In the shadows of Albania-China relations (1960-1978):
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Newcastle upon Tyne
Cambridge Scholars Publishing
2022
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | 241 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781527577688 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Table Of Contents INTRODUCTION. 7 Chapter 1. 11 An overview of Albania and China.11 The position of Albania. 15 China as a major world power.25 Similarities and differences between China and Albania. 35 Chapter II. 41 Friendship in political and ideological diversity. 41 Early shared concepts and political-ideological differences. 44 Intensification of the ideological debate. 56 Degradation and the break of Albanian-Chinese ties. 62 Chapter III. 75 Determining regional international developments of Beijing and Tirana. 75 Sino-Albanian clashes concerning attitudes toward the Soviet Union and the US. 76 The impact of the Chinese policy in the Balkans. 88 Cooperation for security purposes and views on the international
situation. 96 Albanian efforts for accession of the People’s Republic of China in the UN. 100 The exchange of mutual experience in domestic policies. 105 deterioration and termination of the Sino-Albanian ties. 110 Chapter IV. 119 Economy - the basic link of Sino-Albanian relations. 119 The beginnings of economic and trade exchanges. 123 Projects of industrial works as a major contribution of Chinese aid. 128 Economic aid in the 1966 - 1970 Five-Year Plan. 129 Economic aid in the 1971 - 1975 Five-Year Plan. 135
Conviction of the ‘Hostile Group in Economy’ as a warning sign for the termination of Sino-Albanian economic ties. 146 Degradation and termination of Chinese economic aid. Complete closure and isolation of Albania. 154 Chapter V.165 Chinese aid and investment in the military field.165 Cooperation policies to modernise the Albanian military. 167 The Albanian army benefits from Chinese aid. 172 The impact of the group of soldiers’ conviction in the military aid of China. 179 Chapter VI. 187 Photos and documents ofAlbania-China Relations Period (1960 - 1978). 187 References. 232 Index. 236
References AQSH - Fondi 490, 1963, file 1083, pg.24. AQSH - Box 14, folder 696, pp. 2-3. AQSH - Central State Archive, 1965 folder, page 66. AQSH - Central State Archive: Fund 14. M.P. Kineze, 1964, page 1. AQSH - Central State Archive: Fund 490, 1962, file 1239, page 2-3. AQSH - Central State Archive: Fund 490, 1962, file 1239, page 49. AQSH - File 1230, pp. 1-18, still 23, XH, 1815, year 1956. AQSH - Fondi 14 M.P.K. Kineze 14, 1966, File 19, p. 1, 4, 5, 6, 9. AQSH - Fondi 14, KQPPSH - Takime ditore të Sekretariatit, file 101, pp. 16, 25. AQSH - Fondi 14, KQPPSH - Takime ditore të Sekretariatit, file 101, page 16, page 25-27. AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K Kineze, 1977, file 6, p. 13 AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K Kineze, 1977, file 6, p. 13. AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K Kineze, 1977, file 6, p. 17. AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K Kineze, 1978, Folder 1, pp. 10-11. The original text of this statement, contains the handwritten notes of Albanian communist leaders Enver Hoxha and Ramiz Alia AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K. Kineze 1977, file 6, p. 13. AQSH - Fondi 14, MPK Kineze, 1975, file 2, p. 1. AQSH - Fondi 14, MPK Kineze, 1975, file 2, p. 7. AQSH - Fondi 14. KQPPSH-Takime ditore të Sekretariatit, 1977, File 40, p. 34. AQSH - Fondi 14. M.P.K. Kineze, 1975, page 2-3. AQSH - Fondi 14. M.P.K. Kineze, 1975, page 2-3. AQSH - Fondi 14/APMPKK, 1950, Folder 1, p. 3. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1963, File 1083, pg. 28. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1965, File 467, p. 3 AQSH - Fondi 490, 1965, File 467, pp. 17-18. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, p. 10-13. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, p. 12. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, p. 14, 15.
AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, p. 16. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, p. 2 AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, p. 5. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, pp. 26-27 AQSH - Fondi 490, 1971, File 341, p.l. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1972, File 341, p. 148. AQSH ֊ Fondi 490, 1973, File 230, pp. 13-14. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1973, File 342, p. 36.
In the Shadows of the Albania-China Relations (1960 - 1978) 233 AQSH - Fondi 490, 1973, File 382, p. 94. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1976, File 298, p. 26. AQSH - Fondi 490, Year 1968, File 273, page 15. AQSH - Fondi 490, Year 1968, File 273, page 17. AQSH - Fondi 490, Year 1968, File 273, page 20. AQSH - Fondi 490, Year 1968, File 273, page 22. AQSH - Fondi 490, Year 1972, File 341, p. 2. AQSH - Fondi 890, File 17, year 1954. AQSH - Fund of the Year 1965, page 54. AQSH - Kutia (*Box) 1-5, Dosja (*File) 10, 1960. People’s Assembly. AQSH - M.P.K. Kineze, 1975, file 8, page 13. AQSH - M.P.K. Kineze, 1975, file 8, page 14. AQSH - M.P.K. Kineze, 1975, file 8, page 15. AQSH - M.P.K. Kineze, 1975, file 8, page 16. AQSH - F.14, M. P. К Kineze, 1974, file 16, page 31. AQSH - Box 13, folder 610, p. 890, 1954 AQSH - Central State Archive: Fund 490, 1970, File 232, pages 35-36. AQSH - Fondi 14 M.K.P Kineze, 1976, file 9, page 4 - Información i ardhur nga am basada e RPSH në RP të Kinës për takımın e shokut Behar Shtylla me Fen Shyen “. AQSH - Fondi 14 M.P.K Kineze, 1976, file 11, page 2. AQSH - Fondi 14, KQPPSH - Byroja Politike, 1976, file 48, page 283. AQSH - Fondi 14, KQPPSH - Takime ditore të Sekretariatit, file 101, page 16. AQSH - Fondi 14, KQPPSH -Takime ditore të Sekretariatit, file 101, page 13-14. AQSH ֊ Fondi 14, M.P.K Kineze, 1966, file 4, page 2. AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K Kineze, 1966, file 4, page 3-4-5. AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K.Kineze, 1976, page 6. AQSH - Fondi 14, KQPPSH - Takime ditore të Sekretariatit, dosja 101, file 16, page 17 . Bisedë midis Çu En Lait dhe Enver Hoxhës më 28
mars 1965 në Tirane: (*Talk between Tsou Enlai and Enver Hoxha on March 28th, 1965 in Tirana) AQSH (*Central State Archive). File 1965 P. 48. China Daily, dated July 24, 2009. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën (*Notes on China), 1979 edition, page 73. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën (*Notes on China), October 26th, 1971, page 584. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën , vol. I, Tirana 1979, pp. 503-504. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën, (*Notes on China), Friday, March 3rd, 1972, page 651. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën, (*Notes on China), Notes of March 18th, 1972, page 660. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën, (*Notes on China), Publishing House “8 Nëntori”, Tirana 1979, page 516.
234 References Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën, (*Notes on China), Publishing House “8 Nëntori”, Tirana, 1979 page 546 (notes dated February 24, 1971). Enver Hoxha: Shënimë për Kinën, vol.II,, Tirana 1979, p. 143-145. Enver Hoxha: Shënimë për Kinën, Volume II, Tirana, 1979, p. 264, 297. Enver Hoxha: Shënimë për Kinën, Volume II, Tirana, 1979, page 264. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën. (*Notes on China) Nga Ditari Politik (*From Political Diary)., Tirana 1979, page 584-585. Folder 1230, page 1-18, still 23, XH, 1815, year 1956 Fund 14, М.Р.К Kineze, 1977, file 3. Fund 14 М.Р.К Kineze, 1971, file 3, page 1. Fund 14 М.Р.К Kineze, 1971, file 3, page 1. Fund 14 М.Р.К Kineze, 1971, file 3, page 66. Fund 14 М.Р.К Kineze, 1974, file 16, page ЗО. Fund 14 М.Р.К Kineze, 1976, file 12, pages 3-4. Fund 14, М.Р.К. Kineze 1966, file 43, page 15, 16, 17. http://www.balkanweb.com /dossier/2720/hetuesi-kico-ngjela-ne-qeli-me-rrefeungjarjen-e-panjohur-te-72-shit-ne-kine-129935.html http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier / 2720/edip-ohri-sillnim-armatimin-nga-kinanen-hunden-e-flotes-se-7-amerikane-l 55661 .html http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier/2720/edip-ohri-ishim-ne-zyren-e-cu-en-laitkur-ai-sulmoi-enver-hoxhen-per-kritiken-ndaj-maos-156371 .html http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier/2720/edip-ohri-ne-vitin —64-pata-takim-personal-me-mao-ce-dunin-155553 .html http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier/2720/edip-ohri-ne-vitin-64-sollem-nga-kinaavionin-personal-te-enverit-156271 .html http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier/2720/kico-ngjela-ne-hetuesi-kam-kundershtuar-kombinatin-metalurgjik-129552.html
http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier/2720/ohri-kater-gjeneralet-u-nisen-per-nezyren-e-mau-ce-dunit-te-maskuar-ne-vaporin-vlora-156008.html http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier/2720/ohri-ne-mesnaten-e-23-qershorit-te— 74s-petrit-dume-me-porositi-te-mos-zbatoja-urdhrat-e-ballukut-156555.html Interview of Mr. Parllaku with the author of this book, published in the local in dependent newspaper the town of Kukėsi, and “Koha”, on March 14, 1992 One of my conversations as an editor of the independent local newspaper of Kukes “Time” with Lieutenant General Rahman Perllaku, published on March 14, 1992 Paul Johnson, cited book, page 155. Paul Johnson, cited book, page 154. Paul Johnson: Modern Times - The World from 1920 to 1990 “Albanian edition, Volume II, Apollonia, Tirana 2000, page 138. Paul Johnson: Modern Times - The World from 1920 to 1990” Albanian edition, Volume II, Apollonia, Tirana 2000, page, page 144.
In the Shadows of the Albania-China Relations (1960 - 1978) 235 Paul Johnson: Modern Times, Volume II, Apollonia Publishing House, Tirana 2000, pages 128-129. Paul Johnson: Modern Times, Volume II, Publishing House” Apollonia Tirana, 2000. People’s Daily, on January 11, 1964. Radio Tirana, Evening News, on January 11, 1964. Rahman Perllaku interview given to the author of this book in March 1992 and published in the independent newspaper “Koha”, No. 2 dated March 14, 1992 in Kukes. Report of the 6th Congress of the PPSH, on Nov. 7, 1971, page 44. Republished in the “Balkans”, November 2, 2009, page 15. Shënime për Kinën, (*Notes on China): Shënime për Kinën, Vol I, page 429 (Notes on China). The Washington Post, January 15, 1964. The Washington Post, January 7, 1963. The Yugoslav news agency “Tanjug”, on January 10, 1964. Ulf Brunnbauer: Politische Entwicklung Südosteuropas von 1945 bis 1989/1991. In Geschichte Südosteuropas vom Frühen Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, Ver lag Fridrich Pustet, Regensburg, 2011, S. 628-629.1961; .brach die alban ische Führung mit der Sowjetunion und dem restlichen Ostblock, da sie die „revisionistische“ Politik Chruschtschows ablehnte. Die wegfallende sow jetische Unterstützung für die Wirtschaft Albaniens sollte nun für rund ein Jahrzent durch die enge Anbindung an die Volksrepublik China kompensiert werden. Anfang der 1970 Jahre gerieten auch diese Beziehungen jedoch in eine schwere Krise, standen doch nach dem Besuch Nixons in China (1972) und der beginnenden Entspannung zwischen Washington und Peking nun auch die chinesischen
Kommunisten in den Augen Enver Hoxhas unter Revision ismusverdacht.) Zeri i Popullit, on January 11, 1964. Zhou Enlai: AQSH. F.490, viti 1965, Dosja 467, p. 12. Zhou Enlai: AQSH. F.490, viti 1965, Dosja 467, p. 25-26. Zhou Enlai: AQSH. F.490, viti 1965, Dosja 467, p. 3. Zhou Enlai: AQSH. F.490, viti 1965, Dosja 467, p. 4 Zhou Enlai: AQSH. F.490, viti 1965, Dosja 467, p. 7.
Index A AbdylKëllezi 8, 64, 80, 111, 116, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 159, 165 Adil Çarçani 140, 144, 145, 146, 186 Adriatic 13, 15, 16, 17, 21 Aegean Sea 16 Afghanistan 25 Albania 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,21,22, 23, 24,25, 26,28, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,41, 42,43,44,45,46,47, 48,49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62,63, 64, 65,66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,90, 91,92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,109,110, 111,112, 113, 114, 117,119,120, 121,122, 123, 124, 125,126,127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133,134,135, 136,138, 139, 140, 141,142,143, 144,145, 146, 147, 148,149,150, 151,152, 153, 154, 155,156,157, 158,159, 160, 161, 162,163,164, 165,166, 167, 168, 169,170,171, 172,173, 174, 175, 176,177,178, 179,180, 181, 182,183,185,186,187 Albanian Telegraphic Agency 66, 70, 162, 163 Apennine peninsula 16 Argentina 141, 152 Aristotle 35 Asia 43, 96, 97, 99 Atlantic Alliance 13, 53 Australia 46 Azerbaijan 17 В Balkans 5, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 47, 48, 49, 53, 70, 76, 88, 90, 95, 96, 149, 177, 178, 181 Ballsh 121, 128, 140, 143, 155, 157, 158, 159 Bedri Spahiu 180 Behar Shtylla 65, 67, 71, 72, 115, 116, 123 Beijing 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 21, 31, 33, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120, 122, 127, 129, 130, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142,
144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186 Belgrade 15, 49, 70, 89, 91, 94, 95 Beqir Baliuku 8, 46, 47, 63, 110, 112, 116, 144, 146, 147, 149, 150, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186 Berat 128, 134 Bucharest 12, 43, 70, 88, 89, 91, 96, 97, 104, 142, 167, 169 Bulgaria 161 Burma 25 Byzantine Empire 21 C Canada 25, 141, 152 Ceausescu 88, 89, 91, 92, 93 Central Committee 45, 59, 60, 61, 62,
237 An Overview ofAlbania and China 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 80, 87, 90, 98, 103, 107, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 130, 147, 150, 163, 178, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186 Central European Free Trade Conven tion 16 Chen Boda 68 Chen Jun 124 Chiang Kai 28 China 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187 China Association for Democracy 32 China Daily 25 China Democratic League 32 China Democratic National Construc tion Association 32 China’s Communist Party 33, 41 China Zhi Gong Party 32 Chinese Workers and Peasants Party 32 Congress of the PPSH 45, 64, 65, 70, 71,73, 113, 114 Council for Mutual Economic Assis tance 91 Council of Cooperation in South-east ern Europe 16 Council of Europe 16 Cuba 53, 93 Czechoslovakia 12, 89, 90, 171 Czeh Jun Cjuanj 123 D Danube 21 David 104 David Rockefeller 29 De Gaulle 52 Democratic Republic of
Vietnam 52 Deng Xiaoping 29, 30, 33, 37, 38, 67, 68, 69, 87, 107, 109, 115, 116, 170 Drin river 128 Dubček 89 E East China Sea 28 Edip Ohri 45, 151, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 174, 175, 183, 184 Egnatia 16 Egypt 53 Elbasan 121, 128, 137, 140, 143, 148, 151, 155 Engels 69 Enver Hoxha 7, 14, 23, 36, 37, 39, 42, 44, 46, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 79, 84, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 97, 100, 101, 102, 107, 110, 113, 114, 117, 120, 121, 123, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 139, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186
Index 238 Europe 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 31, 42, 44, 46, 48, 55, 93, 95, 96, 99, 100, 121, 122, 124, 125, 177, 181 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 16 Ismail Qemal 22 Israel 34, 53 J Japan 28, 31,43, 58, 63, 112 Jiang Qing 36, 37, 67, 68, 106, 116 Johnson 29, 36, 37, 54, 69, 81, 82,106, 109 F Fadil Pacrami 63, 110, 112 Fanin 138, 139 Far East 43, 52, 124, 167 Federal Republic of Germany 96, 112 Fen Shyen 67 Feqor Shehu 64, 111 Fier 134, 140 Fierza 131, 139, 140, 143, 155 G Germany 23, 24, 31, 51, 91, 96, 108, 112 Gjader 175 Gjirokastra 20, 166 Goliath 104 Great Chinese Wall 28 Greece 15, 18, 19, 20, 24,35, 171 H Habibi 69 Haki Toska 90, 91 Halim Ramohito 181 Henry Kissinger 78, 82, 84, 92 Ho Chi Minh 86, 87 Hong Kong 31 HuaGuofeng 37, 67, 72, 109, 116, 156 Hysni Kapo 59, 61, 107 I India 24, 25, 57, 58, 86, 89, 97, 98 Indochina 43, 51, 52, 54, 57, 59, 78, 82, 96, 97 International Monetary Fund 16 Ionian 15, 16 К Kadri Hazbiu 38, 64, 111 Kazakhstan 25 KGB 174 Khrushchev 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 38, 42, 47, 48, 50, 72, 77, 87, 93, 101, 120, 124, 136, 167, 180, 184 Kico Ngjela 46, 47, 111, 180, 183 Koci Хохе 182 Косо Theodhosi 8, 64, 111, 146, 148 Koha 167, 172, 184 Koman 131, 155 Korca 20 Kosygin 56, 58, 86, 87, 88 Kremlin 11, 15, 41, 43, 50, 52, 101 Kristofor Martiro 141, 147, 148, 152 Kuomintang’s Revolutionary Commit tee 32 Kyrgyzstan 25 L Laos 25, 43 Latin American 25 League of Prizren 22, 163 Lenin 39, 69 Lezha 140, 175 Li I Men 65 Lin Biao 68, 83, 87, 107, 108, 109, 112, 116, 140, 178 Lipe Nashi 146 Liu Sin Cuan 64, 157 Liu Zhenhua 140 Li
Xiannian 71, 85, 87, 94, 109, 111, 140, 143, 145, 147, 151, 184
In the Shadows of the Albania-China Relations (1960 - 1978) Llambi Leka 135 London Conference 22 Μ Macao 31 Macedonia 15, 19, 22, 167 Malinovsky 87 Mao Zedong 11, 15, 23, 25, 28, 29, 30, 35, 36, 38, 44, 45, 47, 51, 53, 56, 58, 60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 77, 78, 80, 82, 84, 87, 88, 92, 102, 106, 107, 109, 113, 114, 115, 117, 127, 128, 134, 135, 151, 156, 160, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 177, 179, 183, 184, 186 Maqo Bleta 157 Marx 69 Mehmet Shehu 37, 49, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 107, 111, 112, 123, 124, 130, 136, 139, 140, 151, 157, 168, 170, 171, 177, 178, 181, 184, 186 Mencius 35, 53 Merdare 17 Middle East 16, 89 Mongolia 25 Montenegro 15, 19, 21, 167 Morine 17 Moscow 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 77, 86, 87, 88, 95, 96, 101, 124, 127, 136, 167, 168, 169, 173 N National People’s Congress 32 NATO 13, 16, 24, 42, 45, 53, 170, 173, 176, 177, 179 Necip Alpan 22 Nedin Hoxha 161 Nehru 97, 98, 99 Nesti Nase 142 Netherlands 141, 152 239 Newspaper “Borba” 49 North Korea 25, 50, 85, 93 Norway 17, 141, 152 О Organization for Security and Cooper ation in Europe 16 Organization of Islamic Cooperation 16 Organization of the Black Sea Eco nomic Cooperation 16 Ottoman Empire 21, 22 P Pacific Ocean 78 Pakistan 25, 57 Palestine 53 Panajot Plaku 180 Patos 134 People’s Daily 49 People’s Republic of China 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 44, 45, 47, 51, 52, 58, 59, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 83, 85, 90, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132,
133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183 Petrit Dume 8, 63, ПО, 181 Pindos 21 Pirro Bita 168 Portugal 93 PPSH 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 87, 91, 92, 98, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114, 117, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186
240 Index Stefan Dushan 21 Suez Canal 174, 175 Syria 53 Prague 90 Pravda 50 Q T Qyteti Stalin 134 R Ramiz Alia 38, 64, 87, 107, 114, 115, 150, 163, 184, 185 Reiz Malile 157, 158, 159 Richard Nixon 8, 36, 58, 79, 82, 92, 103, 111, 165, 180 Roman Empire 16 Rrahman Hanku 157 Russia 25, 26, 34, 42 S Saranda 20 Sava 21 Scanderbeg 21 Security Council 57, 75, 76, 83, 101, 102, 104, 133, 160 September 3rd Society 32 Shanghai 25, 31, 107, 127 Shkodra 17, 48, 134 Skopje 21 Socrates 35 South China Sea 28 Southeast Europe 17, 21, 93, 96, 99, 124 Soviet Union 5, 7, 9, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 20, 23, 28, 33, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 68, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 103, 104, 110, 112, 120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 136, 152, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 178, 180, 183, 184 Spiro Koleka 130, 132, 159 Stalin 11, 12, 13, 14,15,29,35,39,41, 42, 48, 69, 88, 90, 101, 124 Taiwan 32, 78, 80, 81, 82, 102, 103 Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League 32 Tajikistan 25 Tanjug 49 Temo Sejko 180 Tepavac 94 The Washington Post 47, 48, 49, 50 Tirana 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 29, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 116, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 133, 134, 137, 139, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 157, 160, 161, 164, 166, 168, 169, 170, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180 Tito 7,
11, 13, 15, 23, 42, 43, 48, 52, 53,90, 94, 95, 167, 182 Todi Lubonja 63, 110, 112 Tropoja 153 Truman 82 Tuk Jakova 180 U U Han 107 Ulf Brunnbauer 120 United Nations 16, 48, 75, 100, 101, 102, 103, 133, 174 United Nations Organization 75, 100, 101, 102, 103, 133 USA 54
In the Shadows of the Albania-China Relations (1960 - 1978) V 241 Xhoxhi Robo 80, 81 Vardar 21 Vaske Gjini 168 Vau i Dejes 131 Vietnam 25, 33, 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 78, 81, 82, 85, 86, 93, 94, 96, 97 Vlora 7, 12, 13, 42, 167, 168, 169 W Wang Chevung 171 Wang Hongwen 30, 36, 37, 67, 68, 116 Warsaw 7, 9, 12, 13, 42, 45, 53, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 89, 90, 91, 113, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, 184 Warsaw Treaty 167, 168, 173, 178 Washington 47, 48, 49, 50, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 94, 104, 120 World Bank 16, 24 World Health Organization 16 World Trade Organization 16 X Xhafer Spahiu 157 Í ( Y Yao Wenyuan 36, 67, 68, 111, 112, ИЗ, 116 Yellow Sea 28 Yugoslavia 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 23, 42, 43, 48, 49, 62, 70, 76, 80, 88, 89, 90, 94, 95, 99, 110, 112, 113, 157, 167, 171, 178, 182 Z Zeri i Popullit 49 Zhang Chunqiao 36, 67, 68, 116 Zhou dynasty 34 Zhou Enlai 30, 37, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 96, 97, 100, 102, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 115, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 135, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 156, 170, 171, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186 Zogu 20 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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Table Of Contents INTRODUCTION. 7 Chapter 1. 11 An overview of Albania and China.11 The position of Albania. 15 China as a major world power.25 Similarities and differences between China and Albania. 35 Chapter II. 41 Friendship in political and ideological diversity. 41 Early shared concepts and political-ideological differences. 44 Intensification of the ideological debate. 56 Degradation and the break of Albanian-Chinese ties. 62 Chapter III. 75 Determining regional international developments of Beijing and Tirana. 75 Sino-Albanian clashes concerning attitudes toward the Soviet Union and the US. 76 The impact of the Chinese policy in the Balkans. 88 Cooperation for security purposes and views on the international
situation. 96 Albanian efforts for accession of the People’s Republic of China in the UN. 100 The exchange of mutual experience in domestic policies. 105 deterioration and termination of the Sino-Albanian ties. 110 Chapter IV. 119 Economy - the basic link of Sino-Albanian relations. 119 The beginnings of economic and trade exchanges. 123 Projects of industrial works as a major contribution of Chinese aid. 128 Economic aid in the 1966 - 1970 Five-Year Plan. 129 Economic aid in the 1971 - 1975 Five-Year Plan. 135
Conviction of the ‘Hostile Group in Economy’ as a warning sign for the termination of Sino-Albanian economic ties. 146 Degradation and termination of Chinese economic aid. Complete closure and isolation of Albania. 154 Chapter V.165 Chinese aid and investment in the military field.165 Cooperation policies to modernise the Albanian military. 167 The Albanian army benefits from Chinese aid. 172 The impact of the group of soldiers’ conviction in the military aid of China. 179 Chapter VI. 187 Photos and documents ofAlbania-China Relations Period (1960 - 1978). 187 References. 232 Index. 236
References AQSH - Fondi 490, 1963, file 1083, pg.24. AQSH - Box 14, folder 696, pp. 2-3. AQSH - Central State Archive, 1965 folder, page 66. AQSH - Central State Archive: Fund 14. M.P. Kineze, 1964, page 1. AQSH - Central State Archive: Fund 490, 1962, file 1239, page 2-3. AQSH - Central State Archive: Fund 490, 1962, file 1239, page 49. AQSH - File 1230, pp. 1-18, still 23, XH, 1815, year 1956. AQSH - Fondi 14 M.P.K. Kineze 14, 1966, File 19, p. 1, 4, 5, 6, 9. AQSH - Fondi 14, KQPPSH - Takime ditore të Sekretariatit, file 101, pp. 16, 25. AQSH - Fondi 14, KQPPSH - Takime ditore të Sekretariatit, file 101, page 16, page 25-27. AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K Kineze, 1977, file 6, p. 13 AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K Kineze, 1977, file 6, p. 13. AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K Kineze, 1977, file 6, p. 17. AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K Kineze, 1978, Folder 1, pp. 10-11. The original text of this statement, contains the handwritten notes of Albanian communist leaders Enver Hoxha and Ramiz Alia AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K. Kineze 1977, file 6, p. 13. AQSH - Fondi 14, MPK Kineze, 1975, file 2, p. 1. AQSH - Fondi 14, MPK Kineze, 1975, file 2, p. 7. AQSH - Fondi 14. KQPPSH-Takime ditore të Sekretariatit, 1977, File 40, p. 34. AQSH - Fondi 14. M.P.K. Kineze, 1975, page 2-3. AQSH - Fondi 14. M.P.K. Kineze, 1975, page 2-3. AQSH - Fondi 14/APMPKK, 1950, Folder 1, p. 3. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1963, File 1083, pg. 28. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1965, File 467, p. 3 AQSH - Fondi 490, 1965, File 467, pp. 17-18. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, p. 10-13. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, p. 12. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, p. 14, 15.
AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, p. 16. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, p. 2 AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, p. 5. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1970, File 36, pp. 26-27 AQSH - Fondi 490, 1971, File 341, p.l. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1972, File 341, p. 148. AQSH ֊ Fondi 490, 1973, File 230, pp. 13-14. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1973, File 342, p. 36.
In the Shadows of the Albania-China Relations (1960 - 1978) 233 AQSH - Fondi 490, 1973, File 382, p. 94. AQSH - Fondi 490, 1976, File 298, p. 26. AQSH - Fondi 490, Year 1968, File 273, page 15. AQSH - Fondi 490, Year 1968, File 273, page 17. AQSH - Fondi 490, Year 1968, File 273, page 20. AQSH - Fondi 490, Year 1968, File 273, page 22. AQSH - Fondi 490, Year 1972, File 341, p. 2. AQSH - Fondi 890, File 17, year 1954. AQSH - Fund of the Year 1965, page 54. AQSH - Kutia (*Box) 1-5, Dosja (*File) 10, 1960. People’s Assembly. AQSH - M.P.K. Kineze, 1975, file 8, page 13. AQSH - M.P.K. Kineze, 1975, file 8, page 14. AQSH - M.P.K. Kineze, 1975, file 8, page 15. AQSH - M.P.K. Kineze, 1975, file 8, page 16. AQSH - F.14, M. P. К Kineze, 1974, file 16, page 31. AQSH - Box 13, folder 610, p. 890, 1954 AQSH - Central State Archive: Fund 490, 1970, File 232, pages 35-36. AQSH - Fondi 14 M.K.P Kineze, 1976, file 9, page 4 - Información i ardhur nga am basada e RPSH në RP të Kinës për takımın e shokut Behar Shtylla me Fen Shyen “. AQSH - Fondi 14 M.P.K Kineze, 1976, file 11, page 2. AQSH - Fondi 14, KQPPSH - Byroja Politike, 1976, file 48, page 283. AQSH - Fondi 14, KQPPSH - Takime ditore të Sekretariatit, file 101, page 16. AQSH - Fondi 14, KQPPSH -Takime ditore të Sekretariatit, file 101, page 13-14. AQSH ֊ Fondi 14, M.P.K Kineze, 1966, file 4, page 2. AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K Kineze, 1966, file 4, page 3-4-5. AQSH - Fondi 14, M.P.K.Kineze, 1976, page 6. AQSH - Fondi 14, KQPPSH - Takime ditore të Sekretariatit, dosja 101, file 16, page 17 . Bisedë midis Çu En Lait dhe Enver Hoxhës më 28
mars 1965 në Tirane: (*Talk between Tsou Enlai and Enver Hoxha on March 28th, 1965 in Tirana) AQSH (*Central State Archive). File 1965 P. 48. China Daily, dated July 24, 2009. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën (*Notes on China), 1979 edition, page 73. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën (*Notes on China), October 26th, 1971, page 584. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën , vol. I, Tirana 1979, pp. 503-504. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën, (*Notes on China), Friday, March 3rd, 1972, page 651. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën, (*Notes on China), Notes of March 18th, 1972, page 660. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën, (*Notes on China), Publishing House “8 Nëntori”, Tirana 1979, page 516.
234 References Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën, (*Notes on China), Publishing House “8 Nëntori”, Tirana, 1979 page 546 (notes dated February 24, 1971). Enver Hoxha: Shënimë për Kinën, vol.II,, Tirana 1979, p. 143-145. Enver Hoxha: Shënimë për Kinën, Volume II, Tirana, 1979, p. 264, 297. Enver Hoxha: Shënimë për Kinën, Volume II, Tirana, 1979, page 264. Enver Hoxha: Shënime për Kinën. (*Notes on China) Nga Ditari Politik (*From Political Diary)., Tirana 1979, page 584-585. Folder 1230, page 1-18, still 23, XH, 1815, year 1956 Fund 14, М.Р.К Kineze, 1977, file 3. Fund 14 М.Р.К Kineze, 1971, file 3, page 1. Fund 14 М.Р.К Kineze, 1971, file 3, page 1. Fund 14 М.Р.К Kineze, 1971, file 3, page 66. Fund 14 М.Р.К Kineze, 1974, file 16, page ЗО. Fund 14 М.Р.К Kineze, 1976, file 12, pages 3-4. Fund 14, М.Р.К. Kineze 1966, file 43, page 15, 16, 17. http://www.balkanweb.com /dossier/2720/hetuesi-kico-ngjela-ne-qeli-me-rrefeungjarjen-e-panjohur-te-72-shit-ne-kine-129935.html http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier / 2720/edip-ohri-sillnim-armatimin-nga-kinanen-hunden-e-flotes-se-7-amerikane-l 55661 .html http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier/2720/edip-ohri-ishim-ne-zyren-e-cu-en-laitkur-ai-sulmoi-enver-hoxhen-per-kritiken-ndaj-maos-156371 .html http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier/2720/edip-ohri-ne-vitin —64-pata-takim-personal-me-mao-ce-dunin-155553 .html http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier/2720/edip-ohri-ne-vitin-64-sollem-nga-kinaavionin-personal-te-enverit-156271 .html http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier/2720/kico-ngjela-ne-hetuesi-kam-kundershtuar-kombinatin-metalurgjik-129552.html
http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier/2720/ohri-kater-gjeneralet-u-nisen-per-nezyren-e-mau-ce-dunit-te-maskuar-ne-vaporin-vlora-156008.html http://www.balkanweb.com/dossier/2720/ohri-ne-mesnaten-e-23-qershorit-te— 74s-petrit-dume-me-porositi-te-mos-zbatoja-urdhrat-e-ballukut-156555.html Interview of Mr. Parllaku with the author of this book, published in the local in dependent newspaper the town of Kukėsi, and “Koha”, on March 14, 1992 One of my conversations as an editor of the independent local newspaper of Kukes “Time” with Lieutenant General Rahman Perllaku, published on March 14, 1992 Paul Johnson, cited book, page 155. Paul Johnson, cited book, page 154. Paul Johnson: Modern Times - The World from 1920 to 1990 “Albanian edition, Volume II, Apollonia, Tirana 2000, page 138. Paul Johnson: Modern Times - The World from 1920 to 1990” Albanian edition, Volume II, Apollonia, Tirana 2000, page, page 144.
In the Shadows of the Albania-China Relations (1960 - 1978) 235 Paul Johnson: Modern Times, Volume II, Apollonia Publishing House, Tirana 2000, pages 128-129. Paul Johnson: Modern Times, Volume II, Publishing House” Apollonia Tirana, 2000. People’s Daily, on January 11, 1964. Radio Tirana, Evening News, on January 11, 1964. Rahman Perllaku interview given to the author of this book in March 1992 and published in the independent newspaper “Koha”, No. 2 dated March 14, 1992 in Kukes. Report of the 6th Congress of the PPSH, on Nov. 7, 1971, page 44. Republished in the “Balkans”, November 2, 2009, page 15. Shënime për Kinën, (*Notes on China): Shënime për Kinën, Vol I, page 429 (Notes on China). The Washington Post, January 15, 1964. The Washington Post, January 7, 1963. The Yugoslav news agency “Tanjug”, on January 10, 1964. Ulf Brunnbauer: Politische Entwicklung Südosteuropas von 1945 bis 1989/1991. In Geschichte Südosteuropas vom Frühen Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, Ver lag Fridrich Pustet, Regensburg, 2011, S. 628-629.1961; .brach die alban ische Führung mit der Sowjetunion und dem restlichen Ostblock, da sie die „revisionistische“ Politik Chruschtschows ablehnte. Die wegfallende sow jetische Unterstützung für die Wirtschaft Albaniens sollte nun für rund ein Jahrzent durch die enge Anbindung an die Volksrepublik China kompensiert werden. Anfang der 1970 Jahre gerieten auch diese Beziehungen jedoch in eine schwere Krise, standen doch nach dem Besuch Nixons in China (1972) und der beginnenden Entspannung zwischen Washington und Peking nun auch die chinesischen
Kommunisten in den Augen Enver Hoxhas unter Revision ismusverdacht.) Zeri i Popullit, on January 11, 1964. Zhou Enlai: AQSH. F.490, viti 1965, Dosja 467, p. 12. Zhou Enlai: AQSH. F.490, viti 1965, Dosja 467, p. 25-26. Zhou Enlai: AQSH. F.490, viti 1965, Dosja 467, p. 3. Zhou Enlai: AQSH. F.490, viti 1965, Dosja 467, p. 4 Zhou Enlai: AQSH. F.490, viti 1965, Dosja 467, p. 7.
Index A AbdylKëllezi 8, 64, 80, 111, 116, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 159, 165 Adil Çarçani 140, 144, 145, 146, 186 Adriatic 13, 15, 16, 17, 21 Aegean Sea 16 Afghanistan 25 Albania 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,21,22, 23, 24,25, 26,28, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,41, 42,43,44,45,46,47, 48,49, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62,63, 64, 65,66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89,90, 91,92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,109,110, 111,112, 113, 114, 117,119,120, 121,122, 123, 124, 125,126,127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133,134,135, 136,138, 139, 140, 141,142,143, 144,145, 146, 147, 148,149,150, 151,152, 153, 154, 155,156,157, 158,159, 160, 161, 162,163,164, 165,166, 167, 168, 169,170,171, 172,173, 174, 175, 176,177,178, 179,180, 181, 182,183,185,186,187 Albanian Telegraphic Agency 66, 70, 162, 163 Apennine peninsula 16 Argentina 141, 152 Aristotle 35 Asia 43, 96, 97, 99 Atlantic Alliance 13, 53 Australia 46 Azerbaijan 17 В Balkans 5, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 47, 48, 49, 53, 70, 76, 88, 90, 95, 96, 149, 177, 178, 181 Ballsh 121, 128, 140, 143, 155, 157, 158, 159 Bedri Spahiu 180 Behar Shtylla 65, 67, 71, 72, 115, 116, 123 Beijing 5, 7, 8, 13, 14, 21, 31, 33, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 70, 71, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120, 122, 127, 129, 130, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142,
144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186 Belgrade 15, 49, 70, 89, 91, 94, 95 Beqir Baliuku 8, 46, 47, 63, 110, 112, 116, 144, 146, 147, 149, 150, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186 Berat 128, 134 Bucharest 12, 43, 70, 88, 89, 91, 96, 97, 104, 142, 167, 169 Bulgaria 161 Burma 25 Byzantine Empire 21 C Canada 25, 141, 152 Ceausescu 88, 89, 91, 92, 93 Central Committee 45, 59, 60, 61, 62,
237 An Overview ofAlbania and China 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 80, 87, 90, 98, 103, 107, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 130, 147, 150, 163, 178, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186 Central European Free Trade Conven tion 16 Chen Boda 68 Chen Jun 124 Chiang Kai 28 China 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185, 186, 187 China Association for Democracy 32 China Daily 25 China Democratic League 32 China Democratic National Construc tion Association 32 China’s Communist Party 33, 41 China Zhi Gong Party 32 Chinese Workers and Peasants Party 32 Congress of the PPSH 45, 64, 65, 70, 71,73, 113, 114 Council for Mutual Economic Assis tance 91 Council of Cooperation in South-east ern Europe 16 Council of Europe 16 Cuba 53, 93 Czechoslovakia 12, 89, 90, 171 Czeh Jun Cjuanj 123 D Danube 21 David 104 David Rockefeller 29 De Gaulle 52 Democratic Republic of
Vietnam 52 Deng Xiaoping 29, 30, 33, 37, 38, 67, 68, 69, 87, 107, 109, 115, 116, 170 Drin river 128 Dubček 89 E East China Sea 28 Edip Ohri 45, 151, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 174, 175, 183, 184 Egnatia 16 Egypt 53 Elbasan 121, 128, 137, 140, 143, 148, 151, 155 Engels 69 Enver Hoxha 7, 14, 23, 36, 37, 39, 42, 44, 46, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 79, 84, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 97, 100, 101, 102, 107, 110, 113, 114, 117, 120, 121, 123, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 139, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 186
Index 238 Europe 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 31, 42, 44, 46, 48, 55, 93, 95, 96, 99, 100, 121, 122, 124, 125, 177, 181 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 16 Ismail Qemal 22 Israel 34, 53 J Japan 28, 31,43, 58, 63, 112 Jiang Qing 36, 37, 67, 68, 106, 116 Johnson 29, 36, 37, 54, 69, 81, 82,106, 109 F Fadil Pacrami 63, 110, 112 Fanin 138, 139 Far East 43, 52, 124, 167 Federal Republic of Germany 96, 112 Fen Shyen 67 Feqor Shehu 64, 111 Fier 134, 140 Fierza 131, 139, 140, 143, 155 G Germany 23, 24, 31, 51, 91, 96, 108, 112 Gjader 175 Gjirokastra 20, 166 Goliath 104 Great Chinese Wall 28 Greece 15, 18, 19, 20, 24,35, 171 H Habibi 69 Haki Toska 90, 91 Halim Ramohito 181 Henry Kissinger 78, 82, 84, 92 Ho Chi Minh 86, 87 Hong Kong 31 HuaGuofeng 37, 67, 72, 109, 116, 156 Hysni Kapo 59, 61, 107 I India 24, 25, 57, 58, 86, 89, 97, 98 Indochina 43, 51, 52, 54, 57, 59, 78, 82, 96, 97 International Monetary Fund 16 Ionian 15, 16 К Kadri Hazbiu 38, 64, 111 Kazakhstan 25 KGB 174 Khrushchev 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 38, 42, 47, 48, 50, 72, 77, 87, 93, 101, 120, 124, 136, 167, 180, 184 Kico Ngjela 46, 47, 111, 180, 183 Koci Хохе 182 Косо Theodhosi 8, 64, 111, 146, 148 Koha 167, 172, 184 Koman 131, 155 Korca 20 Kosygin 56, 58, 86, 87, 88 Kremlin 11, 15, 41, 43, 50, 52, 101 Kristofor Martiro 141, 147, 148, 152 Kuomintang’s Revolutionary Commit tee 32 Kyrgyzstan 25 L Laos 25, 43 Latin American 25 League of Prizren 22, 163 Lenin 39, 69 Lezha 140, 175 Li I Men 65 Lin Biao 68, 83, 87, 107, 108, 109, 112, 116, 140, 178 Lipe Nashi 146 Liu Sin Cuan 64, 157 Liu Zhenhua 140 Li
Xiannian 71, 85, 87, 94, 109, 111, 140, 143, 145, 147, 151, 184
In the Shadows of the Albania-China Relations (1960 - 1978) Llambi Leka 135 London Conference 22 Μ Macao 31 Macedonia 15, 19, 22, 167 Malinovsky 87 Mao Zedong 11, 15, 23, 25, 28, 29, 30, 35, 36, 38, 44, 45, 47, 51, 53, 56, 58, 60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 77, 78, 80, 82, 84, 87, 88, 92, 102, 106, 107, 109, 113, 114, 115, 117, 127, 128, 134, 135, 151, 156, 160, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 177, 179, 183, 184, 186 Maqo Bleta 157 Marx 69 Mehmet Shehu 37, 49, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 107, 111, 112, 123, 124, 130, 136, 139, 140, 151, 157, 168, 170, 171, 177, 178, 181, 184, 186 Mencius 35, 53 Merdare 17 Middle East 16, 89 Mongolia 25 Montenegro 15, 19, 21, 167 Morine 17 Moscow 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 77, 86, 87, 88, 95, 96, 101, 124, 127, 136, 167, 168, 169, 173 N National People’s Congress 32 NATO 13, 16, 24, 42, 45, 53, 170, 173, 176, 177, 179 Necip Alpan 22 Nedin Hoxha 161 Nehru 97, 98, 99 Nesti Nase 142 Netherlands 141, 152 239 Newspaper “Borba” 49 North Korea 25, 50, 85, 93 Norway 17, 141, 152 О Organization for Security and Cooper ation in Europe 16 Organization of Islamic Cooperation 16 Organization of the Black Sea Eco nomic Cooperation 16 Ottoman Empire 21, 22 P Pacific Ocean 78 Pakistan 25, 57 Palestine 53 Panajot Plaku 180 Patos 134 People’s Daily 49 People’s Republic of China 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 44, 45, 47, 51, 52, 58, 59, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 83, 85, 90, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132,
133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183 Petrit Dume 8, 63, ПО, 181 Pindos 21 Pirro Bita 168 Portugal 93 PPSH 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 87, 91, 92, 98, 107, 110, 112, 113, 114, 117, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186
240 Index Stefan Dushan 21 Suez Canal 174, 175 Syria 53 Prague 90 Pravda 50 Q T Qyteti Stalin 134 R Ramiz Alia 38, 64, 87, 107, 114, 115, 150, 163, 184, 185 Reiz Malile 157, 158, 159 Richard Nixon 8, 36, 58, 79, 82, 92, 103, 111, 165, 180 Roman Empire 16 Rrahman Hanku 157 Russia 25, 26, 34, 42 S Saranda 20 Sava 21 Scanderbeg 21 Security Council 57, 75, 76, 83, 101, 102, 104, 133, 160 September 3rd Society 32 Shanghai 25, 31, 107, 127 Shkodra 17, 48, 134 Skopje 21 Socrates 35 South China Sea 28 Southeast Europe 17, 21, 93, 96, 99, 124 Soviet Union 5, 7, 9, 11, 12,13, 14, 15, 20, 23, 28, 33, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 68, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 103, 104, 110, 112, 120, 123, 124, 125, 127, 136, 152, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 178, 180, 183, 184 Spiro Koleka 130, 132, 159 Stalin 11, 12, 13, 14,15,29,35,39,41, 42, 48, 69, 88, 90, 101, 124 Taiwan 32, 78, 80, 81, 82, 102, 103 Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League 32 Tajikistan 25 Tanjug 49 Temo Sejko 180 Tepavac 94 The Washington Post 47, 48, 49, 50 Tirana 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 29, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 116, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 133, 134, 137, 139, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 157, 160, 161, 164, 166, 168, 169, 170, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180 Tito 7,
11, 13, 15, 23, 42, 43, 48, 52, 53,90, 94, 95, 167, 182 Todi Lubonja 63, 110, 112 Tropoja 153 Truman 82 Tuk Jakova 180 U U Han 107 Ulf Brunnbauer 120 United Nations 16, 48, 75, 100, 101, 102, 103, 133, 174 United Nations Organization 75, 100, 101, 102, 103, 133 USA 54
In the Shadows of the Albania-China Relations (1960 - 1978) V 241 Xhoxhi Robo 80, 81 Vardar 21 Vaske Gjini 168 Vau i Dejes 131 Vietnam 25, 33, 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 78, 81, 82, 85, 86, 93, 94, 96, 97 Vlora 7, 12, 13, 42, 167, 168, 169 W Wang Chevung 171 Wang Hongwen 30, 36, 37, 67, 68, 116 Warsaw 7, 9, 12, 13, 42, 45, 53, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 89, 90, 91, 113, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, 184 Warsaw Treaty 167, 168, 173, 178 Washington 47, 48, 49, 50, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 94, 104, 120 World Bank 16, 24 World Health Organization 16 World Trade Organization 16 X Xhafer Spahiu 157 Í ( Y Yao Wenyuan 36, 67, 68, 111, 112, ИЗ, 116 Yellow Sea 28 Yugoslavia 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 23, 42, 43, 48, 49, 62, 70, 76, 80, 88, 89, 90, 94, 95, 99, 110, 112, 113, 157, 167, 171, 178, 182 Z Zeri i Popullit 49 Zhang Chunqiao 36, 67, 68, 116 Zhou dynasty 34 Zhou Enlai 30, 37, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 96, 97, 100, 102, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 115, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 135, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 156, 170, 171, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186 Zogu 20 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München |
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| author | Bytyçi, Enver 1955- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| geographic | China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | China Albanien |
| id | DE-604.BV048200489 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:46:31Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T00:30:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781527577688 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033581518 |
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| physical | 241 Seiten Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220622 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
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| publisher | Cambridge Scholars Publishing |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bytyçi, Enver 1955- Verfasser (DE-588)159358507 aut In the shadows of Albania-China relations (1960-1978) Enver Bytyci Newcastle upon Tyne Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2022 241 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1960-1978 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Militärhilfe (DE-588)4039324-0 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd rswk-swf China / Foreign relations / Albania Albania / Foreign relations / China China / Foreign relations / 1949-1976 Albania / Foreign relations / 1944-1990 Chine / Relations extérieures / Albanie Albanie / Relations extérieures / Chine Chine / Relations extérieures / 1949-1976 Albanie / Relations extérieures / 1944-1990 Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 g China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 s Militärhilfe (DE-588)4039324-0 s Geschichte 1960-1978 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033581518&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033581518&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033581518&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Bytyçi, Enver 1955- In the shadows of Albania-China relations (1960-1978) Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Militärhilfe (DE-588)4039324-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4068297-3 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4039324-0 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4001028-4 |
| title | In the shadows of Albania-China relations (1960-1978) |
| title_auth | In the shadows of Albania-China relations (1960-1978) |
| title_exact_search | In the shadows of Albania-China relations (1960-1978) |
| title_exact_search_txtP | In the shadows of Albania-China relations (1960-1978) |
| title_full | In the shadows of Albania-China relations (1960-1978) Enver Bytyci |
| title_fullStr | In the shadows of Albania-China relations (1960-1978) Enver Bytyci |
| title_full_unstemmed | In the shadows of Albania-China relations (1960-1978) Enver Bytyci |
| title_short | In the shadows of Albania-China relations (1960-1978) |
| title_sort | in the shadows of albania china relations 1960 1978 |
| topic | Wirtschaftsbeziehungen (DE-588)4068297-3 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Militärhilfe (DE-588)4039324-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsbeziehungen Internationale Politik Militärhilfe China Albanien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033581518&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033581518&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033581518&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bytycienver intheshadowsofalbaniachinarelations19601978 |