The far-right in Greece and the law:
"This book critically evaluates the rise of the far-right in Greece, detailing the legal context in which to understand both the emergence of Golden Dawn, the far-right's largest grouping, and the 2020 court decision, in which it was deemed to be a criminal organization. Golden Dawn was a...
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge
2022
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| Schriftenreihe: | Routledge focus
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| Zusammenfassung: | "This book critically evaluates the rise of the far-right in Greece, detailing the legal context in which to understand both the emergence of Golden Dawn, the far-right's largest grouping, and the 2020 court decision, in which it was deemed to be a criminal organization. Golden Dawn was a political party which, for years, also functioned as a violent subculture movement, with limited to no interference by the state. This book sets out the background to its rise in Greece, tracing its development from the post-Junta era. At the same time, the book provides an assessment of the legal framework within which the far-right has operated, and the legal tools available to tackle it - including criminal law, non-discrimination law, the laws governing political parties and the public order framework, and the country's international and European obligations. Golden Dawn functioned as both a political party and violent entity until its leadership and parliamentary members were found guilty of leading and participating in a criminal organization. This book demonstrates that the state of impunity in which Golden Dawn's violent hit squads functioned was both a facilitating factor for its rise, and potentially for its demise, as the group potentially felt untouchable. And its attention to how Greek Law has tackled, and failed to tackle, Golden Dawn offers a timely and more generally useful assessment of how legislation, courts and policies can best challenge the far-right. This book will be of interest to those teaching and studying in law and politics, as well as more others, concerned with the rise of the far right and violent organizations, especially in Europe"-- |
| Beschreibung: | Based on the author's thesis (doctoral - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2017) issued under title: Challenging right-wing extremism in England and Wales and Greece : tools available in international, European and national law |
| Beschreibung: | 108 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781032266305 9781032266619 |
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| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Challenging right-wing extremism in England and Wales and Greece (tools available in international, European and national law, 2017) |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The far-right in Greece and the law |c Natalie Alkiviadou |
| 264 | 1 | |a London ; New York |b Routledge |c 2022 | |
| 300 | |a 108 Seiten | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Routledge focus | |
| 500 | |a Based on the author's thesis (doctoral - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2017) issued under title: Challenging right-wing extremism in England and Wales and Greece : tools available in international, European and national law | ||
| 502 | |b Dissertation |c Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam |d 2017 |g basiert auf einer Dissertation | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction -- The treatment of political parties in the Greek legal order -- Human rights law -- The far-right movement and criminal law -- The international and European frameworks -- Conclusion | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "This book critically evaluates the rise of the far-right in Greece, detailing the legal context in which to understand both the emergence of Golden Dawn, the far-right's largest grouping, and the 2020 court decision, in which it was deemed to be a criminal organization. Golden Dawn was a political party which, for years, also functioned as a violent subculture movement, with limited to no interference by the state. This book sets out the background to its rise in Greece, tracing its development from the post-Junta era. At the same time, the book provides an assessment of the legal framework within which the far-right has operated, and the legal tools available to tackle it - including criminal law, non-discrimination law, the laws governing political parties and the public order framework, and the country's international and European obligations. Golden Dawn functioned as both a political party and violent entity until its leadership and parliamentary members were found guilty of leading and participating in a criminal organization. This book demonstrates that the state of impunity in which Golden Dawn's violent hit squads functioned was both a facilitating factor for its rise, and potentially for its demise, as the group potentially felt untouchable. And its attention to how Greek Law has tackled, and failed to tackle, Golden Dawn offers a timely and more generally useful assessment of how legislation, courts and policies can best challenge the far-right. This book will be of interest to those teaching and studying in law and politics, as well as more others, concerned with the rise of the far right and violent organizations, especially in Europe"-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Acknowledgements 1 ix 1 Introduction 1.1 General Introduction 1 1.1.1 Aims and Structure 1 3 1.1.2 Contribution of the Book 1.1.3 Contextual and Definitional Framework 3 1.1.3.1 Overview of Greek Political and Legal System 1.1.3.2 Dictatorship ֊ Regime of the Colonels 1.1.3.3 The Face of the Far-Right in Greece 1.1.4 Definitional Framework 3 7 8 39 1.1.4.1 Racial and Religious Groups 39 1.1.4.2 Public Incitement of Violence and Hatred and Prohibition of Revisionism — A Substitutefor Hate Speech? 40 1.1.4.3 Racial and Religious Aggravation and Hate Crime: Two in One 42 1.1.4.4 Discrimination and Harassment 1.1.4.5 Public Order 2 42 43 The Treatment of Political Parties in the Greek Legal Order 2.1 Article 29: Legal Issues 2.1.1 Article 2: History 45 49 2.1.2 Article 29: Theoretical Issues 52 2.1.3 Article 29 and ECtHR Case Law 55 45
viii Contents 2. í. З (i) Artide 11 ECHR 55 2.1.3 (H) The Questions of Democracy and Violence 2.1.3 (Hi) The Question of Timing 2.1.3 (iv) Concluding Comments 58 60 60 2.1.4 Impact ofArticle 29 on Golden Dawn 61 2.1.5 The Doctrine of Parliamentary Immunity and Public Funding 63 2.1.6 Concluding Comments: Freedom of Association and Political Parties in Greece 3 65 Human Rights Law 3.1 Human Rights: Conceptual Backdrop 3.1.1 Freedom of Expression 3.1.2 Freedom of Assembly 3.1.3 Non-Discrimination 4 61 68 69 71 The Far-Right Movement and Criminal Law 4.1 Law 927/1979 - Anti-Racist Legislation 75 4.2 Aggravating, Sentencing and Hate Crimes 84 4.3 Advances, Amendments and Alterations in the Sphere of Criminal Law 87 4.4 Criminal Organisation — Prohibition of Establishment, Leadership and Participation 90 4.5 Terrorist Organisations: Core Difference 93 5 The International and European Frameworks 94 6 Conclusion 98 Index 101
Index Abouzid, Embarak 20, 33, 35, 83 Active Citizens Coalition 6 aggravating circumstance 42, 84, 87 aggravation 2, 42, 84-86; racial 2, 42; religious 42; steps and use of the provision 86 agricultural co-operatives 45 All-Workers Militant Front (PAME) 20, 35, 36 Amnesty Internationales, 85 Androutsopoulos, Antonis 19, 21, 29, 30; found guilty of attacks 29-30 anti-discrimination 2, 71—73, 98; European directives 2; framework 71, 72; legislation 2 anti-racist laws 43, 54-55, 68-69, 73, 79, 81, 87, 88, 95, 98; 2014 amendments to the 41, 68, 75, 78-79, 87, 95; amended 68; Article 1 81; implementation of the 69, 79, 88; use of 95 anti-Roma 17 anti-Semitic 11 Appeals Court 13, 30, 35 assembly: freedom of 69; peaceful 70—71; pre-organised 70; president of the 70; private 71; public 69—71; time and place of the 70; unarmed 70; violent 70 associations: destructive 60; dissolution of 60; formation of 49; forms of 58; freedom of 1, 56, 58, 60, 67; non profit 45; objectives, membership and funding 49; purposes of registering an 48; registering as an 49; statutes 48; type of 45 Athens 7, 10, 21, 26-28, 80, 83, 88, 93; bombings in 7 Attica 88 authoritarianism 52 Battle of Crete 78 bias 28, 81, 83-84; investigation of 81; motivation 81, 83-84 binding regulations 78 blasphemy 40-41; offence of 41; prohibition of 40 bombings 7-8 Bourne, Angela K. 52 case law 4, 39—40, 43-44; limited 44 censorship 64, 76 CERD see Committee on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) civil war 1, 4, 49-50, 54, 64; end of 50 Coalition of Left Movements and Ecology 6 Coalition of the
Radical Left (SYRIZA) 6, 38 colonels see Regime of the Colonels Combatting Certain Forms and Expressions of Racism and Xenophobia 2 Committee on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) 61, 89, 96 Communist Party of Greece (KKE) 38, 49-52, 56, 58; ban on 50-51; prohibition of 49-50 constitution 1, 4-5, 8, 13, 15, 23, 33, 35, 38-39, 45-51, 53, 59, 62, 64,
102 Index 67-71, 78, 94, 96, 99; of 1925 50; of 1927 50; of 1952 50; of 1975 51; ‘all known religions shall be free’ 39; Article 2 41, 49, 67, 69, 76, 78; Article 2(1) 67; Article 3 39; Article 5 82; Article 5(1) 67; Article 5(2) 71; Article 11 70; Article 12 41, 45; Article 13 39; Article 14 68, 70; Article 14(1) 69; Article 16 68—69, 72-73, 88; Article 16(1) 68-69, 72, 88; Article 25(3) 62, 67; Article 29 8, 45-46, 48, 52, 55, 61-62, 64, 94, 96-97, 99; Article 29(1) 48, 62, 99; Article 30 4; Article 51 38; Article 58(4) 50; Article 62 35, 64; Article 79 86; Article 103 5; defending against anti-democratic actors 53; ‘dominant religion’ 39; executive powers 4; judicial powers 4, 78; ‘known religions’ 39; legislative powers 4; liberal 53; non discrimination provision of the 71 ; ‘protects publicly known religions but not mystical and secret practices or dogmas’ 39; the primary source of law 5 constitutional: limitations 32, 97; militance 99; mission 46; protection 32, 46, 96—97; provisions 39, 54; requirement 46; tradition 46 Constitutional Court 50—51; Article 100 51; puppet 50 Contracting Parties’ positive obligations 59 Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA 83 Council ofEurope 2, 25, 28, 47, 61, 80-81, 88-89, 95-96, 99 Council ofEurope Commissioner for Human Rights 25, 28, 47, 61, 80—81, 88-89, 96; Article 11 49, 56-58, 60-61, 69-70; Article 29 8, 45, 46, 52, 55, 61; Article 29(1) 48, 99 Court of Cassation 47-48 Criminal Code/Code of Criminal Procedure 2, 32, 34—36, 38—39, 41-42, 62-63, 70, 79, 82, 86-87, 90-93, 97—98; anti-terror provision of the 92; Article 46 82;
Articles 59—61 38; Article 61 87; Article 171 70; Article 187 35-36, 62, 90-91, 93; Article 187(1) 35, 90; Article 189 70; Article 198(2) 39; new provision of the 42 Criminalisation of Acts of a Racist and Xenophobic Nature 96 criminality 19, 32—33, 37, 96; fascist 37; systematic 96 criminal law 2, 31, 33, 46, 64, 75, 84, 87, 89, 98; advances 87; alterations 87; amendments 87; Article 79 84; Article 79(3) 84; framework of 46, 89; role of 2; use of 98 criminal offences 16, 65; commission of 16 criminal organisation 2, 31, 34—37, 46, 61-62, 65, 90-93, 97-99; establishment of a 90; leadership 98; members of a 90—91, 98 Cyprus 24, 51; negotiations in 51 ‘Deep State’ 51 Democratic Party (DEP) 58 detention 36—37, 82 Dicle (on behalf of the Democratic Party DEP) v Turkey 58 discrimination 1-2, 5, 40, 42-43, 61, 71-73, 75-76, 78, 89, 94-96, 98-99; definitional framework of 43; direct and indirect 43; ethnic 73; prohibition of 2, 96; prosecution of 72; racial 1, 2, 40, 42, 61, 73, 75, 78, 89, 94-95; religious 43 ECRI see European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) ECtHR 4, 49, 55-56, 58, 61, 76, 89; approach of 55; case law 4 Egyptian fishermen case 83 Elders of Zion 17 Eleftheros Kosmos 79 Ellinas, Antonis A. 3 ENEK see Unified Nationalist Movement (ENEK) ETA see Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) 17, 32, 52, 62, 74, 77, 83, 87-88, 94; 2015
Index report on Greece 17; Article 1 77-78; Article 1(1) 77; Article 1(2) 77; Article 1(4) 77; Article 1(f) 77; Article 3(2) 77 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 2, 55, 61, 69, 75, 95-96; Article 10 75; Article 10(1) 69; Article 11 55; Article 14 75; Article 17 61, 75; Protocol 12 96 European Parliament 9-10, 16-17, 22, 37-38; 1984 elections 9 European Union (EU) 2, 13, 23, 43, 71, 89; anti-discrimination directives 2 Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) 57 ex officio investigation 83, 88 ex officio prosecution 79—80, 82, 87; power of 79 explosives 12, 85; illegal possession of 12; possession of 12, 85 fascism 7, 12, 23, 62; clear 62 felony 64—65, 86 feminism 6 financial: crisis 17, 23-24; infrastructure 93; policies 5 Fotiadis, Ilias 29 Framework Decision on Combatting Certain Forms and Expressions of Racism and Xenophobia by Means of Criminal law Decision 2, 40—41, 77-79, 83, 89, 95 freedom 1, 41—42, 54-56, 58-60, 63, 67-69, 75-76, 91, 95-96; absolute 63; academic 68; of art, science, research and teaching 68, 69; fundamental 42, 54; negative 55; of opinion 68; personal 67, 91; to propagate expression 68; protection of 56 freedom of assembly 55, 67, 69; qualified right to the 55 freedom of association 1, 55—56, 58, 60, 65, 67; framework of 1; parties 56, 60; qualified right to the 55 freedom of expression 1, 41, 68, 75-76; protection of 76; risk of violating the 75; safety nets for 41 Free Greece 50 103 Free South Network 13—14 Front Line 8, 79 Führerprinzip 13 Fyssas, Pavlos 20, 29—37, 39, 65, 97, 99; murder of 30, 32-37, 65, 97, 99 gender identity 40-42, 76, 84, 86
genocide 41, 68, 76, 78; handling of 68 German neo-Nazi group 13 Germany 4, 13, 53, 80; defeat of 80 Golden Dawn 1, 3, 6-39, 46, 49, 61— 63, 65, 67-68, 71-73, 81-86, 90-94, 96-99; 2014 election campaign 12; ‘accused’ Jews or Zionists 17; actions 28, 85; activities of 29, 39, 72; Article 29 on 61-62; attacks 30; banning 62; belief system 8; as a criminal organisation 46; demise of 3; electoral 6, 10, 30; foundation of 12, 15; functioning of 29; handling of 1, 68; hateful stance of 17; historical development and ideological profile 10; ideology of 10; involvement in crimes 30; issue of 62; leaders of 7, 30, 37-38, 65, 90, 99; members of 8, 14-15, 19, 27, 29-30, 32-33, 38, 83, 85—86, 91, 96, 99; National Socialist belief system of 13; Nazi activity of 62; overview of 3; Papadimou’s government 10; as a political party 21, 37, 63, 97—98; prosecution of 61; rhetoric of 19, 39; rise of3, 18, 24, 26; roots of 10; secret constitution 10, 15; status of 63, 97; street activity 10; support of a demonstration against the registration of Roma pupils 17; systemic and systematic violence 98; tackling 99; targets of 18; as a terrorist organisation 92; treatment of 32, 39; untouchability 99; violence committed by 29, 31, 99 Golden Daum—History, Personalities and the Truth Ъ Golden Dawn magazine 7, 10, 14, 23 Greek Helsinki Monitor 62, 79 harassment 42—43, 73 harm 31, 34-35, 40-41, 55, 77, 81, 85, 90, 93; bodily 31, 34-35, 85, 90,
104 Index 93; collective 93; individual 40-41; physical 55; public 40; severity of 93 hate 5, 17, 20, 27, 33, 39-42, 76-77, 79, 81-83, 86-89; due to the descent 42; ethnic 42; hierarchy of 81; racial 42; religious 42 hate crime 5, 20, 27, 33, 39, 42, 79, 81-83, 86-89; barriers to reporting a 88; incidents 27, 82; legal definition of 42; provision on 87; victims of 82-83, 87, 89 hateful: expression 41; motivations 87; organisations 77, 95; rhetoric 96; speech and public disorder 75, 83 hate speech 17, 39-41, 76-77 Hem Batasuna 59 Herri Batasuna and Batasuna v Spain 57, 59 hierarchy 13-15, 81, 93; absolute 13; rigid 14 Hitler, Adolf 11, 14, 80 Holocaust 9, 41 homicidal intent 30-31 homicide 30, 34—35, 83, 85, 90, 93; attempted 30, 34, 83, 85; intentional 85 hostility 49-50, 52, 95; long-term 49; to political parties 50 human rights 1-2, 4, 18, 20, 23, 25—26, 28-29, 34, 42, 47, 54, 56, 61, 67, 71, 80-81, 88-89, 95-97, 99; law 67; protection 4; restrictions to 54; standards 97; violations of 71 Human Rights Committee 23, 26, 29, 95 ICCPR see International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) ICERD see International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) identity 9, 19, 40-42, 76, 84, 86; cultural 9; gender 40—42, 76, 84, 86 ideology 7-8, 10-12, 25, 30-31, 55, 62-63; far-right 7; fascist or Nazi 7; murderous 62; nationalism 11; Nazi 11 immigrant 9, 11, 16, 18—21, 26, 32, 81, 84, 86 immunity 4, 13, 31, 35, 37, 63-65, 81; lifting the 13, 31, 35, 81; parliamentary 63 Implementation of the Principle of Equal Treatment regardless of
Racial or Ethnic Origin, Religion or other Beliefs, Disability, Age or Sexual Orientation 2 International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) 2, 42, 61, 71, 94-96 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 2, 95-96; Article 19 95; Article 20(2) 95; Article 21 95; Article 22 95; Optional Protocol 95; Second Optional Protocol 95; status of 2 Internationalist Workers Coalition (DEA) 6 internet 19, 40-41, 78 investigations 5, 27, 34—37, 63-64, 71, 81-83, 85, 87-88; administrative authority for 5; lack of adequate 82; of racist motives 83, 85 Islamic political party 56; dissolution of an 56 Jews 7, 9, 17, 69, 73, 79-80; racist speech against 9 ‘Jews not Welcome’ 73 Junta 7-9, 12, 38, 48, 50, 54, 65-66, 70, 95; 1968 constitution 50; rail of the 8 Karamanlis 51-52; reconciliatory paradigm adopted by 52 Karampatsolis, Ioannis 29 Karatzaferis, George 9 Kasidiaris, Ilias 17, 23, 31, 36, 38 KEDA see Movement for the United in Action Left Coalition (KEDA) Keisen, Hans 54-55; approach of a procedural model 55; procedural model 54 kidnapping 35, 90, 93 KINAL see Movement for Change (KINAL) kingship symbols 47
Index KKE see Communist Party of Greece (KKE) Kontomos 84-85 Kousouris, Dimitris 29-30 L’affaire Maison de Ia Civilisation Macédonienne et Autres c. Grèce 49 Lagos, Ioannis 37 LAOS see Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS) Legislative Decree 494/1970 94 legislature: constitutional limits of the 78; execution of duties 63 legitimacy 15, 22; state 15 lex imperfecta 46, 66 LGBTQ+ 18 liberty 40, 71, 77, 95 Loewenstein, Karl 52-55 Lowenstein 99 Luqman, Shehzad 20, 32, 85; murder of 85 Macedonia 12, 19, 49; dispute regarding the use of the name 49 Magistrates Court 34, 85 Malkopoulou, Anthoula 54 Matheopoulos 36 Memorandum of Understanding(s) 6, 10, 23 metapolitefsi 4, 76 Metaxas, Ioannis 4, 7, 13; authoritarian rule of 4; self-coup 7 Michaloliakos, Nikolaos 7, 9-11, 15, 21, 36, 90; declaration for the establishment of a political party 11 migrants 16, 18, 20, 25—26, 28, 31-32, 39, 65, 81-83, 85, 88, 90; ill treatment of 82; legal aid to 90; from Pakistan 85; racial violence against 81; residence permit on humanitarian grounds to 83, 88; undocumented 82 militant democracy 52-54, 67, 96; legality of 54 military training 15, 91; combat 15, 75, 77, 79; first aid 15; gun use 15 minorities 18, 39; ethnic 18, 39 Misdemeanours Prosecutor of Thessaloniki 73; intervention of the 73 105 monarchy 3-4; constitutional 4 morals 56, 67; protection of 56 Movement for Change (KINAL) 38 Movement for the United in Action Left Coalition (KEDA) 6 Muslims 17-18, 85; hate against the 17 National Action Plan on Human Rights 96 National Alignment 8-9 National Commission on Human Rights 18 National Democratic
Union 8 National Human Rights Committee 29 nationalism 11-12, 25; ideology of 11 nationality 71-72 National Political Union 7-9; youth wing 9 national security 56; legitimate aim of protecting 56 National Socialism 7, 12-14, 22; principles of 14 nation-state 3 Nazi: atrocities 53; flags 13; ideals 18; military uniforms 13; salutes 13, 62; swastika 13 Nazi-Free Thessaloniki Assembly 73 Nazi Germany 4, 13; characteristic of the 13; invasion and occupation of Greece by 4 Nazism 7, 23, 63 neo-Nazi groups 14, 61 New Democracy 5-7, 9, 24-25, 38 New Fascism 48 non-accountability 64 non-destruction clause 67 non-discrimination 1, 71-73, 99; clause 71; enforcement of the law 72; national framework 72 non-profit associations 45 Ombudsperson 5, 20, 27, 72, 79, 82; jurisdiction of 5; Law 3094/2003 on 5 Organisation of Public Transportation of Thessaloniki 73 Pakistan 85 PAME see All-Workers Militant Front (PAME)
106 Index Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) 5-6, 20, 24 Papadopoulos, Colonel George 7, 50 Pappas, Christos 37 ‘paradox of tolerance’ 53 parliamentary immunity 4, 31, 63-65 PASOK see Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) Patelis 37 penalties 44, 59-60, 73, 77; criminal 73, 77; protection against 59, 60 Periandros 29 Piraeus 83 Plevris, Constantinos 7, 9, 69, 80; 2010 case against 79; Jews— The Whole Truth 7, 69, 79 pluralism 55-56, 58, 64 Police Circular 81, 83—84; of 2006 87; on bias motivation 83, 84 political parties, legal treatment of 45-65 Popper, Karl 53 Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS) 7, 9-10, 38, 79; established in 2000 9; fall of 10; participation of, in Papadimou’s government 10 principle of equal treatment 5, 43, 72; application of the 43; implementation and promotion of the 5 prisons 7, 19, 30, 35-37, 50, 77, 80, 90; political 50; sentences 35—37, 77, 80, 90 Progressive Party 8-9 prohibitionism 64 prohibitions 78, 91, 97; legal 78 propaganda 78, 91, 94-95; organised 95 property 31, 40-41, 77, 85; damage to the 40-41, 77 Prosecutor’s Recommendation to the Appeals Council 13-15, 36, 43, 90-91 Provision of Legal Aid 89 Psaras, Dimitris 3, 14 public: authority 93; deliberation 76; harm 40; opinion 58; outdoor assembly 70; proposals 58; sector 72; security 69; speeches 12; will 4 Public Administration Inspectors and Auditors Body 5 public assembles 69—71; outdoor 69 public assembly 30, 69-70; prohibited 70 public disorder 41, 83, 95; infliction of 41 public funding 63; suspension of 65 public order 34, 40-41, 43, 70, 76-77, 91, 95, 98; damage to 40; danger to
40, 76, 95; issue of 98; legislation 98; meaning of 43; purposes of protecting 91 Public Outdoor Assemblies 69-71 public safety 56; legitimate aim of protecting 56 Punishing Acts 2 race 11-12, 14, 39-42, 71-73, 76, 80, 86; biological 12; clean 11; conceptualisation of 12 racial: aggravation 2, 42; discrimination 1, 2, 40, 42, 61, 73, 75, 78, 89, 94-95; hate 42; origin 5, 69, 72, 80, 86; standards 76; violence 1, 81 racial discrimination: definition of 42; framework of 75 racial equality 72; directive 72 racial groups 39—41, 75, 82 racial hatred 43, 66, 84, 88, 95; incitement to 43 racism 2, 11-12, 14, 17, 19, 25-26, 29, 41, 75, 81, 89, 99; biological 12, 14; cultural 12; institutional 99; tendency of 29 racist: attacks 88; behaviour 75; belief system 16; feelings 86; fury 85; ideas 94; manifestations 75; polices 39; rhetoric 11, 26; speech 9; statements 47; violence 21, 29, 83 ‘Racist Crime’ 42 racist crimes 20, 33, 42, 79, 83, 86, 88; conceptualisation of 42; investigations into 83, 88; legal definition of 42; prosecution for 79 racist motives 21, 28, 32, 81, 85, 88, 98; investigation of 85 racist organisations 95; prohibition of 95 The Radical 50 reconciliation 51—52, 64 reconciliatory model, post-Junta 66
Index Refah Partisi (the Welfare Party) and Others v Turkey 56-57, 59-60 referendum 3 refugees 18, 19 Regime of the Colonels 1, 4, 7—8, 23, 48-49, 51, 64, 95 registration of political parties 17, 46, 65, 99; requirements 46 Regulation of Public Outdoor Assemblies 70, 71 Renewing Communist Ecological Coalition (AKOA) 6 revisionism, prohibition of 40 Revolutionary Organisation 92 rhetoric 11, 18, 25-26, 29, 39, 65, 67, 81, 83, 89, 96, 98; anti-immigrant 18; anti-minority 18; dissemination of 96; hateful 96; individual 96; nonparty 96; punishable 83 Richter, Heinz 41, 78 right: of association 56; to be candidates 38; to be elected 38; civil 87; democratic 6; electoral 38; exercise of 56, 62, 67; to form and join political parties 45; to freedom of expression 95; human 1, 4, 29, 34, 42, 54, 71, 97, 99; individual 4; to institutionalize an anti-communist state 50; loss of 38; political 4, 38, 51, 56, 64; protection of 56; to vote 38, 45 rights and freedoms 56, 59, 67 robbery 31, 85 Roma 17, 18, 25-28, 82 Roupakias, Georgios 32, 37 rule of law 34, 56, 93, 99 sanction 45, 66, 72 secularism 56—57 Security Measures of Social Regime and the Protection of the Freedom of Citizens 50 sentences: hate crimes 42, 87; higher 84, 87; highest 87; life 85; lower 90; lowest 86; maximum 84; prison 35, 77, 80, 90 sentencing 29-30, 42, 84-88; trial in terms of 88 sexual orientation 40—42, 72, 76, 84, 86; see also LGBTQ+ 107 Sidiropoulos and Others v Greece 49 social: infrastructure 17; policies 5; solidarity 4 socialism 6 Socialist Labour Party 30 Socialist Party 59 Socialist Party and Others v
Turkey 58 Synadinos, Eleftherios, Golden Dawn MP 17 Synaspismos (SYN) 6 SYRIZA see Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) terrorist: attacks 57; organisations 2, 65, 92-93 Thessaloniki 73, 83, 88 Thrace 17-18, 85 threat to the life 17, 40, 62, 76-77, 95 tolerance 52—53; democratic 52; disappearance of 53; unlimited 53 Transposition of Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA 2 Troika, involvement in Greece 6 Tsipras, Alexis, leader of SYRIZA 6; as prime minister 6 Turkey 56-58, 60; secularism in 56—57 Turkish invasion 51 Tyrannicides 48 UN 23, 61, 94, 96 UNHCR see United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Unified Nationalist Movement (ENEK) 10 United Communist Party of Turkey and Others v Turkey 56, 58 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 20 violence 1, 3, 7-8, 12, 17-21, 29, 31, 33, 39-41, 58-60, 62, 64, 66, 76-77, 81, 83, 88, 94-96, 98-99; armed 62; far-right 8; incidences of 18; of a mob 76; physical 62; political 7; provision relating to inciting 40; public incitement to 40, 76; racial 1, 81; racist 21, 29, 83; religious 1; systemic/systematic 98
108 Index violent: actions 28, 31, 63; activity 11, 63 vulnerable citizens 52; rights of 52 Xenios-Zeus operation 26 xenophobia 19, 25—26, 29, 41, 75, 86; manifestations 75; populist 11 war crimes 41, 76; international 76 weapons 18, 80, 85; bats 18, 33, 76; illegal possession carrying of 85; political 60; special chemical 80; use of 18, 85 Zaroulia, Eleni, Golden Dawn MP 16, 18 Zionism 9, 11, 17, 69 Bayerisch® Staatsbibliothek : München
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Contents Acknowledgements 1 ix 1 Introduction 1.1 General Introduction 1 1.1.1 Aims and Structure 1 3 1.1.2 Contribution of the Book 1.1.3 Contextual and Definitional Framework 3 1.1.3.1 Overview of Greek Political and Legal System 1.1.3.2 Dictatorship ֊ Regime of the Colonels 1.1.3.3 The Face of the Far-Right in Greece 1.1.4 Definitional Framework 3 7 8 39 1.1.4.1 Racial and Religious Groups 39 1.1.4.2 Public Incitement of Violence and Hatred and Prohibition of Revisionism — A Substitutefor Hate Speech? 40 1.1.4.3 Racial and Religious Aggravation and Hate Crime: Two in One 42 1.1.4.4 Discrimination and Harassment 1.1.4.5 Public Order 2 42 43 The Treatment of Political Parties in the Greek Legal Order 2.1 Article 29: Legal Issues 2.1.1 Article 2: History 45 49 2.1.2 Article 29: Theoretical Issues 52 2.1.3 Article 29 and ECtHR Case Law 55 45
viii Contents 2. í. З (i) Artide 11 ECHR 55 2.1.3 (H) The Questions of Democracy and Violence 2.1.3 (Hi) The Question of Timing 2.1.3 (iv) Concluding Comments 58 60 60 2.1.4 Impact ofArticle 29 on Golden Dawn 61 2.1.5 The Doctrine of Parliamentary Immunity and Public Funding 63 2.1.6 Concluding Comments: Freedom of Association and Political Parties in Greece 3 65 Human Rights Law 3.1 Human Rights: Conceptual Backdrop 3.1.1 Freedom of Expression 3.1.2 Freedom of Assembly 3.1.3 Non-Discrimination 4 61 68 69 71 The Far-Right Movement and Criminal Law 4.1 Law 927/1979 - Anti-Racist Legislation 75 4.2 Aggravating, Sentencing and Hate Crimes 84 4.3 Advances, Amendments and Alterations in the Sphere of Criminal Law 87 4.4 Criminal Organisation — Prohibition of Establishment, Leadership and Participation 90 4.5 Terrorist Organisations: Core Difference 93 5 The International and European Frameworks 94 6 Conclusion 98 Index 101
Index Abouzid, Embarak 20, 33, 35, 83 Active Citizens Coalition 6 aggravating circumstance 42, 84, 87 aggravation 2, 42, 84-86; racial 2, 42; religious 42; steps and use of the provision 86 agricultural co-operatives 45 All-Workers Militant Front (PAME) 20, 35, 36 Amnesty Internationales, 85 Androutsopoulos, Antonis 19, 21, 29, 30; found guilty of attacks 29-30 anti-discrimination 2, 71—73, 98; European directives 2; framework 71, 72; legislation 2 anti-racist laws 43, 54-55, 68-69, 73, 79, 81, 87, 88, 95, 98; 2014 amendments to the 41, 68, 75, 78-79, 87, 95; amended 68; Article 1 81; implementation of the 69, 79, 88; use of 95 anti-Roma 17 anti-Semitic 11 Appeals Court 13, 30, 35 assembly: freedom of 69; peaceful 70—71; pre-organised 70; president of the 70; private 71; public 69—71; time and place of the 70; unarmed 70; violent 70 associations: destructive 60; dissolution of 60; formation of 49; forms of 58; freedom of 1, 56, 58, 60, 67; non profit 45; objectives, membership and funding 49; purposes of registering an 48; registering as an 49; statutes 48; type of 45 Athens 7, 10, 21, 26-28, 80, 83, 88, 93; bombings in 7 Attica 88 authoritarianism 52 Battle of Crete 78 bias 28, 81, 83-84; investigation of 81; motivation 81, 83-84 binding regulations 78 blasphemy 40-41; offence of 41; prohibition of 40 bombings 7-8 Bourne, Angela K. 52 case law 4, 39—40, 43-44; limited 44 censorship 64, 76 CERD see Committee on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) civil war 1, 4, 49-50, 54, 64; end of 50 Coalition of Left Movements and Ecology 6 Coalition of the
Radical Left (SYRIZA) 6, 38 colonels see Regime of the Colonels Combatting Certain Forms and Expressions of Racism and Xenophobia 2 Committee on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) 61, 89, 96 Communist Party of Greece (KKE) 38, 49-52, 56, 58; ban on 50-51; prohibition of 49-50 constitution 1, 4-5, 8, 13, 15, 23, 33, 35, 38-39, 45-51, 53, 59, 62, 64,
102 Index 67-71, 78, 94, 96, 99; of 1925 50; of 1927 50; of 1952 50; of 1975 51; ‘all known religions shall be free’ 39; Article 2 41, 49, 67, 69, 76, 78; Article 2(1) 67; Article 3 39; Article 5 82; Article 5(1) 67; Article 5(2) 71; Article 11 70; Article 12 41, 45; Article 13 39; Article 14 68, 70; Article 14(1) 69; Article 16 68—69, 72-73, 88; Article 16(1) 68-69, 72, 88; Article 25(3) 62, 67; Article 29 8, 45-46, 48, 52, 55, 61-62, 64, 94, 96-97, 99; Article 29(1) 48, 62, 99; Article 30 4; Article 51 38; Article 58(4) 50; Article 62 35, 64; Article 79 86; Article 103 5; defending against anti-democratic actors 53; ‘dominant religion’ 39; executive powers 4; judicial powers 4, 78; ‘known religions’ 39; legislative powers 4; liberal 53; non discrimination provision of the 71 ; ‘protects publicly known religions but not mystical and secret practices or dogmas’ 39; the primary source of law 5 constitutional: limitations 32, 97; militance 99; mission 46; protection 32, 46, 96—97; provisions 39, 54; requirement 46; tradition 46 Constitutional Court 50—51; Article 100 51; puppet 50 Contracting Parties’ positive obligations 59 Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA 83 Council ofEurope 2, 25, 28, 47, 61, 80-81, 88-89, 95-96, 99 Council ofEurope Commissioner for Human Rights 25, 28, 47, 61, 80—81, 88-89, 96; Article 11 49, 56-58, 60-61, 69-70; Article 29 8, 45, 46, 52, 55, 61; Article 29(1) 48, 99 Court of Cassation 47-48 Criminal Code/Code of Criminal Procedure 2, 32, 34—36, 38—39, 41-42, 62-63, 70, 79, 82, 86-87, 90-93, 97—98; anti-terror provision of the 92; Article 46 82;
Articles 59—61 38; Article 61 87; Article 171 70; Article 187 35-36, 62, 90-91, 93; Article 187(1) 35, 90; Article 189 70; Article 198(2) 39; new provision of the 42 Criminalisation of Acts of a Racist and Xenophobic Nature 96 criminality 19, 32—33, 37, 96; fascist 37; systematic 96 criminal law 2, 31, 33, 46, 64, 75, 84, 87, 89, 98; advances 87; alterations 87; amendments 87; Article 79 84; Article 79(3) 84; framework of 46, 89; role of 2; use of 98 criminal offences 16, 65; commission of 16 criminal organisation 2, 31, 34—37, 46, 61-62, 65, 90-93, 97-99; establishment of a 90; leadership 98; members of a 90—91, 98 Cyprus 24, 51; negotiations in 51 ‘Deep State’ 51 Democratic Party (DEP) 58 detention 36—37, 82 Dicle (on behalf of the Democratic Party DEP) v Turkey 58 discrimination 1-2, 5, 40, 42-43, 61, 71-73, 75-76, 78, 89, 94-96, 98-99; definitional framework of 43; direct and indirect 43; ethnic 73; prohibition of 2, 96; prosecution of 72; racial 1, 2, 40, 42, 61, 73, 75, 78, 89, 94-95; religious 43 ECRI see European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) ECtHR 4, 49, 55-56, 58, 61, 76, 89; approach of 55; case law 4 Egyptian fishermen case 83 Elders of Zion 17 Eleftheros Kosmos 79 Ellinas, Antonis A. 3 ENEK see Unified Nationalist Movement (ENEK) ETA see Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) 17, 32, 52, 62, 74, 77, 83, 87-88, 94; 2015
Index report on Greece 17; Article 1 77-78; Article 1(1) 77; Article 1(2) 77; Article 1(4) 77; Article 1(f) 77; Article 3(2) 77 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 2, 55, 61, 69, 75, 95-96; Article 10 75; Article 10(1) 69; Article 11 55; Article 14 75; Article 17 61, 75; Protocol 12 96 European Parliament 9-10, 16-17, 22, 37-38; 1984 elections 9 European Union (EU) 2, 13, 23, 43, 71, 89; anti-discrimination directives 2 Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) 57 ex officio investigation 83, 88 ex officio prosecution 79—80, 82, 87; power of 79 explosives 12, 85; illegal possession of 12; possession of 12, 85 fascism 7, 12, 23, 62; clear 62 felony 64—65, 86 feminism 6 financial: crisis 17, 23-24; infrastructure 93; policies 5 Fotiadis, Ilias 29 Framework Decision on Combatting Certain Forms and Expressions of Racism and Xenophobia by Means of Criminal law Decision 2, 40—41, 77-79, 83, 89, 95 freedom 1, 41—42, 54-56, 58-60, 63, 67-69, 75-76, 91, 95-96; absolute 63; academic 68; of art, science, research and teaching 68, 69; fundamental 42, 54; negative 55; of opinion 68; personal 67, 91; to propagate expression 68; protection of 56 freedom of assembly 55, 67, 69; qualified right to the 55 freedom of association 1, 55—56, 58, 60, 65, 67; framework of 1; parties 56, 60; qualified right to the 55 freedom of expression 1, 41, 68, 75-76; protection of 76; risk of violating the 75; safety nets for 41 Free Greece 50 103 Free South Network 13—14 Front Line 8, 79 Führerprinzip 13 Fyssas, Pavlos 20, 29—37, 39, 65, 97, 99; murder of 30, 32-37, 65, 97, 99 gender identity 40-42, 76, 84, 86
genocide 41, 68, 76, 78; handling of 68 German neo-Nazi group 13 Germany 4, 13, 53, 80; defeat of 80 Golden Dawn 1, 3, 6-39, 46, 49, 61— 63, 65, 67-68, 71-73, 81-86, 90-94, 96-99; 2014 election campaign 12; ‘accused’ Jews or Zionists 17; actions 28, 85; activities of 29, 39, 72; Article 29 on 61-62; attacks 30; banning 62; belief system 8; as a criminal organisation 46; demise of 3; electoral 6, 10, 30; foundation of 12, 15; functioning of 29; handling of 1, 68; hateful stance of 17; historical development and ideological profile 10; ideology of 10; involvement in crimes 30; issue of 62; leaders of 7, 30, 37-38, 65, 90, 99; members of 8, 14-15, 19, 27, 29-30, 32-33, 38, 83, 85—86, 91, 96, 99; National Socialist belief system of 13; Nazi activity of 62; overview of 3; Papadimou’s government 10; as a political party 21, 37, 63, 97—98; prosecution of 61; rhetoric of 19, 39; rise of3, 18, 24, 26; roots of 10; secret constitution 10, 15; status of 63, 97; street activity 10; support of a demonstration against the registration of Roma pupils 17; systemic and systematic violence 98; tackling 99; targets of 18; as a terrorist organisation 92; treatment of 32, 39; untouchability 99; violence committed by 29, 31, 99 Golden Daum—History, Personalities and the Truth Ъ Golden Dawn magazine 7, 10, 14, 23 Greek Helsinki Monitor 62, 79 harassment 42—43, 73 harm 31, 34-35, 40-41, 55, 77, 81, 85, 90, 93; bodily 31, 34-35, 85, 90,
104 Index 93; collective 93; individual 40-41; physical 55; public 40; severity of 93 hate 5, 17, 20, 27, 33, 39-42, 76-77, 79, 81-83, 86-89; due to the descent 42; ethnic 42; hierarchy of 81; racial 42; religious 42 hate crime 5, 20, 27, 33, 39, 42, 79, 81-83, 86-89; barriers to reporting a 88; incidents 27, 82; legal definition of 42; provision on 87; victims of 82-83, 87, 89 hateful: expression 41; motivations 87; organisations 77, 95; rhetoric 96; speech and public disorder 75, 83 hate speech 17, 39-41, 76-77 Hem Batasuna 59 Herri Batasuna and Batasuna v Spain 57, 59 hierarchy 13-15, 81, 93; absolute 13; rigid 14 Hitler, Adolf 11, 14, 80 Holocaust 9, 41 homicidal intent 30-31 homicide 30, 34—35, 83, 85, 90, 93; attempted 30, 34, 83, 85; intentional 85 hostility 49-50, 52, 95; long-term 49; to political parties 50 human rights 1-2, 4, 18, 20, 23, 25—26, 28-29, 34, 42, 47, 54, 56, 61, 67, 71, 80-81, 88-89, 95-97, 99; law 67; protection 4; restrictions to 54; standards 97; violations of 71 Human Rights Committee 23, 26, 29, 95 ICCPR see International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) ICERD see International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) identity 9, 19, 40-42, 76, 84, 86; cultural 9; gender 40—42, 76, 84, 86 ideology 7-8, 10-12, 25, 30-31, 55, 62-63; far-right 7; fascist or Nazi 7; murderous 62; nationalism 11; Nazi 11 immigrant 9, 11, 16, 18—21, 26, 32, 81, 84, 86 immunity 4, 13, 31, 35, 37, 63-65, 81; lifting the 13, 31, 35, 81; parliamentary 63 Implementation of the Principle of Equal Treatment regardless of
Racial or Ethnic Origin, Religion or other Beliefs, Disability, Age or Sexual Orientation 2 International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) 2, 42, 61, 71, 94-96 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 2, 95-96; Article 19 95; Article 20(2) 95; Article 21 95; Article 22 95; Optional Protocol 95; Second Optional Protocol 95; status of 2 Internationalist Workers Coalition (DEA) 6 internet 19, 40-41, 78 investigations 5, 27, 34—37, 63-64, 71, 81-83, 85, 87-88; administrative authority for 5; lack of adequate 82; of racist motives 83, 85 Islamic political party 56; dissolution of an 56 Jews 7, 9, 17, 69, 73, 79-80; racist speech against 9 ‘Jews not Welcome’ 73 Junta 7-9, 12, 38, 48, 50, 54, 65-66, 70, 95; 1968 constitution 50; rail of the 8 Karamanlis 51-52; reconciliatory paradigm adopted by 52 Karampatsolis, Ioannis 29 Karatzaferis, George 9 Kasidiaris, Ilias 17, 23, 31, 36, 38 KEDA see Movement for the United in Action Left Coalition (KEDA) Keisen, Hans 54-55; approach of a procedural model 55; procedural model 54 kidnapping 35, 90, 93 KINAL see Movement for Change (KINAL) kingship symbols 47
Index KKE see Communist Party of Greece (KKE) Kontomos 84-85 Kousouris, Dimitris 29-30 L’affaire Maison de Ia Civilisation Macédonienne et Autres c. Grèce 49 Lagos, Ioannis 37 LAOS see Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS) Legislative Decree 494/1970 94 legislature: constitutional limits of the 78; execution of duties 63 legitimacy 15, 22; state 15 lex imperfecta 46, 66 LGBTQ+ 18 liberty 40, 71, 77, 95 Loewenstein, Karl 52-55 Lowenstein 99 Luqman, Shehzad 20, 32, 85; murder of 85 Macedonia 12, 19, 49; dispute regarding the use of the name 49 Magistrates Court 34, 85 Malkopoulou, Anthoula 54 Matheopoulos 36 Memorandum of Understanding(s) 6, 10, 23 metapolitefsi 4, 76 Metaxas, Ioannis 4, 7, 13; authoritarian rule of 4; self-coup 7 Michaloliakos, Nikolaos 7, 9-11, 15, 21, 36, 90; declaration for the establishment of a political party 11 migrants 16, 18, 20, 25—26, 28, 31-32, 39, 65, 81-83, 85, 88, 90; ill treatment of 82; legal aid to 90; from Pakistan 85; racial violence against 81; residence permit on humanitarian grounds to 83, 88; undocumented 82 militant democracy 52-54, 67, 96; legality of 54 military training 15, 91; combat 15, 75, 77, 79; first aid 15; gun use 15 minorities 18, 39; ethnic 18, 39 Misdemeanours Prosecutor of Thessaloniki 73; intervention of the 73 105 monarchy 3-4; constitutional 4 morals 56, 67; protection of 56 Movement for Change (KINAL) 38 Movement for the United in Action Left Coalition (KEDA) 6 Muslims 17-18, 85; hate against the 17 National Action Plan on Human Rights 96 National Alignment 8-9 National Commission on Human Rights 18 National Democratic
Union 8 National Human Rights Committee 29 nationalism 11-12, 25; ideology of 11 nationality 71-72 National Political Union 7-9; youth wing 9 national security 56; legitimate aim of protecting 56 National Socialism 7, 12-14, 22; principles of 14 nation-state 3 Nazi: atrocities 53; flags 13; ideals 18; military uniforms 13; salutes 13, 62; swastika 13 Nazi-Free Thessaloniki Assembly 73 Nazi Germany 4, 13; characteristic of the 13; invasion and occupation of Greece by 4 Nazism 7, 23, 63 neo-Nazi groups 14, 61 New Democracy 5-7, 9, 24-25, 38 New Fascism 48 non-accountability 64 non-destruction clause 67 non-discrimination 1, 71-73, 99; clause 71; enforcement of the law 72; national framework 72 non-profit associations 45 Ombudsperson 5, 20, 27, 72, 79, 82; jurisdiction of 5; Law 3094/2003 on 5 Organisation of Public Transportation of Thessaloniki 73 Pakistan 85 PAME see All-Workers Militant Front (PAME)
106 Index Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) 5-6, 20, 24 Papadopoulos, Colonel George 7, 50 Pappas, Christos 37 ‘paradox of tolerance’ 53 parliamentary immunity 4, 31, 63-65 PASOK see Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) Patelis 37 penalties 44, 59-60, 73, 77; criminal 73, 77; protection against 59, 60 Periandros 29 Piraeus 83 Plevris, Constantinos 7, 9, 69, 80; 2010 case against 79; Jews— The Whole Truth 7, 69, 79 pluralism 55-56, 58, 64 Police Circular 81, 83—84; of 2006 87; on bias motivation 83, 84 political parties, legal treatment of 45-65 Popper, Karl 53 Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS) 7, 9-10, 38, 79; established in 2000 9; fall of 10; participation of, in Papadimou’s government 10 principle of equal treatment 5, 43, 72; application of the 43; implementation and promotion of the 5 prisons 7, 19, 30, 35-37, 50, 77, 80, 90; political 50; sentences 35—37, 77, 80, 90 Progressive Party 8-9 prohibitionism 64 prohibitions 78, 91, 97; legal 78 propaganda 78, 91, 94-95; organised 95 property 31, 40-41, 77, 85; damage to the 40-41, 77 Prosecutor’s Recommendation to the Appeals Council 13-15, 36, 43, 90-91 Provision of Legal Aid 89 Psaras, Dimitris 3, 14 public: authority 93; deliberation 76; harm 40; opinion 58; outdoor assembly 70; proposals 58; sector 72; security 69; speeches 12; will 4 Public Administration Inspectors and Auditors Body 5 public assembles 69—71; outdoor 69 public assembly 30, 69-70; prohibited 70 public disorder 41, 83, 95; infliction of 41 public funding 63; suspension of 65 public order 34, 40-41, 43, 70, 76-77, 91, 95, 98; damage to 40; danger to
40, 76, 95; issue of 98; legislation 98; meaning of 43; purposes of protecting 91 Public Outdoor Assemblies 69-71 public safety 56; legitimate aim of protecting 56 Punishing Acts 2 race 11-12, 14, 39-42, 71-73, 76, 80, 86; biological 12; clean 11; conceptualisation of 12 racial: aggravation 2, 42; discrimination 1, 2, 40, 42, 61, 73, 75, 78, 89, 94-95; hate 42; origin 5, 69, 72, 80, 86; standards 76; violence 1, 81 racial discrimination: definition of 42; framework of 75 racial equality 72; directive 72 racial groups 39—41, 75, 82 racial hatred 43, 66, 84, 88, 95; incitement to 43 racism 2, 11-12, 14, 17, 19, 25-26, 29, 41, 75, 81, 89, 99; biological 12, 14; cultural 12; institutional 99; tendency of 29 racist: attacks 88; behaviour 75; belief system 16; feelings 86; fury 85; ideas 94; manifestations 75; polices 39; rhetoric 11, 26; speech 9; statements 47; violence 21, 29, 83 ‘Racist Crime’ 42 racist crimes 20, 33, 42, 79, 83, 86, 88; conceptualisation of 42; investigations into 83, 88; legal definition of 42; prosecution for 79 racist motives 21, 28, 32, 81, 85, 88, 98; investigation of 85 racist organisations 95; prohibition of 95 The Radical 50 reconciliation 51—52, 64 reconciliatory model, post-Junta 66
Index Refah Partisi (the Welfare Party) and Others v Turkey 56-57, 59-60 referendum 3 refugees 18, 19 Regime of the Colonels 1, 4, 7—8, 23, 48-49, 51, 64, 95 registration of political parties 17, 46, 65, 99; requirements 46 Regulation of Public Outdoor Assemblies 70, 71 Renewing Communist Ecological Coalition (AKOA) 6 revisionism, prohibition of 40 Revolutionary Organisation 92 rhetoric 11, 18, 25-26, 29, 39, 65, 67, 81, 83, 89, 96, 98; anti-immigrant 18; anti-minority 18; dissemination of 96; hateful 96; individual 96; nonparty 96; punishable 83 Richter, Heinz 41, 78 right: of association 56; to be candidates 38; to be elected 38; civil 87; democratic 6; electoral 38; exercise of 56, 62, 67; to form and join political parties 45; to freedom of expression 95; human 1, 4, 29, 34, 42, 54, 71, 97, 99; individual 4; to institutionalize an anti-communist state 50; loss of 38; political 4, 38, 51, 56, 64; protection of 56; to vote 38, 45 rights and freedoms 56, 59, 67 robbery 31, 85 Roma 17, 18, 25-28, 82 Roupakias, Georgios 32, 37 rule of law 34, 56, 93, 99 sanction 45, 66, 72 secularism 56—57 Security Measures of Social Regime and the Protection of the Freedom of Citizens 50 sentences: hate crimes 42, 87; higher 84, 87; highest 87; life 85; lower 90; lowest 86; maximum 84; prison 35, 77, 80, 90 sentencing 29-30, 42, 84-88; trial in terms of 88 sexual orientation 40—42, 72, 76, 84, 86; see also LGBTQ+ 107 Sidiropoulos and Others v Greece 49 social: infrastructure 17; policies 5; solidarity 4 socialism 6 Socialist Labour Party 30 Socialist Party 59 Socialist Party and Others v
Turkey 58 Synadinos, Eleftherios, Golden Dawn MP 17 Synaspismos (SYN) 6 SYRIZA see Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) terrorist: attacks 57; organisations 2, 65, 92-93 Thessaloniki 73, 83, 88 Thrace 17-18, 85 threat to the life 17, 40, 62, 76-77, 95 tolerance 52—53; democratic 52; disappearance of 53; unlimited 53 Transposition of Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA 2 Troika, involvement in Greece 6 Tsipras, Alexis, leader of SYRIZA 6; as prime minister 6 Turkey 56-58, 60; secularism in 56—57 Turkish invasion 51 Tyrannicides 48 UN 23, 61, 94, 96 UNHCR see United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Unified Nationalist Movement (ENEK) 10 United Communist Party of Turkey and Others v Turkey 56, 58 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 20 violence 1, 3, 7-8, 12, 17-21, 29, 31, 33, 39-41, 58-60, 62, 64, 66, 76-77, 81, 83, 88, 94-96, 98-99; armed 62; far-right 8; incidences of 18; of a mob 76; physical 62; political 7; provision relating to inciting 40; public incitement to 40, 76; racial 1, 81; racist 21, 29, 83; religious 1; systemic/systematic 98
108 Index violent: actions 28, 31, 63; activity 11, 63 vulnerable citizens 52; rights of 52 Xenios-Zeus operation 26 xenophobia 19, 25—26, 29, 41, 75, 86; manifestations 75; populist 11 war crimes 41, 76; international 76 weapons 18, 80, 85; bats 18, 33, 76; illegal possession carrying of 85; political 60; special chemical 80; use of 18, 85 Zaroulia, Eleni, Golden Dawn MP 16, 18 Zionism 9, 11, 17, 69 Bayerisch® Staatsbibliothek : München |
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| author | Alkiviadou, Natalie |
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| author_facet | Alkiviadou, Natalie |
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| author_sort | Alkiviadou, Natalie |
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| contents | Introduction -- The treatment of political parties in the Greek legal order -- Human rights law -- The far-right movement and criminal law -- The international and European frameworks -- Conclusion |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1335403544 (DE-599)BVBBV048243878 |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV048243878 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:55:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:32:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781032266305 9781032266619 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033624303 |
| oclc_num | 1335403544 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 108 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220708 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Routledge focus |
| spelling | Alkiviadou, Natalie Verfasser (DE-588)1193952271 aut Challenging right-wing extremism in England and Wales and Greece (tools available in international, European and national law, 2017) The far-right in Greece and the law Natalie Alkiviadou London ; New York Routledge 2022 108 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge focus Based on the author's thesis (doctoral - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2017) issued under title: Challenging right-wing extremism in England and Wales and Greece : tools available in international, European and national law Dissertation Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 2017 basiert auf einer Dissertation Introduction -- The treatment of political parties in the Greek legal order -- Human rights law -- The far-right movement and criminal law -- The international and European frameworks -- Conclusion "This book critically evaluates the rise of the far-right in Greece, detailing the legal context in which to understand both the emergence of Golden Dawn, the far-right's largest grouping, and the 2020 court decision, in which it was deemed to be a criminal organization. Golden Dawn was a political party which, for years, also functioned as a violent subculture movement, with limited to no interference by the state. This book sets out the background to its rise in Greece, tracing its development from the post-Junta era. At the same time, the book provides an assessment of the legal framework within which the far-right has operated, and the legal tools available to tackle it - including criminal law, non-discrimination law, the laws governing political parties and the public order framework, and the country's international and European obligations. Golden Dawn functioned as both a political party and violent entity until its leadership and parliamentary members were found guilty of leading and participating in a criminal organization. This book demonstrates that the state of impunity in which Golden Dawn's violent hit squads functioned was both a facilitating factor for its rise, and potentially for its demise, as the group potentially felt untouchable. And its attention to how Greek Law has tackled, and failed to tackle, Golden Dawn offers a timely and more generally useful assessment of how legislation, courts and policies can best challenge the far-right. This book will be of interest to those teaching and studying in law and politics, as well as more others, concerned with the rise of the far right and violent organizations, especially in Europe"-- Chrysi Avgi (DE-588)1030179026 gnd rswk-swf Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd rswk-swf Politisches Delikt (DE-588)4046561-5 gnd rswk-swf Chrysē Augē (Political party) Political parties / Law and legislation / Greece Political crimes and offenses / Law and legislation / Greece Right-wing extremists / Legal status, laws, etc / Greece Crimes et délits politiques / Droit / Grèce Political crimes and offenses / Law and legislation Political parties / Law and legislation Greece (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Chrysi Avgi (DE-588)1030179026 b Politisches Delikt (DE-588)4046561-5 s Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 s DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-03-226661-9 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-1-00-328930-2 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033624303&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033624303&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Alkiviadou, Natalie The far-right in Greece and the law Introduction -- The treatment of political parties in the Greek legal order -- Human rights law -- The far-right movement and criminal law -- The international and European frameworks -- Conclusion Chrysi Avgi (DE-588)1030179026 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd Politisches Delikt (DE-588)4046561-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1030179026 (DE-588)4048737-4 (DE-588)4046561-5 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | The far-right in Greece and the law |
| title_alt | Challenging right-wing extremism in England and Wales and Greece (tools available in international, European and national law, 2017) |
| title_auth | The far-right in Greece and the law |
| title_exact_search | The far-right in Greece and the law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The far-right in Greece and the law |
| title_full | The far-right in Greece and the law Natalie Alkiviadou |
| title_fullStr | The far-right in Greece and the law Natalie Alkiviadou |
| title_full_unstemmed | The far-right in Greece and the law Natalie Alkiviadou |
| title_short | The far-right in Greece and the law |
| title_sort | the far right in greece and the law |
| topic | Chrysi Avgi (DE-588)1030179026 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd Politisches Delikt (DE-588)4046561-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Chrysi Avgi Recht Politisches Delikt Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033624303&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033624303&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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