leader, 31; in establishment of Central Jewish Office, 73; in fight against Holocaust, 31, 516; in fight for civil
Index rights, 3; on forced labor, 424; on Golta massacres, 350; on Iron Guard violence, 96-97, 101-2; judicial inquiry into, 562; on Odessa, 332; and planned deportations to Nazi camps, 495, 496, 498; on Polish refugees, 524; press coverage of, 312; on repatriation, 504-10, 513; in softening of Antonescu’s antisemitic policies, 561-62, 566; on total number of deaths, 591; as UER leader, 3, 30; on yellow star, 70-71, 561-62 Filipenco, Gurie, 198 Filipescu, Richard, 132 “Final Solution,” vii-viii, 487-88 Finchelstain, Ana, 27 Finchelstein, Leizer, 60-61, 132, 142, 157, 159, 160 Finkelstein, losef, 131-32, 147-48 Finland, 566 Fischbach, Pincu, 362 Fisher, Josef, 3, 578 Fisher, Julius, 316, 364 Fisher, Theodor, 3 FLAMURA (code name), 130-31 Fleischer (German official), 349-50 Fleischer, Iacob, 179 Flinstein family, 178 Flondor, Șerban, 178 Florescu, I. Μ., 22 Florescu, Marin, 305 Flugojanu, Florea, 200 Focsani, 168 fodder peas, 414-15 Foit (communal official), 300 Folkist movement, 30 Follender, Alfred, 417 food: antisemitism in Antonescu’s views on, 549-51; for forced laborers, 60, 62-63, 225; restrictions on supply of, 69; in transit camps, 246-48,25666; in Transnistria, 374-75,414-15 forced deportations. See deportations forced emigration, 595 615 forced labor, 58-65; Alexianu’s use of, 416-17; Antonescu’s orders on, 59-60, 238; categories of, 58, 63-64; clothing in, 61-62, 224; conditions in, 59-63, 224-25; deportations of laborers to Transnistria, 59, 64-65, 226; in ghettos, 270; by Iași death train passengers, 156; under Iron Guard, 99-100; military taxes and, 63; in
Moldova and Walachia, 62, 224-25; non-Jewish, 226; number of laborers, 61, 224; payments for, 424; punishments for violations in, 58-59, 62, 64-65, 226, 416; in Regat, 60, 423; repatriation after violations of, 506, 507; in Transnistria, 60, 423-24; by women and children, 59, 64, 99-100 forced sterilization, 41-42, 435 foreigners in Romania, foreign nationals as: antisemitic legislation affecting, 523; deportations of, 523-24 foreigners in Romania, Romanian Jews as: in economic policy, 55; education of, 24; health care for, 24; military service by, 25; monitoring of, 1915 law for, 26; xenophobia toward, 39 Foti, Ion, 41 Fotino, Dionisie, 363, 420-21 Fourth Army (Romania): antisemitic propaganda in, 169-70; in deportations from Odessa, 404; in deportations of Roma, 435; in Odessa massacre, 336, 338-39 France: Antonescu on customs in, 544; on deportations, 310-11; deportations of citizens of, 523; Romanian Jews in, 526, 530-31, 533-34 Franco, Francisco, 37, 44 Frankel (rabbi), 284 Frankel, Dina, 196 Frankel, lehosua, 284 Frankists, 14 Frătăuții Noi, 464
616 Fratesca, Vasile, 62 Frederic the Great (king of Prussia), 13 Freemasoniy, 40, 46 Freitag (Jewish leader), 152 Freud, Sigmund, 46 Friedman (dentist), 156-57 Friedman, Samuel, 109 Friedmann, Avram, 303 Fringhieru family, 111-12 Frölich, Heinrich, 233 Frunze, Vasile, 250 Fullop, Ladislau, 482 Fullop, Veronica, 482 Furceni, 201 Gâdea, Ștefan L, 440-41 Gajion, Nona, 191-92 Galați, 15,91-92, 116, 168 Galavata, Leibis, 197,198 Gall, Matei, 361-62, 415-16 Gălușcă (police chief), 223 Garinstein, Ella, 265 Garisin, 360 Gaspar, 467 Gaster, Moses, 21 Găureni-Suceava, 91 Gavaziuc, Efímie, 467 Gavaziuc, Efrosina, 467 Geheime Feldpolizei, 124 Geisler, Kurt, 106 Gelinova, 383 Geller, Iakob, 180 gendarmerie: in “cleansing of the land,” 169, 199; in deportations (See deportations; specific locations')·, in massacres (See mass murders; specific locations); treatment of Jewish soldiers in, 25 General Administration of the Romanian Railroads (CFR), 495-96 General Staff. See Supreme General Staff “gentiles, righteous,” 137 Georgescu, C., 67 Georgescu, Corneliu, 105 Index Gerber, Teodor, 97,107 Gereoplova, 383 German army: in Bessarabia and Bukovina deportations, 227-33, 250; in Bessarabia and Bukovina massacres, 182,192-93, 196-200, 203-4; in Golta massacres, 348-50; in Iași pogrom and death trains, 126, 132,146,158, 159; Romanian army relations with, 203-4. See also specific organizations and units German Jews, 525-29; deportations of, 524, 527-28; emigration to Palestine by, 480; in Romania, 529; vs. Romanian Jews, treatment of, 525-27 German-Romanian relations: alliance of Hitler and
Antonescu in, 103-4, 531, 541-43; deportations to Nazi camps in, 489-503; ethnic Germans living in Transnistria and, 351-52; Jewish question in, 487-90; Legionnaire Rebellion in, 49, 103-6; oil in, 103, 489, 541; Romanian approach to deportations in, 227-33, 240-43, 274, 379-83, 488, 592; Romanian approach to massacres in, 203-4, 227, 488, 592 Germans, ethnic: as Aryans, 50; living in Romania, expropriation of Jewish property by, 55, 100; livinģ in Transnistria, massacres by, 351-62; in Romanization, 542 Germany, Nazi: definition of “Jew” in, 49-50; on deportations from Romania, 240-43, 274, 379-83; on emigration of Jews to Palestine, 484-87; on forced emigration, 595; in Iași pogrom, 123-24, 163-65; Iron Guard’s connections to, 36-38, 98, 103-4, 577; on Jewish question, 487-90; LANC’s connections to, 36-37; in Legionnaire Rebellion, 49, 103-6, 541; in MolotovRibbentrop Pact, 87-88; on number of deaths in Transnistria, 352, 356,
Index 358; Nuremberg Laws of, 4, 51; revisionist history of Romanian cooperation with, 5-8; on Roma, Romanian handling of, 435; Romanian Jews in, 521-22, 524-32; in Transnistria massacres, 350-62; Wannsee Conference in, 487-88 Gestapo: in Iași pogrom, 124, 165; Polish Jews handed over to, 309; and repatriation negotiations, 504; and Romanian Jews abroad, 532; on yellow stars, 524 Gheller, Haim, 147 Gheller family, 90-91 Ghelmegeanu, Mihail, 97 Ghenea, Gheorghe, 189 Gheorghe, Dumitru, 174 Gheorghe, Ion, 536 Gheorgheni, 156 Gheorghiu, Constantin, 148, 151 Gheorghiu, Constantin Virgil, 167 Gheorghiu, Ioan, 137 Gherman, Joe, 257 Ghervase, Constantin, 451 Ghervase, Elena, 451 ghettos, in Bessarabia and Bukovina, 267-72; conditions in, 253; establishment of, 74, 169, 231; as first stage of deportations, 243; map of, xiv; number of deaths at, 256; number of internees in, 251-52; property taken in, 558. See also specific locations Ghewirtz, Herș Heinrich, 110-11 Ghewirtz, Marcel, 110-11 Ghica-Comănișteanu, D., 17 Ghica-Dumbrăveni, Leon, 26 Ghidighici, 233, 269-70, 341 Ghika, Alexandru, 104, 105 Ghilaș, Nina, 257-59 Ghimpu, Gheorghe Andrei, 188 Ghineraru (general), 337-38, 341, 401 Ghineraru, Florian, 363-64, 422-23 Ghingold, Nandor, 504, 506-8 Ghinsberg (rabbi), 180 617 Ghirova, 201 Ghirovo, 196 Gide, André, 46 Gigurtu, Gheorghe, 97 Gigurtu, Ion, 48-49, 52, 88, 103, 166-417 Ginsberg, Sulim, 398 Giosianu, E., 127, 130, 131 Gîrneață, Ilie, 105 Giurescu, Dinu C., 589 Giurgiu, 224 Glogojanu (general), 334-37, 341 Gobineau, Arthur de, 37 Godzovka, 383 Goebbels, Joseph, 37 Goga,
Octavian, 3,32, 35, 43, 47-48 Goga-Cuza government, 3, 4, 28, 47-48 Goilav (officer), 89 Goldenberg, Moses Faibis, 99 Goldhammer (deportation casualty), 303 Goldman (dentist), 157 Goldner, Milu, 134 Goldschlager, Ingeborg, 395 Goldstein, Nathan, 147-48 Golta District, 343-50; Baptists in, 469; conditions in, 397, 399-400, 417-18; deportations from, 421; forced labor in,՛ 423; massacres in, 343-50, 364, 397, 461; number of Jewish deportees in, 385-86, 389, 396; repatriation from, 510-11; Roma deportees in, 448,457,461 Göring, Hermann, 88, 103 Goroflei, Gheorghe, 471 Goroj, 383 Gorovei, Arthur, 302 Gorsky, Vasile, 446, 448-53 Grabvitz, 396 Grădinara, Costache, 176-77 Grădinara, Dumitru, 176-77 Gramatiuc, Aurel, 136 graves, mass: in Cernăuți, 182; along deportation routes, 276-78, 282; for Iași death trains, 151-52,160; in Iași pogrom, 126-27, 142, 144; in
618 Index Ineşti, 193-94; in Popričam, 176-77; in Sadagura, 181; in Slobozia, 197; in Stînca Roznovanu, 175-76; in Teleneşti, 192 Great Britain. See Britain Great Depression, 3 Great Pogrom, 107 Greece, Romanian Jews in, 534 Greeks, 435 Grigore, Vlaj inca, 90 Grigorescu (lieutenant), 360 Gronih, Roza, 245 Gross, Chaim, 303 Gross, Mina, 303 Gross family, 90 Grossman, Vassili, 334 Grossu, Bruno, 408 Grossu, Sirata, 136 Grosu, Gheorghe, 136 Grosu, Ion, 132-34 Grosulovo, 511, 514 Grozdovca, 389-90 Grozea, Dumitru, 105, 107 Gruia, Ion V., 49 Grunberg, Simon, 197,198 Grünberg, Tauba, 134 Grünberg family, 177 Guard Division, 3rd (Romania), 435 guilds, 14 Gunther, Franklin Mott, 166-67, 310 Gura Căinări, 182-83 Gutan, Nicolae Gheorghe, 188 Guttman (rabbi), 108-9, 111 Guttman, Bernard, 296-97 Guttman, Iancu, 108 Guttman, losef, 108 Guttman, Ruth, 297 Guttmann, Bernard, 390-91 Guttmann, Ruth, 394 Gypsy, use of term, 5. See also Roma “Gypsy problem,” 435 Haaretz (newspaper), 8 Haber family, 308 Habsburg Empire, 30 Hagiesti, 200 Haham, Avram, 579-80 Haimovici, Leon, 131, 139 Halcineț, 396 Haller, Moise, 90 Haller family, 179 Hamer, Emanuel, 178 Hamer, Leon, 90 Hamer, Puiu, 178 Hăncești, 172 Hapinciu (farmer), 90-91 Harbuz (police officer), 407 Harnik, Henriette, 267, 397 Hart (doctor), 400 Hartman family, 177 Hartung, Rudolf, 353 Hașdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu, 18, 21, 34 Hasidic Jews, 14, 30 Hass family, 179 Hatieganu, Ion, 423 Hauffe (major general), 242 Hauffe-Tătăranu Convention, 242-43, 274,313-14 Hausner, Mihail, 358, 448, 461 Hay’s Note, 23 health care: in 1800s, 24; doctor shortages
in, 65-66; in Transnistria, 392, 400-401 health-care professions: in 1800s, 23-24; in 1940s, 65-66 health law of 1886, 23-24 Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), 268 Heleșteni, 225 Herghelegiu, Ioan, 355 Herman (doctor), 400 Herman, Lesner, 308 Hermann, Rubin, 302-3 Herr (massacre victim), 90 Herșcovici, Haim, 109 Herscu, Smil, 96 Herseni, Traian, 41, 44, 51, 435 Herța, 181, 236
Index Hessman brothers, 90 Heydrich, Reinhard, 104, 241-42, 487 HIAS. See Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society Hibner family, 91 Hilberg, Raul: on Bessarabia and Bukovina deportations, 256, 313, 379; on Bessarabia and Bukovina massacres, 204, 589; on Bucharest pogrom, 107; on deaths in summer of 1941, 313, 315, 589; on deportations to Nazi camps, 493; on GermanRomanian relations, 489-90; on Iași pogrom, 161; on Odessamassacre, 339; on Pecioara, 416; on total number of wartime deaths, 5, 591; on Transnistria as disaster, 374; on Vapniarka, 414—15 Himmler, Heinrich, 98, 106, 241, 488, 497, 502, 576, 577 Hîncești, 194-95 Hirsch, Joseph Μ., 167 Hirschhorn, Dora, 302 Hirschmann, Ira, 513, 516 Hîrsova, 98, 116 History of the Holocaust in Romania, The (Ancel), vii Hitler, Adolf: Antonescu’s (Ion) alliance with, 103—4, 531, 541-43; Antonescu’s (Ion) meetings with, 103-4, 542-43; Antonescu’s (Mihail) meeting with, 462; vs. Carol II, rule of, 93; definition of “Jew” under, 52; eugenics of, 41; on expansion toward the East, 351; on humanity of Jews, 311; LANC’s connections to, 37; and Legionnaire Rebellion, 49, 104-6, 541; Mein Kampf, 38; in Romanian fascist ideology, 37-38; swastika used by, 31 Hlists, 463 Hoffmeyer, Horst, 351-53 Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Carol de. See Carol I 619 Hoisie, Silvia, 393-94 Holocaust: European complicity in, 481; Romanian vs. German-European, 204, 316-17; total number of Romanian Jews killed in, ix, 5, 8, 49, 591 Holocaust Remembrance Day, ix, 8 Holzman family, 134 Hongiman, Albert, 26 Hongiman, Samuel, 26 Horia, Vintilă, 27, 163, 170-71 Horodiștea, 201
Horowitz (rabbi), 245 Horowitz, Max, 407 Horthy, Miklós, 543 hostages, Jewish: Antonescu’s order on, 167-68; end of policy of, 222; execution of, 168, 173, 199; purposes of taking, 167-68 Hotin, 182, 196, 203, 246-47 Hotin District, 182, 306, 514 housing: for forced laborers, 59-60, 62, 225; marked by cross, 125,126, 127; in transit camps, 256-66; in Transnistria, 374 Hramiuca, 395 Hristea, Ilina, 460 Hristici, 244 Hudiță, Ioan, 581 Hulievca, 358 Hull, Cordell, 310, 494-95 humanitarianism, 171 Hunedoara District, 465 Hungarian Jews: in Germany, 531-32; in Romania, 524; vs. Romanian Jews, treatment of, 522, 524—25, 538, 576 Hungarians, Antonescu’s xenophobia against, 546 Hungary: non-Hungarian Jews killed in, 592; Romanian Jews killed in, ix, 8, 589; rumors about deportations to, 490 Hunsche, Otto, 532-33 Huși, 93, 222
620 Huston, Cloyce К., 167 Huțanu, Vasile, 184-85 labloana, 468 lacobdeal, 553 Iacob Eraclide (Despot Voda), 13 lacobici, Ion, 336, 338, 341 lalovschi, Grigore Efim, 260 lampol: arrival of deportees in, 229-32; conditions in, 420-21; deportations from, 412; ghettos near, 383; ՛ massacres in, 203, 232, 363; number of deportee crossings at, 316, 384, 590 lampol District, 385, 389, 511 Iancu, Carol, 18, 20-21 Iancu, Dumitru, 138-39 Iancu, Naftule, 151 lanculovici, Caiman, 140, 142, 143 lanovka, 343-44 laroșinca, 363 Iași: houses marked by cross in, 125, 126, 127; location near war front, 123; population in 1941 of, 122; Soviet air raids on, 125-26 Iași, Jews in: arrests in 1940 of, 95; blood libel accusations against, 15; emigration of, 23; expropriation of property of, 101; history of antisemitism against, 122; massacre in 1941 of (See Iași pogrom); payments to Lecca from, 579-80; population from late 1800s to early 1900s, 23; population in 1930s of, 4; population in 1941 of, 122; professions of, 16; repatriation of, 513; yellow star on, 125 Iași death trains: to Călărași, 146-57, 149, 150, 163; to Podul Iloaiei, 156֊ 61, 163, 164 lașinschi, Vasile, 94,105 Iași pogrom (1941), 121-67; Antonescu on, 162-65, 551; evacuation to train station in, 142-44; historical context Index leading to, 121-25; international reactions to, 166-67; investigation into, 165; number killed in, viii, 6, 142, 161-62,222; other massacres as continuation of, 174; photos of, 130, 133, 140, 145, 162; responsibility for planning and execution of, 123-27, 162-66; start of, 125-29, 174; trains in (See Iași
death trains); unfolding of, 129-46; war crimes trials for, 165; women in, 134, 157-58, 161 laska, 280,316,383-84 Idel, Bianca, 419-20 Idelovici, Șmil, 136 ideo-communists, 163 ideology: of Antonescu regime, 594—96; of Romanian fascism, 36-46, 594—95 Ieroșinca, 358 Ifras, Constantin, 144 Ifrim, N., 471 Igesti, 91 Ignat, Sofian, 232 Ihil, Avram, 135 Ilasievici (colonel), 93 Ilie, Rusu, 90 Iliescu (court counselor), 300 Iliescu (general), 416, 418 Iliescu, Ion, ix, 8 Iliescu, Paul, 32 împrumutul Reîntregirii, 467 Inești, 193-94 Infantry Divisions (Germany): 73rd, 351; 170th, 197 Infantry Divisions (Romania): Fifth, 233; Fourteenth, 125-27, 129, 138, 163, 175, 196; Seventh, 181; Sixteenth, 177; Thirteenth, 336 Infantry Regiments (Romania): Fiftythird, 376; Sixteenth, 90; Thirteenth, 126-28; Thirty-seventh, 197; Twenty-ninth, 91-92; Twenty-third, 155, 233, 340 Inochentists, 463,470-72 Inotești, 155
Index Institute for Research on the Jewish Question (Institut zur Erforschung der Judenfrage), 36 intellectual elite: antisemitism of, 18-20, 34, 46; fascism’s impact on, 46 International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, ix, 8,18 International Committee of the Red Cross: in cancellation of deportations, 593; on deaths in Moghilev, 393; and deportation plans, 496; on emigration, 486-87, 506, 507; Roma correspondence sent through, 448; visit to Transnistria by, 421-22 internment: Antonescu’s orders laying groundwork for, 122-23, 167-68; “cleansing of the land” through, 123, 169, 199, 238, 279, 333. See also deportations internment camps: establishment of, 74,169, 222; forced labor in, 59; in Moldova and Walachia, 222. See also specific locations loachimescu (deputy prefect), 299-300 Ioan (Red Cross representative), 421-22 loanițiu (general), 130-31 loina, Pincu, 150, 155 lonaș, Herș, 93 Ionesco, Eugène, 46 Ionescu (gendarme), 417 Ionescu, Alexandru, 172 Ionescu, Nae, 43, 543 Ionescu, Nanciu, 337 Ionescu, Radu, 233, 341 Ionescu, Sarina, 298, 393 Ionescu, Vasile, 291-92, 295 Ionescu, Virgil, 151 lonescu-Micandru (lieutenant colonel), 124, 127 Ion Voda, 13 lordache, Gheorghe, 358 lordănești, 179 621 Iorga, Nicolae, 19-21, 97, 98, 105, 544 losub, Ghiță, 139 Iran, emigration of Jews to, 484 Irimia, Gheorghe, 459-60 Iron Guard, 93-117; anticommunism of, 46; antisemitism of, 31-32, 39-40; Antonescu’s alliance with, 49, 55, 93-95; in Carol Il’s abdication, 93; Carol Il’s agreement with, 88; in Council of Ministers, 94-95, 102; cult of the elite in, 42-43; electoral performance
of, 47; establishment of, 28, 31, 35; expropriation of Jewish property by, 95-96, 100-103; as fascist movement, 34; German connections of, 36-38, 98, 103-4, 577; in Iași pogrom, 125, 128, 162, 164, 166; ideology of, 37-46, 594; massacres under, 93-102; on minority religions, 463; mysticism in, 42-44; origins of, in Iași, 122; photos of, 94՛. political program of, 35-36; rebellion of 1941 by (See Legionnaire Rebellion); as splinter of LANC, 31; xenophobia of, 37, 39. See also specific leaders and members Isäceanu, Vasile, 579 Isăcescu (lieutenant), 93 Isbota, Ion, 201 Iscovescu, lehuda Barbu, 17 Islam, 67, 463 Ismail: conditions in, 255-56; deportations from, 273, 280,286; number of internees in, 251 Isopescu, Modest, 345-50, 461 Istanbul, Sephardic Jews in, 13 Italian Jews, 524 Italian Renaissance, 38 Italy: Antonescu on customs in, 544; fascism in, 37-38; Romanian Jews in, 534; Sima in, 106 Itic, Smil, 153 “Ițic Ștrul” (Rebreanu), 26
622 lucani, 296 luhrman, Mózes, 178 lungman family, 180 Ivănescu, Dumitru, 16 Ivănescu, Petre, 109,110 Ivanoiu, Vasile, 174 Ivanoviči, Chirioc Mihail, 250 Ivascu (colonel), 449 Ivascu, Lucian, 453 Jacob, Constantin, 158 Jadova Veche, 180 Jagendorf (engineer), 393, 408 Janea, Ion, 300 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 290, 415-16 Jew, legal definitions of, 49-54, 57, 523. See also specific countries of origin “Jewish Activity: The Jews of Bessarabia and Bukovina during the Evacuation,” 89 Jewish Agency for Palestine, 505 Jewish Committees, in Transnistria: Central Jewish Office meeting with, 419; cooperation with Romanians, 407-8 Jewish emigration. See emigration Jewish nationalism, 30. See also Zionism Jewish Party (Partidul Evreiesc), З Jewish question/problem: Antonescu (Mihai) on, 488-89, 499, 551-53; Antonescu’s (Ion) approach to, vii, 54, 115; in Bessarabia, as resolved by deportations, 289; emigration as solution to, 521; in GermanRomanian relations, 487-90; Germany’s Wannsee Conference on, 487-88; intellectual elite on, 20; political parties on violence in dealing with, 31-32 Jigheu, Ion Mihai, 188 Jilă, Paul, 455-57 Jilava Forest, 107-11 Jilava Prison, 11, 97, 98, 105, 543-44 Index jobs. See professions Jodi (German officer), 543 Joseph II (Holy Roman Emperor), 15 JucicaNouā, 181-82 Judaism, government on existence of, 67-68,463 Judenrat, 73 Jugastru District: number of internees in, 385-86, 389,396; repatriation from, 510 Jurencu, Eugen, 466-69 Jurkovca, 363 Kahane, Solomon, 147 Kalmuks, 361-62 Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 497 Kamar, Ruhal, 267 Kaputt (Malaparte), 161 Karadja,
Constantin, 521-22, 531-32, 534-35 Karaites, 403, 404 Karanika, 447 Karpel, Roza, 178 Kassel, 530 Katz, Adolf, 178 Katz, Iacob, 178 Katz, Μ., 396, 409-10 Katz, Mitea, 267 Katz, Smil, 178 Keitel (German officer), 543 Keitel, Wilhelm, 103 Khazars, 12 Kherson, 351 Khrincihrin, 358 Kíevilovka, 383 “kike,” use of term, 5, 18 Killinger, Manfred von: on Antonescu’s (Ion) rise to power, 104; on Antonescu’s (Mihail) anti-Nazism, 577; on deportations to Nazi camps, 490, 494-95, 500, 502—3; on emigration of Jews to Palestine, 484, 485; on ethnic.Germans in Transnistria, 351; on GermanRomanian relations, 489; and
Index repatriation, 505; on Romanian approach to deportations, 240-42, 381, 383; on Romanian Jews abroad, 527-29, 535-38 Kirkur, Vladimir, 191 Kiş, Pavel, 407 Kishinev ghetto, 239, 290 Klein, Solomon, 97 Kiernan, Iacob, 348 Klessheim, 542—43 Klingenfuss (German official), 500-501, 527-29 Klinger family, 184 Kogälniceanu, Mihail, 17, 18, 21, 22 Kogälniceanu, Vasile, 34 Koģan, Beniamin, 347 Kokoschka, Oskar, 46 Kolb, Charles, 421-22 Koller (colonel), 197 Konig (school principal), 139 Kopel (brigadier), 417 Korber-Bercovici, Miriam, 298, 398-99 Koriskov, 383 Kosak, Walter, 146 Kotovsk, 183 Kozirca, 446 Kraft, Scheindel, 302 Krakover (deportation casualty), 303 Krasnopolsk, 360, 412 Kreis, Conrad, 90 Kristallnacht, 521-22 Krivoi Ozero, 344 Krizkipine Slobodka, 383 Krugman family, 180 Kudievki-Kiotki, 383 Kula family, 177 Kunovici (store owner), 145 Kunstadt, Lipman, 394-95 labor. See forced labor labor battalions, forced labor in, 60-61 Ladijin, 359, 363, 410-12 Lambert, Leica, 196 LANC. See National-Christian Defense League 623 Landau (town), 352 Landau, Edith, 348 Landau, Izu, 342, 345, 348, 404 Lăpușna, 172, 173,197 Lapusneanu, Alexandru, 13 Lathyrus sativus, 414—15 Laubach, Anton, 90 Laufer, Moise, 96 Laur, Ion, 136 Law No. 2650 (1940), 49-51 lawyers, Jewish, 67 Lax de Costina, Suhar, 90 Lazăr, Dumitru, 471 Lazar, Simion, 355 Lăzărescu, Ioan, 465 Lazarovici, Aron, 302 League of the Archangel Michael, 31, 35. See also Iron Guard Leahu, Georghe, 127,129, 142 Lecca, Junius, 123 Lecca, Radu: on aid to Jews in Transnistria, 410; in deportations to Nazi camps, 492-97, 501; on
emigration of Jews, 484, 485, 578; in establishment of Central Jewish Office, 73; and forced labor, 224, 226; as German agent, 579; on Golta massacres, 350; Jewish payments to, 579-80; motivations of, 579-80; press coverage of, 490; on repatriation, 504-7, 567; on Romanian Jews abroad, 528, 531, 533, 536; on Ukrainian Jews, 591 Lederman (guard), 411 Lefter, Florea, 471 legal status of Romanian Jews, 11-74; before 1800s, 12-15; during 1800s, 1-2, 16-25; from 1900-1918, 25-28; from 1918-1939, 27-Л8; from 1940-1944, 49-74; constitution of 1831 on, 16; constitution of 1866 on, 1-2, 21; constitution of 1923 on, 2, 28; definition of “Jew” in, 49-54, 57, 523. See also antisemitic legislation legionary mysticism, 42—44
624 Index legionary nationalism, 38 Lipcani, 190,196 Legionnaire Rebellion (1941), 102-17; Lipovans, 89 Antonescu’s response to, 98,103-7, Lipoveni, 575 114-15, 543; casualties of, 105; Litani, Dora, 334, 342, 349-50 events leading to, 102-4; German role Litman, Leopold, 399 in, 49,103-6, 541; massacres of Jews Liubașevka, 383,448 during, 107-17, 591; number of Jews Liuzii Humorului, 91 attacked in, 113-14; Orthodox priests Livre Noir, Le (Ehrenburg and in, 574; outcome of, 104-5, 543; Grossman), 334 punishment of participants in, 105-6, Locker, Bernhard, 359 115. See also Bucharest pogrom Locker, Mizzi, 359 Legionnaires. See Iron Guard Locoman, Ilarion Iacob, 185, 187 Legionnaire Workers’ Corps, 105 Loebel, Moritz, 178 Legion of the Archangel Michael, 34, Loghin (colonel), 359, 411, 416 35, 577. See also Iron Guard London, Max, 107,115, 543 Legio V Macedonica (Fifth Macedonian looting. See property Legion), 12 Lord’s Army, 463 Leib, Aizic Burah, 152 Lomer, Alfred, 91-92 Leibovici, Avram, 160 Lovinescu, Eugen, 500 Leibovici, Paul, 96 Lozan, Paramon, 203 Leibovici, Samuel, 134 Lozan, Tamara, 203 Leibovici, Sulim, 181 Lubaș, Rudolf, 135 Leibovitz, Maurice, 25 Lublin, 490 Leibusor, Hunea, 96 Lubyanka Prison, 577 Leivadman, Riva, 282 Lucavăț, 181 Leoveanu (general), 165-66, 555 Lucineț, 363, 383, 393 Lerey, Iancu, 99 Lugoj, 222 Lespezi, 146 Lukarovca, 383 Leucea, Ion, 146 Lungani-Roman, 153-54 Leucuția (party deputy), 499 Lungu, Aurel, 407 Leușeni, 201 Lungulescu, Anghel, 286 Levsin, Grigore, 290 Lupovici, Ira, 90 Liberal Party. See National Liberal Lupu, Constantin,
127-28,131, 162-63 Party Lupu, N. Gh., 498-99 Lichtental, 443 Lupu, Nicolae, 71,136, 270, 500, 504, Lieberman family, 178 561-62, 593 Liebl, Franz, 353 Lupu, Solomon, 153-54 Liefering, 542 Luther, Martin: on deportations to Liga Apărării Național Creștine Nazi camps, 492-93, 495, 500—501; (LANC). See National-Christian on emigration, 484; on Romanian Defense League approach to deportations, 241, 379Ligheti (doctor), 490 80; on Romanian Jews abroad, 526, Lihova, 392 528, 529; at Wannsee Conference, Limbenii Noi, 246, 251, 252, 254, 287 487-88 Lincăuți, 196 Lutheranism, 67, 463
Index Macedonski, Alexandru, 20 Machine-Gun Battalion, Tenth (Romania), 233, 339, 341 Macici, Nicolae, 336-38, 341 Madgearu, Virgil, 97 Magyars, 28, 30, 226, 532 Malanciuc, Sergiu, 468 Malaparte, Curzio, 161, 213ո226 Mălini, 22 Mamuica, Constantin, 104,105 Mănăstireanu, Ion, 136 Mancovca, 447 Manecuta (colonel), 304 Mănescu, Vasile, 345-46, 349 Maniu, Iuliu, 497-500, 547, 561, 593-94 Mann, Michael, 37, 39-40 Manoilescu, Mihail, 55, 88 Manoilo, Vasile Leonte, 187 Manoliu, T. R. Mircea, 127-29,164-65, 174 Manstein, Erich von, 350 Manu, Alexei, 244 Manulla, Sabin, 42 maps: faked, in meeting of Hitler and Antonescu, 543; of Romania, xiii, xiv Maramureș District, 28 Mărășești, 155 Maratiev (massacre victim), 91 Marconescu, T., 333 Marcopol, Jack, 100 Marcu, Eti, 132, 141 Marcu, Herscu, 134-35 Marcu, Octavian, 105 Mărculescu, Eustatiu, 341 Mărculești: conditions in, 265-67; deaths of internees in, 265; deportations from, 273, 287, 390; deportations to, 294—95, 297, 303; establishment of camp at, 183,245, 265; massacres in, 183; number of internees in, 183,246, 252; origins of internees in, 265 Marcus, Samuel, 96 Marcusohn family, 135 625 Mardare (colonel), 270 Mareș, Constantin, 532-33 Mareș, Nicolae, 495 Marghiloman, Alexandru, 24-25 Marginea, 90 Margulius, David, 59-60 Maria Antonescu Patronage Society, 491 Marian, Hanina, 158 Maria Teresa (Holy Roman Empress), 15 Marievici, Vlad, 131 Marin, Búlete, 469 Marin, Vasile, 44 Marinescu (captain), 548 Marinescu (minister), 550 Marinescu, Danubiu, 146 Marinescu, Gabriel, 97 Marinescu, Ioan C., 506 Marinescu, Nicolae, 97 Marinescu,
Stere, 306, 308 Marinescu, Victor, 464-65 Marino (lieutenant colonel), 93 Marino (second lieutenant), 302 Marino, Eugen, 276, 278 marriages, between Romanians and Jews: in fascist ideology, 41; law banning, 49, 51, 53-54 Marșenița, 197 martial law, 167 Marțian, D. P., 19, 34 Marton, Silvia, 18 Marxism, 40, 46 Mășcăuți, 194 massacres. See mass murders mass graves. See graves, mass mass murders, 87-204; before 1800s, 13; during 1940, summer of, 88-93; from 1940-1941, under Iron Guard, 93-102; in 1941, during Rebellion, 107-17, 591; Antonescu’s threats of future, 550-51; along deportation routes, 276-78, 282-84; German critics of Romanian approach to, 203-4,227, 488, 592; map of
626 1941-1942 sites of, xiv; motivations of local populations for joining in, 195-96. See also specific locations Mateescu, Vasile, 196 Mateiaş, Alexe, 179 Matei Corvin, 15 Mateuți, 201 Matieș, Ermil, 174-75, 182 Maurer, Mihai, 200 Maurras, Charles, 2, 37 Mayer, Isac, 301 Mayer, Scolnic, 266 Mayer, Titus, 465 Mechelen, 533 Meculescu (colonel), 171-72, 240, 252, 268, 275-76, 278-79, 284, 286, 290 media coverage. See press coverage medical care. See health care Medina, Samuel de, 12-13 Medier, Sloime, 91 Meer, Avrum, 184 Meer, David, 184 Meer brothers, 179 Mefkura (ship), 481, 482-83 Mehr, Berura, 267 Meier, David Ițic, 137 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 38 Meissner (German officer), 543 Meleșanu, Dumitru Grigore, 192 Melinescu, Vasile, 346, 349-50 Mendelsohn, Ezra, 29-30 Merdier family, 181 Merkury (ship), 487 messianic movements, 14 Micescu, Istrate, 48 Michael I (king of Romania), 74, 93, 491, 500, 580 Mihai, Bria, 460 Mihai, Lucia, 457-58 Mihai, Munteanu, 63 Mihăiescu, Ion, 265-67 Mihail, Ion, 419 Mihăileni, 305 Mihăilescu, Aurel, 155 Mihăilescu, Eugen, 174—75, 197 Index Mihailiuc, Vasile, 302-3 Mihailov, Vasile, 175 Mihailoviči, Herman, 135 Mihailovka, 359 Mihăiță, Marin, 109,110 Mihai Viteazul, 13 Mihalache, Ion, 499, 500 Mihalache, Vasile, 200 Mihok, Brigitte, 352-53 Milcoreni, 89 Milenaristi sect, 290 Milenist sect, 574—75 Milie, 180 military. See army military taxes, 63, 69 Mille (tavern keeper), 145 Milovăț, 196 Minceni, 201 Mincu, Filip, 192, 199 Miniș-Pauliș, 61 Ministers, Council of. See Council of Ministers Ministry of Agriculture, 95 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 94
Ministry of Internal Affairs, 94 Ministry of Justice, 95 Ministry of Labor, Health, and Social Security, 94 Ministry of National Culture and Cults, 463, 465 Ministry of National Economy and the National Bank, 94 Ministry of National Education, Religion, and the Arts, 66-67, 68, 94 Ministry of Propaganda, 170 Ministry of Public Works and Communications, 94 Ministry of the Interior, 144, 146, 161, 162, 222 Ministry of War, 94-95 minority groups: constitution on citizenship of, 28; as percentage of population, 29; persecution of nonJewish, 461-73; Treaty of SaintGermain on protection of, 28. See
Index also religious minorities; specific groups Miran, Constantin, 201 Mircescu (commissar), 137 Mirceşti, 153-55 Mircu, Marius, 90, 126-27, 142, 144, 179-81 Miron, Gheorghe Fiodor, 188 Mișcarea Naționala Fascista ItaloRomana. See National ItaloRomaniàn Fascist Movement Mischlinge, 50, 52 Mociulski (colonel), 95 Mocsoni-Styrcea (baron), 490-91 modernism, fascists’ opposition to, 46 Moghilev: Central Jewish Committee inspection of, 418-19; conditions in, 301-2, 375, 386-88, 392-93, 400; death of internees in, 393; deportations from, 359, 389, 392-93, 408-10, 416, 424; deportations to, 240, 248, 311; ghettos near, 383; number of deportee crossings at, 316, 384, 590; number of internees in, 385; orphans in, 412-13, 421; repatriation from, 504, 512-14 Moghilev District: forced labor in, 423-24; number of ghettos in, 393; number of internees in, 385-86, 389; repatriation from, 510-11; surviving internees in, 386-87, 393 Moinesti, 470 Moise, Leia, 145 Molceanov, Lida, 234-35 Moldavia, 4 Moldova, Jews in: before 1800s, 12-14; during 1800s, 14-17, 22-24; assimilation of, 29; blood libel accusations against, 13-14, 15; citizenship laws on, 28; deportations of, during World War I, 26; deportations of, during World War II, 123-24, 222-26, 291, 316, 555-56; expropriation of property of, 100-101; in failed revolution of 627 1848, 16-17; forced labor by, 62, 224—25; health care discrimination against, 24; as hostages, 168,173; planned deportations to Nazi camps, 490, 495-96, 503; population in 1800s of, 14, 16, 28; population in 1930s of, 4; professions of, 14-16; repatriation of, 504,
506-7, 512-13; vs. Walachia, 28-29; yellow star on, 69-70, 72, 23 8; Yiddish ban of 1916 on, 27 Moldova, united with Walachia in 1859, 28 Moldovca, 460 Moldoveanca, 468 Moldoveana, Constantin, 449, 453-54 Moldoveanu, Sandu, 449, 454 Molocina, 392 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 334 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 87-88 Monitorul Oficial (periodical), 24 Monkovka, 383 monuments: to Antonescu, ix, 6, 8, 12; to the Victims of the Holocaust in Romania, 8-9 Moore, Barrington, 103 Morari, Ion Semion, 187 Moravia, 525, 530 Morina (ship), 481, 487 Moriț, Ițic, 137 Moroșeanu, Barlaconschi, 175 Morovaia, 189 Morozeni, 200-201 Morris, E. Joy, 18 Morusov, Mihail, 97 Moruzi, Alexandru, 15 Moscaliu (mayor), 179 Moscovici, Ruti, 395-96 Moscovici family, 89 Moscú, Andrei, 471 Moscú, Gheorghe C., 471 Moscú, Ștefan, 471 Moses family, 177 Mosley, Oswald, 37 Mostovoi, 352-61, 405-7, 448, 568
628 Moszes, Henry, 362 Moszes, losub, 362 Moįa, Ion, 44 Motora, Sabin, 593 Motrici (sergeant major), 181 Mountain Assault Battalion, Ninth (Romania), 197 Mountain Corps (Romania), 227-28 Mountain Regiments (Romania): Eighth, 26; Sixth, 174 movie industry, 68 Muller, Bruno, 401 Muller, Heinrich, 492 Mumuianu, Iuliu, 418 Munteanu (shoemaker), 136-37 Muntenia, 4 Murafa, 393, 395 Muram, Andrei, 348, 349, 356, 363, 365,407 murders, mass. See mass murders Mureșanu, Romulus, 183 Murgescu, Ion C., 414 Musat (attorney), 305 Mussolini, Benito, 37-38, 543 mysticism, in fascist ideology, 37, 42-44 ՛ Nachman, Aaron, 150, 151, 154 Nacht (engineer), 145 Nasi, Joseph, 13 Năstase, Ioan, 422-23 Năsturaș (prefect), 408, 421 National Agrarian Party, 35, 47 National Association of Physicians, 65 National Bank of Romania, 58, 265-66, 281,289, 293, 302, 304-5, 554, 558 National Center for Romanization, 58 National-Christian Defense League (LANC): as “constitutional” fascist party, 31; establishment of, 31, 35; as fascist movement, 34; German connections of, 36-37; in Iași, origins of, 122; ideology of, 37; in massacres in Bessarabia, 173, 196; merger into National Christian Party, Index 47; political program of, 34-36; rise to power of, 28; violence against Jews by, 31-32 National Christian Party (PNC): in Antonescu regime, 95, 594-95; electoral performance of, 47; establishment of, 35, 47; as fascist movement, 34; ideology of, 37, 594; in massacres in Bessarabia, 173, 196; nationalism in, 33; political program of, 35, 45. See also Goga-Cuza government National Democratic Party, 19 nationalism,
Jewish, 30. See also Zionism nationalism, Romanian: anticommunism in, 87; evolution in 1800s of, 1; in fascist ideology, 36-39; on Hungarian vs. Romanian Jews, 522; in Parliament, 33; postwar, 581. See also fascism Nationalist Party of the People, 33 National Italo-Romanian Fascist Movement (Mișcarea Nationala Fascista Italo-Romana), 37 nationalization, of businesses, 35, 56-57, 100 national-legionary state, Romania as, 48^19,51,93 National Liberal Party, 2,18, 31, 33, 500 National Peasant Party, 2, 31, 33, 500, 581 National Romanian Fascia (Fascia Nationala Romana), 37 National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 37,103 Nation’s Party, 33 naturalization. See citizenship “natural selection,” 397 Naum (engineer), 137 Nazarenes, 463 Nazi extermination camps. See extermination camps Nazi Germany. See Germany, Nazi Neacșu, Alexe, 340
Index NEAGOE (code name), 131 Neagu, Dumitru, 441-42 Neagu, Ion, 442 Neagu, Tudor Vasile, 442 Neamț District, 22 Neașcu (gendarme), 201-2 Nedelea, Anghel, 458-59 Negruzzi, Jacob, 20 Negură, Vasile, 232 Negureni, 201 Neigebauer, J. F., 16 Nemeș, Virgil, 448 Nemțeanu, Silviu, 90 Neolog Jews, 30 neo-Protestants: Antonescu on, 470, 472, 574-76; persecution of, 463, 470-73 Nepomnici, Sidor Mihai, 188 Nestervorka, 363, 396 Netherlands, Romanian Jews in, 524, 526, 530 Neubacher (minister), 483 Neumann (baron), 490-91,497,499 “new man,” 36 Nicolae, Ioana, 451 Nicolaev, 458 Nicolau (corporal), 128 Nicolau, Pompiliu, 94 Niculescu-Coca, Mihail, 135, 340-41 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 37 nihilists, 1882 law against, 21 Nikolaev, 351, 361, 411, 421, 424 Nikolaev (general), 352 Nimovitz, Iacob, 167 1922 Generation, 594 Ninth Army (Germany), 196, 203 Nisporeni, 203 Niță, Ilie I., 109 NKVD, 196, 334 Noica, Constantin, 43-44 North Ardeal, 541 Noua Suliță, 197, 246 Novac (mayor), 181-82 Nova Umani, 358 Novițchi, Sandu, 189 629 NSDAP. See National Socialist German Workers’ Party Nudelman, Haskel, 357 numerus clausus, 32, 34, 47, 66 numerus nullus, 31, 66 Nuremberg Laws, 4, 51 Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), 49 Obodovka, 383, 390-92, 396, 397, 399-401, 420 Obuchov, 388 Oceakov District: deportations from Odessato, 401, 405; ethnic Germans in, 352; forced labor in, 423; number of Jewish internees in, 385-86, 389; repatriation from, 510; Roma deportees in, 446-54 Ochișor, Alexandru, 202 Odessa: Central Jewish Committe inspection of, 418-19; deportations from, 344, 352-53, 356, 401-6, 425; ethnic
Germans in, 352; explosion at military command in, 334-39; government seat in, 374; massacre of 1941 in (See Odessa massacre); number of internees in, 333-34, 386, 404-5; photos of roundup in, 333; prison as ghetto in, 333-34, 338-39, 401, 404-5; siege of, 332; Slobodka neighborhood as ghetto in, 383, 401-5; Ukrainian Jews in, 591 Odessa District, 352, 385, 389 Odessa massacre (1941), 332-43; Antonescu in, 334-39, 559; in “cleansing of the land,” 333; deportations of survivors of, 344, 352-53, 356, 401-6, 559-60; execution of survivors of, 343-44, 352, 358, 406; number killed in, vii, 334, 338-39, 341, 342; orders given on, 334-39; responses to, 342-43; as retaliation for explosion, 334-39; SSI in, 124, 333-35; unfolding of events of, 338-42
630 Index Office for Jewish Problems, 73 Office of Strategie Services (OSS), 314, 316 Ohlendorf, Otto, 350 oil, Romanian, German interest in, 103, 489, 541 OKW. See Oberkommando der Wehrmacht Olănești, 203 Olanı, Vasile, 471 Old Kingdom of Romania. See Regat Oldson, William, viii Oleanița, 410-11 Olgopol, 360, 363, 420, 423, 505 Olivenbaum, Jean, 135 Olteanu, Horia, 202 Oltenia, 4. See also Târgu Jiu Oluenec, Gheorghe, 189 Onesti, 201 Oneștii Noi, 289, 290, 469 Onișcani, 200, 201 Onitcani, 15 Opinca, 466-68 Opinia Capitalei (periodical), 311 Oppermann, Ewald, 379-81 opportunism: of Mihai Antonescu, 57778; in survival of Jews, 595-96 Oprea, Ghiță, 471 Oprean, Ion, 200, 263 Oprișani, 181 Oradea, 577 Orășanu (major), 410, 419 Oravița, 61, 223 Order No. 7, 401 Order No. 23, 412 Order No. 35, 401 Order No. 61,267 Order No. 70S, 436 Order No. 193, 130-31 Order No. 462, 289, 562 OrderNo. 518, 248 Order No. 528, 247 Order No. 561, 336 Order No. 562, 338 Order No. 563, 339 OrderNo. 1344,271 Order No. 2141,290 OrderNo. 2830, 279-80 OrderNo. 3154,336 OrderNo. 3161,338 Order No. 4147,122-23 Order No. 5023/B, 254 Order No. 5295, 59 OrderNo. 6651,291,557 Order No. 8507, 554 Order No. 15035, 289 Order No. 21955, 505 Order No. 24206, 280 OrderNo. 33911,436 OrderNo. 55347, 505 OrderNo. 302816, 336 Ordinance No. 3, 125 Ordinance No. 15,272 Organic Regulation of 1831, 16 Organisation Todt, 126,139, 359, 411, 424 Organization of Native-Born Jews (Uniunea Evreilor Pământeni), 30 Orhei: conditions in, 253-54; deaths of internees in, 253; deportations from, 273, 286-87; number of internees in,
249, 251, 253-54 Orhei District, massacres in, 199-203, 233-34 orphans, in Transnistria, 412-13, 41921, 425, 503-14 Orthodox Church, Romanian: Antonescu on, 574-76; in fascist ideology, 42-43; in persecution of minority religions, 464-65 Orthodox Jews, 30 Osetchi, Dumitru, 358 Osiais, Segal, 406-7 Osmancea, 224 OSS. See Office of Strategic Services Otaci, 511-12 Ottoman Empire, 12-14, 435 Ovid, Densușianu, 25-26 Ovidopol, 384, 590 Ovidopol District, 352, 385-86, 389, 397
Index Oxman (engineer), 409 Ozias, Sigai, 356, 407 Pădure, Aristide, 345-46, 349-50 Païs (clerk), 300 Palace of the Handicapped, 490 Palade (lieutenant colonel), 249, 273, 275, 278 Palade, Isidor, 178 Pălăngeanu (general), 230, 274 Pălăria, 467 Palestine, Jewish wartime emigration to, 480-87, 494, 505,513 Palty, Sonia, 416, 417 Pămînteni, 256-57 Panaitescu, P. P., 44, 45 Pandrea, Dumitru, 357 Pantazi, Constantin, 335, 553-54 Pântea, Gherman, 342, 404, 418 Papanace, Constantin, 435 Papuc (coporal), 357 Paraschiv, Nicolae, 201 Paraschiv, Vasile T., 109 Parean։, 243^15 Parikman, Israel, 390, 409 Paris Peace Conference of 1856, 74 Paris Peace Conference of 1923, 74 Paris Peace Conference of 1946, 5, 515 Paris Soir (newspaper), 47 Parliament of Romania: antisemitic declarations in 1800s, 18, 19,21; on citizenship of Jews, 17-18, 21, 27, 51; elections for, 32-33, 47; Jewish members of, 31; nationalism in, 33; on Russian Jews, 21 Pârlița, 250 Partidul Evreiesc. See Jewish Party Party of the Nation, 88 Pascal, Aristide, 17-18 Pașcani, 146 passports: Chilean, 306, 309, 524, 564; German, 529; Romanian, 521-22; US, 513 Pătrășcanu, Lucrețiu, 45, 74, 515, 580 Pătrășcoiu, Nicolae, 423 631 Pătrașcu, Nicolae, 105 PATRIA (code name), 130-31 Paulescu, N. C., 39, 40-41 Păun, Mihai, 309 Pavalache, Gheorghe, 471 Pavel, Marin, 202 Pavelescu (general consul), 525 Pavlovca, 392 peasant fascism, 45-^46 peasants, Antonescu on, 544 Pecioara, 360, 363, 397, 416, 421 Pentecostal Church, 463, 464, 471 People’s Party, 31 Pepeni, 183-88 Perciun, Piotr, 243-44 Perdevară, Alexandru Șura, 357 Peresecina, 201
Peretz family, 156 Pervomaisk, 274, 384 Pesiana, 396 Petală, Marcel, 202 Peter the Great (csar of Russia), 13 Petlyura, Symon, 399 Petrache, Nicolae, 473 Petre, Acostachioaiei, 143 Petrescu, Gheorghe, 123, 273, 291-93, 304, 557 Petrescu, Toma, 41 Petrișor, Gheorghe, 262-63 Petroșani, 99 Petrovicescu, Constantin, 94, 98, 101, 104 Petroviči, Grigore, 123, 162, 341 Petroviči, Ion, 463, 472, 481-82, 545, 575-76 Petru Șchiopul, 13 Pfaumer (minister), 270 Phanariots, 14-15 pharmacies, 23-24, 56, 65 philo-German, Jews perceived as, 26 physicians. See doctors PiaPetrea, 156 Piatkovka, 383 Piatra Neamț, 14, 61, 71, 96, 168 Picasso, Pablo, 46
632 Index Piker family, 134 Pilat, Ion, 500 Pilsudski, Józef, 37 Pitești, 72, 437-38 Pleșița, Nicolae, 6 Ploiești: Iași death train in, 155; massacres in, 97, 99, 116 PNC. See National Christian Party PNT. See National Peasant Party Pobujanschii, Ilie Ion, 260 Podul Iloaiei, Iași death train to, 156-64 pogroms. See mass murders; specific locations Pogromurile din Bucovina si Dorohoi (Mircu), 179 Poitevin (lieutenant colonel), 247 Polack (Polak), Solomon, 139, 143-44, 154 Poland: deportations to Nazi camps in, 479,490, 493-96, 561, 592; Romanian Jews living in, 530 police, German, in Transnistria massacres, 353-55 police, Romanian: imdeportations (See deportations; specific locations)·, Legionnaire, 95-97, 102; in massacres (See mass murders; specific locations)·, on yellow star, 70-72 Police Company 7,181, 197 Police Company 60, 281, 303 Polish Jews: Antonescu on deportations of, 555, 564; in Bukovina, deportations of, 306, 309, 524; exclusion from repatriation, 508-9; in Transnistria, massacres of, 360 political elite, antisemitism of, 18,20,34 political parties: antisemitic slogans of, 2; approach to Jewish problem, 31-32; in electoral process, 33; fascist (See fascism); first explicitly antisemitic, 19; Jewish support for, 31; nationalism in, 33; violence against Jews by, 31-32. See also specific parties politicians, Jewish, after World War I, 30-31 politicians, Romanian: antisemitism of, 18, 20, 34; Iron Guard’s assassinations of, 97 Polizu, Dumitru, 444 Pol Pot, 317 Pop (colonel), 163-64 Pop, Constantin, 105 Pop, Leonida, 407, 448 Pop, Mircea, 96 Popescu, Adam, 355
Popescu, Constantin, 236 Popescu, Dumitru, 201 Popescu, Gheorghe, 363 Popescu, Ioan Adam, 358 Popescu, Ion “Jack”: on deportation plans, 122, 495, 555-56; on emigration of Jews, 578; on ethnic cleansing, 173; on forced labor, 59; on yellow star, 70-72, 238 Popescu, Savin, 197 Popescu, Titus, 303 Popiniuc (attorney), 300 Popoiu (lieutenant), 279 Popoiu, Constantin, 199, 286 Popovici, Dori, 308 Popovici, Mircea, 233 Popovici, Traian, 291-92, 295, 306, 309-10,314, 593 Popovici, Victor, 276, 283 Popoviți, 393 Popricani, 176-77 population, of Roma, 436-37 population, of Romania, at end of World War I, 29 population, of Romanian Jews: before 1800s, 13; in 1800s, 4, 14,16; from 1859-1945, change in, 4; in 1930s, 3-4, 29, 312-13, 589; in 1940s, 490; at end of World War II, 5, 426, 589; in national censuses, 4, 29, 69, 252, 312, 490; by region, 4; survival of half of, 5, 426, 589. See also specific locations
Index Porcereanu, Gheorghe Ion, 188 Porfir, Grigor, 137 Port, Mihail, 290 Portărescu, Pavel, 189 Porunca Premii (newspaper), 72, 163, 272,311-12, 324ո228, 495 Postelnicu, Alexandru, 109 poverty: Antonescu on, 544; in Jewish emigration, 23; among Jews before World War II, 3,23 Poznovska, 383 Prabst (captain), 197 Prast (captain), 197 Predeal, 60-61, 547 Prepeliță, Andronic, 175 press coverage: censorship of, 490; of deportations, 272, 311-12, 490. See also specific publications Primary Education Law of 1893, 24 prime ministers, selection process for, 33 professions, Jewish: before 1800s, 13, 14; during 1800s, 14-17,22, 23-24; in 1930s, 3, 31; 1940s restrictions on, 51, 57-58, 65-67, 95; constitution of 1831 on, 16 property, Jewish: administration and resale of, 58; Antonescu on, 557-58; constitution of 1866 on, 22; definition of “Jew” and, 51,57; during deportations, 281-84, 299305, 557-58; in ghettos, 558; Iron Guard attacks on, 95-96, 100-103; as motivation for massacres, 195; of Romanian Jews abroad, 529; in Romanization, 55-58; in rural areas, 51, 56-57; at transit camps, 266-67; in urban areas, 56 property, Roma, in deportations, 438, 440, 447-48 Protestant churches: Antonescu on, 470, 472, 574-76; government on categories of, 462-63; persecution of, 462-63 Proust, Marcel, 46 633 Prundeni, I. P., 312 Prussia, 13 Prut Valley, 61-62 Puești, 22 Pulferman family, 134 Pungești, 99-100 Purice, Mihail, 277-78 Pușcașu, Emil, 233 Quakers, 463 Rabinovici, Isac, 93 Râbnița: camps near, 383; conditions in, 376-77, 397; deportations from, 425; massacres in, 361-62, 363; number of
deportee crossings at, 316, 384, 590; prison of, 361-62, 363, 397, 514 Râbnița District: number of internees in, 385-86, 389, 396; repatriation from, 510-11 Răcescu, Alexandru, 342 racism: in fascist ideology, 36-37, 40-41, 462; against Roma, 41-42 Racovița (mortician), 135 Racoviță, N., 17 Rădăuți, 91, 296-97, 504 Rădăuți District, 181, 303, 306 radios, 68-69, 571 Rădoia, 468 Radu, N., 72 Răducanu, Elena, 445 Răducanu family, 442-43 Rădulescu (captain), 263 Rădulescu (colonel), 421, 566 Rădulescu (doctor), 444 Rădulescu, Ilie, 311, 312 Rădulescu-Mehedinți, Vasile, 47 Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin, 25-26 Rădulescu-Sița, Constantin Μ., 127 Rahn, Rudolf, 525 Rahni, 421 Rahoveanu, Titus, 138-39 Ramadan, Victor, 279 Râmnicu Sărat, 168
634 Index Rand Corporation, 316 rape: during deportations, 286; in massacres in summer of 1941,180, 181, 201; in transit camps, 260, 263; in Transnistria, 417-18 Răpujineț, 182 Rares, 13 Râșcani, 246, 251, 252, 254, 287 Răspopeni, 201 Rastadt, massacres in, 355, 357, 358, 360 Rauch brothers, 111 Răuțel: conditions at, 249-50, 256-57; deportations from, 287; massacres in, 232; number of internees in, 246, 249, 251, 252, 254; persecution of Baptists in, 468 Răzmeriță (priest), 137 RCP. See Romanian Communist Party real estate. See property Reapers, 463 Rebreanu, Liviu, 26 Recordon, Francois, 14 Red Army: Antonescu on execution of officers of, 553-54; in Iași air raids, 125; in Odessa, 332; Romanian Jews in, 312, 313; Transnistria liberated by, 424-25 Red Cross. See International Committee of the Red Cross Rediu Mari, 252 Reformed Adventists, 463 Reformed (Calvinist) Church, 67 Reformed Pentacostals, 463 refugees: deportations of, 524; international agreements on, 524; Legionnaires in Germany as, 106; massacres of, 181; number of, in Romania, 524; Polish, 309, 360, 524, 564 Regat, Jews in: aid to Jews in Transnistria from, 373; assimilation of, 3; deportations of, 221-22, 479, 515, 564, 589; federations of, 3; forced labor by, 60, 423; number killed, 5; population in 1899 of, 28; repatriation of, 508-9, 514; wartime experience of, 479 registration, of Jews, 16, 52 Reicher (doctor), 400 Reicher, Abraham, 302 Reicher, Gertruda, 298-99 Reicher, Leon, 139-40 Reichsbahn, 490 Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), 486, 487, 489, 492-93, 531 Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 353, 379-80, 382
Reinis (massacre victim), 284 Reintegration Loan, 467 Reizei family, 92 religions, protected by state, list of, 67, 463. See also specific religions religious conversion. See conversion religious minorities, non-Jewish: Antonescu on, 470, 472, 574-76; disbanding of churches of, 472; persecution of, 462-73; repatriation of, 511; in Romanian army, 471-73; state protection of religions of, 67, 463. See also specific groups Renaissance, 38 Reni, 92 repatriation: of Roma from Transnistria, 461; of Romanian Jews from other countries, 524, 531, 532 repatriation, of Romanian Jews from Transnistria, 503-16; Antonescu on, 504, 505, 508-14, 566-72; categories excluded from, 507-9; categories qualifying for, 425, 5039; of communist Jews, 505-7, 509, 593; number of, 514, 515; opposition to, 594; of orphans, 425, 503-14; to Southern Bukovina, 425; start of, 503—4 Reșița, 61, 223 revisionist history of Romania, 5-8; under Ceaușescu, 6-7, 483, 592-93; on emigration to Palestine, 483, 595
Index Rezina, 286-88, 510 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 103, 106, 124, 379-80, 485-86,492-93, 5023, 542-43 Richter, Gustav: debate over posting of, 241-42; in deportations to Nazi camps, 488-91, 494-95, 497-502, 576-77; in Lubyanka Prison, 577; on Romanian Jews abroad, 528, 530, 531; in solution to Jewish question, 552 “righteous gentiles,” 137 Rioşanu, Alexandru, 94, 97, 270, 271 Ritgen, Hermann von, 488-89 Rivera, Miguel A., 93,108, 166 Rizea, Andrei, 472-73 robberies. See property Rodler (colonel), 339, 342 Roedel, Willi, 488-89 Rohozna, 181 Roif, Şabs, 391 Roitman, Suchar, 197,198 Roma, 435-64; Antonescu’s policy toward, viii; population of, 436-37; racism against, 41-42; in Romanian army, 435-36, 439, 441-46,449-50; as slaves, viii; in unloading of Iași death train, 148-52; use of term, 5 Roma, deportations of, viii, 435-64; Antonescu on, 572-74, 579; conditions in Transnistria after, 446-61; German study of, 435; implementation of, 437-39; legal basis for, 436; local population’s resistance to, 440-41; looting in, 447-48; nomadic vs. sedentary, 436-38; number of deaths, ix, 8,448, 461; number of deportees, ix, 49, 437-38, 461, 573, 591; number of survivors, 461, 591; as percentage of population, 435, 461; planning for, 436-38; postwar trials on, 578-79; repatriation after, 461; Roma soldiers in, 435, 439, 441-46, 449-50 Romalo (soldier), 26-27 635 Roman (city), 15, 71, 146, 153, 154-55, 524 Roman District, 22 Roman Empire, 11,12 Romania: independence of, 1, 21; maps of, xiii, xiv; as national-legionary state, 48-49, 51, 93; revisionist history of (See revisionist history)
Romanian(s): Antonescu’s use of violence against, 545-46; as Aryan, 37; legal definitions of “Jew” vs., 49-54; as race, 41; by race vs. by residence, 48; in United States, 494 Romanian Academy, 21 Romanian army. See army Romanian Communist Party (RCP), 45, 46 Romanian constitution. See constitution Romanian gendarmerie. See gendarmerie Romanian-German relations. See German-Romanian relations Romanian Jews: deportations of (See deportations); economic role of, 1-3; legal status of (See legal status); massacres of (See mass murders); population of (See population); “stateless,” 1,25, 530, 531; survival of (See survivors); total number of wartime deaths, ix, 5, 8, 49, 591. See also specific locations Romanian Jews, living abroad, 521-38; in Austria, 524-25, 530, 532-33; in France, 526, 530-31, 533-34; in Germany, 521-22, 524-32; in Nazi camps, 530, 531, 536, 578; passports of, 521-22; yellow star on, 524-27 Romanian Lands, 12,14 Romanian names, 51 Romanian nationalism. See nationalism Romanian Orthodox Church. See Orthodox Church Romanian Parliament. See Parliament Romanian police. See police Romanian Red Cross, 421-22, 486-87
636 Index Romanization, 55-58; definition of, 55; end of, 595; ethnic Germans in, 542; Iron Guard in, 101-4; property in, 55-58; of rural areas, 56-57 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 513 Ropcea, 179 Roșea, Augustin, 276, 278, 282-84, 303 Rosen, Lucian, 97,107 Rosen, Mark, 179 Rosen, Osias, 179 Rosen, Sarah, 394 Rosenberg, Alfred, 2, 37, 47, 380-81 Rosenblatt family, 177 Rosenthal, Constantin Daniel, 16-17 Rosenthal, S., 23 Rosetti, Radu, 52, 68 Rosh Hashanah, 3 Rosner family, 178 Rostochi-Vijnita, 80-81 Roșu (adjutant), 245 Roșu, Aurel, 201 Roșu, Nicolae, 38, 41, 45 Rotaru, Mina, 181 Rotkirchen (general), 493 Rotmann (stonecutter), 144 Rottman, Herman, 134 roundups, Antonescu’s orders on, 16768. See also deportations Rozen, Marcu, 589-90 RSHA. See Reich Security Main Office Rubin, Moses Iosif, 95 Rublen ița, 249, 252 Rucker, Hans, 360 Rudich, Μ., 257, 392, 400-401 Rudich, Moise, 91 Rudik family, 92 Rumega, Dumitru, 236 rural areas, in fascist ideology, 45-46 rural areas, Jews in: extermination of, in “cleansing of the land,” 123, 169; moved to transit camps (See transit camps); population in 1800s of, 16; property ownership by, 51, 56-57 Rusca, Ivan, 201 Rusin, Radu; 471 Rusin, Voicu, 471 Russia: Bessarabia annexed in 1918 by, 46; Bessarabia returned to Romania by, 2, 29-30 Russian Jews, 21-22 Rusu, Cristea, 95 Rusu, Dimitrie, 178 Rusu, Dumitru, 135 Rusu, Nicolae, 136 Rusu, Victor, 181 Ruthenians, 179,203 Săbăoani, 147, 153, 154,155 Sabar River, 108,109 Șabs, Roif, 254, 265, 303 Sacagiu, Mendel, 136 Sadagura, 3, 181-82 Safram, Josef, 131 Şafran, Alexandru, 71, 491, 496, 515, 578-80
Saftenco, Traian, 286 Sahama, 200 Şaineanu, Lazăr, 21 Saint-Germain, Treaty of, 28, 74 Salazar, Antonio, 93 Salmuth, Hans von, 132 Saltinger, Sumer, 177-78 Salzberg (doctor), 179 Sănătescu (general), 93 Șanders, Șaie, 17 Sandu, Ion, 190-91 Sănești, 544 Sanielevici, H., 53 Șaraga, Achile, 499 Șaraga, Fred, 418-20, 591 Sărățeni, 201 Sârbca, 416 Sârbu, Andrei, 201 Șargorod, 362-63, 392-401 Săseni, 183 Safran, Μ., 179 Satu Mare, 15, 28 Sava (police officer), 137 Săveni, 305 Savrani, 505
Index Savu, Constantin, 105 Scala, Count of, 179-80 Scarlat, Elisabeta, 110-11 Scazineț, 240, 408-10 Schachter, Leon, 127 Schachter, Moise, 90 Schachter, Roza, 413 Schachter family, 177 Schachtman, Aizic, 197,198 Schactel family, 91 Schechter, Meir Hers, 181 Schechter, Otto, 143, 157 Scheer, Jori, 110-11 Schefler family, 178 Schellenberg, Walter, 104 Schellhorn, Fritz Gebhard: on deportations, 270-71, 295, 308-9; on Iași pogrom and death trains, 128, 130,160-61, 163-64 Schenker, Lya, 298, 387-88 Scherman, Simon, 364 Schertzer, Sura, 284 Schickert, Klaus, 36 Schleier, Israel, 132, 140, 147 Schleier, Rudolf, 533 Schmeltzer, Mendel, 178 Schmidt, Hans, 361 Schneer family, 134 Schneider (tavern keeper), 136 Schneider, Iancu, 131 Schneider, Rifca, 179 Schnitter, Eli, 180 Schobert, Ritter von, 197, 242, 350 Schoihat, Schmerl, 197,198 Schuller, Nathan, 177 Schurtzer (doctor), 296 Schutzstaffel (SS): in Bessarabia and Bukovina massacres, 182; forced labor used by, 424; in Iași pogrom, 126, 139; in Legionnaire Rebellion, 49, 103-5, 541; in Odessa massacre, 337, 342; in Roma deportations, 461; on Romanian approach to massacres, 488; in Transnistria massacres, 351-61 637 Schwartz, Aurel, 141 Schwartz, Carol, 168 Scobai, Stefan, 135 Scriban, Nicolae, 129, 131, 142 Scripnic, Ivan, 249-50 Sculeni, 174-77, 196 SD. See Sicherheitsdienst Seara (newspaper), 25 Şebraru, Moise, 136 Second Army (Romania), 412 Secondary and Higher Education Law of 1893,24 Second Section (army counterintelligence): on deportations, 383, 399-400; in ethnic cleansing, 172; in Iași pogrom, 123, 162; mission of, 172;
on transit camps, 248-49, 265 Secret Intelligence Service (SSI): on conditions at ghettos and camps, 268; first operational echelon of, 124, 162; in Iași pogrom, 123-25, 128, 161-62, 164; on location of Jews in Transnistria, 385; on neo-Protestants, 471; on Odessa deportations, 404; in Odessa massacre, 124, 333-35; on Red Cross visit to Transnistria, 422 Secureni: conditions in, 248, 257, 260; deportations from, 276, 282; establishment of camp at, 245, 257; forced marches to and from, 245; German request for labor from, 240; number of internees in, 247, 248, 249, 252, 254; origins of internees in, 257; Soviet annexation in 1940 of, 89 Securitate, 6-7 security service, German. See Sicherheitsdienst Segal, Haim, 139 Segal family, 144 Segall, Gustav, 408 segregation of Jews: Antonescu on, 115-16; in Bukovina, 271-72; after repatriation, 514-15. See also ghettos
638 Index Selbstschutz, 351-53, 356 Sephardic Jews, 3, 12-13 Şeptelici, Gheorghe, 194 Șerbăuți, 90-91 Serebria, 410 Serra, Maurizio, 213n226 Seventh Day Adventists, 463, 472 Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), 13 Sferdiac, 468 Shapiro, Paul, vii, 36, 414 Siberia, deportations to, 313 Sibiu District, 465 Sicherheitsdienst (SD): in Iași pogrom, 124; in Legionnaire Rebellion, 49, 103-5, 541; in Red Cross visit to Transnistria, 422; on Romanian Jews abroad, 533 Sidor, Miciu, 244-45 Siegler family, 178 Sighetu Marmației, 3 Sihna Valley, 61-62 Silesia, 13 Siliștea, 199 Sima, Horia: on Bucharest pogrom, 114; in fascist mysticism, 43—44; German connections of, 98; in Italy, 106; in Legionnaire Rebellion, 104—6; in Party of the Nation, 88; photos of, 94՛, on Ploiești Jews, 97; as vice president of Council of Ministers, 93-94 Simion, Aurica, 93 Simion, Crucico, 90 Simion, Marin, 109 Simionovici, Filip, 145 Simulescu, Virgil, 154 Sin, Erna, 284 Sinescu, V., 25 Singer, Sami, 3 Singureni, 544 Sion, Gheorghe, 272 Sîrbu (Iron Guard member), 105 Sîrbu, Andrei, 202 Șiret, 181, 296 Șiret River, 179 Șiret Valley, 61-62 Sirovno, 383 Sișcăuți, 202 Sixth Assault Troops Regiment, 197 Skariuci, 251 slaves, Roma as, viii Slavici, Ioan, 19 Slivina,511 Slobodka (town), massacres in, 364 Slobodka ghetto in Odessa, 383, 401-5 Slobozia, 197 Slobozia Doamnă, 199-200 Sloimovici, Leon, 152 Slovakian Jews, 524, 532 Șmerinka, 360, 393, 408, 418-19, 424 Șmerinka-Odessa railroad, 385, 408 Smilovici, Iosif, 129 Șmilovici, Tili, 156 Smirny (ship), 487 Sniatyn, 494 Soare, Ioan, 201 Society of Architects, 67 Society of
Jewish Physicians, 65 Socolița, 245 Soditei Filitti, 15 Șofrâncani, 188-89 Șoicat, Iancu, 139 Șoicat, Sami, 139 Soihăr, Moise, 181 Soldãneçti, 201 Șoldănești, 244-45 soldiers, Jewish, 25-27; Antonescu’s antisemitism and, 548; citizenship for, 21, 26, 27, 51; in massacres of 1940, 91-92; repatriation of, 503—4; suicide by, 25, 26 Solomon (soldier), 90 Solomon, Adam, 151 Solomon, Corneliu, 109 Solomon, Eugen, 109 Solomon, Iancu, 92 Solomon, Manóle, 134 Solomon, Moise, 159-60 Solomon, Ștefan, 423 Solomonovici, Μ., 25
Index Solomonovici family, 134 Somer, Natan, 91 Sonderkommando R, 351-52 Sonntag (massacre victim), 178 Soroca, 229-30, 247-48, 286-87, 314, 512 Soroca District, 1.82 Sortirovocinaia-Odessa train station, 402, 405 Sosnovca, 363 Sova, N., 487, 536, 578 Soviet Union: annexation of Bessarabia and Bukovina in 1940, 88-93, 116, 169; deportations in Bessarabia and Bukovina by, 312-13; emigration to, applications for, 360, 413, 506, 507, 511; Iași air raids by, 125-26; in Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 87-88; in Odessa, siege of, 332; population of Jews in, 312; retreat of Romanian Jews with, 312-14; Transnistria liberated by, 364, 42425; Transnistria under, 331. See also Red Army Spanachi, Georghelon, 188 Spengler, Oswald, 37 Sperber, Magnus, 500 Spiegel, Alexandru, 98 Spinosu, Vasile, 160 Spintecatu, Vasile, 198 Spiridon, Enuța, 460 Spitzer, Nathan, 167 SS. See Schutzstaffel SS colonies, 351-52 SSI. See Secret Intelligence Service Staerman, Henry, 126, 135 Stalingrad, Battle of, 74, 221, 227, 479, 531, 595 Stampa, La (newspaper), 54—55 Stan, Ion Natale, 448 Stan, Liviu, 41 Stanca, Ion, 189 Stanca Roznovanu, 177 Stănciulescu (police station director), 142 639 Stānculescu (colonel), 337 Stănculescu, L, 374-75, 412, 415 Stänescu, Μ., 530 Stănescu, Vasile, 417 Stănești de Jos, 179 Stănești de Sus, 179 Staraia Balca, 358 Star of David, 70-73. See also yellow star State Department, US, 23 “stateless” Romanian Jews, 1, 25, 530, 531 Statutuljuridic (Dumitraș-Bițoaica), 81Ո184 Stavăr, Stati, 471 Stavarche, Grigore, 201 Stavrescu (general), 138, 142, 163 Steclaru, Ilie, 181 Stefanescu, Dimitre,
408 Ștefănescu, Mihai, 181 Ștetănoaia (sergeant), 90 Ștefanovici (priest), 179 Ștefanovka, 383 Stein (doctor), 301 Stein, Avram, 180 Steinberg, Solomon, 135 Steinhart, Eric C., 350 Stekel, Leib, 90 Steltzer, G., 381-82, 493, 501, 527 Sterian, Aurel, 356 sterilization, forced, 41-42, 435 Stihi, Ion, 174-75, 182 Stînca Roznovanu, 174-76, 182, 197 Stino (captain), 93 Stoenescu, Ion, 200 Stoenescu, N., 72 Stoian, Dumitru, 201-2 Stoian, loachim, 201 Stoian, Nicolae, 200 Stoian, Vasile, 280-81 Stoica, Zoltan, 444 Stoican (prosecutor), 438 Stoicescu, C., 53-54 Stoleru (captain), 285 Stoliar, David, 481
640 Index Stolzmann, Robert, 360 Storoj ineț: deportations from, 232, 294-95, 306; establishment of ghetto in, 245, 246; forced labor in, 245; massacres in, 178-80 Storojineț District, 514 Stránský, Hermann von, 124, 127 Stratan, Gheorghe, 233-34, 253-54 Străulești, 108 Streit, Bernhard, 352 Stroescu (doctor), 490 Stroia, Ion V., 471 Stroia, Soica, 471 Stroiescu (prefect), 299-300 Struma (ship), 480-84 students: antisemitic demonstrations by, 32; forced labor by, 59; laws on, 24, 66-67 Stunovka, 447 Stuparu (medical officer), 398 Sturdza, D. A., 20, 21-22 Sturdza, Mihail, 94, 103, 105 Sturdza, Vlad, 101 Stylists, 463, 575 Suceava, 90-91, 296-302 Suceava District: deportations in 1800s from, 22; massacres in, 90-91; Yiddish banned in, 48 sugar, 549 Suhaia Balca: conditions in, 406-7, 461; number of Jewish deportees in, 354, 406; Roma deportees in, 448, 460-61 Suhar, Morit, 143 Suha Verba, 358 Suhr (envoy), 527 Suhr, Friedrich, 497 Suhuluceni, 201 Șuianu, Ghiță, 189 suicide: in deportations, 308; in ghettos, 269; on Iași death trains, 147, 155, 157; by Jewish soldiers, 25, 26; in transit camps, 260 Sulemer, Isidor, 136 Şulim, Victor, 422 Sulimovici (massacre victim), 92 Sulimovici family, 245 Summer, Berl, 303 Summer, Moses, 303 Sumovka, 363 Supreme General Staff: on Berezovka District, 406; on communists, internment of, 413; in deportations (See deportations); on Edineți camp, 248; on emigration, 484-85; on forced labor, 58-60, 224,226; on Iași death trains, 153; in Iași pogrom, 130-31; on Jewish soldiers during World War I, 26; on massacres by ethnic Germans, 354; on
repatriation, 513-14; on Roma soldiers, 439; on Transnistria massacres, 354; on yellow star, 70-71 supreme leaders, in fascist ideology, 37, 42 Surchise family, 178 survivors, Romanian Jewish, 479-516; of deportations to Transnistria, number of, 331-32, 365, 425-26, 508; as half of population, 5,426, 589; opportunism and, 595-96; planned deportations to Nazi camps and, 479, 487-503; in Regat, 479; repatriation of (See repatriation); total number of, 5, 426, 589; wartime emigration to Palestine and, 480-87 Șuvei (commissar), 137 Svart, Slioma, 290 swastika, 31, 35 Swedish Jews, 532 Swiss Jews, 524, 525 synagogues: destruction of, 15, 18, 112, 113; regulations on, 13, 68 Syria, emigration of Jews to, 484 Talmaz, 172 Talpalațchi, Mihail Moșcu, 186 Talpalațchi, Moșcu, 186 Talpalațchi, Zosea, 186 Țambul, 467 Țambula, 468
Index Tänase, Gheorghe, 136, 151, 152 Tănăsescu, Ioan, 105 Țăndărei, 448 Țandură, Mihai, 90 Tank Regiment, First, 201 Țanțari, 61 Tantu (captain), 89-90 Taranui, Ilie, 183 Țara Românească, 116, 552, 555 Tarasivca, 361 Tarasova, 201 Tarassiwka, 359-60 Târgu Frumos, 146-53,149, 150, 155, 513 Târgu Jiu, 116,122, 222, 226, 414, 507, 514 Târgu Neamț, 15 Tartars, 13 Tarutino, 246, 279-80 Tătăranu (general): on ethnic cleansing, 546; and execution of Red Army officers, 553; in Hauffe-Tâtăranu Convention, 242, 274; on massacres in summer of 1941, 196; on Odessa deportations, 402; in Odessa massacre, 337; on property in deportations, 281; on yellow star, 72 Tătărași-Chilia, 233 Tătărescu, Gheorghe, 97, 515 Tauber, Fabius, 412 Tauber, Zoniu, 412 TăuraNoua, 196, 203 Tăura Veche, 196, 203 taxes: before 1800s, 13; collection by Jews, 22; electoral, 32-33; on emigrants, 482, 484, 504; military, 63, 69; and repatriation, 504, 506 teachers, Jewish, 66 Tecuci, 168 Tecuci District, 22 Teich, Meyer, 299-302 Teișani, 96 Teitelbaum (doctor), 296 Telefon, Halache, 179 Telenești, 191-92, 199 641 Teleșeu, 201-2 Tenenboim, lankei, 197,198 Tener (doctor), 490 Țentilo, Vasile David, 187 Teodorescu, Paul, 152 Tereblecea, 181 Tester, A., 504-6 Theresienstadt, 525 Third Army (Romania), 169-70, 177, 227, 381 Third Day Adventists, 463 Tíbirica, 200 Țibulovka, 392, 397 Țigănești, 195 Tiganus, Vasile, 355 Tighina, 124, 203, 252, 279-80, 511-13 Tighina Agreement, 274, 353, 379 Timișoara, 492-93, 498 Timpul (newspaper), 91 Tiparescu, Petru, 41 Tiraspol: conditions in, 377; deportations from, 411; ethnic
Germans in, 352; government seat in, 374; number of deportee crossings at, 316, 384, 590; origins of internees in, 383; repatriation from, 510-11, 513-14; SSI in, 124 Tiraspol District: number of internees in, 385, 389, 396; repatriation from, 510-11 Tîrgoviște, 99 Tiribica, 201 Tița, Țața, 157 Titus (Roman emperor), 12 Tivriv, 410 Tobescu (general), 281, 510 Tolea (soccer player), 141 Toma, Nuțu, 202 Toma, Tänase, 460 Tomescu, Eduard, 109, 110, 111 Tomoviči, Stefan, 178 Țopa, Leon, 38 Topor, Ion: on deportations, 270, 27576, 278, 291, 557; ethnic cleansing
642 Index orders of, 171,173; on transit camps, 246, 254, 265 Torkanovka, 383, 390 torture: by Iron Guard in 1940, 95-96, 98-99; in Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and Bukovina, 90-91 totalitarianism, under Carol II, 88, 93 Totoescu, Aurel, 150-51 Totu, Nicolae, 32 trains: deportations from Bukovina by, 294-98; deportations of Roma by, 437-39; deportations to Nazi camps by, 490, 495-96; vs. foot, deportations by, viii; massacres of 1940 on, 91, 117; repatriation by, 512. See also Iași death trains Trajan (Roman emperor), 12 transit camps, in Bessarabia and Bukovina, 236-67; age and gender of internees in, 251-52; conditions in, 246-48, 256-67; establishment of, 74, 231, 240; as first stage of deportations, 243; forced marches to, 245; number of deaths at, 256, 314, 589; number of internees in, 249, 251-55, 315; rules governing, 260-61. See also specific locations transit camps, in Moldova and Walachia, 222 Transnistria: Antonescu on use of violence in, 545; borders of, 314; districts of, 374; ethnic Germans living in, 351-62; Hauffe-Tătăranu Convention for, 242-43, 274, 31314; Romanian control after German conquest of, 331; selection as final destination of deportations, 379-83; Soviet liberation in 1944 of, 364, 424—25. See also specific locations Transnistria, deportations to: of communists, 226,413-14, 505, 563; as punishment for forced labor violations, 59, 64-65, 226; of Roma (See Roma). See also deportations, from Bessarabia and Bukovina Transnistria, Jews in, 373-426; aid to, 373, 378, 385, 392, 410, 420; causes of death of, 397; Central Jewish Office inspection of,
418-20; change in Romanian approach to, 397, 425-26, 516, 566; by district, 385; establishment of camps for, 74, 343-44, 373; food for, 374-75; forced labor by, 60,423-24; guarding of, 375-76, 380-81; housing of, 374; indigenous, 331,360, 364, 397, 591; mail service to, 507; number deported within Transnistria, 425; number of deaths, 256,589,591; number of survivors, 331-32,365,425-26, 508; orphaned (See orphans); population of, 316,331, 383-86, 389; Red Cross inspection of, 421-22; repatriation of (See repatriation); summary of situation of, 374-75; Ukrainian, 591; yellow star on, 69,72. See also specific locations Transnistria, Jews in, massacres of, 33165; by ethnic Germans, 350-62; in Golta District, 343-50; of indigenous Jews, 360,364,397; number killed in, 5, 352, 355, 358, 364-65, 589; by SS, 351-61. See also Odessa massacre; specific locations Transnistria, Roma in, viii; number of, ix, 8; number of deaths of, 364; repatriation of, 461; in Vapniarka, 415. See also Roma, deportations of Transylvania, 2, 28, 29 Transylvania, Jews in: before 1800s, 12, 14,15; assimilation of, 3; under Austro-Hungarian Empire, 30; blood libel accusations against, 14; citizenship laws on, 28; expropriation of property of, 100-101; number killed, 5, 589; planned deportations to Nazi camps of, 490,493, 496503; population in 1779 of, 15; population in 1930s of, 4, 29; as refiigees, 524; Zionism among, 30
Index Trestioreanu, Constantin, 333-34, 33637, 341—42 Triandaf, Aurel, 153-55 Tridubi, 473 Trifa, Viorel, 105 Trifeşti, 201 Trihati, 359, 363, 421,448-49,461, 505 Tropova, 419-20 Truelle, Jacques, 166, 310-11, 339 Țucărman, Iancu, 157-59 Tudose, D., 268, 287 Tudose, L, 62 Tudosie (colonel), 199 Tulbure, Emil, 125, 128, 162, 205nl5 Tulcea, 480 Tulcea District, 546 Tülcin, 384,411,421,425 Tülcin District, 385-86, 389, 397, 423, 510-11 Țurcan, Gheorghe, 193-94 Țurcan, Gheorghe Petru, 188 Țurcan, Iacob Petru, 187 Turčin family, 184 Turda, 492-93 Tureatca Forest, 89 Türelle, Jacques, 88 Turilă (shoemaker), 136-37 Turkey, in emigration of Jews, 481, 482, 485-87, 505 Turkish Jews, 13, 524 Turks, Ottoman Empire of, 12-14,435 Turnu Măgurele, 437 Turnu Severin, 222 Turtuman, Alexandrina, 132 Tutnauer, Camilia, 267 Tutová District, 22 typhoid, 268, 301, 392, 395, 397 typhus, 247, 257, 274, 379-80, 392, 395, 397-401,452 Typhus abdominalis, ЗОЇ UER. See Union of Romanian Jews Ukraine: attempted deportations to, 227-31,240; as planned destination of deportations, 274 643 Ukrainian Jews, in Romanian territories: ethnic cleansing orders on, 171; massacres of, 345, 364; number killed, ix, 5, 8, 49, 591 “Ukrainian question,” 461-62 Ukrainians: Antonescu’s xenophobia against, 547; deportations from Romania of, 461-62 Uleiovka, 362 Ungureanu, Mihai, 150-51 Union of Jewish Communities of Romania, 73,101, 102 Union of Romanian Jews (Uniunea Evreilor Români, UER), З, 30, 31, 95, 562 Unitarianism, 67, 463 United Romanian Jews of America, 107 United States: on antisemitic legislation, 18,166-67; on
deportations, 310, 494-95; deportations of citizens of, 523; emigration of Romanian Jews to, 23; on Iași pogrom, 166-67; on Iron Guard, 104; on repatriation, 513; threatened reprisals against Romanians in, 494; tolerance of antisemitism by, 3 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 177 Uniunea Evreilor Pământeni. See Organization of Native-Born Jews Uniunea Evreilor Români (UER). See Union of Romanian Jews Universal Israelite Alliance, 18 Urechia, V. A., 21 Ursache, Ion, 160 Ursu, Alexei Efim, 187-88 Ursu, Ion Nicolae, 188 Ursuleanu, Octavian, 355, 408 Urzică, Carol, 200 Urziceni, 100 USSR. See Soviet Union Ustje, 383 Văculești, 91 Vaida-Voevod, Alexandru, 33
644 Index Vainstein, Florica Pepi, 290 Vâlcov, 273, 280, 286 Valea lui Purice, 277 Văleanu (diplomat), 527 Valea Seacă, 22 Valiscău, 252 Văluță (prison guard), 361 Vapniarka: conditions in, 397, 413-16, 421, 568; deportations from, 421; deportations .to, 405, 413-14; repatriation from, 505, 510-12, 514, 593 Vartic, Gheorghe, 181,197 Varușino, 454-57 Varvarovca, 460 Vârzava, 201 Vășcăuți, 180, 245^16 Vasilescu (second Lieutenant), 410-11 Vasilescu-Bucumi, Ioan, 51 Vasilinovo, 355, 361 Vasiliu, C. Z.: on “cleansing of the land,” 123,169,171-72, 199, 333; on converted Jews, 564; in deportation plans, 123,495,496,498; on emigration of Jews, 578; execution for war crimes, 11, 580; on number of deportees, 316, 384, 386; on Polish refugees, 524; on radio equipment, 571; on repatriation, 505-10, 513, 514-15, 566-68, 571; on Roma deportations, 436,438-39,445-46, 573, 578-79; on Romanian Jews abroad, 534; on Vapniarka, 413-14 Vasiliu, L, 573 Vaslui, 96 Vaslui District, 22 Vătăjanu, Ioan, 151 Vătămăneasa, 190-91 Vătășescu (police commissioner), 99 Vatra Domei, 298-99, 504 Vazdovka, 344 Vechi, Soborul, 198 Velcescu, Matei, 405 Velescu, Vasile, 136 Velicu, Tudor, 99 Veniamin Costache, 15 Versailles, Treaty of, 2 Vertujeni: conditions in, 260-64; deaths of internees in, 264; deportations from, 273, 275,278-79,285, 389֊ 90; establishment of camp at, 245, 248-49, 261; massacres in, 234-36; number of internees in, 249, 251, 252, 254, 261-62, 263; origins of internees in, 240,249 Vetu, Ion, 233 Vexler (Jewish soldier), 26-27 Vextler, Bertha, 299, 387 Victorovka, 404, 406 Vidrascu,
Constantin, 405 Viișoara, 464-65 Vijnița, 180, 510, 566-68 Vilavca, 180 Vinovschi (actor), 134 Vintiloiu, Nicolae, 200 Virtutea Militara, 67, 304, 442 Viștig (sergeant), 357 Viteazul, Mihai, 13 Vivsic, Nicolae Alexandru, 188 Vlad, Iulian, 6 Vlădescu (colonel), 342 Vlădescu (secretary general), 498 Vladimirovca, 446,458 Vodislav (secretary), 468 Voicu, George, 7 Voiculescu (general): Antonescu’s use of violence and, 545; Baptists and, 466, 469-70; in Bessarabia deportations, 274, 281, 286, 289-90, 557-59; on Chișinău ghetto, 267-68; reports on ethnic cleansing to, 172 Voiculescu, Nicolae, 109-10 Voiculescu, Vasile, 500 Voitovka, 383,447 Volbură, Poiană, 361 Volcineț, 232-33,257, 301, 307 Völkischer Beobachter (newspaper), 490,579 Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle (VoMi). See Center for Ethnie Germans
Index Voloschina, 383 Volovici, Leon, 46 VoMi. See Center for Ethnie Germans Voroşilovka, 410 Voznesensk, 379-80 Vradievka, 448 Vradiovca, 457 Vulcanescu, Mircea, 557 Vuipe, Andrei Ion, 183-88 Wagner, Bemard, 301 Wagner, Eti, 284 Walachia, Jews in: before 1800s, 12-14; during 1800s, 15-17, 22; assimilation of, 29; citizenship laws on, 28; deportations of, 222-26, 316; expropriation of property of, 100-101; in failed revolution of 1848, 16-17; forced labor by, 22425; vs. Moldova, 28-29; planned deportations to Nazi camps of, 490, 495-96, 503; population in 1800s of, 14,16,29; repatriation of, 504, 506-7, 513 Waldman, Herescu, 132 Walter, Bemard, 197,198 Walter, Isac, 362 Wannsee Conference, 487-88 War College, 548 war crimes: execution of Romanians for, 11, 580; in Iași pogrom, 165; start of trials for, 580-81 War of Independence, Romanian (1877), 20-21, 51 War Refugee Board, 513, 593 Wasserman, Burah, 91 Week, René de, 492, 516 Wedemann (major), 337 Wehrmacht, 146 Weidenfeld family, 239 Weiner family, 89 Weinstein (massacre victim), 91 Weiss, Aureliu, 500, 547, 577 Weissman, Mișu, 3 Weissmann, losub, 137 645 Weizsäcker, Emst von, 91-92, 492 Western powers, tolerance of antisemitism by, 3 Wiesel, Elie, ix, 8 Wittner, Manóle, 93 Wittner, Siegfried, 284 Woermann, Emst, 492 Wolf, Herșcu, 127 Wolloch, Madeleine, 523 World War I: antisemitic legislation during, 26-28; Romanian Jewish soldiers in, 26-27, 51; Roma soldiers in, 435, 441, 442 World War II: lead-up to Romania’s entry into, 115,122-24; population of Romanian Jews at end of, 5, 426, 589; propaganda on Jewish
responsibility for, 169-70 Worms (town), 352 Wurbrand, Hilda, 482 xenophobia: antisemitism in, 34, 39; of Antonescu, 11, 546—47; in fascist ideology, 34, 37, 39; after World War II, 6-7 Xenopoi, Alexandru D., 19, 20 yellow star, 69-73; Antonescu on, 71-72, 561-62; in Bessarabia and Bukovina, 69, 72, 23 8, 271-72; Council of Ministers on, 71-72, 238; debate over universal requirement for, 70-72; design of, 70; in lași pogrom, 125; in limited locations, 69-70; punishments for not wearing, 71, 72, 272; on Romanian Jews abroad, 524-27 Yiddish language, 3,26-27, 29, 30,48 Yom Kippur, 3 Yugoslav civil wars, 317 Zabocrita, 383 Zăhăicani, 201 Zaharești, 90 Zaharia, Alexandru, 175
646 Zaharia, Gheorghe, 161 Zaharovca, 355, 358 Zăicescu, Leonard, 125, 136, 141, 143, 157-59 Zalman, Herscu, 154-55 Zăluceni, 234-35 Zamfirescu (colonel), ՅՕՕ-ՅՕ1 Zapp (commander), 199 Zaraful, Lăzărica, 17 Zavadovca, 355, 358 Zăvoianu, Stefan, 105 Zazulenii-Noi, 467-69 Zeitzier (German officer), 543 Index Zeletin, Stefan, 34 Zeliger family, 93 Zgoneą, Pavel, 460 Zgurita, 183 Zionism, in Romania: deportation for, 313; before World War II, 3, 30-31 Zisman brothers, 91 Zitterman, Summer, 197,198 Zlotschewer (massacre victim), 284 Zmeu (gendarme), 467 Zoniachie, 182 Zosenova, 383 Zwiedineck, E., 53 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Ioanid, Radu 1953- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)135580536 |
| author_facet | Ioanid, Radu 1953- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ioanid, Radu 1953- |
| author_variant | r i ri |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV048257777 |
| contents | The Legal Status of Jews in Romania -- The Massacres before the War -- The Massacres at the Beginning of the War -- Transit Camps and Ghettos, Deportations, and Other Mass Murders -- The Massacres in Transnistria -- Life in Transnistria -- The Deportation, Persecution, and Extermination of Roma -- The Survival of the Romanian Jews -- The Fate of Romanian Jews Living Abroad -- The Antonescu Government through Its Own Statements/in His Own Words -- Summing Up |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1319079180 (DE-599)BVBBV048257777 |
| edition | Second edition, revised and updated |
| era | Geschichte 1940-1944 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1940-1944 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV048257777 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:59:04Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-29T13:16:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781538138083 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033637998 |
| oclc_num | 1319079180 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-384 DE-M352 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-384 DE-M352 |
| physical | xii, 647 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220822 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Rowman & Littlefield |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ioanid, Radu 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)135580536 aut Evreii sub regimul Antonescu The Holocaust in Romania the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944 Radu Ioanid Second edition, revised and updated Lanham ; Boulder ; New York ; London Rowman & Littlefield [2022] © 2022 xii, 647 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Legal Status of Jews in Romania -- The Massacres before the War -- The Massacres at the Beginning of the War -- Transit Camps and Ghettos, Deportations, and Other Mass Murders -- The Massacres in Transnistria -- Life in Transnistria -- The Deportation, Persecution, and Extermination of Roma -- The Survival of the Romanian Jews -- The Fate of Romanian Jews Living Abroad -- The Antonescu Government through Its Own Statements/in His Own Words -- Summing Up "Now in an expanded edition that draws on newly available materials, this important book traces Romanian policies of racism, anti-Semitism, and Jewish extermination during the regime of Ion Antonescu. Ioanid details the reality of the persecutions, the cruelty and blatant opportunism of the perpetrators, and the denial that continues to the present"-- Aus dem Rumänischen übersetzt Geschichte 1940-1944 gnd rswk-swf Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd rswk-swf Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd rswk-swf Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 gnd rswk-swf Verfolgung (DE-588)4127664-4 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Jews / Persecutions / Romania Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) / Romania World War, 1939-1945 / Romania Romani Genocide, 1939-1945 / Romania Romania / Ethnic relations Antisemitism / Romania Antonescu, Ion / 1882-1946 Holocauste, 1939-1945 / Roumanie Guerre mondiale, 1939-1945 / Roumanie Tsiganes / Persécutions nazies / Roumanie Antisémitisme / Roumanie Antisemitism Ethnic relations Jews / Persecutions Romania 1939-1945 Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 s Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 s Geschichte 1940-1944 z DE-604 Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 s Verfolgung (DE-588)4127664-4 s Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-5381-3809-0 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033637998&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033637998&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Ioanid, Radu 1953- The Holocaust in Romania the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944 The Legal Status of Jews in Romania -- The Massacres before the War -- The Massacres at the Beginning of the War -- Transit Camps and Ghettos, Deportations, and Other Mass Murders -- The Massacres in Transnistria -- Life in Transnistria -- The Deportation, Persecution, and Extermination of Roma -- The Survival of the Romanian Jews -- The Fate of Romanian Jews Living Abroad -- The Antonescu Government through Its Own Statements/in His Own Words -- Summing Up Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 gnd Verfolgung (DE-588)4127664-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4073091-8 (DE-588)4028814-6 (DE-588)4050473-6 (DE-588)4127664-4 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | The Holocaust in Romania the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944 |
| title_alt | Evreii sub regimul Antonescu |
| title_auth | The Holocaust in Romania the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944 |
| title_exact_search | The Holocaust in Romania the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The Holocaust in Romania the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944 |
| title_full | The Holocaust in Romania the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944 Radu Ioanid |
| title_fullStr | The Holocaust in Romania the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944 Radu Ioanid |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Holocaust in Romania the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944 Radu Ioanid |
| title_short | The Holocaust in Romania |
| title_sort | the holocaust in romania the destruction of jews and roma under the antonescu regime 1940 1944 |
| title_sub | the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944 |
| topic | Judenvernichtung (DE-588)4073091-8 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd Roma Volk (DE-588)4050473-6 gnd Verfolgung (DE-588)4127664-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Judenvernichtung Judenverfolgung Roma Volk Verfolgung Rumänien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033637998&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033637998&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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