The origins of the Second World War:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2022
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| Ausgabe: | Fifth edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Seminar studies
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xxii, 158 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780367620837 9780367620820 |
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| adam_text | Contents List of figures List of tables List of maps Preface Chronology Who’s who viii ix x xi xiii xvii PARTI 1 Background 1 Explaining the Second World War 3 PART II Analysis 11 2 The international crisis 13 3 Economic and imperial rivalry 33 4 Armaments and domestic politics 48 5 War over Poland 64 6 From European to world war 85 PART III Assessment 99 7 101 Hitler’s war?
vi Contents PART IV Documents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 The Treaty of Versailles and Germany The Covenant of the League The search for a settlement American ‘appeasement’ Stalin anticipates war The‘Hossbach memorandum’ Preparation for war before Munich The Munich Conference The Munich Agreement Imperialism and war Economic pressure on Japan Mussolini’s vision of empire Hitler’s ‘Second Book’: Lebensraum and the Jews Economic appeasement The Four-Year Plan Economic dangers for Britain The crisis in France ‘Peace for our time’ The change of mood in the west Hitler plans to crush Poland Chamberlain guarantees Poland The Franco-British ‘war plan’, 1939 British intelligence on Germany Stalin warns the west after Munich The Franco-British failure in Moscow The Soviet reaction to German advances, 1939 The German-Soviet Pact Britain’s probable attitude Hitler gambles on western weakness Bonnet’s doubts about war Poland in the middle The last days of peace Chamberlain’s ‘awful Sunday’ Berlin proposes peace A British demand for peace The Three-Power Pact ‘Arsenal of Democracy’ fireside chat The Barbarossa Directive 105 107 108 108 109 109 110 111 112 113 114 114 115 116 117 118 118 119 119 120 120 121 122 122 123 123 125 125 126 127 128 128 129 130 131 131 132 132 133
Contents 39 40 41 42 The German attack on Russia Russia raises the price for co-operation Japan decides on war Creating the new world order Glossary Bibliography Index vh ՂՃ 11 ֊?Դ 134 1i «Ή ju 136 137 142 153
Now in its fifth edition, The Origins oj the Second World War explores the reasons why the Second World War broke out in September 1939 and why a European conflict developed into a war that spanned the globe. This book argues that the global conflict was not just Hitler s War՛ but one that had its roots and origins in the decline of the old empires of Britain and France and the rise of ambitious new powers in Germany, Italy and Japan who wanted large empires of their own. Richard Overy covers the origins of the war from its background in the First World War to its expansion to embrace the Soviet Union, Japan and the United States by the end of 1941. Creating a comprehensive and analytical narrative while remaining a succinct overview of the subject, this book takes a thematic approach to the complex range of events that culminated in global warfare, discussing factors such as economic rivalry, rearmament and domestic politics and emphasizing that any explanation of the outbreak of hostilities must be global in scope. This new edition includes more discussion of the role of empire and the imperial background to the war.
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150 Bibliography Secondary sources: articles Alexander, Μ., ‘In defence of the Maginot Line: Security policy, domestic politics and the economic depression in France’, in Boyce, R. (ed.), French Foreign and Defence Policy 1918-1940, Routledge, 1998. Aster, S., ‘Appeasement: Before and after revisionism’, Diplomacy Statecraft, 19, 2008. Barnhart, Μ., ‘Japan’s economic security and the origins of the Pacific war’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 4,1981. Bernhard, P., ‘Borrowing from Mussolini: Nazi Germany’s colonial aspirations in the shadow of Italian expansionism’, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 41, 2013. Blaazer, D., ‘Finance and the end of appeasement: The Bank of England, the national government and Czech gold’, Journal of Contemporary History, 40, 2005. Buffotot, P., ‘The French high command and the Franco-Soviet alliance, 1933-1939’, Journal of Contemporary History, 40, 2005. Carley, M.J., ‘Soviet foreign policy and the West, 1936-1941’, Europe-Asia Studies, 56, 2004. Carley, M.J., “Only the USSR has . . . clean hands”: The Soviet perspective on the failure of collective security and the collapse of Czechoslovakia 1934-1938’, Parts I and II, Diplomacy Statecraft, 21, 2010. Cook, T., ‘“Against God-inspired conscience”: The perception of gas warfare as a weapon of mass destruction’, War Society, 18, 2000. Crozier, A., ‘Imperial decline and the colonial question in Anglo-German relations 1919-1939’, European Studies Review, 11,1981. Frank, W.C., ‘The Spanish civil war and the coming of the second world war’, Inter national History Review, 9,1987. Gates, R.,
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152 Bibliography Strang, G.В., ‘Imperial dreams: The Mussolini-Laval accords of January 1935’, The Historical Journal, 44, 2001. Strang, G.B., ‘The spirit of Ulysses? Ideology and British appeasement in the 1930s’, Diplomacy Statecraft, 29, 2008. Tamchina, R., ‘In search of common causes. The imperial conference of 1937’, Jour nal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 1,1972. Thomas, M.C., ‘Economic conditions and the limits to mobilization in the French Empire, 1936-1939’, The Historical Journal, 48, 2005. Thomas, M.C., ‘Appeasement in the late third republic’, Diplomacy Statecraft, 19, 2008. Thompson, J., ‘Conceptions of national security and American entry into World War II’, Diplomacy Statecraft, 16, 2005. Young, R.J., ‘La guerre de longue durée: Some reflections on French strategy and diplomacy in the 1930s’, in Preston, A. (ed.), General Staffs and Diplomacy before the Second World War, Croom Helm, 1978. Zimmerer, J., ‘The birth of the Ostland out of the spirit of colonialism: A postcolo nial perspective on the Nazi policy of conquest and extermination’, Patterns of Prejudice, 39, 2005.
Index Abyssinia - see Ethiopia Aden, 35 aircraft production, 50, 52, 54, 56, 71, 72-3, 89 Albania, 4, 68 Alsace-Lorraine, 13 Ama u Doctrine, 14 American Pacific Fleet, 96 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1936), 37 Anglo-French staff talks, 68-9,112 Anglo-French ‘War Plan’, 69, 72, 86,122 Anglo-German Declaration (1938), 64,119 Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935), 22,119 Anglo-Irish Agreement (1922), 37 Anglo-Polish Alliance (1939), 69, 79, 82 Anschluss, 27, 30, 68 Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), 26 appeasement, 4, 20-1, 22, 24, 26, 29, 36, 46, 64,109,116-17 Ardennes Forest, 84 Astakov, Georgi, 125 Atlantic Charter (1941), 92, 97 Attolico, Bernardo, 129 Australia, 27, 33, 58, 67,109, 111 Austria, 27, 33, 58, 67,109, 111 Austrian National Socialist Party, 27 autarky, 33-4, 40 ‘Axis’ agreement (1936), 26 Badoglio, Marshal Pietro, 43 Baku, 135 Baldwin, Stanley, 21, 54, 61 Balkans, 16, 45, 46, 67, 80, 90,117 Baltic States, 70, 78, 91, 121, 125, 126 Bank of England, 58 Barbarossa campaign, 89, 90, 133-4 Battle of Britain, 89 Battle of the Atlantic, 92, 97 Batum, 135 Beck, Josef, 66, 67 Beijing (Peking), 29 Belgian Congo, 35,109 Belgium, 13,19, 65, 86, 87 Belgrade, 90 Beneš, Edouard, 30, 32, 74, 75 Berlin, 30, 66, 72, 82, 83, 84, 87, 90, 129,131 Bessarabia, 78, 91,125 Birkenhead, Lord Frederick, 35 Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 5, 111 Black Sea, 76, 86,135 Blitzkrieg, 3 blockade, 49, 52, 53, 69, 72, 80, 85, 86, 87, 92,103 Blum, Léon, 62 Bohemia-Moravia, 66,122 Bolshevik Revolution - see Russian Revolution bombing, 22, 53, 69, 81, 92,103 Bonnet, Georges, 57, 70, 77, 81, 128,129 Britain, 13,16,17,
8, 34, 41, 43, 67, 71,101,102 and America, 70-1 and appeasement, 20-22, 40, 46 and conduct of war, 86-7, 90 and Czech Crisis, 29-30, 37, 66, 111-12 and East Asia, 15, 21, 80 and economic rivalry, 39, 45-6 and Empire, 6, 8, 9,18, 24, 25, 34-6, 37-8, 71, 85, 93,114 and France, 18, 19, 22, 27, 36, 69 and home front, 87,131-2
154 Index in 1920s, 8,10,13, 19 and outbreak of war, 4, 69, 82-3, 130 and Polish crisis, 67-8, 69, 70, 73, 74, 80-1 and rearmament, 48-9, 53-4, 55, 57-8,63,72,81 and Soviet Union, 21, 66, 75-6, 77-8, 79,123-4 and trade policy, 33, 35, 39, 44, 45, 58, 59, 86,116-17 British Guiana (Guyana), 88 Brussels Conference (1937), 40 Bukovina, 91 Bulgaria, 46, 91, 135 Burma (Myanmar), 40 Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 23, 30, 48, 104 Canada, 35 Caucasus, 86 Chamberlain, Neville, 8,18, 20, 25, 29, 35, 41, 44, 48, 61, 66, 70, 81, 86,129 and appeasement, 4, 20-1, 44,45, 47,103,119 becomes prime minister, 20, 54 and Dominions, 70 and France, 18, 69,119 and ‘Grand Settlement’, 21, 24, 29, 64,108-9 and Czech crisis, 30-2,112 and outbreak of war, 73, 80, 82, 85-6,130 and Polish crisis, 67, 69, 70, 73,121 and rearmament, 53, 54, 55, 57, 62, 64-5, 72 and Soviet Union, 76, 77 and United States, 71 Chatfield, Admiral Lord Alfred, 124 Chautemps, Camille, 119 Chiang Kai-shek, 15, 26 China, 13, 21, 45, 48, 93, 135 and Manchurian crisis, 14, 39 in 1920s, 14 and relations with West, 20, 40, 46 and war with Japan, 14-15, 27-9, 38,49, 95 Chinese Communism, 14, 29 Churchill, Sir Winston, 30, 77, 86, 87, 92 Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 79, 83, 129 Cold War, 55 collective security, 4,13,17,19, 76 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 26 Condor Legion, 27 Congress Systen, 7 Conservative Party, 61, 62 Co-Prosperity Sphere - see Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Cyprus, 35 Czechoslovakia, 19, 27, 29, 30-1, 32, 37,45, 48, 58, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 81,113 Dahlerus, Birger, 62 Daladier, Edouard, 31, 61,62,64, 70, 76, 81,
83-4, 86, 112,119,128,129 Dalmatia, 40 Danzig, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 81, 82,121, 126,128 Dardanelles, 91,135 Defence Requirements Committee, 20, 53,72 détente, 64 Disarmament Conference (1932-4), 13, 16,18,48,115 Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), 40, 92 East Prussia, 66 economic appeasement, 44-7,117 Egypt, 8,17, 21, 37, 43, 65, 96 Empire Exhibition (1924), 35 Estonia, 91 Eupen, 13 Ethiopia, 16,17,18, 21, 27, 40-1, 43, 44 Exchange Equalisation Agreement (1936), 59 Finland, 78, 86, 91,135 First World War, 4,19, 23, 39, 49, 70, 91,101 Five-Year Plans, 48, 55 Four-Power Pact (1933), 13 Four-Year Plan (1936), 51, 60, 118 France, 13,16,18, 33, 34, 41, 43, 67, 71,101,102,103, 111, 113 and Czech crisis, 30, 66 defeat in 1940, 86-7, 88 and domestic crisis, 61, 62,119 and economic appeasement, 44-5, 46 and empire, 6, 9,18, 34-5, 36, 59, 70, 85, 88 in 1920s, 8,13, 19 and outbreak of war, 4, 82-3, 84 and pacifism, 7
Index 155 and Polish crisis, 67, 69, 72, 73, 74, 80-1 and rearmament, 48-9, 52-3, 55, 57-8, 59-60, 63, 72, 81 relations with Britain, 18,19, 36, 63, 67-8 relations with Soviet Union, 19, 25, 75, 76, 77-8, 79, 86,123-4 Franco, General Francisco, 27 Franco-German Declaration (1938), 119-20 Franco-Russian Alliance (1894), 19 Franco-Soviet Pact (1935), 19, 25 Frederick II, King of Prussia, 111 French Communist Party, 62 French Indo-China, 37, 88, 92, 95 French Popular Front - see Popular Front Gamelin, General Maurice, 69, 72, 77, 86,128 Geneva, 13,115 German Communist Party (KPD), 62 German-Polish Non-Aggression Treaty (1934), 66 German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 62 German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939), 62, 78-9, 80, 81, 90, 125-6,128 Germany, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,10,18,19, 21, 26, 46, 60, 64,102,132 and Barbarossa campaign, 89, 90, 93,133-4 and defeat of France, 86, 87 and domestic crisis, 62-3, 72,122-3 as a ‘have-not’ power, 38-9 and inflation, 9, 57 and League of Nations, 13,16 and Munich crisis, 66,112-13 in 1920s, 9,13,14 and occupation of Czechoslovakia, 66, 67 and outbreak of war, 74, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83 and rearmament, 16, 22, 27, 44, 48-9, 50-2, 56, 60, 62-3 and slump, 14, 33 and Soviet Union, 26, 74-5, 78-9, 85,104 trade in 1930s, 34, 39, 45-6, 58-9 and Versailles Settlement, 3, 24,107 and war with the United States, 95-6, 97 Gibraltar, 35 Goebbels, Joseph, 81,134 Goering, Reichsmarschall Hermann, 30, 31, 43, 45, 51, 74, 82, 84, 95, 108,130 Grandi, Dino, 41 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 40,135 Great Wall of China, 15 Greece, 41, 46, 65, 67, 68, 86, 90,
120,134 Greenland, 97 Habsburg Empire, 6, 8, 27 Halifax, Lord Edward, 22, 44, 64, 65, 77, 87,119, 120, 129 Hankey, Sir Maurice, 23, 72 ‘have-not’ powers, 34, 38, 43, 44 Hawaii, 94 Henderson, Sir Nevile, 81 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 95 Hitler, Adolf, 3, 4,17, 21, 23, 44, 4, 65, 71, 85,101,103, 108,129 and anti-Semitism, 85, 90, 95, 97, 116-117 and Barbarossa Campaign, 89, 90, 104, 133-4 becomes Chancellor, 16 and Czech crisis, 30-1, 66, 79,103, 112-13 and defeat of France, 87 declares war on USA, 95-6, 97 and German expansion, 27, 41-3, 47, 66, 73,110-11,117,120-1 and outbreak of war, 80, 83 and peace offers, 80, 85, 87,131 and Poland, 74, 79, 80, 81,121, 127,130 and rearmament, 22, 27, 50, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58-9, 62, 80,118 and Soviet Union, 74, 778-9, 82, 90, 91 and Spanish Civil War, 27 and war plans, 54, 57, 66, 89-90, 118,120-1 Hoare-Laval Pact (1935), 17 Holland - see Netherlands ‘Hossbach’ Memorandum (1937), 110-11 Hull, Cordell, 23, 35, 109 Hungary, 45, 91 Iceland, 97 Imperial Preference, 33
156 Index India, 20, 21, 35, 37, 38, 55, 89 India Act (1935), 37 Indo-China - see French Indo-China Inner Mongolia, 15 Inskip, Sir Thomas, 53 International Colonial Exposition (1931), 35 Iraq, 8 Irish Free State, 37 isolationism, 9, 23, 24, 94, 96, 102 Italian-German ‘Axis’, 41 Italy, 3, 6, 9,10,16,19, 21, 26, 46, 50, 60, 64,101,102,132 and autarky, 34 entry into war, 85, 87, 88 and Ethiopian war, 17, 21 and expansion in 1930s, 18, 40-1 as a ‘have-not’ power, 34, 38 and Munich Conference, 21, 112-14 in 1920s, 10,16 and Polish crisis, 72, 79, 83 and Spanish Civil War, 27 Japan, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9,10,18, 26, 46, 60, 79, 84,101,102,132 and China, 14-15, 27-9, 49, 71, 95, 135 as a ‘have-not’ power, 34, 38 and League of Nations, 14 in 1920s, 10,14 and Manchuria, 14-15,16, 21,39 and ‘New Order’, 40 and Pearl Harbor, 95 plans to attack the USA, 85, 93, 94-5,104,135-6 and rearmament, 50 and Soviet Union, 55, 71, 93, 104 and trade, 38-9 and Western Empires, 44, 85, 88, 92-3,135 Japanese-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1941), 93 July Crisis (1914), 6, 74 Kamerun, 109 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 7 Kennard, Sir Hugh, 129 King, Mackenzie, 37 Konoe Fumimaro, Prince, 15, 93 Korea, 19, 40 Krosigk, Count Lutz Schwerin von, 57 Kwantung Army, 14 Labour Party, 61-2 Latin America, 24, 45 Latvia, 91 Lausanne Conference (1932), 22 Laval, Pierre, 17 League of Nations, 6, 8, 9,13,14,15, 16,17,19, 21, 24, 25, 34, 45, 48, 61,66,101,109 League of Nations Covenant, 4, 13,108 League of Nations Union, 7 Lebanon, 36 Lebensraum, 16, 41-2, 89,110,117, 121,131 Lend-Lease, 89, 92 Lend-Lease Master Agreement (1942), 96
Lenin (Vladimir Ulyanov), 8 Libya, 17,43 Lithuania, 66, 91,126 Little Entente, 19 Litvinov, Maxim, 75, 76 Locarno Treaty (1925), 7,13 London, 33, 35, 81, 88, 91 Lyautey, Marshal Hubert, 37 Madrid, 17 Maginot, André, 52 Maginot Line, 49, 52, 72, 86 Malaya, 92 Malmédy, 13 Malta, 21, 35 Manchukuo, 14,15 Manchuria, 14-15,16,17, 39, 40, 71, 95,114 mandates, 8, 34, 39 Mandel, Georges, 70 Matsuoko Yosuke, 94 Mediterranean, 5,16,19, 20, 32, 40, 41, 43, 64, 68, 80, 88, 90,101, 116 Metternich, Prince Clemens von, 5, 7 Memel, 66, 67 Micronesia, 39 Military Supply Board, 72 Mitteleuropa, 66 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 76, 77, 78,90, 91,135 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - see German-Soviet Pact Morgenthau, Henry, 91 Moscow, 76, 78,134
Index 157 Munich Agreement (1938), 31-2, 45, 46, 64, 66, 74,103, 111, 112-14, 119 Mussolini, Benito, 5, 9,16, 21, 23, 26, 34,47, 68, 79, 80 and Chamberlain, 41, 64 and imperialism, 17,19, 40-1, 43, 47,115-16 and Munich crisis, 91,112 and Pact of Steel, 68 and peace efforts, 31, 83, 84, 129,130 and Spanish Civil War, 27,48 and war against the Allies, 87 Poland, 19, 45, 48, 65, 69, 70, 72,120, 122, 125, 126, 128 and crisis with Germany, 57, 66-7, 73, 79, 86,128-9,131 invasion and defeat, 82, 83, 85 and Polish-Soviet war (1920), 8 and Soviet Union, 67, 774, 77, 79, 91, 124,126 Polish Corridor, 66, 82,126 Polish Guarantee, 67-8, 82,121 Popular Front, 19, 23, 25, 52, 59, 61,62 Portugal, 21 Prague, 67, 68 purges (Soviet), 26, 77,104 Nagano Osami, Admiral, 95 Nanking, 29 National Socialism, 43, 66, 78,117 National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 43, 63 Netherlands, 65, 86, 88 Neurath, Constantin von, 62 Neutrality Acts (1935,1937), 24, 46, 88,102 New Deal, 24 Newfoundland, 83, 94 New Order, 15, 87, 93, 97,136 New Zealand, 35, 70 No More War Movement, 7 Non-Intervention Committee, 27 Norway, 86 ‘quarantine speech’ (1937), 24 oil supply, 3 8-9, 78, 86, 94, 95 Open-Door policy, 14,15, 24, 46 Operation Barbarossa - see Barbarossa campaign Oshima Hiroshi, General, 136 Ottawa Imperial Conference (1932), 33 pacifism, 7, 22, 69 Pact of Steel (1939), 68, 79 Palestine, 8, 35 Paris, 7, 31, 33, 35, 62, 64, 76, 87,119 Pearl Harbor, 95-6 People’s Convention (1940-1), 31-2 Persian Gulf, 135 Petain, Marshal Philippe, 52 Philippines, 92, 94 Phoney War, 85 Placentia Bay, 92 Plenipotentiary
for War Economy, 50 Plunkett-Ernie-Erle-Drax, Admiral Reginald, 124 radar, 50, 72 rearmament, 16, 18, 22, 26, 27, 45, 48ff., 71-2, 80, 81, 88, 94,102, 110 Red Army, 8, 74, 77, 86, 104 reparations, 22,107 Rhineland remilitarization (1936), 26-7, 44, 82,103,131 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 62, 67, 71, 74, 75, 78, 80, 84, 94, 97, 125,130 Romania, 19, 46, 65, 67, 74, 86, 91, 120, 124 Romanian-German Trade Treaty (1939), 46 Rome, 13, 41, 64 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin, 90 Roosevelt, President Franklin Delano, 3, 24, 40, 86, 88, 92, 94, 95, 104, 132-3,136 Royal Air Force, 53, 89 Runciman, Lord Walter, 30 Russia - see Soviet Union Russian Empire, 8, 78 Russian Revolution, 8 Sahara Desert, 34 sanctions, 17 Scandinavia, 86 Schacht, Hjalmar, 45, 51, 56, 62 Schlieffen Plan, 52 Schnurre, Karl, 125 Shirer, William, 131 Siberia, 71, 93 Simon, Sir John, 58,118 Singapore, 54, 94,136
158 Index Slovakia, 66, 91,122 Somaliland, 35 South Africa, 37, 88 South China Sea, 92 South West Africa (Namibia), 35,109 Soviet-Finnish War (1939-40), 86, 91 Soviet Union, 5, 8-9,14, 20, 74, 97, 101,102,104,110,117,122,123 and Anglo-French cooperation, 25, 75-6, 77,123-4 and conflict with Japan, 25 and Eastern Europe, 8, 67, 90, 91,135 and Five-Year Plans, 48, 55 and German invasion, 90-1 and Germany, 25, 75-6, 78 and League of Nations, 13, 25 and Munich crisis, 31 and Poland, 73 and rearmament, 48, 55 Spain, 23, 41, 48, 77, 86,122 Spanish Civil War, 23, 26, 27, 74 Spanish Second Republic, 23, 27 Speer, Albert, 42 Stalin, Joseph, 26, 48, 55, 67,104, 109-10,128,134 and Czech crisis, 74, 75,123 and fear of war, 76, 91 and negotiations in 1939, 76-9, 82 and Soviet expansion, 71 and war with Germany, 90-1 Stalin Line, 49 Stanley, Oliver, 73 Sudan, 43 Sudeten Germans, 29-30 Sudetenland, 30, 31,103 Suez Canal, 35, 37, 88 Sweden, 86 Switzerland, 15, 65 Syria, 8, 36, 37 Tanganyika, 35,109 Taylor, A. J. P., 4 Territorial Army, 69 Thailand, 92 Thirty Years’ War, 42 Togoland, 109 Tõjõ Hideki, General, 95 Tokyo, 29, 71, 94, 95, 134 Total Mobilization Decree (1938), 49 total war, 3, 49, 51, 55 Three-Power Pact (1940), 26, 88, 132 Trotsky, Leon, 8 Tunisia, 65 Turkey, 46, 48, 65, 68, 117, 120 Turkish Empire, 8 Ukraine, 125 United States of America, 5, 6, 9,13, 14,17, 34, 39, 56, 59, 60, 88,101, 102,104, 122, 134 and China, 29, 40, 46, 71, 93 and isolationism, 23, 24, 94, 96, 102 and Japanese expansion, 15, 71, 82, 93,94 and neutrality, 24, 25, 26, 70-1, 88,102 in 1920s, 9, 23, 33 and
Pearl Harbor, 95 and Polish crisis, 70 and rearmament, 88, 93 and trade policy, 24, 45, 59-60, 93 and war in Europe, 88-9, 92, 94, 97, 132-3 and Washington Treaties (1922), 7,13 Vansittart, Sir Robert, 18 Versailles Settlement (1919), 3, 5, 6, 9, 13,16, 21, 22, 24, 38, 41, 42, 50, 83,101,107,129 Vienna, 27 Vinson Act (1938), 24 Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, 124 ‘War Guilt’ clause, 107 War Resisters’ International, Warsaw, 8, 82 Washington DC, 91, 95 Washington Treaties (1922), Weekend crisis (1938), 30 Wehrwirtschaft, 50 Weinberg, Gerhard, 79 Westwall, 49, 72 Wilson, Sir Horace, 31,113 Wilson, President Woodrow, World Economic Conference 7 7,13 9, 88 (1933), 45 Yamamoto Isoroku, Admiral, 95 Yugoslavia, 19, 41, 46, 65, 68, 90 Zeeland, Paul van, 45 Zetland, Lord Lawrence, 37 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen
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Contents List of figures List of tables List of maps Preface Chronology Who’s who viii ix x xi xiii xvii PARTI 1 Background 1 Explaining the Second World War 3 PART II Analysis 11 2 The international crisis 13 3 Economic and imperial rivalry 33 4 Armaments and domestic politics 48 5 War over Poland 64 6 From European to world war 85 PART III Assessment 99 7 101 Hitler’s war?
vi Contents PART IV Documents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 The Treaty of Versailles and Germany The Covenant of the League The search for a settlement American ‘appeasement’ Stalin anticipates war The‘Hossbach memorandum’ Preparation for war before Munich The Munich Conference The Munich Agreement Imperialism and war Economic pressure on Japan Mussolini’s vision of empire Hitler’s ‘Second Book’: Lebensraum and the Jews Economic appeasement The Four-Year Plan Economic dangers for Britain The crisis in France ‘Peace for our time’ The change of mood in the west Hitler plans to crush Poland Chamberlain guarantees Poland The Franco-British ‘war plan’, 1939 British intelligence on Germany Stalin warns the west after Munich The Franco-British failure in Moscow The Soviet reaction to German advances, 1939 The German-Soviet Pact Britain’s probable attitude Hitler gambles on western weakness Bonnet’s doubts about war Poland in the middle The last days of peace Chamberlain’s ‘awful Sunday’ Berlin proposes peace A British demand for peace The Three-Power Pact ‘Arsenal of Democracy’ fireside chat The Barbarossa Directive 105 107 108 108 109 109 110 111 112 113 114 114 115 116 117 118 118 119 119 120 120 121 122 122 123 123 125 125 126 127 128 128 129 130 131 131 132 132 133
Contents 39 40 41 42 The German attack on Russia Russia raises the price for co-operation Japan decides on war Creating the new world order Glossary Bibliography Index vh ՂՃ 11 ֊?Դ 134 1i «Ή ju 136 137 142 153
Now in its fifth edition, The Origins oj the Second World War explores the reasons why the Second World War broke out in September 1939 and why a European conflict developed into a war that spanned the globe. This book argues that the global conflict was not just 'Hitler's War՛ but one that had its roots and origins in the decline of the old empires of Britain and France and the rise of ambitious new powers in Germany, Italy and Japan who wanted large empires of their own. Richard Overy covers the origins of the war from its background in the First World War to its expansion to embrace the Soviet Union, Japan and the United States by the end of 1941. Creating a comprehensive and analytical narrative while remaining a succinct overview of the subject, this book takes a thematic approach to the complex range of events that culminated in global warfare, discussing factors such as economic rivalry, rearmament and domestic politics and emphasizing that any explanation of the outbreak of hostilities must be global in scope. This new edition includes more discussion of the role of empire and the imperial background to the war.
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152 Bibliography Strang, G.В., ‘Imperial dreams: The Mussolini-Laval accords of January 1935’, The Historical Journal, 44, 2001. Strang, G.B., ‘The spirit of Ulysses? Ideology and British appeasement in the 1930s’, Diplomacy Statecraft, 29, 2008. Tamchina, R., ‘In search of common causes. The imperial conference of 1937’, Jour nal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 1,1972. Thomas, M.C., ‘Economic conditions and the limits to mobilization in the French Empire, 1936-1939’, The Historical Journal, 48, 2005. Thomas, M.C., ‘Appeasement in the late third republic’, Diplomacy Statecraft, 19, 2008. Thompson, J., ‘Conceptions of national security and American entry into World War II’, Diplomacy Statecraft, 16, 2005. Young, R.J., ‘La guerre de longue durée: Some reflections on French strategy and diplomacy in the 1930s’, in Preston, A. (ed.), General Staffs and Diplomacy before the Second World War, Croom Helm, 1978. Zimmerer, J., ‘The birth of the Ostland out of the spirit of colonialism: A postcolo nial perspective on the Nazi policy of conquest and extermination’, Patterns of Prejudice, 39, 2005.
Index Abyssinia - see Ethiopia Aden, 35 aircraft production, 50, 52, 54, 56, 71, 72-3, 89 Albania, 4, 68 Alsace-Lorraine, 13 Ama u Doctrine, 14 American Pacific Fleet, 96 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1936), 37 Anglo-French staff talks, 68-9,112 Anglo-French ‘War Plan’, 69, 72, 86,122 Anglo-German Declaration (1938), 64,119 Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935), 22,119 Anglo-Irish Agreement (1922), 37 Anglo-Polish Alliance (1939), 69, 79, 82 Anschluss, 27, 30, 68 Anti-Comintern Pact (1936), 26 appeasement, 4, 20-1, 22, 24, 26, 29, 36, 46, 64,109,116-17 Ardennes Forest, 84 Astakov, Georgi, 125 Atlantic Charter (1941), 92, 97 Attolico, Bernardo, 129 Australia, 27, 33, 58, 67,109, 111 Austria, 27, 33, 58, 67,109, 111 Austrian National Socialist Party, 27 autarky, 33-4, 40 ‘Axis’ agreement (1936), 26 Badoglio, Marshal Pietro, 43 Baku, 135 Baldwin, Stanley, 21, 54, 61 Balkans, 16, 45, 46, 67, 80, 90,117 Baltic States, 70, 78, 91, 121, 125, 126 Bank of England, 58 Barbarossa campaign, 89, 90, 133-4 Battle of Britain, 89 Battle of the Atlantic, 92, 97 Batum, 135 Beck, Josef, 66, 67 Beijing (Peking), 29 Belgian Congo, 35,109 Belgium, 13,19, 65, 86, 87 Belgrade, 90 Beneš, Edouard, 30, 32, 74, 75 Berlin, 30, 66, 72, 82, 83, 84, 87, 90, 129,131 Bessarabia, 78, 91,125 Birkenhead, Lord Frederick, 35 Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 5, 111 Black Sea, 76, 86,135 Blitzkrieg, 3 blockade, 49, 52, 53, 69, 72, 80, 85, 86, 87, 92,103 Blum, Léon, 62 Bohemia-Moravia, 66,122 Bolshevik Revolution - see Russian Revolution bombing, 22, 53, 69, 81, 92,103 Bonnet, Georges, 57, 70, 77, 81, 128,129 Britain, 13,16,17,
8, 34, 41, 43, 67, 71,101,102 and America, 70-1 and appeasement, 20-22, 40, 46 and conduct of war, 86-7, 90 and Czech Crisis, 29-30, 37, 66, 111-12 and East Asia, 15, 21, 80 and economic rivalry, 39, 45-6 and Empire, 6, 8, 9,18, 24, 25, 34-6, 37-8, 71, 85, 93,114 and France, 18, 19, 22, 27, 36, 69 and home front, 87,131-2
154 Index in 1920s, 8,10,13, 19 and outbreak of war, 4, 69, 82-3, 130 and Polish crisis, 67-8, 69, 70, 73, 74, 80-1 and rearmament, 48-9, 53-4, 55, 57-8,63,72,81 and Soviet Union, 21, 66, 75-6, 77-8, 79,123-4 and trade policy, 33, 35, 39, 44, 45, 58, 59, 86,116-17 British Guiana (Guyana), 88 Brussels Conference (1937), 40 Bukovina, 91 Bulgaria, 46, 91, 135 Burma (Myanmar), 40 Cadogan, Sir Alexander, 23, 30, 48, 104 Canada, 35 Caucasus, 86 Chamberlain, Neville, 8,18, 20, 25, 29, 35, 41, 44, 48, 61, 66, 70, 81, 86,129 and appeasement, 4, 20-1, 44,45, 47,103,119 becomes prime minister, 20, 54 and Dominions, 70 and France, 18, 69,119 and ‘Grand Settlement’, 21, 24, 29, 64,108-9 and Czech crisis, 30-2,112 and outbreak of war, 73, 80, 82, 85-6,130 and Polish crisis, 67, 69, 70, 73,121 and rearmament, 53, 54, 55, 57, 62, 64-5, 72 and Soviet Union, 76, 77 and United States, 71 Chatfield, Admiral Lord Alfred, 124 Chautemps, Camille, 119 Chiang Kai-shek, 15, 26 China, 13, 21, 45, 48, 93, 135 and Manchurian crisis, 14, 39 in 1920s, 14 and relations with West, 20, 40, 46 and war with Japan, 14-15, 27-9, 38,49, 95 Chinese Communism, 14, 29 Churchill, Sir Winston, 30, 77, 86, 87, 92 Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 79, 83, 129 Cold War, 55 collective security, 4,13,17,19, 76 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 26 Condor Legion, 27 Congress Systen, 7 Conservative Party, 61, 62 Co-Prosperity Sphere - see Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Cyprus, 35 Czechoslovakia, 19, 27, 29, 30-1, 32, 37,45, 48, 58, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 81,113 Dahlerus, Birger, 62 Daladier, Edouard, 31, 61,62,64, 70, 76, 81,
83-4, 86, 112,119,128,129 Dalmatia, 40 Danzig, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 81, 82,121, 126,128 Dardanelles, 91,135 Defence Requirements Committee, 20, 53,72 détente, 64 Disarmament Conference (1932-4), 13, 16,18,48,115 Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), 40, 92 East Prussia, 66 economic appeasement, 44-7,117 Egypt, 8,17, 21, 37, 43, 65, 96 Empire Exhibition (1924), 35 Estonia, 91 Eupen, 13 Ethiopia, 16,17,18, 21, 27, 40-1, 43, 44 Exchange Equalisation Agreement (1936), 59 Finland, 78, 86, 91,135 First World War, 4,19, 23, 39, 49, 70, 91,101 Five-Year Plans, 48, 55 Four-Power Pact (1933), 13 Four-Year Plan (1936), 51, 60, 118 France, 13,16,18, 33, 34, 41, 43, 67, 71,101,102,103, 111, 113 and Czech crisis, 30, 66 defeat in 1940, 86-7, 88 and domestic crisis, 61, 62,119 and economic appeasement, 44-5, 46 and empire, 6, 9,18, 34-5, 36, 59, 70, 85, 88 in 1920s, 8,13, 19 and outbreak of war, 4, 82-3, 84 and pacifism, 7
Index 155 and Polish crisis, 67, 69, 72, 73, 74, 80-1 and rearmament, 48-9, 52-3, 55, 57-8, 59-60, 63, 72, 81 relations with Britain, 18,19, 36, 63, 67-8 relations with Soviet Union, 19, 25, 75, 76, 77-8, 79, 86,123-4 Franco, General Francisco, 27 Franco-German Declaration (1938), 119-20 Franco-Russian Alliance (1894), 19 Franco-Soviet Pact (1935), 19, 25 Frederick II, King of Prussia, 111 French Communist Party, 62 French Indo-China, 37, 88, 92, 95 French Popular Front - see Popular Front Gamelin, General Maurice, 69, 72, 77, 86,128 Geneva, 13,115 German Communist Party (KPD), 62 German-Polish Non-Aggression Treaty (1934), 66 German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 62 German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939), 62, 78-9, 80, 81, 90, 125-6,128 Germany, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,10,18,19, 21, 26, 46, 60, 64,102,132 and Barbarossa campaign, 89, 90, 93,133-4 and defeat of France, 86, 87 and domestic crisis, 62-3, 72,122-3 as a ‘have-not’ power, 38-9 and inflation, 9, 57 and League of Nations, 13,16 and Munich crisis, 66,112-13 in 1920s, 9,13,14 and occupation of Czechoslovakia, 66, 67 and outbreak of war, 74, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83 and rearmament, 16, 22, 27, 44, 48-9, 50-2, 56, 60, 62-3 and slump, 14, 33 and Soviet Union, 26, 74-5, 78-9, 85,104 trade in 1930s, 34, 39, 45-6, 58-9 and Versailles Settlement, 3, 24,107 and war with the United States, 95-6, 97 Gibraltar, 35 Goebbels, Joseph, 81,134 Goering, Reichsmarschall Hermann, 30, 31, 43, 45, 51, 74, 82, 84, 95, 108,130 Grandi, Dino, 41 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 40,135 Great Wall of China, 15 Greece, 41, 46, 65, 67, 68, 86, 90,
120,134 Greenland, 97 Habsburg Empire, 6, 8, 27 Halifax, Lord Edward, 22, 44, 64, 65, 77, 87,119, 120, 129 Hankey, Sir Maurice, 23, 72 ‘have-not’ powers, 34, 38, 43, 44 Hawaii, 94 Henderson, Sir Nevile, 81 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 95 Hitler, Adolf, 3, 4,17, 21, 23, 44, 4, 65, 71, 85,101,103, 108,129 and anti-Semitism, 85, 90, 95, 97, 116-117 and Barbarossa Campaign, 89, 90, 104, 133-4 becomes Chancellor, 16 and Czech crisis, 30-1, 66, 79,103, 112-13 and defeat of France, 87 declares war on USA, 95-6, 97 and German expansion, 27, 41-3, 47, 66, 73,110-11,117,120-1 and outbreak of war, 80, 83 and peace offers, 80, 85, 87,131 and Poland, 74, 79, 80, 81,121, 127,130 and rearmament, 22, 27, 50, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58-9, 62, 80,118 and Soviet Union, 74, 778-9, 82, 90, 91 and Spanish Civil War, 27 and war plans, 54, 57, 66, 89-90, 118,120-1 Hoare-Laval Pact (1935), 17 Holland - see Netherlands ‘Hossbach’ Memorandum (1937), 110-11 Hull, Cordell, 23, 35, 109 Hungary, 45, 91 Iceland, 97 Imperial Preference, 33
156 Index India, 20, 21, 35, 37, 38, 55, 89 India Act (1935), 37 Indo-China - see French Indo-China Inner Mongolia, 15 Inskip, Sir Thomas, 53 International Colonial Exposition (1931), 35 Iraq, 8 Irish Free State, 37 isolationism, 9, 23, 24, 94, 96, 102 Italian-German ‘Axis’, 41 Italy, 3, 6, 9,10,16,19, 21, 26, 46, 50, 60, 64,101,102,132 and autarky, 34 entry into war, 85, 87, 88 and Ethiopian war, 17, 21 and expansion in 1930s, 18, 40-1 as a ‘have-not’ power, 34, 38 and Munich Conference, 21, 112-14 in 1920s, 10,16 and Polish crisis, 72, 79, 83 and Spanish Civil War, 27 Japan, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9,10,18, 26, 46, 60, 79, 84,101,102,132 and China, 14-15, 27-9, 49, 71, 95, 135 as a ‘have-not’ power, 34, 38 and League of Nations, 14 in 1920s, 10,14 and Manchuria, 14-15,16, 21,39 and ‘New Order’, 40 and Pearl Harbor, 95 plans to attack the USA, 85, 93, 94-5,104,135-6 and rearmament, 50 and Soviet Union, 55, 71, 93, 104 and trade, 38-9 and Western Empires, 44, 85, 88, 92-3,135 Japanese-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1941), 93 July Crisis (1914), 6, 74 Kamerun, 109 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 7 Kennard, Sir Hugh, 129 King, Mackenzie, 37 Konoe Fumimaro, Prince, 15, 93 Korea, 19, 40 Krosigk, Count Lutz Schwerin von, 57 Kwantung Army, 14 Labour Party, 61-2 Latin America, 24, 45 Latvia, 91 Lausanne Conference (1932), 22 Laval, Pierre, 17 League of Nations, 6, 8, 9,13,14,15, 16,17,19, 21, 24, 25, 34, 45, 48, 61,66,101,109 League of Nations Covenant, 4, 13,108 League of Nations Union, 7 Lebanon, 36 Lebensraum, 16, 41-2, 89,110,117, 121,131 Lend-Lease, 89, 92 Lend-Lease Master Agreement (1942), 96
Lenin (Vladimir Ulyanov), 8 Libya, 17,43 Lithuania, 66, 91,126 Little Entente, 19 Litvinov, Maxim, 75, 76 Locarno Treaty (1925), 7,13 London, 33, 35, 81, 88, 91 Lyautey, Marshal Hubert, 37 Madrid, 17 Maginot, André, 52 Maginot Line, 49, 52, 72, 86 Malaya, 92 Malmédy, 13 Malta, 21, 35 Manchukuo, 14,15 Manchuria, 14-15,16,17, 39, 40, 71, 95,114 mandates, 8, 34, 39 Mandel, Georges, 70 Matsuoko Yosuke, 94 Mediterranean, 5,16,19, 20, 32, 40, 41, 43, 64, 68, 80, 88, 90,101, 116 Metternich, Prince Clemens von, 5, 7 Memel, 66, 67 Micronesia, 39 Military Supply Board, 72 Mitteleuropa, 66 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 76, 77, 78,90, 91,135 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - see German-Soviet Pact Morgenthau, Henry, 91 Moscow, 76, 78,134
Index 157 Munich Agreement (1938), 31-2, 45, 46, 64, 66, 74,103, 111, 112-14, 119 Mussolini, Benito, 5, 9,16, 21, 23, 26, 34,47, 68, 79, 80 and Chamberlain, 41, 64 and imperialism, 17,19, 40-1, 43, 47,115-16 and Munich crisis, 91,112 and Pact of Steel, 68 and peace efforts, 31, 83, 84, 129,130 and Spanish Civil War, 27,48 and war against the Allies, 87 Poland, 19, 45, 48, 65, 69, 70, 72,120, 122, 125, 126, 128 and crisis with Germany, 57, 66-7, 73, 79, 86,128-9,131 invasion and defeat, 82, 83, 85 and Polish-Soviet war (1920), 8 and Soviet Union, 67, 774, 77, 79, 91, 124,126 Polish Corridor, 66, 82,126 Polish Guarantee, 67-8, 82,121 Popular Front, 19, 23, 25, 52, 59, 61,62 Portugal, 21 Prague, 67, 68 purges (Soviet), 26, 77,104 Nagano Osami, Admiral, 95 Nanking, 29 National Socialism, 43, 66, 78,117 National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 43, 63 Netherlands, 65, 86, 88 Neurath, Constantin von, 62 Neutrality Acts (1935,1937), 24, 46, 88,102 New Deal, 24 Newfoundland, 83, 94 New Order, 15, 87, 93, 97,136 New Zealand, 35, 70 No More War Movement, 7 Non-Intervention Committee, 27 Norway, 86 ‘quarantine speech’ (1937), 24 oil supply, 3 8-9, 78, 86, 94, 95 Open-Door policy, 14,15, 24, 46 Operation Barbarossa - see Barbarossa campaign Oshima Hiroshi, General, 136 Ottawa Imperial Conference (1932), 33 pacifism, 7, 22, 69 Pact of Steel (1939), 68, 79 Palestine, 8, 35 Paris, 7, 31, 33, 35, 62, 64, 76, 87,119 Pearl Harbor, 95-6 People’s Convention (1940-1), 31-2 Persian Gulf, 135 Petain, Marshal Philippe, 52 Philippines, 92, 94 Phoney War, 85 Placentia Bay, 92 Plenipotentiary
for War Economy, 50 Plunkett-Ernie-Erle-Drax, Admiral Reginald, 124 radar, 50, 72 rearmament, 16, 18, 22, 26, 27, 45, 48ff., 71-2, 80, 81, 88, 94,102, 110 Red Army, 8, 74, 77, 86, 104 reparations, 22,107 Rhineland remilitarization (1936), 26-7, 44, 82,103,131 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 62, 67, 71, 74, 75, 78, 80, 84, 94, 97, 125,130 Romania, 19, 46, 65, 67, 74, 86, 91, 120, 124 Romanian-German Trade Treaty (1939), 46 Rome, 13, 41, 64 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin, 90 Roosevelt, President Franklin Delano, 3, 24, 40, 86, 88, 92, 94, 95, 104, 132-3,136 Royal Air Force, 53, 89 Runciman, Lord Walter, 30 Russia - see Soviet Union Russian Empire, 8, 78 Russian Revolution, 8 Sahara Desert, 34 sanctions, 17 Scandinavia, 86 Schacht, Hjalmar, 45, 51, 56, 62 Schlieffen Plan, 52 Schnurre, Karl, 125 Shirer, William, 131 Siberia, 71, 93 Simon, Sir John, 58,118 Singapore, 54, 94,136
158 Index Slovakia, 66, 91,122 Somaliland, 35 South Africa, 37, 88 South China Sea, 92 South West Africa (Namibia), 35,109 Soviet-Finnish War (1939-40), 86, 91 Soviet Union, 5, 8-9,14, 20, 74, 97, 101,102,104,110,117,122,123 and Anglo-French cooperation, 25, 75-6, 77,123-4 and conflict with Japan, 25 and Eastern Europe, 8, 67, 90, 91,135 and Five-Year Plans, 48, 55 and German invasion, 90-1 and Germany, 25, 75-6, 78 and League of Nations, 13, 25 and Munich crisis, 31 and Poland, 73 and rearmament, 48, 55 Spain, 23, 41, 48, 77, 86,122 Spanish Civil War, 23, 26, 27, 74 Spanish Second Republic, 23, 27 Speer, Albert, 42 Stalin, Joseph, 26, 48, 55, 67,104, 109-10,128,134 and Czech crisis, 74, 75,123 and fear of war, 76, 91 and negotiations in 1939, 76-9, 82 and Soviet expansion, 71 and war with Germany, 90-1 Stalin Line, 49 Stanley, Oliver, 73 Sudan, 43 Sudeten Germans, 29-30 Sudetenland, 30, 31,103 Suez Canal, 35, 37, 88 Sweden, 86 Switzerland, 15, 65 Syria, 8, 36, 37 Tanganyika, 35,109 Taylor, A. J. P., 4 Territorial Army, 69 Thailand, 92 Thirty Years’ War, 42 Togoland, 109 Tõjõ Hideki, General, 95 Tokyo, 29, 71, 94, 95, 134 Total Mobilization Decree (1938), 49 total war, 3, 49, 51, 55 Three-Power Pact (1940), 26, 88, 132 Trotsky, Leon, 8 Tunisia, 65 Turkey, 46, 48, 65, 68, 117, 120 Turkish Empire, 8 Ukraine, 125 United States of America, 5, 6, 9,13, 14,17, 34, 39, 56, 59, 60, 88,101, 102,104, 122, 134 and China, 29, 40, 46, 71, 93 and isolationism, 23, 24, 94, 96, 102 and Japanese expansion, 15, 71, 82, 93,94 and neutrality, 24, 25, 26, 70-1, 88,102 in 1920s, 9, 23, 33 and
Pearl Harbor, 95 and Polish crisis, 70 and rearmament, 88, 93 and trade policy, 24, 45, 59-60, 93 and war in Europe, 88-9, 92, 94, 97, 132-3 and Washington Treaties (1922), 7,13 Vansittart, Sir Robert, 18 Versailles Settlement (1919), 3, 5, 6, 9, 13,16, 21, 22, 24, 38, 41, 42, 50, 83,101,107,129 Vienna, 27 Vinson Act (1938), 24 Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment, 124 ‘War Guilt’ clause, 107 War Resisters’ International, Warsaw, 8, 82 Washington DC, 91, 95 Washington Treaties (1922), Weekend crisis (1938), 30 Wehrwirtschaft, 50 Weinberg, Gerhard, 79 Westwall, 49, 72 Wilson, Sir Horace, 31,113 Wilson, President Woodrow, World Economic Conference 7 7,13 9, 88 (1933), 45 Yamamoto Isoroku, Admiral, 95 Yugoslavia, 19, 41, 46, 65, 68, 90 Zeeland, Paul van, 45 Zetland, Lord Lawrence, 37 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Mönchen |
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| genre | (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Quelle |
| geographic | Europe / Politics and government / 1918-1945 Europa Europe Politics and government 1918-1945 |
| geographic_facet | Europe / Politics and government / 1918-1945 Europa Europe Politics and government 1918-1945 |
| id | DE-604.BV048201952 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:46:55Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:31:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780367620837 9780367620820 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033582934 |
| oclc_num | 1322805604 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-384 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-384 DE-12 |
| physical | xxii, 158 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220506 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Seminar studies |
| spelling | Overy, Richard J. 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)120926695 aut The origins of the Second World War Richard Overy Fifth edition London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2022 xxii, 158 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Seminar studies World War, 1939-1945 / Causes Europe / Politics and government / 1918-1945 Politik Weltkrieg (1939-1945) World War, 1939-1945 Causes Vorgeschichte (DE-588)4138921-9 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Europa Europe Politics and government 1918-1945 (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle gnd-content Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s Vorgeschichte (DE-588)4138921-9 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-1-00-310785-9 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033582934&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033582934&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033582934&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033582934&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Overy, Richard J. 1947- The origins of the Second World War World War, 1939-1945 / Causes Europe / Politics and government / 1918-1945 Politik Weltkrieg (1939-1945) World War, 1939-1945 Causes Vorgeschichte (DE-588)4138921-9 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4138921-9 (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | The origins of the Second World War |
| title_auth | The origins of the Second World War |
| title_exact_search | The origins of the Second World War |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The origins of the Second World War |
| title_full | The origins of the Second World War Richard Overy |
| title_fullStr | The origins of the Second World War Richard Overy |
| title_full_unstemmed | The origins of the Second World War Richard Overy |
| title_short | The origins of the Second World War |
| title_sort | the origins of the second world war |
| topic | World War, 1939-1945 / Causes Europe / Politics and government / 1918-1945 Politik Weltkrieg (1939-1945) World War, 1939-1945 Causes Vorgeschichte (DE-588)4138921-9 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | World War, 1939-1945 / Causes Europe / Politics and government / 1918-1945 Politik Weltkrieg (1939-1945) World War, 1939-1945 Causes Vorgeschichte Zweiter Weltkrieg Europa Europe Politics and government 1918-1945 Quelle |
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