Lëvizja kaçake në Kosovë: (1918-1928) = The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928)
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Albanian |
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Prishtinë
Botime Artini
2022
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| Ausgabe: | Botimi i tretë |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Literaturverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 387 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Porträts 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9789951280983 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | PASQYRA ELËNDÊS Parathënia................................................................. 7 Hyrje.............................................................................................................. 13 a) Situata politike në periudhën 1912-1915.......................................... 19 b) LëvizjaNacionalçlirimtare-Kaçake në vitet 1915-1918....................24 Kapitulli i parë RRETHANAT EKONOMIKE, SHOQÈRORE DHE POLITIKE................29 1. Rivendosja e pushtetit serb në Kosově............................................ 29 2. Rrethanat ekonomiko-shoqërore................................................... ...38 3. Reforma agrare dhe kolonizimi si formě për shkombětarizimin e Kosověs...................................................................................... 43 4. Rrethanat politike (1918-1928)...................................................... 51 5. Qëndrimi politik i organeve shtetërore ndaj çështjes shqiptare 19191926............... 62 Kapitulli i dytë LËVIZJA KAÇAKE MÊ 1918-1924........................................................... 81 1. Rezistenca shqiptare kundër rivendosjes së pushtetit serb 19181919.......................................... ............................... ................. 81 2. Lufta e shqiptarëve për şiirimin kombëtar 1919-1924.................... 100 a) Kryengrițja e vitit 1919................................................................... 108 b) Çannatimi i popullit shqiptar më 1920, si masë për thyerjen e rezistencës dhe për nënshtrimin e masave të popullit............... 119 c) Luftërat e Lëvizj es kundër
forcave ushtarake në viti 1920............. 140 d) Veprimtaria e çetave të Lëvizjes në Malesi dhe Shkodër gjatë dimrit të vitit 1920-1921............................................................................. 165 e) Krimet në popullin shqiptar në vitin 1921.......................................167 Q totemimi i familjeve shqiptare në llogoret e koncentrimit............. 180 g) Kthimi i çetave nga Malësia dhę Shkodra më 1921 dhe vazhdim i luftës................................... 194 h) Zona Neutrale e Junikut................. і................................................213 5
Lëvizja Kaçake në Kosově (1918-1928) Kapitulli i trete LĘVIZJA KAÇAKE 1923-1028.................................................. 235 1. Zona e lire e Drenicës 1923-1924 dhe vrasja e Azem Bejtës......... 235 2. Vazhdimi i rezistencësmë 1924-1928........................................... 255 Kapitulli i katërt QÊNDRIMI I PARTIVE POLITIKE NĐAJ LËVIZJES KAÇAKE............................. 277 Përfundime...................................................................................................346 Summary......................................................................................................353 Shkurtesat.............................................................................. 357 Burimet dhe literatura................................................................................. 359 Album.......................................................................... 369 6
SUMMARY THE OUTLOW MOVEMENT IN KOSOVO 1918-1928 The Outlaw Movement in Kosova appeared as a form of resistance against the invaders and the foreign government. By this name it was known since the Turkish rule in the Balkans, whereas in the Albanian areas since XV-XVI century. The word itself has a Turkish etymology consisting of two words, “akti and kaçtı”. Essentially it denotes the escapee from the governmental authorities, a person who does not submit to them. Even before the XIX century, when the Outlaw Movement became a political organization fighting against the foreign rule, and when the Albanian struggle became a mass uprising for the national liberation, the Outlaw Movement was organized into partisan fighting units, characterized with furious attacks and withdrawals. This fighting method has been inherited since ancient times as a more effective method against the more powerful animies. Governmental authorities presented the struggle of the Outlaw Movement units indifferent forms and mays, depending on the political moment which would fit that government. This is, of course, quite obvious, 355
Lëvizja Kaçake në Kosově (1918-1928) since every government or military horde fights his opponents with all possible political and propagandistic means and tries always to profane them, in order to deny the struggle, the aims and the mass uprising character for the social and economic liberation. This monograph deals with the period after World War I. However, there is a continuation from the times mentioned above, and especially from the year 1912 when the struggle of Albanian people for freedom and independence came truly into expression. The ideological guidance of the movement after the World War I was carried by the “National Defense Committee of Kosova”, which was found in Shkodra on October 15, 1918, and which was guided by Hoxha Kadriu-Prishtina, Bedri Pejani, Hasan Prishtina and other leaders and nobles from Kosova and from the fighting periods against the Turkish Empire. The national leaders who fought against the Serbian conqueror, such as Sadik Rama Gjurgjeviku, Azem Bejta-Galica - the legend of the armed resistance and the leader of the fighting units, applied very accurately the orders of the NDCK and especially of Hasan Prishtina and Bajram Curri. Within this number there were many other regional leader who were many other regional leaders who were guiding the outlaw fighting units in their regions. The Outlaw Movement during the 1918-1928 went through several phases in its growth and had its ups and downs, depending on the situation and various other circumstances prevailing at that time within the Yugoslav Kingdom and abroad. As the first phase can be
considered the period from October 1918 to March 1919, which was characterised with local resistance of the fighting units, in their own areas. The second phase is thé one from March 1918 until the end of 1921. The main characteristics of this period are: enlargement and organization of the mass uprising in all its inhabited areas with Albanian population in Yugoslavia, and in dimension was similar to the one in April-May 1919, and its continuation with different intensity along the whole year. The same can be said about the 1920 uprising, when the Yugoslav governmental authorities oppressed severely the Albanian population. Since the 1919 uprising, the whole movement was under one command. The commander in chief of the fighting units was pointed Azem Bejta, who was elected by the fighting units was pointed Azem Bejta, who 356
Liman Rushiti was elected by the fighting unit-leaders in Kosova, and who was carrying orders of Hasan Prishtina and Bajram Curri. The Outlaw Movement is an authentic national liberation movement without any influence from abroad. The unit leaders were elected from the unit fighters themselves, without the influence of any organ or people. This is best proved by the unit leaders from all areas of Kosova. This duty was, however, trusted only to those most honored and deserved who had become known with their fighting against different invaders, not only before the Balkan wars but also during the period in question. After the extinction of the 1919 uprising, the army and the gendarmerie with the orders given by the Serbian government started committing crimes against the unprotected Albanian population, by burning out whole villages and mass shooting, disregarding the age or sex as well as plundering the material goods ana livestock. By these atrocities the Belgrade government wanted to subdue and pacify the Albanian population which was determined to fight to death for its national liberation and unification. However, besides all these crimes mentioned here, the government created concentration camps by taking whole families as hostages, by mass killing of the people. All this contributed to the enlargement of fighting units, not only in number but also territorially, and thus new fighting units and a general mass resistance spread out. Since the 1919 uprising was broken down but not extinguished, in the winter of 1919/20 a number of these units went to Albania to pass the
winter time. The governmental Serbian authorities thought of making use of the absence of the outlaw units and thus subdue the Albanian people. This was the reason why they initiated the action of disarmament of the population. This action was done with the pretext that Albanians were preparing a big uprising which was due to start in spring. This action was accompanied with severe repression on the Albanian people which lasted until the end of June 1920. The population resisted this action and thus a great number of people joined the fighting units. The persecution of fighting units by military authorities had opposite effects, since in November the movement was so spread out that it became a general mass uprising. In order to destroy the uprising, besides the heavy artillery they employed airplanes. 357
Lëvizja Kaçake në Kosově (1918-1928) It was the first time that airplanes were used for military purposes. In January 1921, military authorities took one of the most bloodstained against the Albanian population. Heavy crimes were committed, whereby thousands of people were killed, among whom the majority was children, women and the old, as well as these who were captured by the army. They burned out so many houses together with the whole families in them. Thy worst cases to be mentioned occurred in Llap where the babies were taken a out of the pregnant women by means of bayonets and knives. Heavy plundering of wealth and livestock was done, as well. These unknown crimes in the history has effects on the increase of migration of Albanian population to Turkey and colonization of Albanian territories with Serbs and Montenegrins, the purpose of which was to change the structure of Kosova Population and Slavonicise it. Disregarding all these atrocities, the population managed to get mobilized and to strengthen its resistance. As a result of this situation, the European States intervened and in November 1921 the neutral Zone of Junik was created which comprised nine villages and represented a free zone for the Outlaw Movement between Yugoslavia and-Albania. This zone survived until the end of January 1923 when the Yugoslav military zone ceased to exist. It should be mentioned that in the summer of 1923 there was created the Free Zone of Drenica including several villages, which was known by the people as the “Small Arberia”, and in which the sovereign power had the leader of the
fighting units, Azem Bejta-Galica. This zone wa extinguished by the heavy military attacks of the Yugoslav army and gendarmerie on July 15, 1924, On this occasion, the legendary leader of the fighting units, Azem Bejta was killed and cruel massacre was committed against the population of three villages: Galice, Mikushnicw and Lubovec, whereby the three of them were destroyed by cannon fire. Since this time, the Outlaw Movement in all Albanian territories of Yugoslavia began to enfeeble due to the continual military oppression. The other factor which had effects on the weakening of the resistance of the Outlaw Movement was the government of Ahemt Zogu, too, who by the help of the Serbian government in Belgrade, returned to the Albanian throne. 358
Liman Rushiti Thus after he spent a long time in Belgrade, the Yugoslav army returned him to Tirana, by means of war. He must have accepted the obligation that he would not support the national liberation movement but rather fight it. The national liberation Outlaw Movement was defeated after ten years of continual war (1918-1928) which Albanian fighters carried out against the Serbian occupation with the purpose of national liberation and unification in their own ethnic territories, and never stopping their fight but always adapting it to the existing conditions and circumstances. SHKURTESAT AJ- Arkivi i Jugosllavisë, Beograd AS- Arkivi i Serbisë, Beograd AIHU-Arhiv Vojno Istorijskog Instituta (Arkivi i Institutit Historik Ushtarak), Beograd AK- Arkivi i Kosovës, Prishtinë AIHK- Arkivi i Institutit të Historisë së Kosovës, Prishtinë AQ RPSSH-Arkivi Qendror i Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë, Tiranë ASHC- Arkivi Shtetëror, Cetinje DASIP-Drzavni arhiv Sekretarijata inostranih poslova (Arkivi Shtetëror i Sekretariatit të Punëve të Jashtme), Beograd MPB-Ministria e Punëve të Brendshme, Beograd MUD-Ministarstvo unutrašnjih dela (Ministria e Punëve të Brendshme) MID-Ministarstvo inostranih dela (Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme) MSKS - Mbretëria Serbo-Kroate-Sllovene SKS - Serbo-Kroato-Sllovene PKJ- Partia Komuniste e Jugosllavisë PSSD- Partia Serbe Socialdemokrate “DVOR”- Oborri Mbretëror, i Mbretit Aleksander K- Kutia F-Fashikulli D- Dosje 359
Lëvizja Kaçake në Kosově (1918-1928) - Zymber Qerim Bytyqi (Kostërc-Suharekë jeton në Arbanë-Prizren). LITERATURA Alminah Kraljevine SHS, 1921-1922, Beograd, 1928; Avramovski Zhivko, Akcija jugoslovenske vlade rotiv Zoguovog Režima u Albaniji preko Cena bega Kryeziu (1926-1927), Gjurmime albanologjike, П, Prishtinë 1965; Çami, Muin, Lufta Çlirimtare antiimperialiste e popullit shqiptar në vitet 1918-1920, Tirane 1969; Çështje e lëvizjes demokratike dhe revolucionare shqiptare në vitet 19211924, Tiranë, 1977; - Çitaku, Ibrahim; Azem Bejta, jeta dhe veprimtaria, (punim magjistrature në dorëshkrim), Prishtinë 1977; - Culinovic, Ferdo, Jugoslavija izmedju dva rata, Zagreb, 1961; Enciklopedija jugoslavije, П izdanje, Լ A-BOS, Zagreb, 1978; -Eriç, Milivoje, Agrarna reforma u jugoslaviji 1918-1941, Sarajevo, 1958; Gligorijeviç, Dr. Branko, Demokratska stranka i politički odnosi u Kraljevini Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, Beograd, 1970; - Guzina, Dr. Ruzhica; Opshtina u Srbiji 1839-1918, Beograd, 1976; - Filipoviç, Filip, Izabrani spisi I, П, Beograd, 1962; - Djordjeviç, Milan, Srbija i Jugosloveni za vreme rata 1914-1918, Beograd 1922; - Hadri, Ali, Kosovo i Metohiju u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji, Istorijski Glasnik, 12/1967, Beograd, 1969; - Hadri, Ali, Komunistička partija Jugoslavije na Kosovu i Metohiji do aprilskog rata 1941, “Tokovi Revolucije”, V. 1970; 364
Liman Rushiti Hadri, Ali, Marrëdhëniet agrare dhe lufta e PKJ ně Kosově e Metohi kundër reformes agrare të padrejtë të Jugosllavisë borgjeze, “Përparimi” nr. 9-10, Prishtinë, 1964; - Hadri, Ali, Nacionalno ugnjetavanje siptarske narodnosti i stav i borba KPJ za nacionalna prava siptara za vreme stare jugoslavije, “Gjurmime albanologjike” 2, Prishtinë, 1965; - Hadri Dr. Ali, Jehona dhe ndikimi i Revolucionit të Madh Socialist të Tetorit ně Kosově, Revolucioni i Tetorit dhe ne, Prishtinë, 1978; - Hadri, dr. Ali, LëvizjaNacionalçlirimtare në Kosově 1941-1945, Prishtinë, 1971; .- Hadri, Dr. Ali, Gjakova në LNÇ, Prishtinë, 1976; - Haxhiu, Ajet, Shota dhe Azem Galica, Tiranë, 1976; - Haxhiu, Ajet, Hasan Prishtina dhe lëvizja patriotike e Kosovës, Tiranë, 1964; - Historia e popullit shqiptar, П, Prishtinë, 1969; - Hoxha, Hajredin, Elemente të presionit ekonomik ndaj shqiptarëve në Jugosllavinë e Vjetër, “Përparimi” nr. 4, Prishtinë, 1970; - Hoxha, Hajredin, Politika e terrorit dhe gjenocidi ndaj shqiptarëve, “Përparimi” nr. 5, Prishtinë, 1971; - Hoxha, Hajredin, Partitě politike dhe lëvizjet e tyre ndër shqiptarët në Jugosllavinë borgjeze, “Pëiparimi”, nr. 12, Prishtinë, 1975; -Hrabak, Dr. Bogumil-Dr. D. Jankovic, “Srbija” 1918, Beograd, 1968 - Hrabak, Dr. Bogumil, Albanski Ustanci 1912, “Vranjski Glalsnik”, knj. XI, Vranje, 1975; - Hrabak, Dr. Bogumil, Reokupacija oblasti srpske i Crnogorske Države s arbanaskom veçinom stanovništva u jesen4918 i držanje Arbanasa prema uspostavljenoj vlasti, “Gjurmime albanològjike”, nr. 1, Prishtinë, 1969; - Hrabak, Dr. Bogumil, “Jedan radikalski
izvestaj о stanju na Kosovu 1921 godine”, “Vjetar i Arkivit” të Kosovës, IV-V, Prishtinë, 1971; - Iz istorije Jugoslavije 1918-1945, Beograd, 1958; - Istorijski arhiv Komunističke partije Jugoslavije, Tom II, Kongresi i konferencije KPJ 1919-1937, Beograd, 1950; Jankovic, Dr. Dragoslav, Srbija i jugoslovensko pitanje 19141915, Beograd, 1973; - Jeliç, Milisav, “Ljetopis Juga”, Beograd, 1930; Kujtime dhe këngë popullore për luftën Çlirimtare të viteve 19181920, Tiranë, 1970; - Kolonizacija na Kosovu, “Policija”, nr. 3-4, Beograd, 1922; - Krstiç, Djordje, Kolonizacija južne Srbije, Sarajevo, 1928; 365
Lëvizja Kaçake në Kosově (1918-1928) -Kulundjiç, Zvonimir, Politika i korupcija u Kraljevskoj Jugoslaviji, Zagreb, 1968; -Lukiç, Dr. Dusan, Jugoslovenski komunisti i pitanje Albanaca u jugoslaviji 1918-1941; “Klasa punëtore e Mitrovicës dhe e rrethinës në lëvizjen punëtore komuniste”..., Mitroviče, 1979; -Mitroviç, Andrej, Jugoslavija na Konferenciji mira 1919-1920, Beograd, 1969; - Miloseviç Pavle, Operacija istoçnog odreda crnogorske vojske... 1912 Godine, “Istorijski zapisi”, XXV, knj. XXX, Titograd, 1972; - Mihajloviç, Zivorad, Ljudi moga grada, Mitroviče, 1967; - Milenkovič, Toma, Stav radikalne stranke prema Agrarnoj reformi 19181929 , ”Istorija XX veka”, Zbornik Radova XI, Beograd, 1970; - Milenkovič Kosta, Makedonija makedoncima! Zemlja zemljoradnicima! Çaçak 1966; - Perovič, Dr. Milivoje, “Toplicki Ustanak”, Beograd, 1959; - Pijade, Mosha, Izabarani spisi, tom I, knj. 1-5, Beograd 19641965; - Prvi balkanski rat 19121-1913, Beograd, 1960; - Pushkolli, Dr. Fehmi, Lëvizja revolucionare e sindikatave dhe lidhja e sindikatave të Kosovës 1919-1975, Prishtinë, 1977; - Purivatra, Dr. Atif, Jugoslovenska myslimanska organizacija, Sarajevo, 1974; -Cubrilloviç Dr. Vasa, Istorija politiçke misli u Srbiji XIX veka. Beograd, 1958; -Rahimi, Dr. Shukri, Lufta e shqiptarëve për autonomi (18971913), Prishtinë, 1978; - Rehak, Laslo, Nacionalne manjine u Jugoslaviji, Beograd, 1965; - Roboti XX veka, (pa vit e vend botimi); - Rushiti, Limon, Rregullimi administrativo-territorial i Kosovës gjatë viteve 1918-1929, “Kosova”, որ. 1, Prishtinë, 1972; - Rushiti, Limon, Problemet e Lëvizjes
Kombëtare Shqiptare në gazetën “Drita” të Sofjes 1902-1908, “Kosova”, որ. 3, Prishtinë, 1974; - Stebut Aleksandar, Kolonizaciona sposobnost, Beograd, 1926; - Tito, Josip Broz, Nacionalno pitanje u Jugoslaviji u svjetlosti NOB, a “Proleter” novembar decembar 1942; - Tucovic, Dimitrije, “Srbija i Arbanija” Beograd, 1914; -Uroseviç, Atanasije, “Agrarna Reforma i naseljavanje”, “Spomenica 25. Godishnjica oslobođenja Juzhne Srbije 1912-1937”, Skopje, 1937; 366
Liman Rushiti -Uredba о naseljavanju u novooslobođenim i prisajedinjenim oblastima, Beograd, 1913; - Vinaver, Vuk, Jugoslavija i Mađarska 1918-1923, Beograd, 1971; -Vinaver, Vuk, Çështja shqiptare në shtypin e PKJ-së 1919-1939; “Gjurmime albanologjike” (Seria historike) որ. 1, Prishtinë, 1972; -Bajrami, Dr. Hakif, Rrethanat shoqërore dhe politike në Kosově 1918-1941 (Tezë doktorature në dorëshkrim), Prishtinë, 1979; -Rushiti, Prof. dr. Liman; Kujtime për Lëvizjen Kaçake, Prishtinë, 2003; -GJENERAL G. F. PHILLIPS DHE KOMITETI “MBROJTJA KOMBËTARE E KOSOVÊS” dokumente historike nga Arkivat Britanike 1913/1921, përgatitur nga Ethem Çeku dhe Bejtullah Destani, Tiranë, 2015. REVISTAT - “Vjetari” i Arkivit të Kosovës-IV-(1968-1969), Prishtinë, 1971; - “Gjurmime albanologjike”-Prishtinë, 1965-1975; - “Kosova-Kosovo”, Prishtinë, 1972-1977; - “Istorijski Zapisi”, XXX, Titograd, 1972; - “Vranjski glasnik”, - knj. XI, Vranje, 1975; -“Istorijski Glasnik”, Beograd, 1972; - “Përparimi”, 1964-1975, Prishtinë; “Policija”, Beograd, 1920-1931. GAZETAT - “Bashkimi”, Tiranë, 1924; - “Drita”, Sofje, 1902-1908; - “Demokratija”, Beograd, 1920-1923; - “Federacioni ballkanik”-“La federation balcanique”, Wien, 1923 1930; - “Glas Crnogorca”, Cetinje; - “Hak”, Shkup, 1920-1924; - “Kosova”, Konstance, (Rumani), 1932-1933; - “Liria Kombëtare” Gjenevë, 1927-1928; - “Liria”; - “Ora e maleve” Shkodër, 1923-1924; - “ Ora e Shqipërisë”, Wien, 1928; - “Oslobođenje”, Sarajevo, 1920; - “Populli”, Shkodër, 1919; - “Politika”, Tiranë, 1924; - “Paqja”, Stamboll, 1923-1924; - “Politika”, Beograd, 1920-1928; -
‘Travda”, Beograd, 1922; - “Radničke Novine”, Beograd, 1912,1914,1920; - “Radikal”, Beograd, 1921; - “Socijalistička zora”, Shkup, 1920; 367
Lëvizja Kaçake në Kosově (1918-1928) - “Samoupravna”, Beograd, 1920-1923, 1925; - “ Srpske novine”, Beograd, 1913; - “Službene novine”, Beograd, 1920-1928; - “Shqipëria e Re”, Konstance, (Rumani), 1921-1924. 368
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PASQYRA ELËNDÊS Parathënia. 7 Hyrje. 13 a) Situata politike në periudhën 1912-1915. 19 b) LëvizjaNacionalçlirimtare-Kaçake në vitet 1915-1918.24 Kapitulli i parë RRETHANAT EKONOMIKE, SHOQÈRORE DHE POLITIKE.29 1. Rivendosja e pushtetit serb në Kosově. 29 2. Rrethanat ekonomiko-shoqërore. .38 3. Reforma agrare dhe kolonizimi si formě për shkombětarizimin e Kosověs. 43 4. Rrethanat politike (1918-1928). 51 5. Qëndrimi politik i organeve shtetërore ndaj çështjes shqiptare 19191926. 62 Kapitulli i dytë LËVIZJA KAÇAKE MÊ 1918-1924. 81 1. Rezistenca shqiptare kundër rivendosjes së pushtetit serb 19181919. . . 81 2. Lufta e shqiptarëve për şiirimin kombëtar 1919-1924. 100 a) Kryengrițja e vitit 1919. 108 b) Çannatimi i popullit shqiptar më 1920, si masë për thyerjen e rezistencës dhe për nënshtrimin e masave të popullit. 119 c) Luftërat e Lëvizj es kundër
forcave ushtarake në viti 1920. 140 d) Veprimtaria e çetave të Lëvizjes në Malesi dhe Shkodër gjatë dimrit të vitit 1920-1921. 165 e) Krimet në popullin shqiptar në vitin 1921.167 Q totemimi i familjeve shqiptare\në llogoret e koncentrimit. 180 g) Kthimi i çetave nga Malësia dhę Shkodra më 1921 dhe vazhdim i luftës. 194 h) Zona Neutrale e Junikut. і.213 5
Lëvizja Kaçake në Kosově (1918-1928) Kapitulli i trete LĘVIZJA KAÇAKE 1923-1028. 235 1. Zona e lire e Drenicës 1923-1924 dhe vrasja e Azem Bejtës. 235 2. Vazhdimi i rezistencësmë 1924-1928. 255 Kapitulli i katërt QÊNDRIMI I PARTIVE POLITIKE NĐAJ LËVIZJES KAÇAKE. 277 Përfundime.346 Summary.353 Shkurtesat. 357 Burimet dhe literatura. 359 Album. 369 6
SUMMARY THE OUTLOW MOVEMENT IN KOSOVO 1918-1928 The Outlaw Movement in Kosova appeared as a form of resistance against the invaders and the foreign government. By this name it was known since the Turkish rule in the Balkans, whereas in the Albanian areas since XV-XVI century. The word itself has a Turkish etymology consisting of two words, “akti and kaçtı”. Essentially it denotes the escapee from the governmental authorities, a person who does not submit to them. Even before the XIX century, when the Outlaw Movement became a political organization fighting against the foreign rule, and when the Albanian struggle became a mass uprising for the national liberation, the Outlaw Movement was organized into partisan fighting units, characterized with furious attacks and withdrawals. This fighting method has been inherited since ancient times as a more effective method against the more powerful animies. Governmental authorities presented the struggle of the Outlaw Movement units indifferent forms and mays, depending on the political moment which would fit that government. This is, of course, quite obvious, 355
Lëvizja Kaçake në Kosově (1918-1928) since every government or military horde fights his opponents with all possible political and propagandistic means and tries always to profane them, in order to deny the struggle, the aims and the mass uprising character for the social and economic liberation. This monograph deals with the period after World War I. However, there is a continuation from the times mentioned above, and especially from the year 1912 when the struggle of Albanian people for freedom and independence came truly into expression. The ideological guidance of the movement after the World War I was carried by the “National Defense Committee of Kosova”, which was found in Shkodra on October 15, 1918, and which was guided by Hoxha Kadriu-Prishtina, Bedri Pejani, Hasan Prishtina and other leaders and nobles from Kosova and from the fighting periods against the Turkish Empire. The national leaders who fought against the Serbian conqueror, such as Sadik Rama Gjurgjeviku, Azem Bejta-Galica - the legend of the armed resistance and the leader of the fighting units, applied very accurately the orders of the NDCK and especially of Hasan Prishtina and Bajram Curri. Within this number there were many other regional leader who were many other regional leaders who were guiding the outlaw fighting units in their regions. The Outlaw Movement during the 1918-1928 went through several phases in its growth and had its ups and downs, depending on the situation and various other circumstances prevailing at that time within the Yugoslav Kingdom and abroad. As the first phase can be
considered the period from October 1918 to March 1919, which was characterised with local resistance of the fighting units, in their own areas. The second phase is thé'one from March 1918 until the end of 1921. The main characteristics of this period are: enlargement and organization of the mass uprising in all its inhabited areas with Albanian population in Yugoslavia, and in dimension was similar to the one in April-May 1919, and its continuation with different intensity along the whole year. The same can be said about the 1920 uprising, when the Yugoslav governmental authorities oppressed severely the Albanian population. Since the 1919 uprising, the whole movement was under one command. The commander in chief of the fighting units was pointed Azem Bejta, who was elected by the fighting units was pointed Azem Bejta, who 356
Liman Rushiti was elected by the fighting unit-leaders in Kosova, and who was carrying orders of Hasan Prishtina and Bajram Curri. The Outlaw Movement is an authentic national liberation movement without any influence from abroad. The unit leaders were elected from the unit fighters themselves, without the influence of any organ or people. This is best proved by the unit leaders from all areas of Kosova. This duty was, however, trusted only to those most honored and deserved who had become known with their fighting against different invaders, not only before the Balkan wars but also during the period in question. After the extinction of the 1919 uprising, the army and the gendarmerie with the orders given by the Serbian government started committing crimes against the unprotected Albanian population, by burning out whole villages and mass shooting,'disregarding the age or sex as well as plundering the material goods ana livestock. By these atrocities the Belgrade government wanted to subdue and pacify the Albanian population which was determined to fight to death for its national liberation and unification. However, besides all these crimes mentioned here, the government created concentration camps by taking whole families as hostages, by mass killing of the people. All this contributed to the enlargement of fighting units, not only in number but also territorially, and thus new fighting units and a general mass resistance spread out. Since the 1919 uprising was broken down but not extinguished, in the winter of 1919/20 a number of these units went to Albania to pass the
winter time. The governmental Serbian authorities thought of making use of the absence of the outlaw units and thus subdue the Albanian people. This was the reason why they initiated the action of disarmament of the population. This action was done with the pretext that Albanians were preparing a big uprising which was due to start in spring. This action was accompanied with severe repression on the Albanian people which lasted until the end of June 1920. The population resisted this action and thus a great number of people joined the fighting units. The persecution of fighting units by military authorities had opposite effects, since in November the movement was so spread out that it became a general mass uprising. In order to destroy the uprising, besides the heavy artillery they employed airplanes. 357
Lëvizja Kaçake në Kosově (1918-1928) It was the first time that airplanes were used for military purposes. In January 1921, military authorities took one of the most bloodstained against the Albanian population. Heavy crimes were committed, whereby thousands of people were killed, among whom the majority was children, women and the old, as well as these who were captured by the army. They burned out so many houses together with the whole families in them. Thy worst cases to be mentioned occurred in Llap where the babies were taken a out of the pregnant women by means of bayonets and knives. Heavy plundering of wealth and livestock was done, as well. These unknown crimes in the history has effects on the increase of migration of Albanian population to Turkey and colonization of Albanian territories with Serbs and Montenegrins, the purpose of which was to change the structure of Kosova Population and Slavonicise it. Disregarding all these atrocities, the population managed to get mobilized and to strengthen its resistance. As a result of this situation, the European States intervened and in November 1921 the neutral Zone of Junik was created which comprised nine villages and represented a free zone for the Outlaw Movement between Yugoslavia and-Albania. This zone survived until the end of January 1923 when the Yugoslav military zone ceased to exist. It should be mentioned that in the summer of 1923 there was created the Free Zone of Drenica including several villages, which was known by the people as the “Small Arberia”, and in which the sovereign power had the leader of the
fighting units, Azem Bejta-Galica. This zone wa extinguished by the heavy military attacks of the Yugoslav army and gendarmerie on July 15, 1924, On this occasion, the legendary leader of the fighting units, Azem Bejta was killed and cruel massacre was committed against the population of three villages: Galice, Mikushnicw and Lubovec, whereby the three of them were destroyed by cannon fire. Since this time, the Outlaw Movement in all Albanian territories of Yugoslavia began to enfeeble due to the continual military oppression. The other factor which had effects on the weakening of the resistance of the Outlaw Movement was the government of Ahemt Zogu, too, who by the help of the Serbian government in Belgrade, returned to the Albanian throne. 358
Liman Rushiti Thus after he spent a long time in Belgrade, the Yugoslav army returned him to Tirana, by means of war. He must have accepted the obligation that he would not support the national liberation movement but rather fight it. The national liberation Outlaw Movement was defeated after ten years of continual war (1918-1928) which Albanian fighters carried out against the Serbian occupation with the purpose of national liberation and unification in their own ethnic territories, and never stopping their fight but always adapting it to the existing conditions and circumstances. SHKURTESAT AJ- Arkivi i Jugosllavisë, Beograd AS- Arkivi i Serbisë, Beograd AIHU-Arhiv Vojno Istorijskog Instituta (Arkivi i Institutit Historik Ushtarak), Beograd AK- Arkivi i Kosovës, Prishtinë AIHK- Arkivi i Institutit të Historisë së Kosovës, Prishtinë AQ RPSSH-Arkivi Qendror i Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë, Tiranë ASHC- Arkivi Shtetëror, Cetinje DASIP-Drzavni arhiv Sekretarijata inostranih poslova (Arkivi Shtetëror i Sekretariatit të Punëve të Jashtme), Beograd MPB-Ministria e Punëve të Brendshme, Beograd MUD-Ministarstvo unutrašnjih dela (Ministria e Punëve të Brendshme) MID-Ministarstvo inostranih dela (Ministria e Punëve të Jashtme) MSKS - Mbretëria Serbo-Kroate-Sllovene SKS - Serbo-Kroato-Sllovene PKJ- Partia Komuniste e Jugosllavisë PSSD- Partia Serbe Socialdemokrate “DVOR”- Oborri Mbretëror, i Mbretit Aleksander K- Kutia F-Fashikulli D- Dosje 359
Lëvizja Kaçake në Kosově (1918-1928) - Zymber Qerim Bytyqi (Kostërc-Suharekë jeton në Arbanë-Prizren). LITERATURA Alminah Kraljevine SHS, 1921-1922, Beograd, 1928; Avramovski Zhivko, Akcija jugoslovenske vlade rotiv Zoguovog Režima u Albaniji preko Cena bega Kryeziu (1926-1927), Gjurmime albanologjike, П, Prishtinë 1965; Çami, Muin, Lufta Çlirimtare antiimperialiste e popullit shqiptar në vitet 1918-1920, Tirane 1969; Çështje e lëvizjes demokratike dhe revolucionare shqiptare në vitet 19211924, Tiranë, 1977; - Çitaku, Ibrahim; Azem Bejta, jeta dhe veprimtaria, (punim magjistrature në dorëshkrim), Prishtinë 1977; - Culinovic, Ferdo, Jugoslavija izmedju dva rata, Zagreb, 1961; Enciklopedija jugoslavije, П izdanje, Լ A-BOS, Zagreb, 1978; -Eriç, Milivoje, Agrarna reforma u jugoslaviji 1918-1941, Sarajevo, 1958; Gligorijeviç, Dr. Branko, Demokratska stranka i politički odnosi u Kraljevini Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, Beograd, 1970; - Guzina, Dr. Ruzhica; Opshtina u Srbiji 1839-1918, Beograd, 1976; - Filipoviç, Filip, Izabrani spisi I, П, Beograd, 1962; - Djordjeviç, Milan, Srbija i Jugosloveni za vreme rata 1914-1918, Beograd 1922; - Hadri, Ali, Kosovo i Metohiju u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji, Istorijski Glasnik, 12/1967, Beograd, 1969; - Hadri, Ali, Komunistička partija Jugoslavije na Kosovu i Metohiji do aprilskog rata 1941, “Tokovi Revolucije”, V. 1970; 364
Liman Rushiti Hadri, Ali, Marrëdhëniet agrare dhe lufta e PKJ ně Kosově e Metohi kundër reformes agrare të padrejtë të Jugosllavisë borgjeze, “Përparimi” nr. 9-10, Prishtinë, 1964; - Hadri, Ali, Nacionalno ugnjetavanje siptarske narodnosti i stav i borba KPJ za nacionalna prava siptara za vreme stare jugoslavije, “Gjurmime albanologjike” 2, Prishtinë, 1965; - Hadri Dr. Ali, Jehona dhe ndikimi i Revolucionit të Madh Socialist të Tetorit ně Kosově, Revolucioni i Tetorit dhe ne, Prishtinë, 1978; - Hadri, dr. Ali, LëvizjaNacionalçlirimtare në Kosově 1941-1945, Prishtinë, 1971; .- Hadri, Dr. Ali, Gjakova në LNÇ, Prishtinë, 1976; - Haxhiu, Ajet, Shota dhe Azem Galica, Tiranë, 1976; - Haxhiu, Ajet, Hasan Prishtina dhe lëvizja patriotike e Kosovës, Tiranë, 1964; - Historia e popullit shqiptar, П, Prishtinë, 1969; - Hoxha, Hajredin, Elemente të presionit ekonomik ndaj shqiptarëve në Jugosllavinë e Vjetër, “Përparimi” nr. 4, Prishtinë, 1970; - Hoxha, Hajredin, Politika e terrorit dhe gjenocidi ndaj shqiptarëve, “Përparimi” nr. 5, Prishtinë, 1971; - Hoxha, Hajredin, Partitě politike dhe lëvizjet e tyre ndër shqiptarët në Jugosllavinë borgjeze, “Pëiparimi”, nr. 12, Prishtinë, 1975; -Hrabak, Dr. Bogumil-Dr. D. Jankovic, “Srbija” 1918, Beograd, 1968 - Hrabak, Dr. Bogumil, Albanski Ustanci 1912, “Vranjski Glalsnik”, knj. XI, Vranje, 1975; - Hrabak, Dr. Bogumil, Reokupacija oblasti srpske i Crnogorske Države s arbanaskom veçinom stanovništva u jesen4918 i držanje Arbanasa prema uspostavljenoj vlasti, “Gjurmime albanològjike”, nr. 1, Prishtinë, 1969; - Hrabak, Dr. Bogumil, “Jedan radikalski
izvestaj о stanju na Kosovu 1921 godine”, “Vjetar i Arkivit” të Kosovës, IV-V, Prishtinë, 1971; - Iz istorije Jugoslavije 1918-1945, Beograd, 1958; - Istorijski arhiv Komunističke partije Jugoslavije, Tom II, Kongresi i konferencije KPJ 1919-1937, Beograd, 1950; Jankovic, Dr. Dragoslav, Srbija i jugoslovensko pitanje 19141915, Beograd, 1973; - Jeliç, Milisav, “Ljetopis Juga”, Beograd, 1930; Kujtime dhe këngë popullore për luftën Çlirimtare të viteve 19181920, Tiranë, 1970; - Kolonizacija na Kosovu, “Policija”, nr. 3-4, Beograd, 1922; - Krstiç, Djordje, Kolonizacija južne Srbije, Sarajevo, 1928; 365
Lëvizja Kaçake në Kosově (1918-1928) -Kulundjiç, Zvonimir, Politika i korupcija u Kraljevskoj Jugoslaviji, Zagreb, 1968; -Lukiç, Dr. Dusan, Jugoslovenski komunisti i pitanje Albanaca u jugoslaviji 1918-1941; “Klasa punëtore e Mitrovicës dhe e rrethinës në lëvizjen punëtore komuniste”., Mitroviče, 1979; -Mitroviç, Andrej, Jugoslavija na Konferenciji mira 1919-1920, Beograd, 1969; - Miloseviç Pavle, Operacija istoçnog odreda crnogorske vojske. 1912 Godine, “Istorijski zapisi”, XXV, knj. XXX, Titograd, 1972; - Mihajloviç, Zivorad, Ljudi moga grada, Mitroviče, 1967; - Milenkovič, Toma, Stav radikalne stranke prema Agrarnoj reformi 19181929 , ”Istorija XX veka”, Zbornik Radova XI, Beograd, 1970; - Milenkovič Kosta, Makedonija makedoncima! Zemlja zemljoradnicima! Çaçak 1966; - Perovič, Dr. Milivoje, “Toplicki Ustanak”, Beograd, 1959; - Pijade, Mosha, Izabarani spisi, tom I, knj. 1-5, Beograd 19641965; - Prvi balkanski rat 19121-1913, Beograd, 1960; - Pushkolli, Dr. Fehmi, Lëvizja revolucionare e sindikatave dhe lidhja e sindikatave të Kosovës 1919-1975, Prishtinë, 1977; - Purivatra, Dr. Atif, Jugoslovenska myslimanska organizacija, Sarajevo, 1974; -Cubrilloviç Dr. Vasa, Istorija politiçke misli u Srbiji XIX veka. Beograd, 1958; -Rahimi, Dr. Shukri, Lufta e shqiptarëve për autonomi (18971913), Prishtinë, 1978; - Rehak, Laslo, Nacionalne manjine u Jugoslaviji, Beograd, 1965; - Roboti XX veka, (pa vit e vend botimi); - Rushiti, Limon, Rregullimi administrativo-territorial i Kosovës gjatë viteve 1918-1929, “Kosova”, որ. 1, Prishtinë, 1972; - Rushiti, Limon, Problemet e Lëvizjes
Kombëtare Shqiptare në gazetën “Drita” të Sofjes 1902-1908, “Kosova”, որ. 3, Prishtinë, 1974; - Stebut Aleksandar, Kolonizaciona sposobnost, Beograd, 1926; - Tito, Josip Broz, Nacionalno pitanje u Jugoslaviji u svjetlosti NOB, a “Proleter” novembar decembar 1942; - Tucovic, Dimitrije, “Srbija i Arbanija” Beograd, 1914; -Uroseviç, Atanasije, “Agrarna Reforma i naseljavanje”, “Spomenica 25. Godishnjica oslobođenja Juzhne Srbije 1912-1937”, Skopje, 1937; 366
Liman Rushiti -Uredba о naseljavanju u novooslobođenim i prisajedinjenim oblastima, Beograd, 1913; - Vinaver, Vuk, Jugoslavija i Mađarska 1918-1923, Beograd, 1971; -Vinaver, Vuk, Çështja shqiptare në shtypin e PKJ-së 1919-1939; “Gjurmime albanologjike” (Seria historike) որ. 1, Prishtinë, 1972; -Bajrami, Dr. Hakif, Rrethanat shoqërore dhe politike në Kosově 1918-1941 (Tezë doktorature në dorëshkrim), Prishtinë, 1979; -Rushiti, Prof. dr. Liman; Kujtime për Lëvizjen Kaçake, Prishtinë, 2003; -GJENERAL G. F. PHILLIPS DHE KOMITETI “MBROJTJA KOMBËTARE E KOSOVÊS” dokumente historike nga Arkivat Britanike 1913/1921, përgatitur nga Ethem Çeku dhe Bejtullah Destani, Tiranë, 2015. REVISTAT - “Vjetari” i Arkivit të Kosovës-IV-(1968-1969), Prishtinë, 1971; - “Gjurmime albanologjike”-Prishtinë, 1965-1975; - “Kosova-Kosovo”, Prishtinë, 1972-1977; - “Istorijski Zapisi”, XXX, Titograd, 1972; - “Vranjski glasnik”, - knj. XI, Vranje, 1975; -“Istorijski Glasnik”, Beograd, 1972; - “Përparimi”, 1964-1975, Prishtinë; “Policija”, Beograd, 1920-1931. GAZETAT - “Bashkimi”, Tiranë, 1924; - “Drita”, Sofje, 1902-1908; - “Demokratija”, Beograd, 1920-1923; - “Federacioni ballkanik”-“La federation balcanique”, Wien, 1923 1930; - “Glas Crnogorca”, Cetinje; - “Hak”, Shkup, 1920-1924; - “Kosova”, Konstance, (Rumani), 1932-1933; - “Liria Kombëtare” Gjenevë, 1927-1928; - “Liria”; - “Ora e maleve” Shkodër, 1923-1924; - “ Ora e Shqipërisë”, Wien, 1928; - “Oslobođenje”, Sarajevo, 1920; - “Populli”, Shkodër, 1919; - “Politika”, Tiranë, 1924; - “Paqja”, Stamboll, 1923-1924; - “Politika”, Beograd, 1920-1928; -
‘Travda”, Beograd, 1922; - “Radničke Novine”, Beograd, 1912,1914,1920; - “Radikal”, Beograd, 1921; - “Socijalistička zora”, Shkup, 1920; 367
Lëvizja Kaçake në Kosově (1918-1928) - “Samoupravna”, Beograd, 1920-1923, 1925; - “ Srpske novine”, Beograd, 1913; - “Službene novine”, Beograd, 1920-1928; - “Shqipëria e Re”, Konstance, (Rumani), 1921-1924. 368 |
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| author | Rushiti, Liman ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| author_facet | Rushiti, Liman ca. 20./21. Jh |
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| edition | Botimi i tretë |
| era | Geschichte 1918-1928 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-1928 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kosovo |
| id | DE-604.BV048233251 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:51:39Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:32:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789951280983 |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033613919 |
| oclc_num | 1319628783 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 387 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Porträts 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220520 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Botime Artini |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rushiti, Liman ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1258001942 aut Lëvizja kaçake në Kosovë (1918-1928) = The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) Dr. Liman Rushiti outlaw The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) Botimi i tretë Prishtinë Botime Artini 2022 387 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Porträts 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache Geschichte 1918-1928 gnd rswk-swf Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 gnd rswk-swf Albaner (DE-588)4068517-2 gnd rswk-swf Aufstand (DE-588)4003554-2 gnd rswk-swf Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 gnd rswk-swf Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 g Albaner (DE-588)4068517-2 s Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 s Aufstand (DE-588)4003554-2 s Geschichte 1918-1928 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033613919&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033613919&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033613919&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rushiti, Liman ca. 20./21. Jh Lëvizja kaçake në Kosovë (1918-1928) = The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 gnd Albaner (DE-588)4068517-2 gnd Aufstand (DE-588)4003554-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121814-0 (DE-588)4068517-2 (DE-588)4003554-2 (DE-588)4032571-4 |
| title | Lëvizja kaçake në Kosovë (1918-1928) = The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) |
| title_alt | outlaw The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) |
| title_auth | Lëvizja kaçake në Kosovë (1918-1928) = The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) |
| title_exact_search | Lëvizja kaçake në Kosovë (1918-1928) = The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Lëvizja kaçake në Kosovë (1918-1928) = The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) |
| title_full | Lëvizja kaçake në Kosovë (1918-1928) = The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) Dr. Liman Rushiti |
| title_fullStr | Lëvizja kaçake në Kosovë (1918-1928) = The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) Dr. Liman Rushiti |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lëvizja kaçake në Kosovë (1918-1928) = The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) Dr. Liman Rushiti |
| title_short | Lëvizja kaçake në Kosovë |
| title_sort | levizja kacake ne kosove 1918 1928 the outlow movement in kosovo 1918 1928 |
| title_sub | (1918-1928) = The outlow movement in Kosovo (1918-1928) |
| topic | Unabhängigkeitsbewegung (DE-588)4121814-0 gnd Albaner (DE-588)4068517-2 gnd Aufstand (DE-588)4003554-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Unabhängigkeitsbewegung Albaner Aufstand Kosovo |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033613919&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033613919&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033613919&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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