Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006:
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English Russian |
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Washington ; London
Academica Press
2022
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xxiii, 588 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781680532715 9781680532722 |
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Table of Contents Foreword by Luke Harding xvii Introduction 1 I. Georgia’s Role in the Caucasus 3 Invalided out of the Second Russo-Chechen War in 2000 to Georgia, AZ hears of the parlous state of the struggle in Chechnya. He continues covert political activity. In Chechnya the Resistance is infiltrated by Russian intelligence service agents and the Russian occupation forces terrorize the population. Many supporters of independence seek asylum abroad. II. Boris Berezovsky Meets Aslan Maskhadov’s Conditions 11 President Maskhadov attempts to enlist the support of other republican leaders in the North Caucasus to pressure Russia into peace negotations, but under Putin they are already losing influence. Boris Berezovsky, who favours negotiations, is being sidelined. III. The Situation in the Pankisi Gorge 15 Despite condemnation by the United Nations, the European Parliament and European Union, Putin’s policy of brutal ethnic cleansing continues. Russian intelligence encourages Islamist factions which dispute the authority of President Maskhadov. Shamil Basaev, a hero of the First Chechen War, is threatening to behead prisoners of war. IV. The American Committee for Peace in Chechnya 25
The collaborationist regime in Chechnya attempts to undermine Maskhadov’s legitimacy with stage-managed congresses recognizing Akhmat Kadyrov as the "Leader of the Nation.’ The United States supports meetings in Liechtenstein between a member of the Russian State Duma and representatives of the legitimate government of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Russia intensifies the news blackout of Chechnya. V. The Terrorist Attacks of September 11: Cui bono? 33 Russia’s instant radical changing of its foreign policy strategy after the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York suggests it had foreknowledge. There is evidence it was involved in the early stages of planning the attack. Putin immediately attempts to exploit the situation by bringing his genocide in Chechnya under the umbrella ofPresident George W. Bush’s "war on terror.’ VI. A Meeting with President Putin’s Proxy 47 Putin disingenuously calls on the Chechens to embark on dialogue. AZ proposes calling his bluff and, with American support, the Chechens arrange a meeting. Maskhadov sends condolences to the White House in respect of 9/11. AZ meets Putin’s representative on international territory at Moscow airport. Chechen Islamists seek to derail the initiative. ѴП. AZ’s First Trip to the West 69 The British actress Vanessa Redgrave takes up the Chechen cause, inviting AZ to London. Boris Berezovsky introduces him to Alexander Litvinenko. He meets Anna Politkovskaya and predicts no peace in Chechnya while Putin is president, but is privately rebuked by President Maskhadov. Against AZ’s advice, Maskhadov
refuses to participate in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe’s Consultative Council on Chechnya. VIII. A Meeting with Carla del Ponte 79
Vanessa Redgrave arranges a meeting with Carla del Ponte, chief United Nations prosecutor of the former Yugoslav president, Slobodan Miloševič, for war crimes. This is an unwelcome development for Putin. IX. Liechtenstein, Copenhagen, Nord-Ost 83 A peace plan is devisedfor approval by the forthcoming World Congress of the Chechen people, planned by the CRT government and hosted by Denmark. Five days before it opens an entire theatre audience in Moscow is taken hostage in an unholy alliance of the Russian intelligence agencies and Chechen Islamists. Putin ends the siege, killing and injuring 900people. The West treats it as a Chechen terrorist atrocity. X. The General Assembly of the World Chechen Congress 101 The Russians issue an Interpol arrest warrantfor AZ, fatuously claiming he organized the hostage-taking. The momentum for peace negotiations stalls as he is imprisoned in Denmark for thirty-five days. AZflies to London. XI. Extradition: ‘The Zakaev Case Is of National Significance’ 141 AZ is arrested on arrival in London on the Russian/ Interpol warrant, but released on bail put up by Vanessa Redgrave. Putin's propagandists arrange a ‘congress of the Chechen people՝ in Chechnya to produce a new pro-Russian constitution and president. Russia demands AZ's extradition and Prime Minister Tony Blair, seeking Russia’s cooperation over the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, gives the go-aheadfor a trial. XII. ‘We Need to Know Everything’ 157 A rigged pro-Russian referendum is held in Chechnya. In London the main prosecution witness states his testimony, obtained by torture, is
false. President Maskhadov finds a special representative to replace AZ, Umar Khanbiev, who
Berezovsky says is a Russian agent. Putin is received with much pomp and ceremony on a state visit arranged by Tony Blair. The Russians, claiming AZ would get a fair trial in Russia, are laughed out ofcourt. Russia tries to enmesh him in a fake plot to assassinate Putin. XIII. The Verdict 219 The verdict in the extradition trial is a damning indictment of the corruption ofthe Putin regime and ofRussia's legal system. AZ is acquitted, and later grantedpolitical asylum in the UK. XIV. The Russian Public Chose Putin 229 In 2003 Putin wins the presidency despite it being generally known that the Russian intelligence agencies blew up apartment blocks in Russia as a pretext for restarting the war with Chechnya. Whistle-blower General Lebed, a proponent of peace, is assassinated.The West, underestimating Putin’s aggressiveness because of his apparent complaisance over growing US infuence in Georgia, gives him carte blanche in Chechnya. XV. Events Timed for Putin’s Re-election 237 The killing of Chechen field commander Ruslan Gelaev is announced, then denied, then reannounced just before the presidential election. Ivan Rybkin, a pro-peace candidate for the presidency, is abducted by the intelligence agencies, drugged, and compromised using a salacious video. They explode a bomb in the Moscow metro causing 190 casualties, then assassinate former Acting CRI President Yandarbiev in Qatar in "retaliation.’ "Strongman’ Putin gains 71% of the ballot. The world’s leaders congratulate him. XVI. Europe Will Eventually Have to Confront the Aggressiveness of ‘the New Russia’ 263 Western
public opinion associates Chechens with "international terrorism.’ Tony Blair inaccurately claims British troops have clashed with Chechens in an Iraqi
province. AZ warns German 'friends ofPutin9 that his savage Chechen policy is leading Russia into militaristic nationalism. In 2004 the members of the United Nations again refuse to condemn the genocide in Chechnya. Maskhadov starts using Islamic terminology, alienating the West while gaining no support from the authoritarian regimes of the Islamic world. XVII. The VIP Tribune with Akhmat Kadyrov 283 NATO is persuaded by Russia to classify the CRI government as a 'terrorist organization.9 For insubordination the collaborationist 'Leader of the Nation,9 Akhmat Kadyrov, is assassinated by the Russian intelligence services and replaced by his son, Ramzan Kadyrov. Norway sees a parallel between their collaborator Quisling and Akhmat Kadyrov. XVIII. Putin’s Vested Interest in Continuing the War 297 President Maskhadov continues to believe military operations can force Putin to negotiate, but they only facilitate his imposition of an authoritarian regime in Russia. By now Chechnya has no allies in the West or anywhere else. Putin shoots down two hijacked Russian passenger aircraft, killing all on board. A (collaborationist) president of Chechnya is elected and, although the West condemns the elections as rigged, Alu Alkhanov is subsequently spoken of as the president of Chechnya. XIX. The Hostage-Taking of Children in the School in Beslan 319 On 31 August 2004 several dozen people die in Moscow in explosions at a metro station and a McDonald9 s. The following day over one thousand children and teachers are taken hostage at a school in Beslan, North Ossetia. Both AZ and Aslan
Maskhadov are prepared to risk their lives by going there to mediate. Anna Politkovskaya is poisoned en route. Putin orders tanks to flre into the school, causing massive loss oflife, apparently to prevent Maskhadov from saving the hostages.
This is another unholy alliance of the Islamist faction of the Chechen government and the Russian intelligence services. The world concludes finally that Chechnya is a hotbed of international terrorism. XX. France Adds AZ to the Schengen List 349 Western friends of Chechnya are traumatized by the Beslan atrocity. Nicolas Sarkozy, then interior minister of France, as a favour to Vladimir Putin, has AZ banned from travel in the EU s Schengen area. The courts declare the decision unlawful and overturn it. Anti-Chechen demonstrators are paid to rally in London's Trafalgar Square on New Year's Eve. XXI. The Murder of Aslan Maskhadov 367 President Maskhadov is enticed into lowering his guard in the mistaken belief that Putin is about to agree to negotiations. AZ warns him he is being tricked, but his warning is unanswered. President Aslan Maskhadov, Chechnya's second president, has, like his predecessor, been murdered. Vice president, Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev, favoured by AZ, is elected acting president. XXII. Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev 383 A religious figure, the new President Sadulaev resists attempts to abolish the independent Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in favour ofa Caucasian Caliphate. He accepts AZ s proposal to establish a Chechen Government in Exile, with its president in Chechnya. XXIII. The Soldiers of the Caucasian Front 399 The West now finds the continuing Russo-Chechen conflict a useful distraction for Putin. In October 2005 an attack is lauched on the capital of Kabardino-Balkaria by units of the CRTs newly formed Caucasian Front, which the US appears to view positively.
In July 2005 British Islamist attacks on the London Underground kill or injure 750 people. Putin, attending the G8 summit in Scotland, sneers that this is Blair's
rewardfor harbouring Zakaev. The G8 agree to hold their next meeting, chaired by Russia, in St Petersburg. XXIV. Exploitation of Close Relatives 411 Russia hints it is prepared to negotiate with AZ. AZ insists he will communicate with the Kremlin only via a person ofhis own choosing. XXV. To President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin 423 A meeting eventually takes place at the Dorchester Hotel in London, heavy security being provided for AZ by Alexander Litvinenko. The CRTs proposals and a personal letter are forwarded to Putin, pointing out how a peace agreement could set precedents which could further Russia’s designs on Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Crimea. XXVI. The ‘Czech Mafia’ 439 Putin’s next intermediary is the Chechen mafia capo, Ruslan Atlangeriev. AZ is interested to talk to him about various acts of villainy, including the assassination of Akhmat Kadyrov. Atlangeriev tells AZ, perhaps intending to compromise him, of a plot to assassinate Ramzan Kadyrov. XXVII. Ramzan Kadyrov Tires of Being Called a Traitor 455 The day ofthe meeting with Putin’s aide, Alexander Bortnikov, arrives. AZ, with heavy protection provided by Alexander Litvinenko, appears at the Lansbury Hotel as agreed. He is told a car will take him to the Russian Embassy. He refuses categorically. Putin insists the meeting must be at the Embassy. Lt does not take place. AZ contacts Ramzan Kadyrov, who offers him a senior post in his government. AZ offers a counterproposal that Ramzan and the Chechen forces under his command shouldjoin the independence struggle. XXVIII. Shamil Basaev,
Vice President of the CRI 463
In June 2006 President Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev is killed in a gun battle and AZ announces he will be succeeded by the vice president, Dokka Umarov. Umarov appoints Shamil Basaev vice president. XXIX. For Peace in Chechnya 471 On the eve of the G8 summit in St Petersburg, Shamil Basaev is killed when a booby-trapped arms consignment explodes. Russia passes a law legalizing the murder of opponents of the regime anywhere in the world, Alexander Litvinenko prophetically warns Tony Blair that, if he does not denounce the law, assassination ofpeople grantedpolitical asylum in the UK willfollow. No one at the G8 summit comments on the law. XXX. A Letter to Dokka Umarov 485 President Umarov laments the death ofBasaev and speaks the language of the Islamist faction with their 'Global Islamic Revolution.’’ AZ sends him a detailed analysis of the situation and what he needs to do to ensure continuity of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Umarov proclaims a 'Caucasian Emirate! The CRI Prosecutor՛ s Office prepares a case against him of attempting to destroy the foundations of Chechen statehood. Russia later poisons President Umarov. Appendix Some Historical Background I. A Freedom-Loving People 501 The origins ofthe Chechen language andpeoplefrom the times of Ancient Greece. Chechen democracy and its anti authoritarian history. Conflict as Russia seeks to expand southwards. Total savagery of Russia's attempts at subjugation. Declaration in 1877 ofindependence. The leaders are publicly executed six months later. Guerilla warfare against the Russian occupation. II. The 1917 Russian
Revolution and the Bolshevik Coup 517
The Stalin regime's bungled attempt to impose collectivization of agriculture on Chechnya is abandoned, but during the 1937 purges some three per cent of the population are murdered by the NKVD. In 1940 and when Germany invades Russia, there are rebellions. In February 1944 Stalin deports the entire Chechen and Ingush populations to freezing Kazakhstan, causing the death of one third of the population. The eventual return of the Vainakhs causes major problems with the Russian-speaking population drafted in by Stalin after the deportation. Provocative redrawing ofborders causes ongoing national friction in the region, as intended. III. Chechnya’s Independence 553 The legal basis of the legitimacy of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, proclaimed on 27 November 1990. Acknowledgements Index 565 567
Index A Abdurakhmanov, Dukvakha 460-1 Abkhazia 3, 8,10, 234-5,4312, 434-5, 436-7, 450, 458, 490 Abkhaz-Georgian conflict 6-7,10 Abramov, Acting President Sergey 291, 307-8 Afghanistan 38,219,264,266-7 Kabul 38 Taliban government 37 ambassador to Pakistan 37 war 37, 239, 279, 351-2, 403-4 Aga Khan IV 113, 114 Akaev, Akhmed (AZ’s cousin) 423, 424-5, 427, 438, 446, 447, 455, 457, 491, 497 Akhmadov, Ilias 25,30, 83, 84—5, 125, 162, 307, 330, 397, 407-8 ‘Akhmadov Plan’ for Conditional Independence 250,273-5, 293, 350, 473 al-Hamdi, Akhmed 42 Alkhanovites 493 Alkhanov, President Alu (of Chechnya by Russian imposition) 293-4, 302,317-18,388, 445,451 quoted 307, 371-2 Alksnis, Viktor: quoted 355, 356 al-Nisf, Judge Ibrahim 255-6 quoted 256 al-Qaeda 76,263 Al Watan, Saudi newspaper 42 Alyokhin, Aleksey 209-12 Al-Zawahiri, Ayman 38, 40-1 Amundsen, Ivar 138, 363, 470,472 Arab/Arabs/Arabic 240, 269, 306, 501-2 countries 138 League 279,318 see also Islam; Qatar; Saudi Arabia armed militias 19-20 Armenia 437, 464 Arsaliev, Bekkhan 243-4, 245-6, 248 Arsanukaev, Daud 523, 526, 529 Asia, Central 274, 276-7,441,492, 540, 541, 545 see also Eurasia Aslakhanov, Aslanbek 77, 79, 83, 90, 325, 372 Asuev, Sharip 177, 184, 186 Atgeriev, Turpal-Ali 446, 447-9 quoted 448 Atlangeriev, Ruslan 423,439-40, . 441, 443, 444, 445-53, 459 quoted 448,451 Aushev, former President Ruslan (of Ingushetia) 59,299-300,322, 323, 325,335,418,419 Avars see Dagestan/Dagestanis Avtorkhanov, Abdurakhman 481,517 Azerbaidjan 160, 234, 437, 464 Baku 369 Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline 234, 400 В Babitsky, Andrey 26,160,175,
214, 321,336, 340, 341 Baltic states 387, 388, 492 Baraev, Movsar 91, 96,108-9, 343 Baranov, General Valeriy 27,43,286 Baryatinsky, Prince 510, 511 proclamation quoted 511-12 Basaev, Shamil 27, 85, 310, 340-2, 343, 344-5, 364, 374, 403, 475
568 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 in Abkhaz-Georgian conflict 67, 10 alleged links with Osama bin Laden 41 assassination of 474—5,476, 485-6 brought into government 395-7, 468-70 and Budyonnovsk raid 95 claims responsibility for Akhmat Kadyrov assassination 286, 288-9, 450 claims responsibility for Beslan outrage 333, 349, 355, 468, 475 claims responsibility for Grozny Government House bombing 153 claims responsibility for Kashira Highway and plane explosions 333 claims responsibility for NordOst Dubrovka Theatre hostage taking 90-1, 98, 333, 347, 475 differences with Aslan Maskhadov 7, 10, 13, 20-1, 234, 88-9 gives Moscow pretext for branding him a terrorist 88, 297-8, 392-3 incursion into Dagestan 13-14, 229, 239,312 interventions with PACE 21 neglects to claim responsibility for metro bombing 250 operating outside Chechnya 311-12 provides Vladimir Putin with justification to wage war 303, 304 quoted 21, 333-5, 335-40 relations with Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev 392-3, 394, 463, 464 and Ruslan Atlangeriev 446, 449-50 see also under Maskhadov, Aslan Basnukaev, Adam 111-12, 117 Batukaev, Shamsuddin 486, 491, 499 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) 37,244,315,322, 392, 393 Belashkov, Anatoly and Vasiliy Bogachov 253, 256, 257 Belgium/Belgians 219, 358-9, 360-3 ambassador to London 358 Brussels 283, 284, 330, 352-3, 354, 356, 357-8, 362, 432 Chechen refugees 359 government/ministers 284,359, 360 threat to deport AZ 358-9, 360 Belov, Commander Ivan 527, 528 Berezovsky, Boris 11-14,161-2,163, 165, 198, 209,210,233,453 introduces AZ to Alexander Litvinenko 70 quoted 161
runs Ivan Rybkin in 2003 election 242-3, 244, 245 Beria, Lavrentiy 412, 425 quoted 427 Beslan school outrage 320-47 Andrey Babitsky and Anna Politovskaya attempt to reach the school 320-1,351 ‘a second Nord-Osf 320,325, 329 AZ to fly representing Aslan Maskhadov 323-4 Kremlin blames terrorists 330 Kremlin’s handling of the crisis 325 other nations turn against Chechnya 347, 349-50, 370, 392-3 Russian forces attack the school 326-7, 333-4, 341, 345, 376 Shamil Basaev claims responsibility 333, 349, 355, 468, 475 his statement 333-5, 335-40 taking of hostages 320-1,341, 344, 345-7, 355, 450
569 Index Vladimir Putin appears 327-8 Vladimir Putin implicated 3257, 333^1, 340, 345-6, 376, 475 Vladimir Putin speaks 328, 329 Bessarabov, Yury 177-8, 222 bin Laden, Osama 36-7, 38-41, 42-3, 75-6, 143, 223, 263, 330, 364 ‘Tenorist No. 1’ 41,75 Bisultanov, Apti 379, 472 Biybolat, Taimin 509 Black Sea 235 Blair, Sir Tony 148, 164, 165-7, 225, 264, 408, 483 see also under Putin, Vladimir Boeing 737 34, 42, 52 Bonner, Yelena 126, 164 Bormann, Martin 342 Borovoy, Konstantin claims a September 11 heads-up in 1999; quoted 38-40 Bortnikov, General Alexander 451-2, 455, 457 Bosnia 295, 356-7 see also Yugoslavia Browder, Bill: quoted 343 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 30, 71, 110, 119, 163, 403 Budanov, Colonel Yury 21-3 Bukovsky, Vladimir 147, 482 Bush administration representatives 51-2 Bush, President George W. 30, 34, 35, 36, 52, 53,56, 252, 339 quoted 53, 403 see also under Putin, Vladimir Highway/R217 299 history 501-63 immigrants in Russia 272 imperial Russia’s subjugation as a template 31-2,376-7,504 ‘Subjugate or Exterminate’ 68, 259, 276 language 502 North 231,402-3,409,418, 487-90, 496, 498, 508-10, 523֊ 4, 547 Emirate 519-20 highlanders 377, 507, 509֊ 10,511,517-24, 538 highlands 237, 334, 412, 494, 528, 535-6, 537, 540 Highland Soviet Republic 521, 522, 523-4, 525 Imamate 510-11,527 Kumyks 505, 506 Military District 49-50,241 Regional Border Authority: quoted 239 Republic/Free State 517-18, 520,521 Terek 514 Cossacks 505-6,512,513, 518,522, 542,552 River Terek 479, 505, 510 terrorist haven according to Vladimir Putin 329 Vainakh/Nakh peoples 489, 546-7 deportation from Caucasus
31-2, 492, 545 C diasporas 391,394,463-4 Caucasian Front 394,400-1,469, 490, 496 The Caucasus/Caucasians 235, 322, 346, 419, 440, 442, 527, 533, 534-7 19th century wars 507, 513-14 Argun Gorge 8 caliphate/emirate proposal 386, 394, 487-9, 499 history 502-3, 505, 508, 538 language 322 return to their homelands 540, 541-3 Vainakh Democratic Party 249 see also Chechnya; Dagestan; Ingushetia;
570 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Kabardino-Balkaria; North Ossetia radicalization 400 risk of war throughout the Caucasus 65, 305, 371,401, 402,435 South/Transcaucasia 235, 528 Chechen collaborators 308,330,373, 387,417, 489-94,514, 534 Akhmat Kadyrov’s faction 5, 29, 50, 88, 144 AZ proposes to exonerate them 74,309,310,467-8,496 Beslan Gantemirov’s faction 5, 50 Kremlin attempts to bribe and coerce Chechens 67,404 Movladi Udugov’s faction 88 pretext for Kremlin divide and rule tactic 51 Ruslan Gelaev and Shamil Basaev accused 7 their indiscretions 445-6 Chechenpress agency 10, 37,248-9, 418 Chechnya/CRI (Chechen Republic of Ichkeria) Abrek guerrillas 492, 514, 5401 Aldy mass murder 15 see also war crimes ambassador to Denmark 87,134 Argun 43, 383, 464, 465 River 394 armed forces 43, 44 Avtury 43, 308 Checheno-Ingush ASSR (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) 215-16, 249, 539, 542, 543, 544, 545, 558, 559 Supreme Soviet 215-16, 547, 553-4, 558, 559, 560-1 Checheno-Ingushetia 216, 51920, 523-4, 532-3, 536, 537, 538, 541-2, 554 ‘bourgeois nationalists’ 5313, 535 Provisional People’s Revolutionary Government 5356 separation of 216, 546-7, 560 Chernokozovo prison 175, 214 Chernorechiye front 191, 199 constitution 151, 152, 215, 249, 374, 384-5, 389, 468, 486, 530 of 1992 216,381 change (demanded/fantasized by Russia) 93, 144, 145-6, 157֊ 8, 216, 278 Culture Ministry 151, 190, 393, 397 diasporas 88, 391, 394, 449, 463-4, 498, 501 elders 144—5 emigrés 6,391,460 in Georgia 8,19-20 see also refugees below exile/deportation 507, 53 8-9, 540, 541-2, 544-5 Foreign
Ministry/minister 162,390, 391, 394, 397, 472, 497 Galanchozh district 412, 531, 535, 537, 540 Gekhi 114 government 74, 93, 152, 392—4, 396— 7,497 in exile 114-15, 387-9, 394-5, 397 ministers/ministries 85, 278, 497 occupation administration 29, 62, 74, 144, 153, 330, 494-5 recognized by the West 25 supported by Washington 51—2 talks with the Kremlin 31 Goyti 524-5, 527-8, 533 Gudermes 26,43, 144, 444-5, 519, 531,532 history and origins 501-52 honorary consuls 391, 394, 469 Independence Day 338, 553
Index Internal Affairs Ministry 285 Itum-Kale 536, 537 Khaibakh 538 Khankala 192,200,289, 308 Kurchaloy 43,531 language 501-2 legal basis 553-63 Maisty 538 Majlisul Shura see State Defence Committee below militias 5, 7,19-20, 60, 61, 62, 91-2, 114, 153,433 national liberation movement 5 Nozhai-Yurt 494 parliament 85, 378, 389, 497 Presidential Administration 390, 397, 472, 474, 497, 499 presidential election (imposed) 291, 293-4, 305,307,313-14,315, 317-18, 330, 344 prime minister 291, 386, 389-90, 394 Prosecutor General 95, 188, 222, 275, 388-9, 499 punishments 507-8 refugees 5,62,271,273,351,491, 539 in Georgia 18 in Ingushetia 300-1 registered 19-20 repelled by Muslim countries 281 see also émigrés above Roshni-Chu 112,116, 187, 188 Russian Government Commission 525-6 quoted 526 Russian prisoners of war 21,23, 115, 116, 117-18 Russian referendum 93, 144, 145-6, 157-8, 159 Sayasan 513, 535 security service 174, 388-9,499 Shali 524-5, 526, 527-8, 529 Shatoy district 412, 494, 535, 536, 537 social conventions 508 571 sovereignty 55,109,163-4, 169-71, 215-16 State Commission on Constitutional Reform 384 State Defence Committee 74, 91, 117, 225, 274-5,385,38990, 392, 396 renamed Majlisul Shura 88, 278, 384 Supreme Court investigation of Maskhadov murder 404-5, 407, 409 Tangi-Chu 22 Tolstoy-Yurt 375, 404-5 Urus-Martan 5,130, 215, 510 AZ’sthenhome 113,115, 116, 179, 190,215, 540-1 District Department of Internal Affairs 187,188 home of ‘Vitek’ Sokolov 176, 177, 182, 184-5, 186 see also ’Soloviov, Ivan’ Vedeno district 494, 508, 511 Benoy 524-5, 527, 528 Khattuni 26, 53 War
Crimes Commission 276 see also Grozny Chelysheva, Oksana 476, 478-9, 480 Cherkasov, Alexander 125, 160 Chernomyrdin, Viktor 111,129 quoted 204 China 98, 277, 424, 425, 429 Chizhov, Vladimir 226 quoted 227 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) 18-19 CNN (Cable News Network) 34, 367, 41-2, 244 Cohn-Bendit, Daniel 283, 356 Cold War 227, 414 Commonwealth of Independent States 318,335 Corbyn, Jeremy 70,220 Council of Europe 18,26,28,73,278, 279,396, 469
572 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 PACE (Parliamentary Assembly ofthe Council of Europe) 28, 54, 69-70, 73-6,110, 163,353, 356, 370 Commission on Chechnya 15-16 Consultative Council on Chechnya 74-5, 76-7 documents quoted 16-18,28 interventions by Movladi Udugov and Shamil Basaev 21 Kremlin undermines support for Chechnya 29 rebuffed by Aslan Maskhadov 51 recognizes Chechnya 25 refuses to recognize Chechen votes 158,318 Crimea 434-5, 436-7, 438, 504 Czechoslovakia/ Slavs 439-40,442 ‘Czech Mafia’ 440-41 Dagestan/ Dagestanis 7,192, 303, 311,402, 462, 489, 490 Avars 258,505,506,513 Ayman Al-Zawahiri’s arrest 38, 40 Defence Ministry 238 history 510-11,519-21,523, 542 Internal Affairs Ministry 238 Khasavyurt 71, 447, 448 see also under Russo-Chechen Wars Makhachkala 240, 448,449, 527 Prosecutor’s Office 239-40 Ruslan Gelaev’s fatal incursion into 237-41, 257-8, 343 Shamil Basaev’s incursion into 13-14, 24, 50, 171, 229, 239,312, 340-1,449 blamed on Zelimkhan Yandarbiev by Moscow 250 Simsir 513-14 De Gucht, Karel 357-8, 360, 362-3 del Ponte, Carla 79-82 quoted 81 Denikin, General Anton 518-20, 522 quoted 519 Denmark 89, 94, 98-9, 101-39, 187, 193, 219, 226 ambassador to Washington 110 constitution 102, 136 Copenhagen 119,124-5,126, 127,139 AZ’s arrest and imprisonment 98, 103-7, 123-5, 127-8, 133-5,138,142-3, 186֊ 7, 188, 222-3 AZ’s court hearings 119-23, 127-8, 134, 188 AZ’s proposed extradition 105-6, 107, 118, 121, 134, 136, 161,223 AZ sidesteps Moscow’s trap 108-9 opposed internationally 110 pressure from Moscow 1268,131-3 host for World Congress of the Chechen
People 85, 87, 90, 93, 98-9,101,102 Police Commissariat 105, 121 Radisson Hotel 102-3,136 Russian embassy 133 CRI Embassy 87 Danish embassies abroad 87 Foreign Ministry 67, 102, 121, 134 Justice Ministry 104-5, 118-19, 121, 126-7, 131-3, 135-6, 137, 148 parliament/parliamentarians 87, 125, 135-6, 172-3, 356 Queen Alexandrine 126 Russo-Danish relations 119, 122, 126-7, 131-3, 136, 139, 148 Socialist People’s Party 87, 101 sovereignty 131
Index Deutsche Welle broadcasting service 31, 96-7, 108 de Waal, Thomas 168, 174, 224,476֊ 7, 481 documentary films 13, 69, 164-5, 182, 183,230, 232 Drozdov, Viktor: quoted 425-6 Dudaeva, Alla 118, 174 Dudaev, President Djohar 56,61, 112-17,168, 171,376, 438, 460, 559-62 alleged meeting with Osama bin Laden 40-1 assassination of 249, 373-4 quoted 114 relative of 411,413,417 Dudaev, Rudnik 289-91 Dukaev, Aslan 323, 360 Dupuis, Olivier 110, 155, 273-5 Dushuev, Dukvakha 160, 189-90, 195-6,198, 199-203, 214-15 quoted 190-5 Dzasokhov, President Alexander (of North Ossetia) 322-3, 324,325, 326, 328-9, 335 quoted 324, 328 Dzhaniev, Magomed 116-17 E Echo of Moscow (radio station) 38, 227, 237-8, 285, 300-1, 333, 359 quoted 317 Egypt 38 Empress Catherine II 376 Espersen, Lene 121, 127, 133, 135 EU (European Union)/European Economic Community 15, 85, 148,226, 233,265,283,293, 334, 464 Delegation to the UK 362 drawn into Middle East wars 37 expansion 436 to host Soldiers’ Mothers meeting 354, 362 573 introduces draft resolution on Chechnya before the UN 277 played by Vladimir Putin 29, 357, 387-8 recognizes Chechnya 25 recognizes Kosovo 431, 435, 437 refuses to recognize Chechen votes 158,318 summit with Russia 99,102, 155 see also Council of Europe: PACE Eurasia 423-4 European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism 149 European Court of Justice 137-8 European Parliament 54, 110,155, 250, 273-4, 278, 361 parliamentarians 28-9, 75-6, 349-50, 352-3, 354, 356, 362, 395, 468, 476 Green fraction 283, 356 Europe/Europeans 125,197,271, 293, 368-9, 396, 399-400, 490, 502 Chechen diaspora
501 inability to understand Chechnya 477,481 OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) 54, 74, 172, 187, 249, 279, 369-70 Mission to Chechnya 114 Porto summit 143 recognizes Aslan Maskhadov’s presidency 134, 151 refuses to recognize puppet Chechen votes 158,318 Schengen Area 362-3 as style inspiration 59, 416 suspect Chechens of September 11 complicity 263 threatened by Russo-Chechen war 270
574 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Fadeyev, Rostislav: quoted 510-11 Finland 535 Helsinki 478-9 Moscow Peace Treaty 536 Fitzgerald, Edward QC 172-3,174, 186, 187, 188-9, 198, 202-3, 206-7, 215-17 quoted 180-1, 183—4, 190, 1915, 199-202, 205,207,208 Fourth Hague Convention 274 France /French 219,233,264, 363, 387, 388 government 363 Strasbourg 71, 76, 89,137 Frankfurter Rundschau՛, quoted 302 Fridinsky, Sergey 177,189, 200, 203, 206, 208, 214, 221-2, 223 quoted 146,154,240 2005 summit London 408, 409 2006 summit St Petersburg 409, 471, 482, 483-4 Gaidar, Prime Minister Yegor (of Russia) 549-50 quoted 333 Gantemirov, Beslan 5, 50, 93,416-17 Gantemirovites 6, 65,493 Gazeta.ru online newspaper 332 Gelaev, Ruslan ‘Khamzať 6-7, 9-10, 237-41, 257-8, 343 see also under Maskhadov, Aslan; Umarov, Dokka Geneva Conventions 23,28,221,401 Georgia 3-10, 138, 344, 464, 548 Adjara 234 AZ invalided there 3-4,67, 322-3 changing foreign policy 233-5, 307, 400 Chechen resistance relocated 6 Dokka Umarov invalided there 4, 6, 7 government 3-4, 6-7,19-20, 30, 85, 138, 458 history 502, 505, 506 intelligence/security agencies 19,20 Kosovo and Georgia’s potential republics 431,435,436-7,490 language 33, 501-2 Pankisi Gorge 9-10,18-20, 237 relations with Russia 3 Rose Revolution 233 Russo-Georgian border 18-19, 237 Russo-Georgian war 475 Tbilisi 3—4, 9, 19, 30, 47, 69, 76,134, 135, 142 see also Abkhazia: AbkhazGeorgian conflict Germany/Germans 219,264,272-3, 518, 533-4, 536-7, 562 AZ’s proposed extradition 266-7 Berlin 265, 472 Bundestag 265, 266,271 Council on Foreign Relations 268-71
Foreign Ministry 268 quoted 266 political asylum granted to Chechens 379-80, 472 Russo-German relations 268 Soviet-German war 536 Goldfarb, Alex 350-1, 354, 362 Gorbachev, former President Mikhail (of Russia) 215-16, 332-3, 428, 439, 440-1, 545, 554 see also under war crimes: genocide Grozny 130,143-4,194, 413, 560 Aslan Maskhadov murder trial 404-7 battle of and destruction of 16, 43, 72, 152, 175, 221,231,249, 252 Chernorechiye 543-4 front 191,199 Dynamo Stadium 285-6,288-9, 290 Government House blown up 152
Index history 525-6,527,529,531, 532, 539, 541, 543, 544 public executions 491,514 retreat from 4,191 second war defence of 173 see also Chechnya The Guardian 139, 142, 330 Gudkov, Gennadiy: quoted 291 Guldimann, Tim 31, 56, 83, 370, 419 H Haig, Alexander 30, 71,110,119 Haller, Secretary General Bruno 73, 74 Hitler, Adolf 217, 342, 534 Howard, Glen 30, 71, 76, 83, 85, 163, 403 human rights 16-17,28, 73, 81,176, 282, 477, 482, 505 activists/defenders 5,26, 64, 92, 204,213,331,343, 364, 368 see also Redgrave, Vanessa Amnesty International 70,164, 276 constitutional 530 European conventions 363 Human Rights Watch 70,164, 165,276-7 International Campaign for Peace and Human Rights in Chechnya 166, 219 International Foundation for Civil Liberties 165 international organizations 187, 274, 276, 279,281, 292-3, 369, 476 highlighting war crimes/state terrorism 41, 150, 154, 168, 269-70, 346 Memorial human rights centre 125, 160, 180, 276 Moscow Research Centre for Human Rights 350 Pax Christi 354 respected by British judiciary, AZ finds 226 575 Russo-Chechen Friendship Society 478 subsidiary to condemning terrorism 347 see also Russia: Union of Committees of Soldiers’ Mothers I Ibragimov 187-9 Idigov, Akhiad 30, 85 Idigov, Musa 118,174 Iliasov, Stanislav 178,207-8,222 Ilyumzhinov, President Kirsan (of Kalmyklia) 418, 419-20, 423, 424, 425, 446-7, 450-1, 452, 458 meetings with AZ in London 424-5,427-31,438, 455-8 quoted 428, 456 Imam Shamil 507,510,511,520, 521-2, 527 Ingushetia 9, 59, 300, 311, 312-13, 337, 402, 498, 547-52 constitution 530 deportations 545, 549-50 Ekazhevo 474
history 411-12,502-3 Ingushetia-Ossetia conflict 545, 546, 547-8, 550-1 Ingush language 502 Internal Affairs Ministry 299 law enforcement agencies 3012, 303^1 Nazran 7,63,299,301,531, 547 Prigorodny district 545, 547-8, 549, 551 raid on 299,301-5, 308 refugee route 5, 7, 300-1, 550 separation from Chechnya 216 Sunzha 506, 530-1
576 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 see also ChechenoIngushetia; Chechnya: Checheno-Ingush ASSR Inopressa website 298 Interfax Russian news agency 90,241, 328 International Campaign for Peace and Human Rights in Chechnya 166, 219 International Criminal Court 52 International Criminal Tribunal 79, 80, 81, 82, 436 International Herald Tribune 400 Internet 124, 168, 251, 299, 460, 474 Interpol 105-6, 129, 138, 141-2, 143, 222, 225, 265, 266, 357 quoted 357 IRA (Irish Republican Army) 213-14, 215,217 Iran 31,504,527 Iraq 148, 149, 219, 264, 266-7 war 37, 149, 239, 279, 403-4 Isbakhiev, Abdurakhman 425-6 Islam/Islamic entities/Muslims 108, 161-2, 192, 282, 302, 306, 338, 392, 509-10 Adats 521 Arab League 279, 318 ‘enemies of Islam’ 443 fatwa 279 ‘Global Islamic Revolution’ 282, 498 ‘international Islamic terrorism’ 309,327 ‘Islambuli Brigade’ 317, 331 jihad 41, 279-80, 302, 486, 511 Martyrs 333—4, 340, 393 Mujahideen 91,305,334-5, 336-7, 496 Muhammad/Alim 306, 385-6 Muslim countries/ ‘Islamic world’ 41,150,278-9,280-1 Qur’an 177, 189, 280-1, 306, 407, 449 Ramadan 58 Sharia 183,278,279,384,486, 512, 521, 525 Sufi 444, 501 Sunni 501 ‘Traditional Pure Islam’ 444, 478, 492 Wahhabis/Wahhabism 5, 55, 64, 184-5, 292, 303^1, 306, 310-11, 443-4, 492-3 Ismailov, Aslanbek: death of 4 Israilov, Khasan 411-12, 425-6, 492, 533-4, 534-6 quoted 535 Istamulov, Khasan 527, 529 Istamulov, Shchita 524, 527, 528, 529 murder of 529 ITAR-TASS news agency 41, 42, 856,313,314,377 Ivanov, Igor 223 quoted 143,227,254 Ivanov, Sergey 41-2, 63, 256-7 quoted 42, 48, 240 J Jacobson, Stan 105, 107,
123, 124, 133, 134 Jenssen, Lisbeth 105-11, 118, 121-2, 123-4, 133, 134-5 Jews 126,480-1,506 Judd, Lord (Frank) 15-16, 21, 70, 89, 91, 110, 163 К Kabardino-Balkaria/ Kabardinians/ Balkars 4,311,402,505,506, 519-20, 521,522, 523,538 Nalchik 400-2, 403, 404, 499 Kadyrovites 306,310,374,413,493 Kadyrov, President Akhmat (of Chechnya) 84, 88, 227, 259, 306,388,416-17, 445 accounted ‘traitor’ by AZ 65 assassination of 285-6, 288-9, 290-2, 293-4, 413, 445, 446, 450, 451,452 differences with Moscow 1823, 287-8, 308-9, 448 quoted 288, 309
Index sets up armed militia 5-6, 64 usefulness to Moscow 29, 50, 144-5, 152, 157, 163, 260, 274, 305, 443-5 Kadyrov, Ramzan 288, 292, 353, 375, 413,445,451,45 8-61,493 differences with Moscow 429 implicated in his father’s assassination 285-7, 290,291 quoted 374 Kalinin, Yury 178, 203, 206-7, 222 quoted 205, 206 Karachai-Circassia/Karachais 521, 522, 523, 538 Kavkaz Centre news agency 21,24, 85, 89, 91, 278, 467, 478 Kazakhstan 120-1, 249, 412, 433, 439, 538, 542, 543 Karaganda 439, 539 Kazantsev, General Viktor 49-50, 84, 299, 403, 430, 490 and alcohol 58 negotiations with AZ 49, 50, 54, 5 5-66, 67, 73,76, 96, 111, 129 concerning Dubrovka Theatre hostages 93, 96,97 public statements 50-1, 66, 84 quoted 56-7, 59, 60, 63, 65 Khadzhimuradov, Viskhan 405-6 Khalilov, Roman 360-1,361-2 Khambiev, Magomed 259 Khanbiev, Umar 161,162,259, 36970, 371, 372, 397 Khasbulatov, Professor Ruslan 77, 83, 90, 101,160, 163, 164, 168-9, 372, 424 quoted 169-72 Khasman, Solomon 526, 529 Khattab, Amir 24,41-2, 76, 239, 500 Khodov, Abdulla (Vladimir) 337-8 Khrushchev, President Nikita (of the USSR) 540 Kiriyenko, Sergey 111,129 Kobulov, Bogdan 427 quoted 412 Kommersant Russian newspaper 31, 43,211,313-14, 371 577 Kosovo 81,295,386,431-2,435-6, 437, 458 see also Yugoslavia Kovalyov, Nikolai 209,285 Kovalyov, Sergey 125, 160, 174-5, 214 Kozak, Dmitry 411,413,414,418, 419, 420, 424 Kristensen, Judge Lisbeth 120-1,122, 123, 128 Krivorotov, Konstantin 190, 198, 2023,222 quoted 199-202 Kulikov, Anatoly 43, 50 Kurds 86-7 Kusenkova, Irina: quoted 406 Kvashnin, General Anatoly 49-50 Lavrov, Sergey 357-8,
402 Lebed, General Alexander 60, 72, 118, 179, 231 Lenin, Vladimir 521-2, 523—4 quoted 524 Lewis, John QC/ London hearing prosecution lawyers 174,176, 177, 183, 184, 195-6, 200, 205, 213-15,220 quoted 178-9, 199, 204-5, 21314,215 Liechtenstein 83, 84, 85, 247 Litvinenko, Alexander ‘Sasha’ 37, 38, 40, 176, 275, 372, 438, 452, 482, 483 as intelligence source 166,209, 210, 232-3, 247-8, 342, 439-40 The Lubyanka Criminal Group 232 meets AZ 70-1 quoted 176-7,247,483 takes care of AZ’s security 41314, 415, 427-8, 446, 455-6,457 London 243, 248, 295, 312, 350, 353, 362, 413, 424-5, 438 Al Hamra restaurant 415-16
578 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 AZ’s 1st court appearance 143, 147 AZ’s 2nd court appearance 14952, 154-5 AZ’s 3rd court appearance 157, 160 AZ’s 4th court appearance 16876 AZ’s 5th court appearance 177198 AZ’s 6th court appearance 198208 AZ’s 7th court appearance 21218, 226, 227, 476-7 verdict 219-28 AZ’s arrest and release 141-2, 226 AZ’s court appearances defence lawyers 154,160, 168-9, 173-4, 175, 181-3, 186֊ 7, 189,211-12, 220 quoted 174 see also Fitzgerald, Edward; Peirce, Gareth AZ’s family settled 135,138-9, 142 AZ’s proposed extradition 150, 169, 176, 197, 220, 221, 224, 414, 452 backfired 408 found to be politically motivated 225 Kremlin sees verdict as assisting terrorism 227 Russian requests via Interpol 142 Russia’s formal request to the UK 143 see also Home Secretary below AZ’s visits 70, 79, 86, 89, 104, 141 Bow Street Magistrate’s Court 147, 168, 198, 212, 228 Crown Prosecution Service 174, 196, 221-2 documentary film festival 164-5 Dorchester Hotel 427-8,430 Foreign Office 70, 163,408 government 142, 147-8,166, 212-13, 226, 324, 402, 414, 452 grants AZ political asylum 224-6, 227,265,357, 402, 408, 456, 483 Hilton Hotel 415,421 Home Secretary/ Home Office 147-8, 149, 225 July 7th explosions 408 Lansbury Hotel 455 parliament/ parliamentarians 149,163,220, 362, 408, 470, 476 pro-Kremlin demonstrations 364-5 Russian embassy 211, 324,427, 456-7 School of Economics 163—4 Scotland Yard 211-12 quoted 211 state visit of Vladimir Putin 164, 165-7 Trafalgar Square 364 Westbury Hotel 446 see also United Kingdom Lyne, Sir Roderick 226-7 Μ Maass, Ekkehard
265, 271, 472 Magomadov, Khasukha 492, 541 Magomadov, Lecha 494, 495 Maigov, Salambek 161, 163 Makhaev, Dokka 114,174 Mansur Ushuma, Sheikh 372, 376-7, 380,381,508-9 quoted 376-7 Maskhadov, President Aslan (of Chechnya) 62, 163, 199, 240-1, 243-6, 248, 444, 447, 477, 543 advised by AZ 48, 353 (often in vain) 10, 31-2, 68, 72-3, 76-7, 162, 309-13, 370-2 alleged dealings with Osama bin Laden 40-1, 75-6
Index assassination of 372-5, 376, 378, 380-1, 385, 401, 404, 409 Russia’s conflicting accounts/evidential destruction 404-7 bracketed with Shamil Basaev against and by Kremlin 317, 330 communications compromised 68 communications to AZ 15,30, 244, 259, 308, 323^1 by audio cassette 7,11,13, 43—4, 72, 161, 274-5, 304-7 by mobile phone 55 by proxy 370-1 Conditional Independence proposal 250, 273—4,293 and the constitution 278, 279, 384-5 as CRI chief of the general staff 60, 72 deposed and in hiding 317, 320, 322, 323, 324, 326, 360, 369-70 infuriates Moscow 31-2 international recognition/ support 25, 30, 51-2, 134, 161 legacy 395 letter to Putin 58 moves against and by Shamil Basaev and Movladi Udugov 7, 13, 20-1, 23^4, 88-9, 153, 307, 384, 392 moves against Ruslan Gelaev 7, 10 as ‘overlord’ 284 overplays his hand 31 and Pankisi Gorge issue 19 see also under Georgia quoted 21,60-1, 305-6,307, 308,312-13,323-4, 371 ghosted by the author 48-9, 50 relations with Ingushetia 59 relations with the Kremlin 54-5, 153, 327, 330, 355, 375-6, 3789 579 phantom peace talks 72, 84, 93, 95, 138, 172, 178, 495 political dialogue 11,17,48, 54,61,75,93, 270, 298 represented by AZ 49, 57-67, 74—5, 80, 82, 83^4, 101, 225, 356, 369 represented by others 161-2 RPGO’s charges 150-1 scapegoated 301-2 statements/ orders 43, 51, 308, 312-13, 367-8, 369, 371 issued on his behalf by AZ 52, 57-60, 64-5, 66, 91, 97, 101, 153,353 and quoted 48-9, 62 wounded 68 and Yeltsin’s peace treaty 109, 151,216,413, 495 Melnikova, Valentina 350-1, 352, 353—4, 360,362 Mezhidov, Abdul-Malik 9 Middle East 138, 145, 235,
264, 3878,416, 464, 500, 501,502 Miloševič, Slobodan 81, 82,436 Moldova 435, 436-7 Møller, Per Stig: quoted 121 Moscow 27, 38, 42, 56-7, 127, 246, 288, 439, 449, 499 1944 parade of Wehrmacht prisoners 72 American embassy 39, 320 AZ’s visits 111,142 Belgian embassy 354,361 British embassy/ambassador 226, 320 Criminal Investihgation Department 243, 247 Dubrovka Theatre see Nord-Ost European embassies generally 28 Lefortovo Prison 118, 205, 447, 448 McDonald’s explosion 319 metro explosions 249-50,251, 252, 256, 257, 319-20, 333, 336, 344
580 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Moskovský Komsomolets newspaper 406 Mulaev, Dikmagomed 460-2 munitions 9, 27, 43, 44, 238, 548, 561-2 N NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 233,283-4, 403 Russo-NATO relations 283-4 Nazis/fascists 70, 72, 126, 217, 294, 308, 441 Nekrasov, Andrey: Children’s Stories 69, 80 Netherlands The Hague 79, 436 Newsru.com 247-8,251 The New York Times 252 Nielsen, Holgar K. 87,101 Nilsson, Björk 107-10,118-23, 124, 126, 127, 128, 133, 134, 135, 139 Aor /-Oíí/Dubrovka Theatre hostage crisis 89-98, 165,223, 260,450 Anna Politkovskaya negotiates with hostage-takers 125 AZ charged with organizing hostage-taking 106, 108-9, 110, 132 Kremlin withdraws 128-9 hostage-taking 89-90, 91, 95 Kremlin spins the story 91, 93, 98, 120, 250 negotiations 90 other nations turn against Chechnya 93, 239, 392 Russian troops gas the theatre 94-95,96,315 Shamil Basaev claims responsibility 98, 153, 289, 341 Vladimir Putin implicated 90-2, 95-8, 297-8, 344, 347, 376, 475 women hostage-takers 91,94 Norway 219, 292-5, 470 Chechen refugees 356 NRK1 television channel 294, 356-7 Oslo 292 parliament/parliamentarians 292 ,356 Novaya Gazeta Russian newspaper 71, 177-8,184, 2256, 321,351,359, 363-4 NTV broadcasting company 27-8, 69, 194, 230, 231-2, 285 О The Observer 252 Ordzhonikidze, Sergo 522-3 ORT (Russian Social Television) 35 Orthodox priests 106,111-16,130, 131, 190-1 ‘Chistousov, Father Anatoly’ 112,113,114,115, 117, 177, 178, 179, 189 ‘Zhigulin, Father Sergius’ (aka ‘Father Filipp’) 113,114,115, 125-6, 130-1, 174-5, 176, 189, 223 as‘Father Filipp’ 118,177,
178-82 quoted 178-9,180-1 OSCE see under Europe Ossetia/Ossetinians 505,519-20, 521,542, 550 Ingushetia-Ossetia conflict 545, 546, 547-8, 550-1 North 4, 304, 402, 519, 522, 523,542, 545-6, 548,551-2 government/administrative buildings 337, 338, 340, 341 intelligence agencies 337 militia 548, 552 Supreme Soviet of the ASSR (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) 546,550-1,551-2 Vladikavkaz 327-8, 337, 338, 341,520, 525,527, 547, 548-9, 551
Index see also Beslan school outrage South 3, 8,234-5, 431-2, 4345, 436-7, 458, 490, 548, 552 Pakistan 37 Patarkatsishvili, Badri 12 Patrushev, Nikolai 230,425,429,438, 447-8, 452, 459, 474 quoted 375, 474 Peirce, Gareth 147-8 planes downed 313-16,320,333, 336-7, 344, 345 ‘Pletnyov, Sergey’ 414-21, 424 quoted 416 Poland/ Poles 219, 387, 388, 464, 507, 562 Foreign Ministry: quoted 378 political asylum 70, 136,162, 224, 391 see also under London Politkovskaya, Anna 176-7,181, 226, 275, 369, 413, 419, 459 cited 41 detained and threatened with execution 26-7 'enemy of Russia’ 27 interviews AZ 71-2 investigates Dubrovka Theatre outrage 92, 98, 125, 347 investigates Maskhadov’s death 405-6 poisoned 321, 336, 343, 351 quoted 184—6, 359-60 tries to cover the Beslan outrage 320, 321 Ponkin, Major Andrey 209-12,452 Powell, Colin 36 Pravda 531 Putin, President Vladimir 81-2,93, 145,231,257,334,379, 428, 457, 483 1999 presidential campaign 240, 438 581 2003 presidential campaign 229, 233, 240-1, 242, 250, 252, 257, 259, 260, 444 abolishes territory elections 332-3,341,428 accuses Chechens of terrorism 4, 20, 41, 47, 120, 250, 254, 327, 329-30, 334 acting president 445 divide and rule tactic 259,3067,311,473—4, 498 domestic clamp-down 309 as FSB director 378 implicated in 9/11 35-6, 37, 3840,41 implicated in Beslan outrage 325-7, 333-4, 340 implicated in Dubrovka Theatre hostage crisis 94-6, 97, 98 implicated in Moscow metro explosion 257 implicated in plane crashes 31516 ‘Kremlin Vampire’ 333 offer to AZ 429-30 plot to assassinate (alleged) 20912 as prime minister 378 public
statements/addresses to the nation 20, 41, 47-9, 58, 61, 268, 286, 303, 354, 458 on Beslan outage: quoted 328, 329 on constitutional change imposed on Chechnya: quoted 158 on London state visit: quoted 167 on Moscow metro bomb: quoted 250 on Nord-Ost hostage crisis: quoted 98 on referendum imposed on Chechnya: quoted 159 on the September 11 attacks: quoted 35 quoted 330, 357, 375, 408, 430
582 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 relations with George W. Bush 35-6, 53-4, 56, 87, 252 relations with Tony Blair 148, 164,165-6 speculation about his intentions 11-13 threats against Chechnya 4-5, 7-9, 44 threats against Georgia 18 threats against the Netherlands 82 ‘vertical of power’ 12,332, 402 Q Qatar/Qataris 96,109, 248-9,250, 252, 254, 256-7, 279 assassins’ trial 255-7,483 Doha 252-3 Russian Embassy/ ambassador 96, 253,256-7 government 254-5 intelligence agencies 253 Quisling, Vidkun 293, 294 R Radio Liberty/ Free Europe 160, 307, 345, 360, 499 Radio Marsho 184,323,360 Radio Svoboda 174 Raduev, Salman 240, 343,444,448 Rasmussen, Prime Minister Anders Fogh 105, 110 quoted 110 Rea, Lord (Nicolas) 470,476,479-80, 481 realpolitik 167 Redgrave, Dame Vanessa 142, 166, 219-20, 358, 362, 364, 408 arranges for AZ’s family to relocate to London 138-9 arranges for AZ to meet Carla del Ponte 79-80, 82 bails AZ out in London 147 invites AZ to London 69-70 supports AZ in Copenhagen 124-5,126,139 see also Nekrasov, Andrey Reuters news agency 276,308 RIA-Novosti news agency 42, 278, 285,314 Rice, Condoleezza 52 Rogozin, Dmitriy 31, 75, 76, 85 quoted 75, 82 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: quoted 169 Russell-Johnston, Lord (David) 23, 73,168 Russia/ Russian Federation/ Russians 109,431-2, 505 1917 Revolution 517, 522 1992 Treaty of Federation 332, 434,488 ambassador to Qatar 96 apartment block explosions 70, 72-3, 229, 232-3, 260, 316, 344, 438 Buinaksk 40, 230, 376 Kashira Highway, Moscow 20, 40, 230, 232, 336, 376 Ryazan Incident 230-1, 260, 316 Volgodonsk 20, 40, 230, 232, 336,
376 Bolshevism/Bolsheviks 166-7, 518-26, 535-7 Budyonnovsk hospital hostage taking 61,95, 111,378,379, 380 see under Basaev, Shamil Cheka/Chekists (secret police) 326, 425, 443, 482 NKVD 426 under Stalin 4, 524, 529, 531,533, 539-40, 541 civil war 522, 523 collectives/ collectivization 412, 524, 528-9 ‘congress of the Chechen people’ 143-6 constitution 199,215,216,3323,335-6
Index Defence Ministry 129,240,257, 561 quoted 130 disenfranchised from PACE 1621 districts 11-12 Emergency Situations Ministry 286 Federal Assembly of Russia Committee on Foreign Affairs 75 Federation Council 11-12, 482 State Duma 40, 232, 233, 268, 341, 346-7 chairmen 155,160 committee chairmen 75, 82 committee member 291 deputies 12, 30, 43, 74, 125, 232, 332, 355, 421 as witnesses at AZ’s London Trial 160,174, 175 deputy speaker 250-1, 330 speaker 125,214 Foreign Ministry 28, 70,98-9, 102, 257 foreign policy 36, 207 quoted 226-7, 266,402 FSB (Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation black operations 229, 244, 393, 444 psychological profiling 3423 quoted 314,405 GPU (State Political Directorate) 523, 525, 526-7, 529-30 GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate, military) 40,11617, 163, 185, 253, 257, 450, 479 Internal Affairs/ Interior Ministry 129,230,299,316 as NKVD 411-12,417,425, 441, 530-1, 533, 538, 540 quoted 241 583 Joint Command of Russian Forces 43, 60, 285, 286 Justice Ministry 206, 356 Kalmykia 419-20,428 KGB (Committee for State Security) 232, 247, 289, 342, 364, 440, 443,446, 541, 544-5 being fanciful 210 Putin as its ‘spawn’ 166 Krasnoyarsk 118,179 law enforcement agencies 106, 109,111,299, 390 Lubyanka Building 210, 211, 212,316,447 Marching Together organization 363-4 military Alpha Group 89 ‘filtration camp’ 26,27 General Staff Headquarters 43 Red Army 520, 527, 528, 537, 539-40 satellites 256,257 ‘security sweeps’ 15,44-5, 62, 158, 165, 301,302,314 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs) see Internal Affairs/Interior Ministry above
organized crime 439-40, 441-3 Perestroika 439,443, 545, 557 propaganda/ disinformation 43, 13 8, 162, 460, 497-8 by Akhmat Kadyrov’s team 287,310 in films 203-4,287 by the Kremlin 21, 61, 101, 240, 327, 341, 346, 401-2 quoted 101-2 by the RPGO 207 by the state 94, 176, 232, 267, 287, 478, 489 to connect Chechnya with terrorism 40, 55, 269 against Denmark 126, 131
584 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 to turn Dagestan against Chechnya 239 to undermine Aslan Maskhadov 89,241 to undermine Chechnya’s independence by categorizing it as ‘armed rebellion’ 553, 559, 562 on television 182-3, 232 by the Udugov brothers’ team 466 by the USSR 541 by Vladimir Putin’s team 143, 259, 347, 349, 355 proposed Congress of the Chechen People 143-5,145-6 in war 55, 182-3, 353 Rostov 313,529 RPGO (Prosecutor General’s Office) charges against AZ quoted 106, 131 further charges against AZ 142, 143, 146, 458, 461 quoted 150-1 RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) 215-16, 525, 545-6, 553, 557, 558, 559, 562-3 On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples’ law: quoted 546 Supreme Soviet 215-16, 547, 548 RTR (state-owned Russian television) 43, 48, 53,182-3, 186-7, 231,241,375, 474 Union of Committees of Soldiers’ Mothers 350-1, 353, 355-6, 357-62, 367, 369 public statement quoted 3512 as USSR 149, 163—4, 215-16, 435, 442, 520-1, 523, 524, 529-58 Central Committee 525, 528, 531,540 collapse of 197, 216, 255, 4289, 432, 438, 553 constitution 164, 215, 530, 5546 CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) 4—5, 219, 242, 440, 522-5,531,540, 541,543 Komsomol youth wing 544 divide and rule 542 New Economic Policy 523 potential restoration 438 secret police see Russia: Cheka above Supreme Soviet 556 quoted 556-7 see also Moscow Russo-Chechen 1997 peace treaty 32, 109, 151, 159, 170-1,216, 221, 413,495 Khasavyurt Accord 31-2, 63, 71-2, 170-1, 221, 342, 467 Rybakov, Yuliy 125, 126, 160, 174, 175-6, 224 quoted 173 Rybkina, Albina 243, 246-7 quoted
245, 247 Rybkin, Ivan 83, 125, 126, 160, 164, 172-4, 214, 224, 369 2003 presidential campaign sabotaged 242-8 quoted 245, 246 S Sadjaya, Nugzar 3, 7, 8-9,12,33M Sadulaev, President Abdul-Khalim (of Chechnya) 374,381,382-5, 407, 464, 466 advised by AZ 386-91,392^1, 397,413, 471,487 communications with AZ 3856, 392, 394-5, 414, 468-9 death of 463, 464—5, 467, 471 public statements 385, 395-6, 401 issued on his behalf by AZ 374,400,401-2 quoted 385, 420
Index represented by AZ 386, 397, 417, 419, 420, 463-4, 468-9 sets up Presidential Administration 397 see also under Chechnya Sarkozy, Nicolas 363 Saudi Arabia 42,112, 253-4 Schieder, President Peter 73, 74 Second World War 217,231,281, 294, 308, 342, 387, 536 secret police see Russia: Cheka, Security Council 111, 125,160,1723, 209, 214, 242 see also Council of Europe; Federal Assembly of Russia Seleznyov, Gennadiy 155, 232 quoted 232 September 11 attacks 41,42,52-3, 63, 75, 76, 148, 263, 345 Konstantin Borovoy claims warning of them two years previously 38 see also United States: World Trade Center Serbia/ Serbs 254, 436, 437 Sergeyev, Igor 8 Shabalkin, Major General Ilya: quoted 368, 374-5, 378 Shakhbiev, Zaindi 423-5,427,446, 447, 453 Shamil, Said-Bek 520, 521, 523-4 Shchekochikhin, Yury 30, 83 Sheremetievo-2 International Airport 55, 66, 222-3 Sheripov, Mairbek 411-12,492,533, 534, 536 Shevardnadze, President Eduard (of Georgia) 7-9, 56 Shkiryatov, Matvey 532 Shlisselburg fortress 377, 509 Sochi 287,313 ’Soloviov, Ivan’/Sokolov, ‘Vitek’ 176, 177, 182-8, 215 quoted 183-4 Southern Federal District 50, 58,241, 299,314, 405,411,416 585 special (security) forces 89,103-4, 105, 250-1, 254-5, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 368, 446, 448, 482 Stalin, Joseph 4,274, 343,441, 534, 536, 537, 538 anti-Stalinism 425 as People’s Commissar for Nationalities’ Affairs 520-2, 524, 528 Stalinism/ Stalinists 5, 524 Starr, Frederick 31,56 state-organized rally 331-2 Stepashin, Sergey 111, 129, 370, 418, 419 St Petersburg 409, 411, 509, 510 Subjugate or Exterminate 68, 259, 276 Süddeutsche
Zeitung՛, quoted 298 suicide belts 91, 94-5 bombers 152, 153-4, 165, 185, 269,317, 344 attack on Government House, Grozny 152, 153 women/ ‘black widows’ 275, 302,314, 320 suppression of free speech 27 Supreme Soviet 160 SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service) 175,254 Switzerland/Swiss 30,31,84 ambassador to Iran 31 T Die Tageszeitung 331 ‘Talgat’ 113,115,116 TASS see ITAR-TASS Tatarstan 111-12,113,115,429 Temirov, Isa 378, 379, 380 Tibuk, Besim 56-7 The Times 227, 364 Tolstoy, Leo: The Cossacks Transnistria 434-5, 436-7, 458, 490 Turkey/ Turks 85-6, 114, 234, 235, 344, 464,506,518, 527
586 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Atatürk airport 86 government ministers/Ankara 57, 66-7, 86, 138,239 Istanbul 51, 56, 57, 58, 66, 85, 86, 245, 417, 464 Hilton hotel 13 Liberal Democratic Party 56, 86-7 U Udugov brothers see Udugov, Movladi; Umarov, Isa Udugov, Movladi 397,478,486,498 ally of Akhmat Kadyrov 29,64 gives Moscow pretext for branding him a terrorist 91 interventions with PACE 21 living in Turkey 89,145 pens Shamil Basaev’s threat of terrorism 88-9 quoted 21,466 relations with Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev 392, 393, 394, 463, 487 and W ahhibism 311 see also Kavkaz Centre; under Maskhadov, Aslan Ukraine 233, 245-6, 316, 436-7, 438, 458, 464, 492, 536, 537 Kiev 245, 246-7 Umarova, Amina: quoted 39,40 Umarov, Isa (Movladi Udugov’s stepbrother) 13-14, 52-3, 64, 306, 478, 486, 498 living abroad/free access to North Caucasus 145,464 proposes ‘Congress of the Peoples of Chechnya and Dagestan’ 13 quoted 53. 443,466 relations with Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev 393, 394,463,464, 487 relations with Aslan Maskhadov 384 and Wahhabism 311 Umarov, President Dokka (of Chechnya) 4, 468,469, 474-5, 485-6, 499 advised by AZ 466-8,486-99 brought into government 393-4 poisoned 500 quoted 466 and Ruslan Gelaev 6,7, 237, 238 succeeds Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev 465-6 United Kingdom/ Britain/ British 419 AZ invited 69 Boris Berezovsky seeking asylum 162 called a terrorist centre 330,414 Middle East wars 264, 403-4 Russo-UK relations 146,148, 214 see also London United Nations 15, 171, 280,281, 318, 334, 388, 437 Commission on Human Rights 276,277,279 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide 274 General Assembly 150, 274, 276, 278, 280, 326,431 recognizes Chechnya 25 Security Council 109, 149, 150, 276, 321, 326, 345, 431, 435-6 United States/Americans 219,318, 342 administration/Washington 534, 76,148, 239, 252, 264, 347, 388, 400, 403 anticipates AZ’s meeting with Viktor Kazantsev, doubts Kremlin’s anti-Chechnya claims 51-2 quoted 347, 377-8 American Committee for Peace in Chechnya 30, 31, 71, 83
Index brokers Russo-Chechen peace talks 30-1, 83-4 Chechen expats/visitors 162, 163,165 Civil Liberties Fund 13 drawn into Middle East wars 37 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) 39-40 influence with Georgia 8, 30, 233-1, 307, 435, 490 intelligence 37, 42, 75, 252 International Foundation for Civil Liberties 165 and Kosovo 431,435,437 Middle East wars 279,403-4 New York 13,34,36 Pentagon 34,163 recognizes Chechnya 25 Russo-US relations 238-9, 252, 316, 345,347, 378 Sears Tower, Chicago 34—5 Senate 36 State Department 25,163,316, 388, 458, 477 quoted 316 support for AZ in his Copenhagen case 110,119,125 turns against Chechnya 263-4, 377-8,388, 399-400,403-1 Washington 34, 36 White House 52, 330, 388 World Trade Center 33^15 see also Borovoy, Konstantin; September 11 attacks Usmanov, Lerna 30, 83-4 Ustinov, Vladimir 430, 459 quoted 430 Uzun-khadzhi, Sheikh 519-20 V Vainakhs see under The Caucasus: North W war crimes 17,41, 150, 154-5, 164-5, 168,171-2, 275-8, 389, 480 587 abduction/ disappearances 277, 300, 302,314,401,549 ascribed to Anatoly Kulikov 43 ascribed to Vladimir Putin 344 carpet bombing 115-16, 221 ethnic cleansing 15, 73,213, 538, 549 exposed in documentaries 13 extrajudicial executions 6,18, 73,213,272, 277, 300, 401, 530-1 in former Yugoslovakia 80-2, 356-7 Fourth Geneva Convention 28 genocide 80,169, 213, 265, 268-9, 277-8, 293, 295, 482 ascribed specifically to Vladimir Putin 41, 72-3, 272, 274, 336 prepared under Mikhail Gorbachev 440-1 Stalinist 274, 441 hostage-taking/ ransoming 27, 45,209, 254, 401,549 see also Moscow: Nord-Ost mass murder/ massacres
7,15, 16, 18, 45, 153, 171,212, 272, 281 across North Caucasus 401 ascribed specifically to Vladimir Putin 5 see also Beslan outrage; Moscow: Nord-Ost pogroms 272 rape/sexual violence 16,18, 276-7, 302 torture 16-17, 18, 45, 213, 224, 272, 277, 401 see also Budanov, Colonel Yury ‘war on terror’ 162,238 Vladimir Putin seeks to target Chechnya 52, 167, 213, 225, 260. 263-4, 284, 309, 376 The Washington Post 252 the West’s indifference towards Chechnya 29, 54, 146, 148-9,
588 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 158, 159-60, 168, 172, 264-5, 278 White House 111,129 White Russians 518 Wörgensson, Michael 120-1, 122-3, 127-8 Workman, Judge Timothy 157,160, 168, 176, 181, 188-9, 205, 224 gives his verdict 220 presides at AZ’s London hearings amd allows bail 147 quoted 174,206,217,220-1, 222-4 shows displeasure at prosecution lawyers/witnesses 195-7, 198, 201, 206 ‘we need to know everything’ 174 World Congress of the Chechen People 30, 84-9, 90, 93, 94, 989, 101-3, 121, 126, 223 upstaged by Nord-Ost crisis 94 World Council of Churches 178 T Yakovlev, Vladimir 299 quoted 314 Yamadaevites 493 Yamadaev, Sulim 5, 65, 416-17, 4445 his brothers (Badrudi, Dzhabral ‘Djaba’, Isa and Ruslan) 5, 65, 416-17, 444 Yandarbiev, acting President Zelimkhan (of Chechnya) 24, 96, 109, 249, 251-2 assassination of 248-9,250-1, 252-7, 259, 339, 483 Yandarov, Abdul Hamid 412,417, 425-6 Yastrzhembsky, Sergey 26, 27, 42, 53, 82, 90, 129, 379 quoted 357, 378-9 Yeltsin, President Boris (of Russia) 8, 249, 428, 550 Bayerisch® Staatsbibliothek München and Djohar Dudaev 113, 376, 429 nominates Vladimir Putin his successor 166, 229, 260, 279, 445 nuclear blackmail 345 post-Yeltsin 63 quoted 8, 345 recognizes Checheno-Ingush Republic 199,215-16 signs peace treaty with Aslan Maskhadov 109, 151, 413, 495 Yermolov, General Aleksey: quoted 509 Yermolov, Oleg: quoted 314 Yevmirzaev, Arbi 491,497 Yezhov, Nikolai 524 Yugoslavia (former) 80-1, 295 see also Bosnia; Kosovo Yukos affair (oil company tax scandal) 354-5, 409 Z Zavgaev, Akhmar 178,215,222 Zavgaev, Doku 559 Zavgaevites
6, 65 Zhigulin, Sergey see under Orthodox priests Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 232-3,242, 330, 443 quoted 232 Zyazikov, President Murat 300 |
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Table of Contents Foreword by Luke Harding xvii Introduction 1 I. Georgia’s Role in the Caucasus 3 Invalided out of the Second Russo-Chechen War in 2000 to Georgia, AZ hears of the parlous state of the struggle in Chechnya. He continues covert political activity. In Chechnya the Resistance is infiltrated by Russian intelligence service agents and the Russian occupation forces terrorize the population. Many supporters of independence seek asylum abroad. II. Boris Berezovsky Meets Aslan Maskhadov’s Conditions 11 President Maskhadov attempts to enlist the support of other republican leaders in the North Caucasus to pressure Russia into peace negotations, but under Putin they are already losing influence. Boris Berezovsky, who favours negotiations, is being sidelined. III. The Situation in the Pankisi Gorge 15 Despite condemnation by the United Nations, the European Parliament and European Union, Putin’s policy of brutal ethnic cleansing continues. Russian intelligence encourages Islamist factions which dispute the authority of President Maskhadov. Shamil Basaev, a hero of the First Chechen War, is threatening to behead prisoners of war. IV. The American Committee for Peace in Chechnya 25
The collaborationist regime in Chechnya attempts to undermine Maskhadov’s legitimacy with stage-managed congresses recognizing Akhmat Kadyrov as the "Leader of the Nation.’ The United States supports meetings in Liechtenstein between a member of the Russian State Duma and representatives of the legitimate government of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Russia intensifies the news blackout of Chechnya. V. The Terrorist Attacks of September 11: Cui bono? 33 Russia’s instant radical changing of its foreign policy strategy after the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York suggests it had foreknowledge. There is evidence it was involved in the early stages of planning the attack. Putin immediately attempts to exploit the situation by bringing his genocide in Chechnya under the umbrella ofPresident George W. Bush’s "war on terror.’ VI. A Meeting with President Putin’s Proxy 47 Putin disingenuously calls on the Chechens to embark on dialogue. AZ proposes calling his bluff and, with American support, the Chechens arrange a meeting. Maskhadov sends condolences to the White House in respect of 9/11. AZ meets Putin’s representative on international territory at Moscow airport. Chechen Islamists seek to derail the initiative. ѴП. AZ’s First Trip to the West 69 The British actress Vanessa Redgrave takes up the Chechen cause, inviting AZ to London. Boris Berezovsky introduces him to Alexander Litvinenko. He meets Anna Politkovskaya and predicts no peace in Chechnya while Putin is president, but is privately rebuked by President Maskhadov. Against AZ’s advice, Maskhadov
refuses to participate in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe’s Consultative Council on Chechnya. VIII. A Meeting with Carla del Ponte 79
Vanessa Redgrave arranges a meeting with Carla del Ponte, chief United Nations prosecutor of the former Yugoslav president, Slobodan Miloševič, for war crimes. This is an unwelcome development for Putin. IX. Liechtenstein, Copenhagen, Nord-Ost 83 A peace plan is devisedfor approval by the forthcoming World Congress of the Chechen people, planned by the CRT government and hosted by Denmark. Five days before it opens an entire theatre audience in Moscow is taken hostage in an unholy alliance of the Russian intelligence agencies and Chechen Islamists. Putin ends the siege, killing and injuring 900people. The West treats it as a Chechen terrorist atrocity. X. The General Assembly of the World Chechen Congress 101 The Russians issue an Interpol arrest warrantfor AZ, fatuously claiming he organized the hostage-taking. The momentum for peace negotiations stalls as he is imprisoned in Denmark for thirty-five days. AZflies to London. XI. Extradition: ‘The Zakaev Case Is of National Significance’ 141 AZ is arrested on arrival in London on the Russian/ Interpol warrant, but released on bail put up by Vanessa Redgrave. Putin's propagandists arrange a ‘congress of the Chechen people՝ in Chechnya to produce a new pro-Russian constitution and president. Russia demands AZ's extradition and Prime Minister Tony Blair, seeking Russia’s cooperation over the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, gives the go-aheadfor a trial. XII. ‘We Need to Know Everything’ 157 A rigged pro-Russian referendum is held in Chechnya. In London the main prosecution witness states his testimony, obtained by torture, is
false. President Maskhadov finds a special representative to replace AZ, Umar Khanbiev, who
Berezovsky says is a Russian agent. Putin is received with much pomp and ceremony on a state visit arranged by Tony Blair. The Russians, claiming AZ would get a fair trial in Russia, are laughed out ofcourt. Russia tries to enmesh him in a fake plot to assassinate Putin. XIII. The Verdict 219 The verdict in the extradition trial is a damning indictment of the corruption ofthe Putin regime and ofRussia's legal system. AZ is acquitted, and later grantedpolitical asylum in the UK. XIV. The Russian Public Chose Putin 229 In 2003 Putin wins the presidency despite it being generally known that the Russian intelligence agencies blew up apartment blocks in Russia as a pretext for restarting the war with Chechnya. Whistle-blower General Lebed, a proponent of peace, is assassinated.The West, underestimating Putin’s aggressiveness because of his apparent complaisance over growing US infuence in Georgia, gives him carte blanche in Chechnya. XV. Events Timed for Putin’s Re-election 237 The killing of Chechen field commander Ruslan Gelaev is announced, then denied, then reannounced just before the presidential election. Ivan Rybkin, a pro-peace candidate for the presidency, is abducted by the intelligence agencies, drugged, and compromised using a salacious video. They explode a bomb in the Moscow metro causing 190 casualties, then assassinate former Acting CRI President Yandarbiev in Qatar in "retaliation.’ "Strongman’ Putin gains 71% of the ballot. The world’s leaders congratulate him. XVI. Europe Will Eventually Have to Confront the Aggressiveness of ‘the New Russia’ 263 Western
public opinion associates Chechens with "international terrorism.’ Tony Blair inaccurately claims British troops have clashed with Chechens in an Iraqi
province. AZ warns German 'friends ofPutin9 that his savage Chechen policy is leading Russia into militaristic nationalism. In 2004 the members of the United Nations again refuse to condemn the genocide in Chechnya. Maskhadov starts using Islamic terminology, alienating the West while gaining no support from the authoritarian regimes of the Islamic world. XVII. The VIP Tribune with Akhmat Kadyrov 283 NATO is persuaded by Russia to classify the CRI government as a 'terrorist organization.9 For insubordination the collaborationist 'Leader of the Nation,9 Akhmat Kadyrov, is assassinated by the Russian intelligence services and replaced by his son, Ramzan Kadyrov. Norway sees a parallel between their collaborator Quisling and Akhmat Kadyrov. XVIII. Putin’s Vested Interest in Continuing the War 297 President Maskhadov continues to believe military operations can force Putin to negotiate, but they only facilitate his imposition of an authoritarian regime in Russia. By now Chechnya has no allies in the West or anywhere else. Putin shoots down two hijacked Russian passenger aircraft, killing all on board. A (collaborationist) president of Chechnya is elected and, although the West condemns the elections as rigged, Alu Alkhanov is subsequently spoken of as the president of Chechnya. XIX. The Hostage-Taking of Children in the School in Beslan 319 On 31 August 2004 several dozen people die in Moscow in explosions at a metro station and a McDonald9 s. The following day over one thousand children and teachers are taken hostage at a school in Beslan, North Ossetia. Both AZ and Aslan
Maskhadov are prepared to risk their lives by going there to mediate. Anna Politkovskaya is poisoned en route. Putin orders tanks to flre into the school, causing massive loss oflife, apparently to prevent Maskhadov from saving the hostages.
This is another unholy alliance of the Islamist faction of the Chechen government and the Russian intelligence services. The world concludes finally that Chechnya is a hotbed of international terrorism. XX. France Adds AZ to the Schengen List 349 Western friends of Chechnya are traumatized by the Beslan atrocity. Nicolas Sarkozy, then interior minister of France, as a favour to Vladimir Putin, has AZ banned from travel in the EU s Schengen area. The courts declare the decision unlawful and overturn it. Anti-Chechen demonstrators are paid to rally in London's Trafalgar Square on New Year's Eve. XXI. The Murder of Aslan Maskhadov 367 President Maskhadov is enticed into lowering his guard in the mistaken belief that Putin is about to agree to negotiations. AZ warns him he is being tricked, but his warning is unanswered. President Aslan Maskhadov, Chechnya's second president, has, like his predecessor, been murdered. Vice president, Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev, favoured by AZ, is elected acting president. XXII. Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev 383 A religious figure, the new President Sadulaev resists attempts to abolish the independent Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in favour ofa Caucasian Caliphate. He accepts AZ s proposal to establish a Chechen Government in Exile, with its president in Chechnya. XXIII. The Soldiers of the Caucasian Front 399 The West now finds the continuing Russo-Chechen conflict a useful distraction for Putin. In October 2005 an attack is lauched on the capital of Kabardino-Balkaria by units of the CRTs newly formed Caucasian Front, which the US appears to view positively.
In July 2005 British Islamist attacks on the London Underground kill or injure 750 people. Putin, attending the G8 summit in Scotland, sneers that this is Blair's
rewardfor harbouring Zakaev. The G8 agree to hold their next meeting, chaired by Russia, in St Petersburg. XXIV. Exploitation of Close Relatives 411 Russia hints it is prepared to negotiate with AZ. AZ insists he will communicate with the Kremlin only via a person ofhis own choosing. XXV. To President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin 423 A meeting eventually takes place at the Dorchester Hotel in London, heavy security being provided for AZ by Alexander Litvinenko. The CRTs proposals and a personal letter are forwarded to Putin, pointing out how a peace agreement could set precedents which could further Russia’s designs on Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Crimea. XXVI. The ‘Czech Mafia’ 439 Putin’s next intermediary is the Chechen mafia capo, Ruslan Atlangeriev. AZ is interested to talk to him about various acts of villainy, including the assassination of Akhmat Kadyrov. Atlangeriev tells AZ, perhaps intending to compromise him, of a plot to assassinate Ramzan Kadyrov. XXVII. Ramzan Kadyrov Tires of Being Called a Traitor 455 The day ofthe meeting with Putin’s aide, Alexander Bortnikov, arrives. AZ, with heavy protection provided by Alexander Litvinenko, appears at the Lansbury Hotel as agreed. He is told a car will take him to the Russian Embassy. He refuses categorically. Putin insists the meeting must be at the Embassy. Lt does not take place. AZ contacts Ramzan Kadyrov, who offers him a senior post in his government. AZ offers a counterproposal that Ramzan and the Chechen forces under his command shouldjoin the independence struggle. XXVIII. Shamil Basaev,
Vice President of the CRI 463
In June 2006 President Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev is killed in a gun battle and AZ announces he will be succeeded by the vice president, Dokka Umarov. Umarov appoints Shamil Basaev vice president. XXIX. For Peace in Chechnya 471 On the eve of the G8 summit in St Petersburg, Shamil Basaev is killed when a booby-trapped arms consignment explodes. Russia passes a law legalizing the murder of opponents of the regime anywhere in the world, Alexander Litvinenko prophetically warns Tony Blair that, if he does not denounce the law, assassination ofpeople grantedpolitical asylum in the UK willfollow. No one at the G8 summit comments on the law. XXX. A Letter to Dokka Umarov 485 President Umarov laments the death ofBasaev and speaks the language of the Islamist faction with their 'Global Islamic Revolution.’’ AZ sends him a detailed analysis of the situation and what he needs to do to ensure continuity of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Umarov proclaims a 'Caucasian Emirate! The CRI Prosecutor՛ s Office prepares a case against him of attempting to destroy the foundations of Chechen statehood. Russia later poisons President Umarov. Appendix Some Historical Background I. A Freedom-Loving People 501 The origins ofthe Chechen language andpeoplefrom the times of Ancient Greece. Chechen democracy and its anti authoritarian history. Conflict as Russia seeks to expand southwards. Total savagery of Russia's attempts at subjugation. Declaration in 1877 ofindependence. The leaders are publicly executed six months later. Guerilla warfare against the Russian occupation. II. The 1917 Russian
Revolution and the Bolshevik Coup 517
The Stalin regime's bungled attempt to impose collectivization of agriculture on Chechnya is abandoned, but during the 1937 purges some three per cent of the population are murdered by the NKVD. In 1940 and when Germany invades Russia, there are rebellions. In February 1944 Stalin deports the entire Chechen and Ingush populations to freezing Kazakhstan, causing the death of one third of the population. The eventual return of the Vainakhs causes major problems with the Russian-speaking population drafted in by Stalin after the deportation. Provocative redrawing ofborders causes ongoing national friction in the region, as intended. III. Chechnya’s Independence 553 The legal basis of the legitimacy of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, proclaimed on 27 November 1990. Acknowledgements Index 565 567
Index A Abdurakhmanov, Dukvakha 460-1 Abkhazia 3, 8,10, 234-5,4312, 434-5, 436-7, 450, 458, 490 Abkhaz-Georgian conflict 6-7,10 Abramov, Acting President Sergey 291, 307-8 Afghanistan 38,219,264,266-7 Kabul 38 Taliban government 37 ambassador to Pakistan 37 war 37, 239, 279, 351-2, 403-4 Aga Khan IV 113, 114 Akaev, Akhmed (AZ’s cousin) 423, 424-5, 427, 438, 446, 447, 455, 457, 491, 497 Akhmadov, Ilias 25,30, 83, 84—5, 125, 162, 307, 330, 397, 407-8 ‘Akhmadov Plan’ for Conditional Independence 250,273-5, 293, 350, 473 al-Hamdi, Akhmed 42 Alkhanovites 493 Alkhanov, President Alu (of Chechnya by Russian imposition) 293-4, 302,317-18,388, 445,451 quoted 307, 371-2 Alksnis, Viktor: quoted 355, 356 al-Nisf, Judge Ibrahim 255-6 quoted 256 al-Qaeda 76,263 Al Watan, Saudi newspaper 42 Alyokhin, Aleksey 209-12 Al-Zawahiri, Ayman 38, 40-1 Amundsen, Ivar 138, 363, 470,472 Arab/Arabs/Arabic 240, 269, 306, 501-2 countries 138 League 279,318 see also Islam; Qatar; Saudi Arabia armed militias 19-20 Armenia 437, 464 Arsaliev, Bekkhan 243-4, 245-6, 248 Arsanukaev, Daud 523, 526, 529 Asia, Central 274, 276-7,441,492, 540, 541, 545 see also Eurasia Aslakhanov, Aslanbek 77, 79, 83, 90, 325, 372 Asuev, Sharip 177, 184, 186 Atgeriev, Turpal-Ali 446, 447-9 quoted 448 Atlangeriev, Ruslan 423,439-40, . 441, 443, 444, 445-53, 459 quoted 448,451 Aushev, former President Ruslan (of Ingushetia) 59,299-300,322, 323, 325,335,418,419 Avars see Dagestan/Dagestanis Avtorkhanov, Abdurakhman 481,517 Azerbaidjan 160, 234, 437, 464 Baku 369 Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline 234, 400 В Babitsky, Andrey 26,160,175,
214, 321,336, 340, 341 Baltic states 387, 388, 492 Baraev, Movsar 91, 96,108-9, 343 Baranov, General Valeriy 27,43,286 Baryatinsky, Prince 510, 511 proclamation quoted 511-12 Basaev, Shamil 27, 85, 310, 340-2, 343, 344-5, 364, 374, 403, 475
568 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 in Abkhaz-Georgian conflict 67, 10 alleged links with Osama bin Laden 41 assassination of 474—5,476, 485-6 brought into government 395-7, 468-70 and Budyonnovsk raid 95 claims responsibility for Akhmat Kadyrov assassination 286, 288-9, 450 claims responsibility for Beslan outrage 333, 349, 355, 468, 475 claims responsibility for Grozny Government House bombing 153 claims responsibility for Kashira Highway and plane explosions 333 claims responsibility for NordOst Dubrovka Theatre hostage taking 90-1, 98, 333, 347, 475 differences with Aslan Maskhadov 7, 10, 13, 20-1, 234, 88-9 gives Moscow pretext for branding him a terrorist 88, 297-8, 392-3 incursion into Dagestan 13-14, 229, 239,312 interventions with PACE 21 neglects to claim responsibility for metro bombing 250 operating outside Chechnya 311-12 provides Vladimir Putin with justification to wage war 303, 304 quoted 21, 333-5, 335-40 relations with Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev 392-3, 394, 463, 464 and Ruslan Atlangeriev 446, 449-50 see also under Maskhadov, Aslan Basnukaev, Adam 111-12, 117 Batukaev, Shamsuddin 486, 491, 499 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) 37,244,315,322, 392, 393 Belashkov, Anatoly and Vasiliy Bogachov 253, 256, 257 Belgium/Belgians 219, 358-9, 360-3 ambassador to London 358 Brussels 283, 284, 330, 352-3, 354, 356, 357-8, 362, 432 Chechen refugees 359 government/ministers 284,359, 360 threat to deport AZ 358-9, 360 Belov, Commander Ivan 527, 528 Berezovsky, Boris 11-14,161-2,163, 165, 198, 209,210,233,453 introduces AZ to Alexander Litvinenko 70 quoted 161
runs Ivan Rybkin in 2003 election 242-3, 244, 245 Beria, Lavrentiy 412, 425 quoted 427 Beslan school outrage 320-47 Andrey Babitsky and Anna Politovskaya attempt to reach the school 320-1,351 ‘a second Nord-Osf 320,325, 329 AZ to fly representing Aslan Maskhadov 323-4 Kremlin blames terrorists 330 Kremlin’s handling of the crisis 325 other nations turn against Chechnya 347, 349-50, 370, 392-3 Russian forces attack the school 326-7, 333-4, 341, 345, 376 Shamil Basaev claims responsibility 333, 349, 355, 468, 475 his statement 333-5, 335-40 taking of hostages 320-1,341, 344, 345-7, 355, 450
569 Index Vladimir Putin appears 327-8 Vladimir Putin implicated 3257, 333^1, 340, 345-6, 376, 475 Vladimir Putin speaks 328, 329 Bessarabov, Yury 177-8, 222 bin Laden, Osama 36-7, 38-41, 42-3, 75-6, 143, 223, 263, 330, 364 ‘Tenorist No. 1’ 41,75 Bisultanov, Apti 379, 472 Biybolat, Taimin 509 Black Sea 235 Blair, Sir Tony 148, 164, 165-7, 225, 264, 408, 483 see also under Putin, Vladimir Boeing 737 34, 42, 52 Bonner, Yelena 126, 164 Bormann, Martin 342 Borovoy, Konstantin claims a September 11 heads-up in 1999; quoted 38-40 Bortnikov, General Alexander 451-2, 455, 457 Bosnia 295, 356-7 see also Yugoslavia Browder, Bill: quoted 343 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 30, 71, 110, 119, 163, 403 Budanov, Colonel Yury 21-3 Bukovsky, Vladimir 147, 482 Bush administration representatives 51-2 Bush, President George W. 30, 34, 35, 36, 52, 53,56, 252, 339 quoted 53, 403 see also under Putin, Vladimir Highway/R217 299 history 501-63 immigrants in Russia 272 imperial Russia’s subjugation as a template 31-2,376-7,504 ‘Subjugate or Exterminate’ 68, 259, 276 language 502 North 231,402-3,409,418, 487-90, 496, 498, 508-10, 523֊ 4, 547 Emirate 519-20 highlanders 377, 507, 509֊ 10,511,517-24, 538 highlands 237, 334, 412, 494, 528, 535-6, 537, 540 Highland Soviet Republic 521, 522, 523-4, 525 Imamate 510-11,527 Kumyks 505, 506 Military District 49-50,241 Regional Border Authority: quoted 239 Republic/Free State 517-18, 520,521 Terek 514 Cossacks 505-6,512,513, 518,522, 542,552 River Terek 479, 505, 510 terrorist haven according to Vladimir Putin 329 Vainakh/Nakh peoples 489, 546-7 deportation from Caucasus
31-2, 492, 545 C diasporas 391,394,463-4 Caucasian Front 394,400-1,469, 490, 496 The Caucasus/Caucasians 235, 322, 346, 419, 440, 442, 527, 533, 534-7 19th century wars 507, 513-14 Argun Gorge 8 caliphate/emirate proposal 386, 394, 487-9, 499 history 502-3, 505, 508, 538 language 322 return to their homelands 540, 541-3 Vainakh Democratic Party 249 see also Chechnya; Dagestan; Ingushetia;
570 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Kabardino-Balkaria; North Ossetia radicalization 400 risk of war throughout the Caucasus 65, 305, 371,401, 402,435 South/Transcaucasia 235, 528 Chechen collaborators 308,330,373, 387,417, 489-94,514, 534 Akhmat Kadyrov’s faction 5, 29, 50, 88, 144 AZ proposes to exonerate them 74,309,310,467-8,496 Beslan Gantemirov’s faction 5, 50 Kremlin attempts to bribe and coerce Chechens 67,404 Movladi Udugov’s faction 88 pretext for Kremlin divide and rule tactic 51 Ruslan Gelaev and Shamil Basaev accused 7 their indiscretions 445-6 Chechenpress agency 10, 37,248-9, 418 Chechnya/CRI (Chechen Republic of Ichkeria) Abrek guerrillas 492, 514, 5401 Aldy mass murder 15 see also war crimes ambassador to Denmark 87,134 Argun 43, 383, 464, 465 River 394 armed forces 43, 44 Avtury 43, 308 Checheno-Ingush ASSR (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) 215-16, 249, 539, 542, 543, 544, 545, 558, 559 Supreme Soviet 215-16, 547, 553-4, 558, 559, 560-1 Checheno-Ingushetia 216, 51920, 523-4, 532-3, 536, 537, 538, 541-2, 554 ‘bourgeois nationalists’ 5313, 535 Provisional People’s Revolutionary Government 5356 separation of 216, 546-7, 560 Chernokozovo prison 175, 214 Chernorechiye front 191, 199 constitution 151, 152, 215, 249, 374, 384-5, 389, 468, 486, 530 of 1992 216,381 change (demanded/fantasized by Russia) 93, 144, 145-6, 157֊ 8, 216, 278 Culture Ministry 151, 190, 393, 397 diasporas 88, 391, 394, 449, 463-4, 498, 501 elders 144—5 emigrés 6,391,460 in Georgia 8,19-20 see also refugees below exile/deportation 507, 53 8-9, 540, 541-2, 544-5 Foreign
Ministry/minister 162,390, 391, 394, 397, 472, 497 Galanchozh district 412, 531, 535, 537, 540 Gekhi 114 government 74, 93, 152, 392—4, 396— 7,497 in exile 114-15, 387-9, 394-5, 397 ministers/ministries 85, 278, 497 occupation administration 29, 62, 74, 144, 153, 330, 494-5 recognized by the West 25 supported by Washington 51—2 talks with the Kremlin 31 Goyti 524-5, 527-8, 533 Gudermes 26,43, 144, 444-5, 519, 531,532 history and origins 501-52 honorary consuls 391, 394, 469 Independence Day 338, 553
Index Internal Affairs Ministry 285 Itum-Kale 536, 537 Khaibakh 538 Khankala 192,200,289, 308 Kurchaloy 43,531 language 501-2 legal basis 553-63 Maisty 538 Majlisul Shura see State Defence Committee below militias 5, 7,19-20, 60, 61, 62, 91-2, 114, 153,433 national liberation movement 5 Nozhai-Yurt 494 parliament 85, 378, 389, 497 Presidential Administration 390, 397, 472, 474, 497, 499 presidential election (imposed) 291, 293-4, 305,307,313-14,315, 317-18, 330, 344 prime minister 291, 386, 389-90, 394 Prosecutor General 95, 188, 222, 275, 388-9, 499 punishments 507-8 refugees 5,62,271,273,351,491, 539 in Georgia 18 in Ingushetia 300-1 registered 19-20 repelled by Muslim countries 281 see also émigrés above Roshni-Chu 112,116, 187, 188 Russian Government Commission 525-6 quoted 526 Russian prisoners of war 21,23, 115, 116, 117-18 Russian referendum 93, 144, 145-6, 157-8, 159 Sayasan 513, 535 security service 174, 388-9,499 Shali 524-5, 526, 527-8, 529 Shatoy district 412, 494, 535, 536, 537 social conventions 508 571 sovereignty 55,109,163-4, 169-71, 215-16 State Commission on Constitutional Reform 384 State Defence Committee 74, 91, 117, 225, 274-5,385,38990, 392, 396 renamed Majlisul Shura 88, 278, 384 Supreme Court investigation of Maskhadov murder 404-5, 407, 409 Tangi-Chu 22 Tolstoy-Yurt 375, 404-5 Urus-Martan 5,130, 215, 510 AZ’sthenhome 113,115, 116, 179, 190,215, 540-1 District Department of Internal Affairs 187,188 home of ‘Vitek’ Sokolov 176, 177, 182, 184-5, 186 see also ’Soloviov, Ivan’ Vedeno district 494, 508, 511 Benoy 524-5, 527, 528 Khattuni 26, 53 War
Crimes Commission 276 see also Grozny Chelysheva, Oksana 476, 478-9, 480 Cherkasov, Alexander 125, 160 Chernomyrdin, Viktor 111,129 quoted 204 China 98, 277, 424, 425, 429 Chizhov, Vladimir 226 quoted 227 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) 18-19 CNN (Cable News Network) 34, 367, 41-2, 244 Cohn-Bendit, Daniel 283, 356 Cold War 227, 414 Commonwealth of Independent States 318,335 Corbyn, Jeremy 70,220 Council of Europe 18,26,28,73,278, 279,396, 469
572 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 PACE (Parliamentary Assembly ofthe Council of Europe) 28, 54, 69-70, 73-6,110, 163,353, 356, 370 Commission on Chechnya 15-16 Consultative Council on Chechnya 74-5, 76-7 documents quoted 16-18,28 interventions by Movladi Udugov and Shamil Basaev 21 Kremlin undermines support for Chechnya 29 rebuffed by Aslan Maskhadov 51 recognizes Chechnya 25 refuses to recognize Chechen votes 158,318 Crimea 434-5, 436-7, 438, 504 Czechoslovakia/ Slavs 439-40,442 ‘Czech Mafia’ 440-41 Dagestan/ Dagestanis 7,192, 303, 311,402, 462, 489, 490 Avars 258,505,506,513 Ayman Al-Zawahiri’s arrest 38, 40 Defence Ministry 238 history 510-11,519-21,523, 542 Internal Affairs Ministry 238 Khasavyurt 71, 447, 448 see also under Russo-Chechen Wars Makhachkala 240, 448,449, 527 Prosecutor’s Office 239-40 Ruslan Gelaev’s fatal incursion into 237-41, 257-8, 343 Shamil Basaev’s incursion into 13-14, 24, 50, 171, 229, 239,312, 340-1,449 blamed on Zelimkhan Yandarbiev by Moscow 250 Simsir 513-14 De Gucht, Karel 357-8, 360, 362-3 del Ponte, Carla 79-82 quoted 81 Denikin, General Anton 518-20, 522 quoted 519 Denmark 89, 94, 98-9, 101-39, 187, 193, 219, 226 ambassador to Washington 110 constitution 102, 136 Copenhagen 119,124-5,126, 127,139 AZ’s arrest and imprisonment 98, 103-7, 123-5, 127-8, 133-5,138,142-3, 186֊ 7, 188, 222-3 AZ’s court hearings 119-23, 127-8, 134, 188 AZ’s proposed extradition 105-6, 107, 118, 121, 134, 136, 161,223 AZ sidesteps Moscow’s trap 108-9 opposed internationally 110 pressure from Moscow 1268,131-3 host for World Congress of the Chechen
People 85, 87, 90, 93, 98-9,101,102 Police Commissariat 105, 121 Radisson Hotel 102-3,136 Russian embassy 133 CRI Embassy 87 Danish embassies abroad 87 Foreign Ministry 67, 102, 121, 134 Justice Ministry 104-5, 118-19, 121, 126-7, 131-3, 135-6, 137, 148 parliament/parliamentarians 87, 125, 135-6, 172-3, 356 Queen Alexandrine 126 Russo-Danish relations 119, 122, 126-7, 131-3, 136, 139, 148 Socialist People’s Party 87, 101 sovereignty 131
Index Deutsche Welle broadcasting service 31, 96-7, 108 de Waal, Thomas 168, 174, 224,476֊ 7, 481 documentary films 13, 69, 164-5, 182, 183,230, 232 Drozdov, Viktor: quoted 425-6 Dudaeva, Alla 118, 174 Dudaev, President Djohar 56,61, 112-17,168, 171,376, 438, 460, 559-62 alleged meeting with Osama bin Laden 40-1 assassination of 249, 373-4 quoted 114 relative of 411,413,417 Dudaev, Rudnik 289-91 Dukaev, Aslan 323, 360 Dupuis, Olivier 110, 155, 273-5 Dushuev, Dukvakha 160, 189-90, 195-6,198, 199-203, 214-15 quoted 190-5 Dzasokhov, President Alexander (of North Ossetia) 322-3, 324,325, 326, 328-9, 335 quoted 324, 328 Dzhaniev, Magomed 116-17 E Echo of Moscow (radio station) 38, 227, 237-8, 285, 300-1, 333, 359 quoted 317 Egypt 38 Empress Catherine II 376 Espersen, Lene 121, 127, 133, 135 EU (European Union)/European Economic Community 15, 85, 148,226, 233,265,283,293, 334, 464 Delegation to the UK 362 drawn into Middle East wars 37 expansion 436 to host Soldiers’ Mothers meeting 354, 362 573 introduces draft resolution on Chechnya before the UN 277 played by Vladimir Putin 29, 357, 387-8 recognizes Chechnya 25 recognizes Kosovo 431, 435, 437 refuses to recognize Chechen votes 158,318 summit with Russia 99,102, 155 see also Council of Europe: PACE Eurasia 423-4 European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism 149 European Court of Justice 137-8 European Parliament 54, 110,155, 250, 273-4, 278, 361 parliamentarians 28-9, 75-6, 349-50, 352-3, 354, 356, 362, 395, 468, 476 Green fraction 283, 356 Europe/Europeans 125,197,271, 293, 368-9, 396, 399-400, 490, 502 Chechen diaspora
501 inability to understand Chechnya 477,481 OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) 54, 74, 172, 187, 249, 279, 369-70 Mission to Chechnya 114 Porto summit 143 recognizes Aslan Maskhadov’s presidency 134, 151 refuses to recognize puppet Chechen votes 158,318 Schengen Area 362-3 as style inspiration 59, 416 suspect Chechens of September 11 complicity 263 threatened by Russo-Chechen war 270
574 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Fadeyev, Rostislav: quoted 510-11 Finland 535 Helsinki 478-9 Moscow Peace Treaty 536 Fitzgerald, Edward QC 172-3,174, 186, 187, 188-9, 198, 202-3, 206-7, 215-17 quoted 180-1, 183—4, 190, 1915, 199-202, 205,207,208 Fourth Hague Convention 274 France /French 219,233,264, 363, 387, 388 government 363 Strasbourg 71, 76, 89,137 Frankfurter Rundschau՛, quoted 302 Fridinsky, Sergey 177,189, 200, 203, 206, 208, 214, 221-2, 223 quoted 146,154,240 2005 summit London 408, 409 2006 summit St Petersburg 409, 471, 482, 483-4 Gaidar, Prime Minister Yegor (of Russia) 549-50 quoted 333 Gantemirov, Beslan 5, 50, 93,416-17 Gantemirovites 6, 65,493 Gazeta.ru online newspaper 332 Gelaev, Ruslan ‘Khamzať 6-7, 9-10, 237-41, 257-8, 343 see also under Maskhadov, Aslan; Umarov, Dokka Geneva Conventions 23,28,221,401 Georgia 3-10, 138, 344, 464, 548 Adjara 234 AZ invalided there 3-4,67, 322-3 changing foreign policy 233-5, 307, 400 Chechen resistance relocated 6 Dokka Umarov invalided there 4, 6, 7 government 3-4, 6-7,19-20, 30, 85, 138, 458 history 502, 505, 506 intelligence/security agencies 19,20 Kosovo and Georgia’s potential republics 431,435,436-7,490 language 33, 501-2 Pankisi Gorge 9-10,18-20, 237 relations with Russia 3 Rose Revolution 233 Russo-Georgian border 18-19, 237 Russo-Georgian war 475 Tbilisi 3—4, 9, 19, 30, 47, 69, 76,134, 135, 142 see also Abkhazia: AbkhazGeorgian conflict Germany/Germans 219,264,272-3, 518, 533-4, 536-7, 562 AZ’s proposed extradition 266-7 Berlin 265, 472 Bundestag 265, 266,271 Council on Foreign Relations 268-71
Foreign Ministry 268 quoted 266 political asylum granted to Chechens 379-80, 472 Russo-German relations 268 Soviet-German war 536 Goldfarb, Alex 350-1, 354, 362 Gorbachev, former President Mikhail (of Russia) 215-16, 332-3, 428, 439, 440-1, 545, 554 see also under war crimes: genocide Grozny 130,143-4,194, 413, 560 Aslan Maskhadov murder trial 404-7 battle of and destruction of 16, 43, 72, 152, 175, 221,231,249, 252 Chernorechiye 543-4 front 191,199 Dynamo Stadium 285-6,288-9, 290 Government House blown up 152
Index history 525-6,527,529,531, 532, 539, 541, 543, 544 public executions 491,514 retreat from 4,191 second war defence of 173 see also Chechnya The Guardian 139, 142, 330 Gudkov, Gennadiy: quoted 291 Guldimann, Tim 31, 56, 83, 370, 419 H Haig, Alexander 30, 71,110,119 Haller, Secretary General Bruno 73, 74 Hitler, Adolf 217, 342, 534 Howard, Glen 30, 71, 76, 83, 85, 163, 403 human rights 16-17,28, 73, 81,176, 282, 477, 482, 505 activists/defenders 5,26, 64, 92, 204,213,331,343, 364, 368 see also Redgrave, Vanessa Amnesty International 70,164, 276 constitutional 530 European conventions 363 Human Rights Watch 70,164, 165,276-7 International Campaign for Peace and Human Rights in Chechnya 166, 219 International Foundation for Civil Liberties 165 international organizations 187, 274, 276, 279,281, 292-3, 369, 476 highlighting war crimes/state terrorism 41, 150, 154, 168, 269-70, 346 Memorial human rights centre 125, 160, 180, 276 Moscow Research Centre for Human Rights 350 Pax Christi 354 respected by British judiciary, AZ finds 226 575 Russo-Chechen Friendship Society 478 subsidiary to condemning terrorism 347 see also Russia: Union of Committees of Soldiers’ Mothers I Ibragimov 187-9 Idigov, Akhiad 30, 85 Idigov, Musa 118,174 Iliasov, Stanislav 178,207-8,222 Ilyumzhinov, President Kirsan (of Kalmyklia) 418, 419-20, 423, 424, 425, 446-7, 450-1, 452, 458 meetings with AZ in London 424-5,427-31,438, 455-8 quoted 428, 456 Imam Shamil 507,510,511,520, 521-2, 527 Ingushetia 9, 59, 300, 311, 312-13, 337, 402, 498, 547-52 constitution 530 deportations 545, 549-50 Ekazhevo 474
history 411-12,502-3 Ingushetia-Ossetia conflict 545, 546, 547-8, 550-1 Ingush language 502 Internal Affairs Ministry 299 law enforcement agencies 3012, 303^1 Nazran 7,63,299,301,531, 547 Prigorodny district 545, 547-8, 549, 551 raid on 299,301-5, 308 refugee route 5, 7, 300-1, 550 separation from Chechnya 216 Sunzha 506, 530-1
576 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 see also ChechenoIngushetia; Chechnya: Checheno-Ingush ASSR Inopressa website 298 Interfax Russian news agency 90,241, 328 International Campaign for Peace and Human Rights in Chechnya 166, 219 International Criminal Court 52 International Criminal Tribunal 79, 80, 81, 82, 436 International Herald Tribune 400 Internet 124, 168, 251, 299, 460, 474 Interpol 105-6, 129, 138, 141-2, 143, 222, 225, 265, 266, 357 quoted 357 IRA (Irish Republican Army) 213-14, 215,217 Iran 31,504,527 Iraq 148, 149, 219, 264, 266-7 war 37, 149, 239, 279, 403-4 Isbakhiev, Abdurakhman 425-6 Islam/Islamic entities/Muslims 108, 161-2, 192, 282, 302, 306, 338, 392, 509-10 Adats 521 Arab League 279, 318 ‘enemies of Islam’ 443 fatwa 279 ‘Global Islamic Revolution’ 282, 498 ‘international Islamic terrorism’ 309,327 ‘Islambuli Brigade’ 317, 331 jihad 41, 279-80, 302, 486, 511 Martyrs 333—4, 340, 393 Mujahideen 91,305,334-5, 336-7, 496 Muhammad/Alim 306, 385-6 Muslim countries/ ‘Islamic world’ 41,150,278-9,280-1 Qur’an 177, 189, 280-1, 306, 407, 449 Ramadan 58 Sharia 183,278,279,384,486, 512, 521, 525 Sufi 444, 501 Sunni 501 ‘Traditional Pure Islam’ 444, 478, 492 Wahhabis/Wahhabism 5, 55, 64, 184-5, 292, 303^1, 306, 310-11, 443-4, 492-3 Ismailov, Aslanbek: death of 4 Israilov, Khasan 411-12, 425-6, 492, 533-4, 534-6 quoted 535 Istamulov, Khasan 527, 529 Istamulov, Shchita 524, 527, 528, 529 murder of 529 ITAR-TASS news agency 41, 42, 856,313,314,377 Ivanov, Igor 223 quoted 143,227,254 Ivanov, Sergey 41-2, 63, 256-7 quoted 42, 48, 240 J Jacobson, Stan 105, 107,
123, 124, 133, 134 Jenssen, Lisbeth 105-11, 118, 121-2, 123-4, 133, 134-5 Jews 126,480-1,506 Judd, Lord (Frank) 15-16, 21, 70, 89, 91, 110, 163 К Kabardino-Balkaria/ Kabardinians/ Balkars 4,311,402,505,506, 519-20, 521,522, 523,538 Nalchik 400-2, 403, 404, 499 Kadyrovites 306,310,374,413,493 Kadyrov, President Akhmat (of Chechnya) 84, 88, 227, 259, 306,388,416-17, 445 accounted ‘traitor’ by AZ 65 assassination of 285-6, 288-9, 290-2, 293-4, 413, 445, 446, 450, 451,452 differences with Moscow 1823, 287-8, 308-9, 448 quoted 288, 309
Index sets up armed militia 5-6, 64 usefulness to Moscow 29, 50, 144-5, 152, 157, 163, 260, 274, 305, 443-5 Kadyrov, Ramzan 288, 292, 353, 375, 413,445,451,45 8-61,493 differences with Moscow 429 implicated in his father’s assassination 285-7, 290,291 quoted 374 Kalinin, Yury 178, 203, 206-7, 222 quoted 205, 206 Karachai-Circassia/Karachais 521, 522, 523, 538 Kavkaz Centre news agency 21,24, 85, 89, 91, 278, 467, 478 Kazakhstan 120-1, 249, 412, 433, 439, 538, 542, 543 Karaganda 439, 539 Kazantsev, General Viktor 49-50, 84, 299, 403, 430, 490 and alcohol 58 negotiations with AZ 49, 50, 54, 5 5-66, 67, 73,76, 96, 111, 129 concerning Dubrovka Theatre hostages 93, 96,97 public statements 50-1, 66, 84 quoted 56-7, 59, 60, 63, 65 Khadzhimuradov, Viskhan 405-6 Khalilov, Roman 360-1,361-2 Khambiev, Magomed 259 Khanbiev, Umar 161,162,259, 36970, 371, 372, 397 Khasbulatov, Professor Ruslan 77, 83, 90, 101,160, 163, 164, 168-9, 372, 424 quoted 169-72 Khasman, Solomon 526, 529 Khattab, Amir 24,41-2, 76, 239, 500 Khodov, Abdulla (Vladimir) 337-8 Khrushchev, President Nikita (of the USSR) 540 Kiriyenko, Sergey 111,129 Kobulov, Bogdan 427 quoted 412 Kommersant Russian newspaper 31, 43,211,313-14, 371 577 Kosovo 81,295,386,431-2,435-6, 437, 458 see also Yugoslavia Kovalyov, Nikolai 209,285 Kovalyov, Sergey 125, 160, 174-5, 214 Kozak, Dmitry 411,413,414,418, 419, 420, 424 Kristensen, Judge Lisbeth 120-1,122, 123, 128 Krivorotov, Konstantin 190, 198, 2023,222 quoted 199-202 Kulikov, Anatoly 43, 50 Kurds 86-7 Kusenkova, Irina: quoted 406 Kvashnin, General Anatoly 49-50 Lavrov, Sergey 357-8,
402 Lebed, General Alexander 60, 72, 118, 179, 231 Lenin, Vladimir 521-2, 523—4 quoted 524 Lewis, John QC/ London hearing prosecution lawyers 174,176, 177, 183, 184, 195-6, 200, 205, 213-15,220 quoted 178-9, 199, 204-5, 21314,215 Liechtenstein 83, 84, 85, 247 Litvinenko, Alexander ‘Sasha’ 37, 38, 40, 176, 275, 372, 438, 452, 482, 483 as intelligence source 166,209, 210, 232-3, 247-8, 342, 439-40 The Lubyanka Criminal Group 232 meets AZ 70-1 quoted 176-7,247,483 takes care of AZ’s security 41314, 415, 427-8, 446, 455-6,457 London 243, 248, 295, 312, 350, 353, 362, 413, 424-5, 438 Al Hamra restaurant 415-16
578 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 AZ’s 1st court appearance 143, 147 AZ’s 2nd court appearance 14952, 154-5 AZ’s 3rd court appearance 157, 160 AZ’s 4th court appearance 16876 AZ’s 5th court appearance 177198 AZ’s 6th court appearance 198208 AZ’s 7th court appearance 21218, 226, 227, 476-7 verdict 219-28 AZ’s arrest and release 141-2, 226 AZ’s court appearances defence lawyers 154,160, 168-9, 173-4, 175, 181-3, 186֊ 7, 189,211-12, 220 quoted 174 see also Fitzgerald, Edward; Peirce, Gareth AZ’s family settled 135,138-9, 142 AZ’s proposed extradition 150, 169, 176, 197, 220, 221, 224, 414, 452 backfired 408 found to be politically motivated 225 Kremlin sees verdict as assisting terrorism 227 Russian requests via Interpol 142 Russia’s formal request to the UK 143 see also Home Secretary below AZ’s visits 70, 79, 86, 89, 104, 141 Bow Street Magistrate’s Court 147, 168, 198, 212, 228 Crown Prosecution Service 174, 196, 221-2 documentary film festival 164-5 Dorchester Hotel 427-8,430 Foreign Office 70, 163,408 government 142, 147-8,166, 212-13, 226, 324, 402, 414, 452 grants AZ political asylum 224-6, 227,265,357, 402, 408, 456, 483 Hilton Hotel 415,421 Home Secretary/ Home Office 147-8, 149, 225 July 7th explosions 408 Lansbury Hotel 455 parliament/ parliamentarians 149,163,220, 362, 408, 470, 476 pro-Kremlin demonstrations 364-5 Russian embassy 211, 324,427, 456-7 School of Economics 163—4 Scotland Yard 211-12 quoted 211 state visit of Vladimir Putin 164, 165-7 Trafalgar Square 364 Westbury Hotel 446 see also United Kingdom Lyne, Sir Roderick 226-7 Μ Maass, Ekkehard
265, 271, 472 Magomadov, Khasukha 492, 541 Magomadov, Lecha 494, 495 Maigov, Salambek 161, 163 Makhaev, Dokka 114,174 Mansur Ushuma, Sheikh 372, 376-7, 380,381,508-9 quoted 376-7 Maskhadov, President Aslan (of Chechnya) 62, 163, 199, 240-1, 243-6, 248, 444, 447, 477, 543 advised by AZ 48, 353 (often in vain) 10, 31-2, 68, 72-3, 76-7, 162, 309-13, 370-2 alleged dealings with Osama bin Laden 40-1, 75-6
Index assassination of 372-5, 376, 378, 380-1, 385, 401, 404, 409 Russia’s conflicting accounts/evidential destruction 404-7 bracketed with Shamil Basaev against and by Kremlin 317, 330 communications compromised 68 communications to AZ 15,30, 244, 259, 308, 323^1 by audio cassette 7,11,13, 43—4, 72, 161, 274-5, 304-7 by mobile phone 55 by proxy 370-1 Conditional Independence proposal 250, 273—4,293 and the constitution 278, 279, 384-5 as CRI chief of the general staff 60, 72 deposed and in hiding 317, 320, 322, 323, 324, 326, 360, 369-70 infuriates Moscow 31-2 international recognition/ support 25, 30, 51-2, 134, 161 legacy 395 letter to Putin 58 moves against and by Shamil Basaev and Movladi Udugov 7, 13, 20-1, 23^4, 88-9, 153, 307, 384, 392 moves against Ruslan Gelaev 7, 10 as ‘overlord’ 284 overplays his hand 31 and Pankisi Gorge issue 19 see also under Georgia quoted 21,60-1, 305-6,307, 308,312-13,323-4, 371 ghosted by the author 48-9, 50 relations with Ingushetia 59 relations with the Kremlin 54-5, 153, 327, 330, 355, 375-6, 3789 579 phantom peace talks 72, 84, 93, 95, 138, 172, 178, 495 political dialogue 11,17,48, 54,61,75,93, 270, 298 represented by AZ 49, 57-67, 74—5, 80, 82, 83^4, 101, 225, 356, 369 represented by others 161-2 RPGO’s charges 150-1 scapegoated 301-2 statements/ orders 43, 51, 308, 312-13, 367-8, 369, 371 issued on his behalf by AZ 52, 57-60, 64-5, 66, 91, 97, 101, 153,353 and quoted 48-9, 62 wounded 68 and Yeltsin’s peace treaty 109, 151,216,413, 495 Melnikova, Valentina 350-1, 352, 353—4, 360,362 Mezhidov, Abdul-Malik 9 Middle East 138, 145, 235,
264, 3878,416, 464, 500, 501,502 Miloševič, Slobodan 81, 82,436 Moldova 435, 436-7 Møller, Per Stig: quoted 121 Moscow 27, 38, 42, 56-7, 127, 246, 288, 439, 449, 499 1944 parade of Wehrmacht prisoners 72 American embassy 39, 320 AZ’s visits 111,142 Belgian embassy 354,361 British embassy/ambassador 226, 320 Criminal Investihgation Department 243, 247 Dubrovka Theatre see Nord-Ost European embassies generally 28 Lefortovo Prison 118, 205, 447, 448 McDonald’s explosion 319 metro explosions 249-50,251, 252, 256, 257, 319-20, 333, 336, 344
580 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Moskovský Komsomolets newspaper 406 Mulaev, Dikmagomed 460-2 munitions 9, 27, 43, 44, 238, 548, 561-2 N NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 233,283-4, 403 Russo-NATO relations 283-4 Nazis/fascists 70, 72, 126, 217, 294, 308, 441 Nekrasov, Andrey: Children’s Stories 69, 80 Netherlands The Hague 79, 436 Newsru.com 247-8,251 The New York Times 252 Nielsen, Holgar K. 87,101 Nilsson, Björk 107-10,118-23, 124, 126, 127, 128, 133, 134, 135, 139 Aor /-Oíí/Dubrovka Theatre hostage crisis 89-98, 165,223, 260,450 Anna Politkovskaya negotiates with hostage-takers 125 AZ charged with organizing hostage-taking 106, 108-9, 110, 132 Kremlin withdraws 128-9 hostage-taking 89-90, 91, 95 Kremlin spins the story 91, 93, 98, 120, 250 negotiations 90 other nations turn against Chechnya 93, 239, 392 Russian troops gas the theatre 94-95,96,315 Shamil Basaev claims responsibility 98, 153, 289, 341 Vladimir Putin implicated 90-2, 95-8, 297-8, 344, 347, 376, 475 women hostage-takers 91,94 Norway 219, 292-5, 470 Chechen refugees 356 NRK1 television channel 294, 356-7 Oslo 292 parliament/parliamentarians 292 ,356 Novaya Gazeta Russian newspaper 71, 177-8,184, 2256, 321,351,359, 363-4 NTV broadcasting company 27-8, 69, 194, 230, 231-2, 285 О The Observer 252 Ordzhonikidze, Sergo 522-3 ORT (Russian Social Television) 35 Orthodox priests 106,111-16,130, 131, 190-1 ‘Chistousov, Father Anatoly’ 112,113,114,115, 117, 177, 178, 179, 189 ‘Zhigulin, Father Sergius’ (aka ‘Father Filipp’) 113,114,115, 125-6, 130-1, 174-5, 176, 189, 223 as‘Father Filipp’ 118,177,
178-82 quoted 178-9,180-1 OSCE see under Europe Ossetia/Ossetinians 505,519-20, 521,542, 550 Ingushetia-Ossetia conflict 545, 546, 547-8, 550-1 North 4, 304, 402, 519, 522, 523,542, 545-6, 548,551-2 government/administrative buildings 337, 338, 340, 341 intelligence agencies 337 militia 548, 552 Supreme Soviet of the ASSR (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) 546,550-1,551-2 Vladikavkaz 327-8, 337, 338, 341,520, 525,527, 547, 548-9, 551
Index see also Beslan school outrage South 3, 8,234-5, 431-2, 4345, 436-7, 458, 490, 548, 552 Pakistan 37 Patarkatsishvili, Badri 12 Patrushev, Nikolai 230,425,429,438, 447-8, 452, 459, 474 quoted 375, 474 Peirce, Gareth 147-8 planes downed 313-16,320,333, 336-7, 344, 345 ‘Pletnyov, Sergey’ 414-21, 424 quoted 416 Poland/ Poles 219, 387, 388, 464, 507, 562 Foreign Ministry: quoted 378 political asylum 70, 136,162, 224, 391 see also under London Politkovskaya, Anna 176-7,181, 226, 275, 369, 413, 419, 459 cited 41 detained and threatened with execution 26-7 'enemy of Russia’ 27 interviews AZ 71-2 investigates Dubrovka Theatre outrage 92, 98, 125, 347 investigates Maskhadov’s death 405-6 poisoned 321, 336, 343, 351 quoted 184—6, 359-60 tries to cover the Beslan outrage 320, 321 Ponkin, Major Andrey 209-12,452 Powell, Colin 36 Pravda 531 Putin, President Vladimir 81-2,93, 145,231,257,334,379, 428, 457, 483 1999 presidential campaign 240, 438 581 2003 presidential campaign 229, 233, 240-1, 242, 250, 252, 257, 259, 260, 444 abolishes territory elections 332-3,341,428 accuses Chechens of terrorism 4, 20, 41, 47, 120, 250, 254, 327, 329-30, 334 acting president 445 divide and rule tactic 259,3067,311,473—4, 498 domestic clamp-down 309 as FSB director 378 implicated in 9/11 35-6, 37, 3840,41 implicated in Beslan outrage 325-7, 333-4, 340 implicated in Dubrovka Theatre hostage crisis 94-6, 97, 98 implicated in Moscow metro explosion 257 implicated in plane crashes 31516 ‘Kremlin Vampire’ 333 offer to AZ 429-30 plot to assassinate (alleged) 20912 as prime minister 378 public
statements/addresses to the nation 20, 41, 47-9, 58, 61, 268, 286, 303, 354, 458 on Beslan outage: quoted 328, 329 on constitutional change imposed on Chechnya: quoted 158 on London state visit: quoted 167 on Moscow metro bomb: quoted 250 on Nord-Ost hostage crisis: quoted 98 on referendum imposed on Chechnya: quoted 159 on the September 11 attacks: quoted 35 quoted 330, 357, 375, 408, 430
582 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 relations with George W. Bush 35-6, 53-4, 56, 87, 252 relations with Tony Blair 148, 164,165-6 speculation about his intentions 11-13 threats against Chechnya 4-5, 7-9, 44 threats against Georgia 18 threats against the Netherlands 82 ‘vertical of power’ 12,332, 402 Q Qatar/Qataris 96,109, 248-9,250, 252, 254, 256-7, 279 assassins’ trial 255-7,483 Doha 252-3 Russian Embassy/ ambassador 96, 253,256-7 government 254-5 intelligence agencies 253 Quisling, Vidkun 293, 294 R Radio Liberty/ Free Europe 160, 307, 345, 360, 499 Radio Marsho 184,323,360 Radio Svoboda 174 Raduev, Salman 240, 343,444,448 Rasmussen, Prime Minister Anders Fogh 105, 110 quoted 110 Rea, Lord (Nicolas) 470,476,479-80, 481 realpolitik 167 Redgrave, Dame Vanessa 142, 166, 219-20, 358, 362, 364, 408 arranges for AZ’s family to relocate to London 138-9 arranges for AZ to meet Carla del Ponte 79-80, 82 bails AZ out in London 147 invites AZ to London 69-70 supports AZ in Copenhagen 124-5,126,139 see also Nekrasov, Andrey Reuters news agency 276,308 RIA-Novosti news agency 42, 278, 285,314 Rice, Condoleezza 52 Rogozin, Dmitriy 31, 75, 76, 85 quoted 75, 82 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques: quoted 169 Russell-Johnston, Lord (David) 23, 73,168 Russia/ Russian Federation/ Russians 109,431-2, 505 1917 Revolution 517, 522 1992 Treaty of Federation 332, 434,488 ambassador to Qatar 96 apartment block explosions 70, 72-3, 229, 232-3, 260, 316, 344, 438 Buinaksk 40, 230, 376 Kashira Highway, Moscow 20, 40, 230, 232, 336, 376 Ryazan Incident 230-1, 260, 316 Volgodonsk 20, 40, 230, 232, 336,
376 Bolshevism/Bolsheviks 166-7, 518-26, 535-7 Budyonnovsk hospital hostage taking 61,95, 111,378,379, 380 see under Basaev, Shamil Cheka/Chekists (secret police) 326, 425, 443, 482 NKVD 426 under Stalin 4, 524, 529, 531,533, 539-40, 541 civil war 522, 523 collectives/ collectivization 412, 524, 528-9 ‘congress of the Chechen people’ 143-6 constitution 199,215,216,3323,335-6
Index Defence Ministry 129,240,257, 561 quoted 130 disenfranchised from PACE 1621 districts 11-12 Emergency Situations Ministry 286 Federal Assembly of Russia Committee on Foreign Affairs 75 Federation Council 11-12, 482 State Duma 40, 232, 233, 268, 341, 346-7 chairmen 155,160 committee chairmen 75, 82 committee member 291 deputies 12, 30, 43, 74, 125, 232, 332, 355, 421 as witnesses at AZ’s London Trial 160,174, 175 deputy speaker 250-1, 330 speaker 125,214 Foreign Ministry 28, 70,98-9, 102, 257 foreign policy 36, 207 quoted 226-7, 266,402 FSB (Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation black operations 229, 244, 393, 444 psychological profiling 3423 quoted 314,405 GPU (State Political Directorate) 523, 525, 526-7, 529-30 GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate, military) 40,11617, 163, 185, 253, 257, 450, 479 Internal Affairs/ Interior Ministry 129,230,299,316 as NKVD 411-12,417,425, 441, 530-1, 533, 538, 540 quoted 241 583 Joint Command of Russian Forces 43, 60, 285, 286 Justice Ministry 206, 356 Kalmykia 419-20,428 KGB (Committee for State Security) 232, 247, 289, 342, 364, 440, 443,446, 541, 544-5 being fanciful 210 Putin as its ‘spawn’ 166 Krasnoyarsk 118,179 law enforcement agencies 106, 109,111,299, 390 Lubyanka Building 210, 211, 212,316,447 Marching Together organization 363-4 military Alpha Group 89 ‘filtration camp’ 26,27 General Staff Headquarters 43 Red Army 520, 527, 528, 537, 539-40 satellites 256,257 ‘security sweeps’ 15,44-5, 62, 158, 165, 301,302,314 NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs) see Internal Affairs/Interior Ministry above
organized crime 439-40, 441-3 Perestroika 439,443, 545, 557 propaganda/ disinformation 43, 13 8, 162, 460, 497-8 by Akhmat Kadyrov’s team 287,310 in films 203-4,287 by the Kremlin 21, 61, 101, 240, 327, 341, 346, 401-2 quoted 101-2 by the RPGO 207 by the state 94, 176, 232, 267, 287, 478, 489 to connect Chechnya with terrorism 40, 55, 269 against Denmark 126, 131
584 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 to turn Dagestan against Chechnya 239 to undermine Aslan Maskhadov 89,241 to undermine Chechnya’s independence by categorizing it as ‘armed rebellion’ 553, 559, 562 on television 182-3, 232 by the Udugov brothers’ team 466 by the USSR 541 by Vladimir Putin’s team 143, 259, 347, 349, 355 proposed Congress of the Chechen People 143-5,145-6 in war 55, 182-3, 353 Rostov 313,529 RPGO (Prosecutor General’s Office) charges against AZ quoted 106, 131 further charges against AZ 142, 143, 146, 458, 461 quoted 150-1 RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) 215-16, 525, 545-6, 553, 557, 558, 559, 562-3 On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples’ law: quoted 546 Supreme Soviet 215-16, 547, 548 RTR (state-owned Russian television) 43, 48, 53,182-3, 186-7, 231,241,375, 474 Union of Committees of Soldiers’ Mothers 350-1, 353, 355-6, 357-62, 367, 369 public statement quoted 3512 as USSR 149, 163—4, 215-16, 435, 442, 520-1, 523, 524, 529-58 Central Committee 525, 528, 531,540 collapse of 197, 216, 255, 4289, 432, 438, 553 constitution 164, 215, 530, 5546 CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) 4—5, 219, 242, 440, 522-5,531,540, 541,543 Komsomol youth wing 544 divide and rule 542 New Economic Policy 523 potential restoration 438 secret police see Russia: Cheka above Supreme Soviet 556 quoted 556-7 see also Moscow Russo-Chechen 1997 peace treaty 32, 109, 151, 159, 170-1,216, 221, 413,495 Khasavyurt Accord 31-2, 63, 71-2, 170-1, 221, 342, 467 Rybakov, Yuliy 125, 126, 160, 174, 175-6, 224 quoted 173 Rybkina, Albina 243, 246-7 quoted
245, 247 Rybkin, Ivan 83, 125, 126, 160, 164, 172-4, 214, 224, 369 2003 presidential campaign sabotaged 242-8 quoted 245, 246 S Sadjaya, Nugzar 3, 7, 8-9,12,33M Sadulaev, President Abdul-Khalim (of Chechnya) 374,381,382-5, 407, 464, 466 advised by AZ 386-91,392^1, 397,413, 471,487 communications with AZ 3856, 392, 394-5, 414, 468-9 death of 463, 464—5, 467, 471 public statements 385, 395-6, 401 issued on his behalf by AZ 374,400,401-2 quoted 385, 420
Index represented by AZ 386, 397, 417, 419, 420, 463-4, 468-9 sets up Presidential Administration 397 see also under Chechnya Sarkozy, Nicolas 363 Saudi Arabia 42,112, 253-4 Schieder, President Peter 73, 74 Second World War 217,231,281, 294, 308, 342, 387, 536 secret police see Russia: Cheka, Security Council 111, 125,160,1723, 209, 214, 242 see also Council of Europe; Federal Assembly of Russia Seleznyov, Gennadiy 155, 232 quoted 232 September 11 attacks 41,42,52-3, 63, 75, 76, 148, 263, 345 Konstantin Borovoy claims warning of them two years previously 38 see also United States: World Trade Center Serbia/ Serbs 254, 436, 437 Sergeyev, Igor 8 Shabalkin, Major General Ilya: quoted 368, 374-5, 378 Shakhbiev, Zaindi 423-5,427,446, 447, 453 Shamil, Said-Bek 520, 521, 523-4 Shchekochikhin, Yury 30, 83 Sheremetievo-2 International Airport 55, 66, 222-3 Sheripov, Mairbek 411-12,492,533, 534, 536 Shevardnadze, President Eduard (of Georgia) 7-9, 56 Shkiryatov, Matvey 532 Shlisselburg fortress 377, 509 Sochi 287,313 ’Soloviov, Ivan’/Sokolov, ‘Vitek’ 176, 177, 182-8, 215 quoted 183-4 Southern Federal District 50, 58,241, 299,314, 405,411,416 585 special (security) forces 89,103-4, 105, 250-1, 254-5, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 368, 446, 448, 482 Stalin, Joseph 4,274, 343,441, 534, 536, 537, 538 anti-Stalinism 425 as People’s Commissar for Nationalities’ Affairs 520-2, 524, 528 Stalinism/ Stalinists 5, 524 Starr, Frederick 31,56 state-organized rally 331-2 Stepashin, Sergey 111, 129, 370, 418, 419 St Petersburg 409, 411, 509, 510 Subjugate or Exterminate 68, 259, 276 Süddeutsche
Zeitung՛, quoted 298 suicide belts 91, 94-5 bombers 152, 153-4, 165, 185, 269,317, 344 attack on Government House, Grozny 152, 153 women/ ‘black widows’ 275, 302,314, 320 suppression of free speech 27 Supreme Soviet 160 SVR (Foreign Intelligence Service) 175,254 Switzerland/Swiss 30,31,84 ambassador to Iran 31 T Die Tageszeitung 331 ‘Talgat’ 113,115,116 TASS see ITAR-TASS Tatarstan 111-12,113,115,429 Temirov, Isa 378, 379, 380 Tibuk, Besim 56-7 The Times 227, 364 Tolstoy, Leo: The Cossacks Transnistria 434-5, 436-7, 458, 490 Turkey/ Turks 85-6, 114, 234, 235, 344, 464,506,518, 527
586 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Atatürk airport 86 government ministers/Ankara 57, 66-7, 86, 138,239 Istanbul 51, 56, 57, 58, 66, 85, 86, 245, 417, 464 Hilton hotel 13 Liberal Democratic Party 56, 86-7 U Udugov brothers see Udugov, Movladi; Umarov, Isa Udugov, Movladi 397,478,486,498 ally of Akhmat Kadyrov 29,64 gives Moscow pretext for branding him a terrorist 91 interventions with PACE 21 living in Turkey 89,145 pens Shamil Basaev’s threat of terrorism 88-9 quoted 21,466 relations with Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev 392, 393, 394, 463, 487 and W ahhibism 311 see also Kavkaz Centre; under Maskhadov, Aslan Ukraine 233, 245-6, 316, 436-7, 438, 458, 464, 492, 536, 537 Kiev 245, 246-7 Umarova, Amina: quoted 39,40 Umarov, Isa (Movladi Udugov’s stepbrother) 13-14, 52-3, 64, 306, 478, 486, 498 living abroad/free access to North Caucasus 145,464 proposes ‘Congress of the Peoples of Chechnya and Dagestan’ 13 quoted 53. 443,466 relations with Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev 393, 394,463,464, 487 relations with Aslan Maskhadov 384 and Wahhabism 311 Umarov, President Dokka (of Chechnya) 4, 468,469, 474-5, 485-6, 499 advised by AZ 466-8,486-99 brought into government 393-4 poisoned 500 quoted 466 and Ruslan Gelaev 6,7, 237, 238 succeeds Abdul-Khalim Sadulaev 465-6 United Kingdom/ Britain/ British 419 AZ invited 69 Boris Berezovsky seeking asylum 162 called a terrorist centre 330,414 Middle East wars 264, 403-4 Russo-UK relations 146,148, 214 see also London United Nations 15, 171, 280,281, 318, 334, 388, 437 Commission on Human Rights 276,277,279 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide 274 General Assembly 150, 274, 276, 278, 280, 326,431 recognizes Chechnya 25 Security Council 109, 149, 150, 276, 321, 326, 345, 431, 435-6 United States/Americans 219,318, 342 administration/Washington 534, 76,148, 239, 252, 264, 347, 388, 400, 403 anticipates AZ’s meeting with Viktor Kazantsev, doubts Kremlin’s anti-Chechnya claims 51-2 quoted 347, 377-8 American Committee for Peace in Chechnya 30, 31, 71, 83
Index brokers Russo-Chechen peace talks 30-1, 83-4 Chechen expats/visitors 162, 163,165 Civil Liberties Fund 13 drawn into Middle East wars 37 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) 39-40 influence with Georgia 8, 30, 233-1, 307, 435, 490 intelligence 37, 42, 75, 252 International Foundation for Civil Liberties 165 and Kosovo 431,435,437 Middle East wars 279,403-4 New York 13,34,36 Pentagon 34,163 recognizes Chechnya 25 Russo-US relations 238-9, 252, 316, 345,347, 378 Sears Tower, Chicago 34—5 Senate 36 State Department 25,163,316, 388, 458, 477 quoted 316 support for AZ in his Copenhagen case 110,119,125 turns against Chechnya 263-4, 377-8,388, 399-400,403-1 Washington 34, 36 White House 52, 330, 388 World Trade Center 33^15 see also Borovoy, Konstantin; September 11 attacks Usmanov, Lerna 30, 83-4 Ustinov, Vladimir 430, 459 quoted 430 Uzun-khadzhi, Sheikh 519-20 V Vainakhs see under The Caucasus: North W war crimes 17,41, 150, 154-5, 164-5, 168,171-2, 275-8, 389, 480 587 abduction/ disappearances 277, 300, 302,314,401,549 ascribed to Anatoly Kulikov 43 ascribed to Vladimir Putin 344 carpet bombing 115-16, 221 ethnic cleansing 15, 73,213, 538, 549 exposed in documentaries 13 extrajudicial executions 6,18, 73,213,272, 277, 300, 401, 530-1 in former Yugoslovakia 80-2, 356-7 Fourth Geneva Convention 28 genocide 80,169, 213, 265, 268-9, 277-8, 293, 295, 482 ascribed specifically to Vladimir Putin 41, 72-3, 272, 274, 336 prepared under Mikhail Gorbachev 440-1 Stalinist 274, 441 hostage-taking/ ransoming 27, 45,209, 254, 401,549 see also Moscow: Nord-Ost mass murder/ massacres
7,15, 16, 18, 45, 153, 171,212, 272, 281 across North Caucasus 401 ascribed specifically to Vladimir Putin 5 see also Beslan outrage; Moscow: Nord-Ost pogroms 272 rape/sexual violence 16,18, 276-7, 302 torture 16-17, 18, 45, 213, 224, 272, 277, 401 see also Budanov, Colonel Yury ‘war on terror’ 162,238 Vladimir Putin seeks to target Chechnya 52, 167, 213, 225, 260. 263-4, 284, 309, 376 The Washington Post 252 the West’s indifference towards Chechnya 29, 54, 146, 148-9,
588 Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 158, 159-60, 168, 172, 264-5, 278 White House 111,129 White Russians 518 Wörgensson, Michael 120-1, 122-3, 127-8 Workman, Judge Timothy 157,160, 168, 176, 181, 188-9, 205, 224 gives his verdict 220 presides at AZ’s London hearings amd allows bail 147 quoted 174,206,217,220-1, 222-4 shows displeasure at prosecution lawyers/witnesses 195-7, 198, 201, 206 ‘we need to know everything’ 174 World Congress of the Chechen People 30, 84-9, 90, 93, 94, 989, 101-3, 121, 126, 223 upstaged by Nord-Ost crisis 94 World Council of Churches 178 T Yakovlev, Vladimir 299 quoted 314 Yamadaevites 493 Yamadaev, Sulim 5, 65, 416-17, 4445 his brothers (Badrudi, Dzhabral ‘Djaba’, Isa and Ruslan) 5, 65, 416-17, 444 Yandarbiev, acting President Zelimkhan (of Chechnya) 24, 96, 109, 249, 251-2 assassination of 248-9,250-1, 252-7, 259, 339, 483 Yandarov, Abdul Hamid 412,417, 425-6 Yastrzhembsky, Sergey 26, 27, 42, 53, 82, 90, 129, 379 quoted 357, 378-9 Yeltsin, President Boris (of Russia) 8, 249, 428, 550 Bayerisch® Staatsbibliothek München and Djohar Dudaev 113, 376, 429 nominates Vladimir Putin his successor 166, 229, 260, 279, 445 nuclear blackmail 345 post-Yeltsin 63 quoted 8, 345 recognizes Checheno-Ingush Republic 199,215-16 signs peace treaty with Aslan Maskhadov 109, 151, 413, 495 Yermolov, General Aleksey: quoted 509 Yermolov, Oleg: quoted 314 Yevmirzaev, Arbi 491,497 Yezhov, Nikolai 524 Yugoslavia (former) 80-1, 295 see also Bosnia; Kosovo Yukos affair (oil company tax scandal) 354-5, 409 Z Zavgaev, Akhmar 178,215,222 Zavgaev, Doku 559 Zavgaevites
6, 65 Zhigulin, Sergey see under Orthodox priests Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 232-3,242, 330, 443 quoted 232 Zyazikov, President Murat 300 |
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| author | Zakaev, Achmed Chalidovič 1959- |
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| author_facet | Zakaev, Achmed Chalidovič 1959- Tait, Arch |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1347222264 (DE-599)BVBBV048250620 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| era | Geschichte 2000-2006 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 2000-2006 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4133254-4 Erlebnisbericht gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Erlebnisbericht |
| geographic | Tschetschenien (DE-588)4408215-0 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Tschetschenien Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV048250620 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:57:00Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T03:23:00Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781680532715 9781680532722 |
| language | English Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033630938 |
| oclc_num | 1347222264 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | xxiii, 588 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220725 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Academica Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Zakaev, Achmed Chalidovič 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)1181974623 aut Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Akhmed Zakaev ; translated by Arch Tait with a foreword by Luke Harding Washington ; London Academica Press 2022 xxiii, 588 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Aus dem Russischen übersetzt Geschichte 2000-2006 gnd rswk-swf Menschenrechtsverletzung (DE-588)4276272-8 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Tschetschenienkrieg (DE-588)4632776-9 gnd rswk-swf Tschetschenien (DE-588)4408215-0 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Terrorism / Prevention Chechni͡a (Russia) / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) / Chechni͡a Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Western countries Western countries / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) Chechni͡a (Russia) / History / Autonomy and independence movements Terrorisme / Prévention Autonomy and independence movements Diplomatic relations Russia (Federation) Russia (Federation) / Chechni͡a Western countries History (DE-588)4133254-4 Erlebnisbericht gnd-content Tschetschenien (DE-588)4408215-0 g Zweiter Tschetschenienkrieg (DE-588)4632776-9 s Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Menschenrechtsverletzung (DE-588)4276272-8 s Geschichte 2000-2006 z DE-604 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Tait, Arch (DE-588)1231242876 trl Harding, Luke 1968- (DE-588)1019156252 wpr Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk 978-1-68053-273-9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033630938&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033630938&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Zakaev, Achmed Chalidovič 1959- Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Menschenrechtsverletzung (DE-588)4276272-8 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Zweiter Tschetschenienkrieg (DE-588)4632776-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4276272-8 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4632776-9 (DE-588)4408215-0 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4133254-4 |
| title | Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 |
| title_auth | Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 |
| title_exact_search | Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 |
| title_full | Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Akhmed Zakaev ; translated by Arch Tait with a foreword by Luke Harding |
| title_fullStr | Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Akhmed Zakaev ; translated by Arch Tait with a foreword by Luke Harding |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 Akhmed Zakaev ; translated by Arch Tait with a foreword by Luke Harding |
| title_short | Russia, Chechnya, and the West, 2000-2006 |
| title_sort | russia chechnya and the west 2000 2006 |
| topic | Menschenrechtsverletzung (DE-588)4276272-8 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Zweiter Tschetschenienkrieg (DE-588)4632776-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Menschenrechtsverletzung Internationale Politik Zweiter Tschetschenienkrieg Tschetschenien Russland Erlebnisbericht |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033630938&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033630938&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zakaevachmedchalidovic russiachechnyaandthewest20002006 AT taitarch russiachechnyaandthewest20002006 AT hardingluke russiachechnyaandthewest20002006 |