Pagans in the early modern Baltic: sixteenth-century ethnographic accounts of Baltic paganism
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Leeds
Arc Humanities Press
2022
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| Beschreibung: | 192 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781641894371 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements..................................................................................... ix Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 The Historical Context: The Late Medieval and Early Modern Baltic Region............ 2 Baltic Paganism............................................................................................................ 7 The Christianization of the Baltic.............................................................................. 10 Gods or Spirits?.......................................................................................................... 14 The Reformation and Vernacular Culture................................................................. 17 Early Modern Ethnography....................................................................................... 19 Interpretative Traditions: interpretatie Christiana and interpretatie Romana....... 24 The Texts...................................... 27 Conclusion: Baltic Pagans in Global Context.............................................................. 32 Editor’s Note.................................................................................................................... 35 Translator’s Note............................................................................................................. 37 TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS 1. Cosmographia Pii Papae in Asiae et Europae eleganti descriptione..................... 38 1. The Cosmography of Pope Pius II in
an Elegant Description of Europe and Asia 39 2. Históriáé Polonicae.................................................................................................. 44 2. Polish Histories......................................................................................................... 45 3. Vita et mores Sbignei cardinalis............................................................................... 62 3. The Life and Manners of Cardinal Zbigniew............................................................ 63 4. Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis Asiana et Europeana et de contentis in eis......... 66 4. Treatise on the Two Asian and European Sarmatias and on Those Things Contained in Them ......................................................... 67
vi CONTENTS 5. De Borussiae antiquitatibus libri duo..................................................................... 74 5. Two Books on the Antiquities of the Prussians (1518) ......................................... 75 6. Catechismusa prasty szadei..................................................................................... 80 6. Simple Words of Catechism (1547) [Pastoral Preface]...........................................81 7. De moribus Tartaro rum, Lituanorum et Moschorum............................................. 86 7. On the Customs of the Tatars, Lithuanians, and Muscovites..................................87 8. Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio............................................................................. 100 8. A Description of Sarmatian Europe ...................................................................... 101 9. Libellus de sacrificiis et idolatria veterum Borussorum, Livonum, aliarumque vicinarum gentium...................................................... 114 9. Little Book on the Sacrifices and Idolatry of the Old Prussians, Livonians, and Other Neighbouring Peoples.................................................. 115 10. De diis Samagitarum caeterorumque Sarmatarum, etfalsorum Christianorum............................................................................... 130 10. On the Gods of the Samogitians, of the Other Sarmatians, and of the False Christians............................................................................... 131
Bibliography.................................................................................................................. 165 Lithuanian Summary / Santrauka................................................................................ 171 Index..............................................................................................................................173
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INDEX The index refers to the Introduction and English translations. Place names are given in the modern country where they are located, in the language of that country. Adalbert, St, 73 Adige, river, 103 Aesculapius (deity), lln41,23,49,53,65,93 Afra, St, 153 Agatha, St, 151 Aitvarai (spirits), 31, 83 Aitvaras (deity), 149 Alabatis (deity), 145 Alans (tribe), 103 Albert, St, 153 Albert I, duke of Prussia, 6,117 Albertina see under Kaliningrad Alexander, St, 61 Alexandria, Egypt, 51 Algirdas, grand duke of Lithuania, 4, 49 Algis (deity), 141 All Saints, feast of, 147 Amaxobi (tribe), 101 Ambrose, St, 153 Andrew, St, 153 Anna Jagiellon, queen of Poland and grand duchess of Lithuania, 6 Anna of Cilii, queen of Poland and grand duchess of Lithuania, 57 Anthony, St, 153 anti-Catholicism, 1, 7, 31 Antrimpas (deity), 121,157 Apidomė (deity), 143 Apollo (deity), 10, 25,153 Apollonia, St, 153 Apolonus, 23 Aquae Sextiae, battle of (102 BCE), 103 Ariogala, Lithuania, 59, 71 Artemis (deity), 10 Asubi, 101 Atlaibas (deity), 145 Attila the Hun, 23,105 Audros (deity), 141 augury, 59, 71, 93,113,143,147 Augustine of Hippo, St, 15, 24-25,129, 149,163 Aukstējas Visgalįsis (deity), 141 Aušautas (deity), 123,157 Auska (deity), 141 Austėja (deity), 143 Azov, sea of, 95nl4 Babilas (deity), 143 Baltic Sea, 1, 3, 95,105, 111, 131,133 baptism, 1, 4-5, 8,11,12,13, 37, 47, 61, 67, 69, 71, 73, 83, 93, 97,109,135,151; see also Lithuania, baptism of Barbara, St, 153 bark, 51, 53, 55, 59, 67, 71, 75,105,135, 141,147 Barstukai (spirits), 15,123,157,159 Basanavičius, Jonas, 9 Basel, Switzerland, 19, 39
baskaks, 95 bears, 89 testicles of, 127,161 beekeeping, 113,143; see also honey beer, 59, 71, 89,109,113,121,123,127, 129,135,141,145,147,155,157, 161,163 beeswax see wax Belarus, 1, 2, 3, 5, 37, 51n7,101 Belarusians see Ruthenians Bembo, Pietro, cardinal, 119,121 Bentis (deity), 143 Bežlėja (deity), 141 Biržulis (deity), 145 bishops, 6, 111 bison horns, 111, 135 Black Sea, 3,95,131 blacksmiths, 143 Blaise, St, 153 Bodini (tribe), 101 Bodzanta, archbishop of Gniezno, 69 Boiorix, king of the Cimbrians, 103 Bosphorus, 22, 63, 65,101 Botero, Giovanni, 33
174 INDEX Brėkšta (deity), 141 Brest, Belarus, 101 Britain, 22, 25, 95,133 Budintoja (deity), 145 Bullinger, Heinrich, 18,151 Buonacorssi, Filippo, 22, 23, 27 Burveliai (Burve), Lithuania, 57nl5, 6ІПІ6,125Ո11 Bychowiec Chronicle, 23 Byela, Russia, 95 Caepo, Servilius, 103 Caesar, Julius, 22, 25, 47, 51, 95,133,143 Calvinism, 6,17,18 Camaldoli, Italy, 39 Canary Islands, 20-21 Carbo, Papirius, 101 Cardea (deity), 25 Cariones, 101 Carthusians, 39 Casimir, St, 6,153n27 Casimir IV Jagiellon, king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, 5-6, 91 Castellano, Niccolò, 39 Catharine, St, 47,153 Catholicism, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,12,13,17-18, 31, 32, 33, 34, 86n4; see also Counter Reformation, Catholic cattle, 47, 49, 59, 71, 127,135,137, 143, 153,161 Catulus, Quintus, 103 caves, 75, 93,125,159 Celts, 63 Ceres (deity), 25 Cesarini, Giuliano, cardinal, 39 Chaldaeans, 97 chickens, 53, 65, 107, 127,147, 161 childbirth, 153 Christianization, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8,10-14,16,17, 19, 20, 28, 29, 32 Christopher, St, 151 Cimbrians, 21, 63,101,103 Cologne, Germany, 153 Constance, Council of, 5, 39n2 Constantinople, 21, 73 conversion, process of see Christianization Cornelii, 63 Cosmas, St, 153 Counter-Reformation, Catholic, 7,17,18 Courland, 109,131 Couronians, 7,103,125,159 cremation, 10, 55, 63, 93,109 Crimea, Ukraine, 89, 95 Crispin, St, 153 Cronones, river, 105 Crusades, Northern, 1, 3,15, 21, 28 Damian, St, 153 dancing, 49, 89,109,121,127,155,161 Danes, 13,101 Dantyszek, Jan, prince-bishop of Warmia, 33 Daumantas (Samogitian rebel), 12 Denis, St, 152 Denmark, 103,125,159 Derintojas (deity), 143
Devoitis (deity), 145 Diana (deity), 53 disenchantment, 16 divination, 8, 55, 59, 71,121,143,155 Długosz, Jan, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28nl42, 29-30,105 Dmitrii Donskoy, prince of Muscovy, 4 Dnieper, river, 95,131 Dorogobuzh, Russia, 95 dress, 65, 87, 89, 99,133 druids, 23, 63 drunkenness, 55, 75, 89, 91, 93,115 Dubysa, river, 57 Dugnai (deity), 145 Duotojas (deity), 141 Dusii (spirits), 15 Dvargantis (deity), 145 dyeing, 151 Egyptians, 65 Elizabeth of Bosnia, queen of Hungary, Croatia and Poland, 69 elks, 77,139 Ełk (Lyck), Poland, 119,155 Epidaurus, Greece, 49, 93 epilepsy, 153 Erasmus, St, 153 Erasmus, Desiderius, 17-18, 32,155 Estonia, 2, 3,12,13,15 ethnography, 1-2,19-24, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34 Eulogius, St, 153 Eustachius, St, 153 Eventius, St, 61
INDEX Ežerinis, Lithuania, 143 Ežiagulis (deity), 149 fairies, 8,14-15 feasts, 49, 55, 59, 73, 77, 79, 87, 99,107, 113, 121, 123,127, 129,147,149, 155, 157, 161,163 Finland, 133 fire, worship of, 23, 25, 29, 39, 41, 45, 47, 53, 57, 59, 61, 69, 71, 73, 93,107,109, 125,159 fish, 59,135,143 Florianus, St, 151 Florus, Lucius Annaeus, 95 folklore, 9,18, 27 Forculus (deity), 25 forests, sacred, 15,16, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 53, 57, 61, 69, 71, ΊΊ, 107, 111, 121, 141,143 France, 145,152; see also Gaul Franciscans, 4, 20, 69 Frazer, James, 9 Funck, Johann, 117n4 funerals, 7,10, 55, 79,121,127,129,149, 161,163 Gabija (deity), 149 Gaiindi (tribe), 101 Gall, St, 153 Gandas (deity), 143 Gardaitis (deity), 121,157 Gardunytis (deity), 143 Gaul, 15, 22, 23, 25, 63, 65, 95,101,133 Gediminas, grand duke of Lithuania, 4, 22, 49, 53nll, 105 geese, 127,141,147,153, 161 Genini (tribe), 101 George, St, feast of, 121,155 Gepidae (tribe), 103 ghosts (shades), 79, 93,109 Glinsky, Michael, 93 Goar, St, 153 goats, 79,115,119,121,123,127,137, 155,157,161 Gomer, 101 Goštautas, Albertas, 23 Goths, 101,103,105 Gotlanders, 101 granaries, 121,123,155,157,159 175 Gregory, St, 153 groves, sacred, 7,16, 25, 41, 43, 45, 49, 57, 63, 65, 71, 77, 93,107,109,121,123, 155,157 Grunau, Simon, 26, 27 Grunwald (Žalgiris), battle of (1410), 5 Guagnini, Alessandro, 22, 27, 30, 35,147 Guanches, 20-21 Guboi (deity), 145 Gyáros, island of, 131 Gyvatės (deity), 65, 111, 151 harvest, 49,107,113,121,133,147,149,155 hazelnuts, 143 hemp, 95,137,147 heresy, 16, 39 Herodotus, 19 Hesiod, 141 historiography, 1, 2, 9, 21, 23, 29, 34
Homobonus, St, 153 honey, 77, 79, 99,109, 111, 125,135,145, 161 horses, 61, 75, 87, 89, 91, 111, 127, 137, 143,153, 161,163 cremation of, 10, 49, 55, 59, 71,109 household gods, 25, 43, 44, 69, 77, 93,107, 111, 141,151,157 humanism, 1, 2,17, 21, 27, 29-30, 32, 33, 34 hunting, 47, 57, 67, 71,105,131,143, 153 Hussites, 39 Hussovianus, Nicolaus, 28nl42, 34 huts, 59, 65, 71, 77, 111, 137,145,149 Ilgės (Vėlinės), 25,147 imams, 97 India, 25, 33 Indo-Europeanism, 9,14, 24, 25 Innocent III, pope, 15 interpretatie Christiana, 24-25 interpretatio Graeca, 10 interpretatio Romana, 10, 24-27, 33 Islam, 1, 3, 4,19, 21, 31, 91 Ita, St, 153 Italy, 23, 47, 53, 63, 67, 73,101,103 Ivan III, prince of Muscovy, 91 Ivan IV (‘the Terrible’), tsar, 91
176 INDEX Jadwiga, queen of Poland, 5,12, 21, 45, 67, 69,109 Jadwiga Jagiellon (daughter of Władysław II), 57 Jagiellonian dynasty, 5-6, 21, 23, 29, 32, 33 James, St, 152 Japheth, 101 Jastrzębiec family, 69 Jesuits, 6, 7-8,11,18, 33 Jews, 3, 73, 91, 97 Joan of Arc, 8 Jogaila, grand duke of Lithuania see Władysław II Jagiełło John the Evangelist, St, 153 John, duke of Masovia, 69,109 John III, king of Sweden, 133 John-Jerome of Prague, 13,16,19-20, 25, 26, 29, 39, 41, 43 Judoc, St, 153 Jugurtha, king of Numidia, 103 Juno (deity), 153 Jupiter (deity), 25 Kaliningrad (Königsberg), Russia, 3n2,18, 30, 33,119,137 University of (Albertina), 6,18,115, 117,131 Kalisz, Poland, 139 Kaltinėnai, Lithuania, 59, 71 Kaributas, duke of Novhorod, 45,109 Karvaitis Ėraitis (deity), 143 Kaukai (spirits), 15, 31, 83,151 Kaunas, Lithuania, 57 Kėdainiai, Lithuania, 57nl5 Kerch, strait of, 95 Kerpičius (deity), 143 Kęsgailą, prefect of Samogitia, 61 Kęsgailos family, 143 Kęstutis, grand duke of Lithuania, 4, 22 Kibirkščių Trotytojas (deity), 145 Kimis (deity), 141,145 Kisska, Jan, 139 Klaipėda, Lithuania, 3 Klamals (deity), 145 Königsberg see Kaliningrad Konrad, duke of Oleśnica, 69,109 Kraków, Poland, 5, 29, 33,137 Kražiai, Lithuania, 59, 71 Krekenava, Lithuania, 57nl5 Kremata (deity), 141 Krewo, Union of (1385), 5 krikštai, 143 Krikštas (deity), 143 Krivé, ЗО, 73 Kromer, Martin, 23 Krukis (deity), 143 Kukaveitis, Lithuania, 49 Kyiv, Ukraine, 45, 51, 55, 67, 73, 95 Kyivan Rus’, 105 Lääne-Nigula, Estonia, 13 Ladislaus, St, 153 lakes, 65, 93,141,143 Laonikas Chalkokondylas, 10 Lares see household
gods Las Casas, Bartolomeo de, 33 Łasicki, Jan, 7,11,14-15,17,18, 22, 25, 26-27,28,30,31 Łaszkowski, Jakub, 139,141,147 Latin language, 23-24, 27, 55, 93, 95, 105,131 Latvia, 2, 3, 73; see also Courland; Livonia Latvians, 15, 87,103,149,157 Laukasargis (deity), 31, 83 Laukpatis (deity), 143 Laurence, St, 153 Lavoriškės, Lithuania, Hn41,113 Lemonius, 63 Leonard, St, 153 Leshii (spirits), 16 libations, 8, 49, 59, 61, 73, 79 Libo, Publius, 23 Libya, 103 Ligičius (deity), 141 Limentinus (deity), 25 linen, 47, 69, 75, 95,109,125,127,137, 145,147,159,161 Litalalanus (legendary Lithuanian leader), 103 Lithuania definitions of, 3 baptism of, 5, 8,12, 45,47, 69,109,135 Grand Duchy of, 1, 3-6,12,16,17, 23, 24, 67, 73 Republic of, 2, 37 Lithuania Minor, 3
INDEX 177 Lithuanian language, 9,18-19, 23-24, 28, ЗО, 31, 37, 47, 53, 55, 63, 67, 73, 85, 95, 105, 109, 131 Lithuanians origins of, 22-23, 51, 53, 63, 65, 67, 93, 101,103,105 religion of, 13,14-17, 23, 26, 69,107, 109,125 Lituon (legendary Lithuanian leader), 103 Livonia (crusader state), 1, 3,12, 28, 53, 59, 63,103,105, 111, 117,119,121,131 Lizdeika, 53nll Louis the Great, king of Hungary and Poland, 67 Low Countries, 137,145 Lublin, Poland, 100 Lublin, Union of (1569), 2, 6 Lucina (deity), 153 Luibegeldas (spirits), 145 Luke, St, 153 Lusimano, Bartolomeo, 39 Luther, Martin, 6,117 Lutheranism, 6,13,18, 31, 85n4,155 Lyck see Ełk Lycurgus, 125,159 Medeina (deity), 143 Medininkai, Lithuania see Varniai, Lithuania Mėletėlė (deity), 151 Mercury (deity), 25 Mexico, 33 Míchalo the Lithuanian, 22,23,27,31,32,133 Michelovičiai family, 143 Miechowa, Maciej z, 23, 27, 30,105 Mikučiai family, 143 Milan, Italy, 153 Mindaugas, king of Lithuania, 3, 51n7, 97, 105 Minerva (deity), 153 Moldavia, 33 Moon, worship of, 77 Mongols, 20 monstrosity, 19 Moscow, Russia, 93, 95 moss, 143 Mtsensk, Russia, 95 Münster, Sebastian, 20 Muscovy, Grand Duchy of, 4, 5, 6, 23, 37, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95,101,133,153 mythology, comparative, 9-10,14, 25, 27 Maeotis, 101 Magi, 153 magic, 13, 24, 25, 32, 55,125,159 Magnus, St, 153 Maišiagala, Lithuania, 49 Małecki, Hieronim, 17, 25, 27-28, 30-31 Małecki, Jan, 17, 25, 27-28, 30-31,155 Mandeville, John, 20 Manlius, Gaius, 103 Margaret of Antioch, St, 153 Marius, Gaius, 47,103 Mark, St, 153 Markopolas (deity), 123,157 marriage see weddings Mars (deity), 25, 89 Martin,
St, 153 Mary, Virgin, 20,153 Mary Magdalene, St, 153 Masovia, 105 Massagetae (tribe), 103 Matergabija (deity), 145 Mažvydas, Martynas, 11,17,18, 27, 31 Mead, 59, 71, 73,135 Nasci (tribe), 101 Nemunas, river, 3, 57,105,131 Neptune (deity), 151 Neris, river, 53, 67 Nero, emperor, 22,105,131 Nevėžis, river, 57, 61, 71,125,159 New World, 1,19, 20, 32-33, 34 Nicholas, St, 151,153 Noah, 101 nobility, Lithuanian, 5,12, 55nl3, 61, 69, 81, 93nl0, 105, 107,109, 111, 123, 139,145,157 Nossetano, Pietro, 39 Novhorod (Novhorod-Seversky), Ukraine, 45, 73,91, 95,109 Numa, king of Rome, 63 Nulaidimos (deity), 145 numėjai (spirits), 145; see also household gods Odile, St, 153 Oleśnicki, Zbigniew, cardinal, 23 Oliver of Paderborn, 15
178 INDEX Ombrones (tribe), 101 Ophion (deity), 65 Orthodoxy, 1, 3-4, 5, 7, 8,12,16,17,18, 99,73 Osiander, Andreas, 117n4 Ottomans see Turks, Ottoman Ozinek (festival), 121,155 paganism, definitions of, 2, 4, 7-10,11, 22, 24-27; see also syncretism survivalism, 8, 9-10,11,15,17 Palemón, 22-23,105 pancakes, 123,145,147,157 Panevėžys, Lithuania, 57nl5 Parentalia, 25,121,149,161,163 Patrimpas (deity), 121,157 Paul, St, 24,83,151,152 Pelagius, St, 153 Penates see household gods Pergrubris (deity), 121,155,157 Perkūnas (deity), 15, 20, 25, 47, 53, 59, 73, 83,121,125,141,157,159; see also thunder, worship of Perkūno Teta (deity), 141 Persians, 55nl3, 65 Peru, 33 Perún (deity), 107 Pesseias (deity), 145 Peter, St, 152,155 Peter of Dusburg, 20, 30 Petrarch, 22 Petronella, St, 153 Pharsalus, battle of (48 BCE), 51 Pherecydes of Syros, 65 Phoenicians, 65 Piccolomini, Enea Silvio see Pius II, pope pigs, 22, 141,147, 153 pillow-making, 137 Pilvytis (deity), 121,157 Pinsk, Belarus, 51n7 Pius II, pope (Enea Silvio Piccolomini), 19-20, 21, 25, 27, 29,103 Pizius (deity), 141 plague, 34, 49,83,113,153 Plateliai, Lithuania, 95,133,145 Plautus, 141 ploughing, 95, 111, 135,143,149 Plutarch, 143 Pluto (deity), 121 Podlachia, 105 Podolia, 95, 97,101,131 Poklius (deity), 121,157 Pokulas (deity), 121,157 Poland, 1, 2, 5, 6, 23, 29, 33, 37, 39, 47, 53, 61, 69,109 Poland-Lithuania, 18 see also Lublin, Union of (1569) Polengabija (deity), 145 Poles, 21, 30, 33, 47, 61, 67, 69, 73, 97,109, 131,143Ո19,153 Polotsk, Belarus, 73 Pompey, 22, 47, 51, 55 Portunus (deity), 121 Potrimpus (deity), 125,159
priests, Christian, 47, 69, 73, 81, 99,109, 119,135,155 priests, pagan, 8, 39,41, 45, 53, 57, 69, 71, 73, 77,107,109, 111, 115,121,123, 125,129,155,157,159,163 Prigirstytis (deity), 143 printing, 18,19, 30, 33,119 Priparšis (deity), 143 proselytism, 4 Prussia, 1, 2, 3, 6,12,15,16,17, 28, 53, 59, 71,101,105, 111, 125, 131, 155, 159 ducal, 5, 6, 30,117 royal, 5, 6 Prussian language, 18, 73 Prussians, Old’, 2-3, 6,10,15, 26, 27, 30-31, 32, 75, 87,103,115,117,118, 121,131,147,153,157 Pskov, Russia, 73, 91,95 Ptolemy the Geographer, 101,105 Puškaitis (deity), 123,157 Radziwiłł family, 6, 53nll Radziwiłł, Mikołaj (‘Czarny’), 6 Ragaina (deity), 143 Raseiniai, Lithuania, 59, 71 Ratainyčia (deity), 143 Raugų Žemėpatis (deity), 145 reconstruction (of Baltic religion), 2, 9-10, 13-14, 27, 29 Reformation, 2, 6, 7,16,17-19, 30, 32, 34 Renaissance, 6,18, 24, 32 Rhine, river, 39, 85 Rietavas, Lithuania, 145 Riga, Latvia, 137
INDEX rivers, worship of, 83 Roche, St, 153 Romanus, St, 153 Rome, Italy, 20, 34, 47, 49, 51, 53, 63, 73, 93,103 Romowe [Romuva], 30, 73 Rostowski, Stanisław, 7 Rotundus, Augustine, 28 Roxolani [tribe], 95,133 Rus’, 3, 4, 5,15, 37, 51, 53, 55, 67, 99,101, 105,107,113, 147 Ruthenia see Belarus Ruthenian [Belarusian] language, 4, 22, 23, 37, 73, 93,121,123,125, 127,155, 157,159,161 Ruthenians, 3, 4, 5, 8,17, 47, 51, 55, 67, 73, 95, 99, 121 Ryazan, Russia, 91,101 Sabellicus, Marcus Antonius, 29 Sabinus, George, 30,115,119,129,155 sables, 89 sacrifice, 8,13, 31, 34, 39, 45, 49, 53, 65, 69, 79,107, 113,115,117,119,121, 123,125,141,143, 147,155,157,159 see also libations human, 77,93,107 sailors, 20,121,137,157 Saimón (legendary Samogitian leader], 103 Salaus [deity], 145 Sámi people, 32 Samogitia [Žemaitija], 3,4,14, 21, 53, 59, 67, 71, 95, 99,101,103,105, 109, 111, 113, 131, 133 conversion of, 5,10,12, 28, 29, 57, 61 rebellion of [1418], 12 rebellion of [1441], 5,12 Samogitians, 1, 5,12,14,16,17,18, 26, 28, 33, 47, 51, 71, 73,103,107,121,125, 131,133,135,143,147,151,157,159 Sarakai, Lithuania, 145 Sargati [tribe], 101 Sarmatians, 21, 75,101,119,155,157 Sarnicki, Stanisław, 28 Šatrija, Lithuania, 135 Scaurus, Aurelius, 103 Scythians, 21, 63, 87, 95 Sebastian, St, 153 Sebezh, Russia, 93 179 Šemetos family, 143 Šėta, Lithuania, 59, 71 Severiä, Russia, 91 sheep, 59, 71, 89, 95, 111, 127,137,143, 153,161 Sidzius [deity], 143 Siemowit, duke of Masovia, 69,109 Sigismund I ( the Old’], king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, 6, 93nl0 Sigismund 11 Augustus, king of Poland and grand
duke of Lithuania, 87n2,137, 139 Silinčius (deity], 143 Silvanus, Marcus Junius, 101 Simonaitis [deity], 143 Siričius [deity], 145 Skerstuvės (festival], 149 Skirgaila, duke of Trakai, 45,109 slavery, 51, 55, 59, 71, 89 Slavs, 1, 8 Šluotražis (deity], 145 Smik Smik Perlevenu (deity], 149 Smolensk, Russia, 73, 93 snakes, worship of, lln41, 23, 25, 26, 29, 39, 45, 49, 53, 65, 69, 75, 77, 83, 93, 107,109, 111, 113,119,125,151,159 Sophonias, 99 sorcery see magic Spain, 33,101,145 Spartans, 125,159 Srutis [deity], 151 Stanislaus, St, 69,107,109,153 Stockholm, Sweden, 133 stones, sacred, 65 Strabani [tribe], 101 Stryjkowski, Maciej, 27, 30 Stiiler, Johannes (Erasmus Stella], 27, 30, 32,103 Sturni (tribe], 101 Sudini [tribe] see Sudovians Sudovian Book, 30-31 Sudovians, 3, 33,101, 75, 77,117,119, 121,125,155,159 Sulla, 7 Sun, worship of, 26, 41, 77,107,141 superstition, discussions of, 16,17, 24, 49, 57, 61, 65, 77, 93,107,109,119,125, 129,135,143,149,151,159 Susanna, St, 153
180 INDEX Suzdal, Russia, 91 Šventoji, river, 131 Sweden, 103,133 Swedes, 101 Switzerland, 101 syncretism, 10,13,16-17, 33 syphilis, 153 Tacitus, 19, 22, 25, 32,103 Tatars, 1, 3, 31, 73, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95,97,133 Crimean (Perekopian), 89 Noghay Horde, 87 Tavalas (deity), 143 Tawirzis (deity), 145 temples, pagan, 8, 39, 41, 45, 69,109 Teutonic Order, 3, 4, 5, 6,11,17, 21, 30-31, 67,91,117n2 Theodulus, St, 61 Thomas of Cantimpré, 15 Thorn, Second Peace of (1466), 5 thunder, worship of see Perkūnas Tiklis (deity), 145 tithes, 99 tivunai (officials), 139 Toropets, Russia, 95 Trakai, Lithuania, 73,113 translation, 2,18, 28, 30 trees, sacred, 7-8,15, 25, 41, 43, 53, 75, 79, 83,107,109,123,141,157 cherry, 141 elder, 79,123,157 oak, 7,41, 79 Troy, 22 Turaw, Belarus, 51n7 Turgay, river, 87n3 Turks, Ottoman, 1, 5, 6, 21, 31, 33, 87 turnips, 135 Tver, Russia, 91 Tvertikas (deity), 145 Ublanicza (deity), 145 uboze (spirits), 151 Ukraine, 1, 3, 37 Urban, St, 153 Užpelenė (deity), 145 Vaižgantas (deity), 147 Valentine, St, 67,153 Valgina (deity), 143 Varangians, 131 Varniai (Medininkai), Lithuania, 12, 59, 61, 71,135 Varpelis (deity), 145 Vasili III, prince of Muscovy, 93n9 Vazik, Nicholas, 16 Velikiye Luki, Russia, 95 Vėlinės see Ilgės Veliona (deity), 145 Veliuona, Lithuania, 59, 71 Velizh, Russia, 93 Ventis Rekičionis (deity), 143 Vesta (deity), 151 Vestal Virgins, 23, 47 Vetustis (deity), 145 Viduklė, Lithuania, 59, 71 Vijayanagara Empire, 33 Vilius, legendary grand duke of Lithuania, 53, 67 Viliya, river see Neris, river Vilnia, river, 53, 67 Vilnius, Lithuania, 4, 5, 45, 53, 67,
69, 73, 107,109,113,137 Cathedral, 6, 8,107 Franciscan church, 20 University of, 6 Vincent, St, 153 Virgil, 22, 49n3 Vistula, river, 3 Vitebsk, Belarus, 139 Vladimir, Russia, 91 Vladimir, duke of Kyiv, 45,109 Vodou, 13 Vodyanye (spirits), 16 Voit, David, 115 Volga, river, 87n3 Volhynia, 95,97,101 Vulcan (deity), 53 Vyazma, Russia, 95 Vytautas (‘the Great ), grand duke of Lithuania, 4,13, 39, 43,45, 93, 109,147
INDEX Wallachia, 95 Wasilko, Andrzej, bishop of Vilnius, 69 wax, 111, 145 use in divination, 125,159 weddings, 121,125,127,159,161 Wendelin, St, 153 Wibiones (tribe), 101 Widewuto (legendary Prussian leader), 30, 77, 79,103 witchcraft, 32 Władysław П Jagiełło, king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, 5, 9,12,18, 21, 25, 33, 37, 39, 45, 47, 49, 57, 61, 69, 71, 73, 97,107,135,143,147 Włodkowic, Paweł (Paulus Vladimiri), 21,33 Wolfgang, St, 153 Yotvingians, 3, 30, 51, 53, 95,103,105,133 Yuliana of Tver, grand duchess of Lithuania, 4 Zavolzhsky, Russia, 95 Zavolzhye, Russia, 93 Zazinek (festival), 121,155 Žemininkas (deity), 113,147 žemėpačiai (spirits), 141 Žemėpatis (deity), 31, 83; see also Raugų Žemėpatis Žemyna (deity), 143 Zosim (deity), 143 /------------- Bayerische Staatsbibliothek՛ München 181
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CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements. ix Introduction.1 The Historical Context: The Late Medieval and Early Modern Baltic Region. 2 Baltic Paganism. 7 The Christianization of the Baltic. 10 Gods or Spirits?. 14 The Reformation and Vernacular Culture. 17 Early Modern Ethnography. 19 Interpretative Traditions: interpretatie Christiana and interpretatie Romana. 24 The Texts. 27 Conclusion: Baltic Pagans in Global Context. 32 Editor’s Note. 35 Translator’s Note. 37 TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS 1. Cosmographia Pii Papae in Asiae et Europae eleganti descriptione. 38 1. The Cosmography of Pope Pius II in
an Elegant Description of Europe and Asia 39 2. Históriáé Polonicae. 44 2. Polish Histories. 45 3. Vita et mores Sbignei cardinalis. 62 3. The Life and Manners of Cardinal Zbigniew. 63 4. Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis Asiana et Europeana et de contentis in eis. 66 4. Treatise on the Two Asian and European Sarmatias and on Those Things Contained in Them . 67
vi CONTENTS 5. De Borussiae antiquitatibus libri duo. 74 5. Two Books on the Antiquities of the Prussians (1518) . 75 6. Catechismusa prasty szadei. 80 6. Simple Words of Catechism (1547) [Pastoral Preface].81 7. De moribus Tartaro rum, Lituanorum et Moschorum. 86 7. On the Customs of the Tatars, Lithuanians, and Muscovites.87 8. Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio. 100 8. A Description of Sarmatian Europe . 101 9. Libellus de sacrificiis et idolatria veterum Borussorum, Livonum, aliarumque vicinarum gentium. 114 9. Little Book on the Sacrifices and Idolatry of the Old Prussians, Livonians, and Other Neighbouring Peoples. 115 10. De diis Samagitarum caeterorumque Sarmatarum, etfalsorum Christianorum. 130 10. On the Gods of the Samogitians, of the Other Sarmatians, and of the False Christians. 131
Bibliography. 165 Lithuanian Summary / Santrauka. 171 Index.173
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INDEX The index refers to the Introduction and English translations. Place names are given in the modern country where they are located, in the language of that country. Adalbert, St, 73 Adige, river, 103 Aesculapius (deity), lln41,23,49,53,65,93 Afra, St, 153 Agatha, St, 151 Aitvarai (spirits), 31, 83 Aitvaras (deity), 149 Alabatis (deity), 145 Alans (tribe), 103 Albert, St, 153 Albert I, duke of Prussia, 6,117 Albertina see under Kaliningrad Alexander, St, 61 Alexandria, Egypt, 51 Algirdas, grand duke of Lithuania, 4, 49 Algis (deity), 141 All Saints, feast of, 147 Amaxobi (tribe), 101 Ambrose, St, 153 Andrew, St, 153 Anna Jagiellon, queen of Poland and grand duchess of Lithuania, 6 Anna of Cilii, queen of Poland and grand duchess of Lithuania, 57 Anthony, St, 153 anti-Catholicism, 1, 7, 31 Antrimpas (deity), 121,157 Apidomė (deity), 143 Apollo (deity), 10, 25,153 Apollonia, St, 153 Apolonus, 23 Aquae Sextiae, battle of (102 BCE), 103 Ariogala, Lithuania, 59, 71 Artemis (deity), 10 Asubi, 101 Atlaibas (deity), 145 Attila the Hun, 23,105 Audros (deity), 141 augury, 59, 71, 93,113,143,147 Augustine of Hippo, St, 15, 24-25,129, 149,163 Aukstējas Visgalįsis (deity), 141 Aušautas (deity), 123,157 Auska (deity), 141 Austėja (deity), 143 Azov, sea of, 95nl4 Babilas (deity), 143 Baltic Sea, 1, 3, 95,105, 111, 131,133 baptism, 1, 4-5, 8,11,12,13, 37, 47, 61, 67, 69, 71, 73, 83, 93, 97,109,135,151; see also Lithuania, baptism of Barbara, St, 153 bark, 51, 53, 55, 59, 67, 71, 75,105,135, 141,147 Barstukai (spirits), 15,123,157,159 Basanavičius, Jonas, 9 Basel, Switzerland, 19, 39
baskaks, 95 bears, 89 testicles of, 127,161 beekeeping, 113,143; see also honey beer, 59, 71, 89,109,113,121,123,127, 129,135,141,145,147,155,157, 161,163 beeswax see wax Belarus, 1, 2, 3, 5, 37, 51n7,101 Belarusians see Ruthenians Bembo, Pietro, cardinal, 119,121 Bentis (deity), 143 Bežlėja (deity), 141 Biržulis (deity), 145 bishops, 6, 111 bison horns, 111, 135 Black Sea, 3,95,131 blacksmiths, 143 Blaise, St, 153 Bodini (tribe), 101 Bodzanta, archbishop of Gniezno, 69 Boiorix, king of the Cimbrians, 103 Bosphorus, 22, 63, 65,101 Botero, Giovanni, 33
174 INDEX Brėkšta (deity), 141 Brest, Belarus, 101 Britain, 22, 25, 95,133 Budintoja (deity), 145 Bullinger, Heinrich, 18,151 Buonacorssi, Filippo, 22, 23, 27 Burveliai (Burve), Lithuania, 57nl5, 6ІПІ6,125Ո11 Bychowiec Chronicle, 23 Byela, Russia, 95 Caepo, Servilius, 103 Caesar, Julius, 22, 25, 47, 51, 95,133,143 Calvinism, 6,17,18 Camaldoli, Italy, 39 Canary Islands, 20-21 Carbo, Papirius, 101 Cardea (deity), 25 Cariones, 101 Carthusians, 39 Casimir, St, 6,153n27 Casimir IV Jagiellon, king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, 5-6, 91 Castellano, Niccolò, 39 Catharine, St, 47,153 Catholicism, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,12,13,17-18, 31, 32, 33, 34, 86n4; see also Counter Reformation, Catholic cattle, 47, 49, 59, 71, 127,135,137, 143, 153,161 Catulus, Quintus, 103 caves, 75, 93,125,159 Celts, 63 Ceres (deity), 25 Cesarini, Giuliano, cardinal, 39 Chaldaeans, 97 chickens, 53, 65, 107, 127,147, 161 childbirth, 153 Christianization, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8,10-14,16,17, 19, 20, 28, 29, 32 Christopher, St, 151 Cimbrians, 21, 63,101,103 Cologne, Germany, 153 Constance, Council of, 5, 39n2 Constantinople, 21, 73 conversion, process of see Christianization Cornelii, 63 Cosmas, St, 153 Counter-Reformation, Catholic, 7,17,18 Courland, 109,131 Couronians, 7,103,125,159 cremation, 10, 55, 63, 93,109 Crimea, Ukraine, 89, 95 Crispin, St, 153 Cronones, river, 105 Crusades, Northern, 1, 3,15, 21, 28 Damian, St, 153 dancing, 49, 89,109,121,127,155,161 Danes, 13,101 Dantyszek, Jan, prince-bishop of Warmia, 33 Daumantas (Samogitian rebel), 12 Denis, St, 152 Denmark, 103,125,159 Derintojas (deity), 143
Devoitis (deity), 145 Diana (deity), 53 disenchantment, 16 divination, 8, 55, 59, 71,121,143,155 Długosz, Jan, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28nl42, 29-30,105 Dmitrii Donskoy, prince of Muscovy, 4 Dnieper, river, 95,131 Dorogobuzh, Russia, 95 dress, 65, 87, 89, 99,133 druids, 23, 63 drunkenness, 55, 75, 89, 91, 93,115 Dubysa, river, 57 Dugnai (deity), 145 Duotojas (deity), 141 Dusii (spirits), 15 Dvargantis (deity), 145 dyeing, 151 Egyptians, 65 Elizabeth of Bosnia, queen of Hungary, Croatia and Poland, 69 elks, 77,139 Ełk (Lyck), Poland, 119,155 Epidaurus, Greece, 49, 93 epilepsy, 153 Erasmus, St, 153 Erasmus, Desiderius, 17-18, 32,155 Estonia, 2, 3,12,13,15 ethnography, 1-2,19-24, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34 Eulogius, St, 153 Eustachius, St, 153 Eventius, St, 61
INDEX Ežerinis, Lithuania, 143 Ežiagulis (deity), 149 fairies, 8,14-15 feasts, 49, 55, 59, 73, 77, 79, 87, 99,107, 113, 121, 123,127, 129,147,149, 155, 157, 161,163 Finland, 133 fire, worship of, 23, 25, 29, 39, 41, 45, 47, 53, 57, 59, 61, 69, 71, 73, 93,107,109, 125,159 fish, 59,135,143 Florianus, St, 151 Florus, Lucius Annaeus, 95 folklore, 9,18, 27 Forculus (deity), 25 forests, sacred, 15,16, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 53, 57, 61, 69, 71, ΊΊ, 107, 111, 121, 141,143 France, 145,152; see also Gaul Franciscans, 4, 20, 69 Frazer, James, 9 Funck, Johann, 117n4 funerals, 7,10, 55, 79,121,127,129,149, 161,163 Gabija (deity), 149 Gaiindi (tribe), 101 Gall, St, 153 Gandas (deity), 143 Gardaitis (deity), 121,157 Gardunytis (deity), 143 Gaul, 15, 22, 23, 25, 63, 65, 95,101,133 Gediminas, grand duke of Lithuania, 4, 22, 49, 53nll, 105 geese, 127,141,147,153, 161 Genini (tribe), 101 George, St, feast of, 121,155 Gepidae (tribe), 103 ghosts (shades), 79, 93,109 Glinsky, Michael, 93 Goar, St, 153 goats, 79,115,119,121,123,127,137, 155,157,161 Gomer, 101 Goštautas, Albertas, 23 Goths, 101,103,105 Gotlanders, 101 granaries, 121,123,155,157,159 175 Gregory, St, 153 groves, sacred, 7,16, 25, 41, 43, 45, 49, 57, 63, 65, 71, 77, 93,107,109,121,123, 155,157 Grunau, Simon, 26, 27 Grunwald (Žalgiris), battle of (1410), 5 Guagnini, Alessandro, 22, 27, 30, 35,147 Guanches, 20-21 Guboi (deity), 145 Gyáros, island of, 131 Gyvatės (deity), 65, 111, 151 harvest, 49,107,113,121,133,147,149,155 hazelnuts, 143 hemp, 95,137,147 heresy, 16, 39 Herodotus, 19 Hesiod, 141 historiography, 1, 2, 9, 21, 23, 29, 34
Homobonus, St, 153 honey, 77, 79, 99,109, 111, 125,135,145, 161 horses, 61, 75, 87, 89, 91, 111, 127, 137, 143,153, 161,163 cremation of, 10, 49, 55, 59, 71,109 household gods, 25, 43, 44, 69, 77, 93,107, 111, 141,151,157 humanism, 1, 2,17, 21, 27, 29-30, 32, 33, 34 hunting, 47, 57, 67, 71,105,131,143, 153 Hussites, 39 Hussovianus, Nicolaus, 28nl42, 34 huts, 59, 65, 71, 77, 111, 137,145,149 Ilgės (Vėlinės), 25,147 imams, 97 India, 25, 33 Indo-Europeanism, 9,14, 24, 25 Innocent III, pope, 15 interpretatie Christiana, 24-25 interpretatio Graeca, 10 interpretatio Romana, 10, 24-27, 33 Islam, 1, 3, 4,19, 21, 31, 91 Ita, St, 153 Italy, 23, 47, 53, 63, 67, 73,101,103 Ivan III, prince of Muscovy, 91 Ivan IV (‘the Terrible’), tsar, 91
176 INDEX Jadwiga, queen of Poland, 5,12, 21, 45, 67, 69,109 Jadwiga Jagiellon (daughter of Władysław II), 57 Jagiellonian dynasty, 5-6, 21, 23, 29, 32, 33 James, St, 152 Japheth, 101 Jastrzębiec family, 69 Jesuits, 6, 7-8,11,18, 33 Jews, 3, 73, 91, 97 Joan of Arc, 8 Jogaila, grand duke of Lithuania see Władysław II Jagiełło John the Evangelist, St, 153 John, duke of Masovia, 69,109 John III, king of Sweden, 133 John-Jerome of Prague, 13,16,19-20, 25, 26, 29, 39, 41, 43 Judoc, St, 153 Jugurtha, king of Numidia, 103 Juno (deity), 153 Jupiter (deity), 25 Kaliningrad (Königsberg), Russia, 3n2,18, 30, 33,119,137 University of (Albertina), 6,18,115, 117,131 Kalisz, Poland, 139 Kaltinėnai, Lithuania, 59, 71 Kaributas, duke of Novhorod, 45,109 Karvaitis Ėraitis (deity), 143 Kaukai (spirits), 15, 31, 83,151 Kaunas, Lithuania, 57 Kėdainiai, Lithuania, 57nl5 Kerch, strait of, 95 Kerpičius (deity), 143 Kęsgailą, prefect of Samogitia, 61 Kęsgailos family, 143 Kęstutis, grand duke of Lithuania, 4, 22 Kibirkščių Trotytojas (deity), 145 Kimis (deity), 141,145 Kisska, Jan, 139 Klaipėda, Lithuania, 3 Klamals (deity), 145 Königsberg see Kaliningrad Konrad, duke of Oleśnica, 69,109 Kraków, Poland, 5, 29, 33,137 Kražiai, Lithuania, 59, 71 Krekenava, Lithuania, 57nl5 Kremata (deity), 141 Krewo, Union of (1385), 5 krikštai, 143 Krikštas (deity), 143 Krivé, ЗО, 73 Kromer, Martin, 23 Krukis (deity), 143 Kukaveitis, Lithuania, 49 Kyiv, Ukraine, 45, 51, 55, 67, 73, 95 Kyivan Rus’, 105 Lääne-Nigula, Estonia, 13 Ladislaus, St, 153 lakes, 65, 93,141,143 Laonikas Chalkokondylas, 10 Lares see household
gods Las Casas, Bartolomeo de, 33 Łasicki, Jan, 7,11,14-15,17,18, 22, 25, 26-27,28,30,31 Łaszkowski, Jakub, 139,141,147 Latin language, 23-24, 27, 55, 93, 95, 105,131 Latvia, 2, 3, 73; see also Courland; Livonia Latvians, 15, 87,103,149,157 Laukasargis (deity), 31, 83 Laukpatis (deity), 143 Laurence, St, 153 Lavoriškės, Lithuania, Hn41,113 Lemonius, 63 Leonard, St, 153 Leshii (spirits), 16 libations, 8, 49, 59, 61, 73, 79 Libo, Publius, 23 Libya, 103 Ligičius (deity), 141 Limentinus (deity), 25 linen, 47, 69, 75, 95,109,125,127,137, 145,147,159,161 Litalalanus (legendary Lithuanian leader), 103 Lithuania definitions of, 3 baptism of, 5, 8,12, 45,47, 69,109,135 Grand Duchy of, 1, 3-6,12,16,17, 23, 24, 67, 73 Republic of, 2, 37 Lithuania Minor, 3
INDEX 177 Lithuanian language, 9,18-19, 23-24, 28, ЗО, 31, 37, 47, 53, 55, 63, 67, 73, 85, 95, 105, 109, 131 Lithuanians origins of, 22-23, 51, 53, 63, 65, 67, 93, 101,103,105 religion of, 13,14-17, 23, 26, 69,107, 109,125 Lituon (legendary Lithuanian leader), 103 Livonia (crusader state), 1, 3,12, 28, 53, 59, 63,103,105, 111, 117,119,121,131 Lizdeika, 53nll Louis the Great, king of Hungary and Poland, 67 Low Countries, 137,145 Lublin, Poland, 100 Lublin, Union of (1569), 2, 6 Lucina (deity), 153 Luibegeldas (spirits), 145 Luke, St, 153 Lusimano, Bartolomeo, 39 Luther, Martin, 6,117 Lutheranism, 6,13,18, 31, 85n4,155 Lyck see Ełk Lycurgus, 125,159 Medeina (deity), 143 Medininkai, Lithuania see Varniai, Lithuania Mėletėlė (deity), 151 Mercury (deity), 25 Mexico, 33 Míchalo the Lithuanian, 22,23,27,31,32,133 Michelovičiai family, 143 Miechowa, Maciej z, 23, 27, 30,105 Mikučiai family, 143 Milan, Italy, 153 Mindaugas, king of Lithuania, 3, 51n7, 97, 105 Minerva (deity), 153 Moldavia, 33 Moon, worship of, 77 Mongols, 20 monstrosity, 19 Moscow, Russia, 93, 95 moss, 143 Mtsensk, Russia, 95 Münster, Sebastian, 20 Muscovy, Grand Duchy of, 4, 5, 6, 23, 37, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95,101,133,153 mythology, comparative, 9-10,14, 25, 27 Maeotis, 101 Magi, 153 magic, 13, 24, 25, 32, 55,125,159 Magnus, St, 153 Maišiagala, Lithuania, 49 Małecki, Hieronim, 17, 25, 27-28, 30-31 Małecki, Jan, 17, 25, 27-28, 30-31,155 Mandeville, John, 20 Manlius, Gaius, 103 Margaret of Antioch, St, 153 Marius, Gaius, 47,103 Mark, St, 153 Markopolas (deity), 123,157 marriage see weddings Mars (deity), 25, 89 Martin,
St, 153 Mary, Virgin, 20,153 Mary Magdalene, St, 153 Masovia, 105 Massagetae (tribe), 103 Matergabija (deity), 145 Mažvydas, Martynas, 11,17,18, 27, 31 Mead, 59, 71, 73,135 Nasci (tribe), 101 Nemunas, river, 3, 57,105,131 Neptune (deity), 151 Neris, river, 53, 67 Nero, emperor, 22,105,131 Nevėžis, river, 57, 61, 71,125,159 New World, 1,19, 20, 32-33, 34 Nicholas, St, 151,153 Noah, 101 nobility, Lithuanian, 5,12, 55nl3, 61, 69, 81, 93nl0, 105, 107,109, 111, 123, 139,145,157 Nossetano, Pietro, 39 Novhorod (Novhorod-Seversky), Ukraine, 45, 73,91, 95,109 Numa, king of Rome, 63 Nulaidimos (deity), 145 numėjai (spirits), 145; see also household gods Odile, St, 153 Oleśnicki, Zbigniew, cardinal, 23 Oliver of Paderborn, 15
178 INDEX Ombrones (tribe), 101 Ophion (deity), 65 Orthodoxy, 1, 3-4, 5, 7, 8,12,16,17,18, 99,73 Osiander, Andreas, 117n4 Ottomans see Turks, Ottoman Ozinek (festival), 121,155 paganism, definitions of, 2, 4, 7-10,11, 22, 24-27; see also syncretism survivalism, 8, 9-10,11,15,17 Palemón, 22-23,105 pancakes, 123,145,147,157 Panevėžys, Lithuania, 57nl5 Parentalia, 25,121,149,161,163 Patrimpas (deity), 121,157 Paul, St, 24,83,151,152 Pelagius, St, 153 Penates see household gods Pergrubris (deity), 121,155,157 Perkūnas (deity), 15, 20, 25, 47, 53, 59, 73, 83,121,125,141,157,159; see also thunder, worship of Perkūno Teta (deity), 141 Persians, 55nl3, 65 Peru, 33 Perún (deity), 107 Pesseias (deity), 145 Peter, St, 152,155 Peter of Dusburg, 20, 30 Petrarch, 22 Petronella, St, 153 Pharsalus, battle of (48 BCE), 51 Pherecydes of Syros, 65 Phoenicians, 65 Piccolomini, Enea Silvio see Pius II, pope pigs, 22, 141,147, 153 pillow-making, 137 Pilvytis (deity), 121,157 Pinsk, Belarus, 51n7 Pius II, pope (Enea Silvio Piccolomini), 19-20, 21, 25, 27, 29,103 Pizius (deity), 141 plague, 34, 49,83,113,153 Plateliai, Lithuania, 95,133,145 Plautus, 141 ploughing, 95, 111, 135,143,149 Plutarch, 143 Pluto (deity), 121 Podlachia, 105 Podolia, 95, 97,101,131 Poklius (deity), 121,157 Pokulas (deity), 121,157 Poland, 1, 2, 5, 6, 23, 29, 33, 37, 39, 47, 53, 61, 69,109 Poland-Lithuania, 18 see also Lublin, Union of (1569) Polengabija (deity), 145 Poles, 21, 30, 33, 47, 61, 67, 69, 73, 97,109, 131,143Ո19,153 Polotsk, Belarus, 73 Pompey, 22, 47, 51, 55 Portunus (deity), 121 Potrimpus (deity), 125,159
priests, Christian, 47, 69, 73, 81, 99,109, 119,135,155 priests, pagan, 8, 39,41, 45, 53, 57, 69, 71, 73, 77,107,109, 111, 115,121,123, 125,129,155,157,159,163 Prigirstytis (deity), 143 printing, 18,19, 30, 33,119 Priparšis (deity), 143 proselytism, 4 Prussia, 1, 2, 3, 6,12,15,16,17, 28, 53, 59, 71,101,105, 111, 125, 131, 155, 159 ducal, 5, 6, 30,117 royal, 5, 6 Prussian language, 18, 73 Prussians, Old’, 2-3, 6,10,15, 26, 27, 30-31, 32, 75, 87,103,115,117,118, 121,131,147,153,157 Pskov, Russia, 73, 91,95 Ptolemy the Geographer, 101,105 Puškaitis (deity), 123,157 Radziwiłł family, 6, 53nll Radziwiłł, Mikołaj (‘Czarny’), 6 Ragaina (deity), 143 Raseiniai, Lithuania, 59, 71 Ratainyčia (deity), 143 Raugų Žemėpatis (deity), 145 reconstruction (of Baltic religion), 2, 9-10, 13-14, 27, 29 Reformation, 2, 6, 7,16,17-19, 30, 32, 34 Renaissance, 6,18, 24, 32 Rhine, river, 39, 85 Rietavas, Lithuania, 145 Riga, Latvia, 137
INDEX rivers, worship of, 83 Roche, St, 153 Romanus, St, 153 Rome, Italy, 20, 34, 47, 49, 51, 53, 63, 73, 93,103 Romowe [Romuva], 30, 73 Rostowski, Stanisław, 7 Rotundus, Augustine, 28 Roxolani [tribe], 95,133 Rus’, 3, 4, 5,15, 37, 51, 53, 55, 67, 99,101, 105,107,113, 147 Ruthenia see Belarus Ruthenian [Belarusian] language, 4, 22, 23, 37, 73, 93,121,123,125, 127,155, 157,159,161 Ruthenians, 3, 4, 5, 8,17, 47, 51, 55, 67, 73, 95, 99, 121 Ryazan, Russia, 91,101 Sabellicus, Marcus Antonius, 29 Sabinus, George, 30,115,119,129,155 sables, 89 sacrifice, 8,13, 31, 34, 39, 45, 49, 53, 65, 69, 79,107, 113,115,117,119,121, 123,125,141,143, 147,155,157,159 see also libations human, 77,93,107 sailors, 20,121,137,157 Saimón (legendary Samogitian leader], 103 Salaus [deity], 145 Sámi people, 32 Samogitia [Žemaitija], 3,4,14, 21, 53, 59, 67, 71, 95, 99,101,103,105, 109, 111, 113, 131, 133 conversion of, 5,10,12, 28, 29, 57, 61 rebellion of [1418], 12 rebellion of [1441], 5,12 Samogitians, 1, 5,12,14,16,17,18, 26, 28, 33, 47, 51, 71, 73,103,107,121,125, 131,133,135,143,147,151,157,159 Sarakai, Lithuania, 145 Sargati [tribe], 101 Sarmatians, 21, 75,101,119,155,157 Sarnicki, Stanisław, 28 Šatrija, Lithuania, 135 Scaurus, Aurelius, 103 Scythians, 21, 63, 87, 95 Sebastian, St, 153 Sebezh, Russia, 93 179 Šemetos family, 143 Šėta, Lithuania, 59, 71 Severiä, Russia, 91 sheep, 59, 71, 89, 95, 111, 127,137,143, 153,161 Sidzius [deity], 143 Siemowit, duke of Masovia, 69,109 Sigismund I ('the Old’], king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, 6, 93nl0 Sigismund 11 Augustus, king of Poland and grand
duke of Lithuania, 87n2,137, 139 Silinčius (deity], 143 Silvanus, Marcus Junius, 101 Simonaitis [deity], 143 Siričius [deity], 145 Skerstuvės (festival], 149 Skirgaila, duke of Trakai, 45,109 slavery, 51, 55, 59, 71, 89 Slavs, 1, 8 Šluotražis (deity], 145 Smik Smik Perlevenu (deity], 149 Smolensk, Russia, 73, 93 snakes, worship of, lln41, 23, 25, 26, 29, 39, 45, 49, 53, 65, 69, 75, 77, 83, 93, 107,109, 111, 113,119,125,151,159 Sophonias, 99 sorcery see magic Spain, 33,101,145 Spartans, 125,159 Srutis [deity], 151 Stanislaus, St, 69,107,109,153 Stockholm, Sweden, 133 stones, sacred, 65 Strabani [tribe], 101 Stryjkowski, Maciej, 27, 30 Stiiler, Johannes (Erasmus Stella], 27, 30, 32,103 Sturni (tribe], 101 Sudini [tribe] see Sudovians Sudovian Book, 30-31 Sudovians, 3, 33,101, 75, 77,117,119, 121,125,155,159 Sulla, 7 Sun, worship of, 26, 41, 77,107,141 superstition, discussions of, 16,17, 24, 49, 57, 61, 65, 77, 93,107,109,119,125, 129,135,143,149,151,159 Susanna, St, 153
180 INDEX Suzdal, Russia, 91 Šventoji, river, 131 Sweden, 103,133 Swedes, 101 Switzerland, 101 syncretism, 10,13,16-17, 33 syphilis, 153 Tacitus, 19, 22, 25, 32,103 Tatars, 1, 3, 31, 73, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95,97,133 Crimean (Perekopian), 89 Noghay Horde, 87 Tavalas (deity), 143 Tawirzis (deity), 145 temples, pagan, 8, 39, 41, 45, 69,109 Teutonic Order, 3, 4, 5, 6,11,17, 21, 30-31, 67,91,117n2 Theodulus, St, 61 Thomas of Cantimpré, 15 Thorn, Second Peace of (1466), 5 thunder, worship of see Perkūnas Tiklis (deity), 145 tithes, 99 tivunai (officials), 139 Toropets, Russia, 95 Trakai, Lithuania, 73,113 translation, 2,18, 28, 30 trees, sacred, 7-8,15, 25, 41, 43, 53, 75, 79, 83,107,109,123,141,157 cherry, 141 elder, 79,123,157 oak, 7,41, 79 Troy, 22 Turaw, Belarus, 51n7 Turgay, river, 87n3 Turks, Ottoman, 1, 5, 6, 21, 31, 33, 87 turnips, 135 Tver, Russia, 91 Tvertikas (deity), 145 Ublanicza (deity), 145 uboze (spirits), 151 Ukraine, 1, 3, 37 Urban, St, 153 Užpelenė (deity), 145 Vaižgantas (deity), 147 Valentine, St, 67,153 Valgina (deity), 143 Varangians, 131 Varniai (Medininkai), Lithuania, 12, 59, 61, 71,135 Varpelis (deity), 145 Vasili III, prince of Muscovy, 93n9 Vazik, Nicholas, 16 Velikiye Luki, Russia, 95 Vėlinės see Ilgės Veliona (deity), 145 Veliuona, Lithuania, 59, 71 Velizh, Russia, 93 Ventis Rekičionis (deity), 143 Vesta (deity), 151 Vestal Virgins, 23, 47 Vetustis (deity), 145 Viduklė, Lithuania, 59, 71 Vijayanagara Empire, 33 Vilius, legendary grand duke of Lithuania, 53, 67 Viliya, river see Neris, river Vilnia, river, 53, 67 Vilnius, Lithuania, 4, 5, 45, 53, 67,
69, 73, 107,109,113,137 Cathedral, 6, 8,107 Franciscan church, 20 University of, 6 Vincent, St, 153 Virgil, 22, 49n3 Vistula, river, 3 Vitebsk, Belarus, 139 Vladimir, Russia, 91 Vladimir, duke of Kyiv, 45,109 Vodou, 13 Vodyanye (spirits), 16 Voit, David, 115 Volga, river, 87n3 Volhynia, 95,97,101 Vulcan (deity), 53 Vyazma, Russia, 95 Vytautas (‘the Great'), grand duke of Lithuania, 4,13, 39, 43,45, 93, 109,147
INDEX Wallachia, 95 Wasilko, Andrzej, bishop of Vilnius, 69 wax, 111, 145 use in divination, 125,159 weddings, 121,125,127,159,161 Wendelin, St, 153 Wibiones (tribe), 101 Widewuto (legendary Prussian leader), 30, 77, 79,103 witchcraft, 32 Władysław П Jagiełło, king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania, 5, 9,12,18, 21, 25, 33, 37, 39, 45, 47, 49, 57, 61, 69, 71, 73, 97,107,135,143,147 Włodkowic, Paweł (Paulus Vladimiri), 21,33 Wolfgang, St, 153 Yotvingians, 3, 30, 51, 53, 95,103,105,133 Yuliana of Tver, grand duchess of Lithuania, 4 Zavolzhsky, Russia, 95 Zavolzhye, Russia, 93 Zazinek (festival), 121,155 Žemininkas (deity), 113,147 žemėpačiai (spirits), 141 Žemėpatis (deity), 31, 83; see also Raugų Žemėpatis Žemyna (deity), 143 Zosim (deity), 143 /------------- Bayerische Staatsbibliothek՛ München 181 |
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| spelling | Pagans in the early modern Baltic sixteenth-century ethnographic accounts of Baltic paganism edited and translated by Francis Young Leeds Arc Humanities Press 2022 192 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Foundations Geschichte 1458-1582 gnd rswk-swf Litauer (DE-588)4035937-2 gnd rswk-swf Heide Religion (DE-588)4159359-5 gnd rswk-swf Preußen Volk (DE-588)4047196-2 gnd rswk-swf Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content Baltikum (DE-588)4004379-4 g Preußen Volk (DE-588)4047196-2 s Litauer (DE-588)4035937-2 s Heide Religion (DE-588)4159359-5 s Geschichte 1458-1582 z DE-604 Young, Francis 1981- (DE-588)1054354499 edt trl Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033624478&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033624478&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033624478&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Pagans in the early modern Baltic sixteenth-century ethnographic accounts of Baltic paganism Litauer (DE-588)4035937-2 gnd Heide Religion (DE-588)4159359-5 gnd Preußen Volk (DE-588)4047196-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4035937-2 (DE-588)4159359-5 (DE-588)4047196-2 (DE-588)4004379-4 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | Pagans in the early modern Baltic sixteenth-century ethnographic accounts of Baltic paganism |
| title_auth | Pagans in the early modern Baltic sixteenth-century ethnographic accounts of Baltic paganism |
| title_exact_search | Pagans in the early modern Baltic sixteenth-century ethnographic accounts of Baltic paganism |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Pagans in the early modern Baltic sixteenth-century ethnographic accounts of Baltic paganism |
| title_full | Pagans in the early modern Baltic sixteenth-century ethnographic accounts of Baltic paganism edited and translated by Francis Young |
| title_fullStr | Pagans in the early modern Baltic sixteenth-century ethnographic accounts of Baltic paganism edited and translated by Francis Young |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pagans in the early modern Baltic sixteenth-century ethnographic accounts of Baltic paganism edited and translated by Francis Young |
| title_short | Pagans in the early modern Baltic |
| title_sort | pagans in the early modern baltic sixteenth century ethnographic accounts of baltic paganism |
| title_sub | sixteenth-century ethnographic accounts of Baltic paganism |
| topic | Litauer (DE-588)4035937-2 gnd Heide Religion (DE-588)4159359-5 gnd Preußen Volk (DE-588)4047196-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Litauer Heide Religion Preußen Volk Baltikum Quelle |
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