Eastern Europe!: everything you need to know about the history (and more!) of a region that shaped our world and still does
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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[Brookline, Mass.]
Academic Studies Press
2021
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| Ausgabe: | 2nd edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xxx, 710 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Porträt |
| ISBN: | 9780997316926 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Eastern Europe! |b everything you need to know about the history (and more!) of a region that shaped our world and still does |c Tomek Jankowski |
| 250 | |a 2nd edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a [Brookline, Mass.] |b Academic Studies Press |c 2021 | |
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| 505 | 8 | 0 | |t Section I. A few words about a word |t A note on pronunciation -- |t A word (or two) about time |t Languages |t Geography |t Religion -- |t Section II. Introduction: Prehistory |t Introduction: History |t Introduction: The Classical Age in the East, or, "Eastern Europe - the prequal -- |t Section III. Musical chairs, or, Place names in Eastern Europe |t Eastern Europe in numbers |t Mrs. Jankowska's homemade bigos |
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| 653 | 2 | |a Europe de l'Est / Civilisation | |
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page Foreword to the second edition . хт Foreword to the first edition. xvi Introductory FAQ. xviii Acknowlegments . xxiv Table o' Figures . · xxvii Section 1. A Few Words About a Word. A Note on Pronunciation. A Word (or Two) about Time. Languages. Geography. Religion. 1 2 6 6 10 27 34 Section II. Introduction: Prehistory. Introduction: History. Introduction: The Classical Age in the East, or "Eastern Europe ֊ the Prequal". 48 49 55 Chapter 1: Setting the Stage, 500-800 CE. A. Western Rome. Б. The
Avars. C. The Slavs. D. The First Slavic states. E. The Bulgars. F. The Dacians and Vlachs. G. The Khazars. H. (A Bunch of) Finns and Balts. 74 74 79 80 81 83 84 86 88 61 Special Insert: The Steppe. 91-93
Table o' Contents Chapter 2: The Origins of States, 800-1242 CE. 94 A. The Franks. 94 B. Moravia Magna and Bohemia.100 C. The Bulgarians. 102 D. The Rus. 104 E. The Magyars/Hungarians. 107 F. The Slovenes and Croatians.110 G. Duklja, Raška, and the Serbs. 112 H. The Poles. 113 I. The Pechenegs. 118 J. The Cumanians.118 K. The Lithuanians.119 L. The Finale: 1239-42 . 119 Special Insert: Peoples of Eastern Europe—The Jews . . 125-129 Chapter 3: The Medieval Years, 1242-1600 CE. 130 A. The Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde, and Tartars.133 B.
Bulgaria. 136 C. Serbia. 137 D. Montenegro.138 E. Bosnia Herzegovina.139 F. Croatia. 141 G. The Republic of Ragusa/Dubrovnik. 142 H. Albania.144 I. The Byzantine Empire.145 ƒ. The Ottoman (Turkish) Empire. 147 K. Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania. 149 L. Hungary. 152 M. Bohemia. 155 N. The Teutonic Knights and Schizoid Prussia. 158 O. Lithuania and the Eastern Slavs.160 P. Livonia and the Balts.161 Q. Poland as
Catalyst.164 R. Novgorod, Muscovy, and the Russians. 167 S. Halych-Volhynia: A Kingdom in Galicia.171 Special Insert: Peoples of Eastern Europe—The Germans . . 173-177 VIII
Table o' Contents Chapter 4: The Dawn of a New Age, 1600-1800 . 178 A. Bohemia. 178 B. The Principality of Transylvania.182 C. Wallachia and Moldavia.185 D. Montenegro.187 E. The Swedish Empire.187 F. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.191 G. The Ukrainians and Belarussians.197 H. Ottoman Empire.202 I. Russia. 206 /. Of Austrians and Habsburgs.213 K. Prussia.217 Special Insert: Peoples of Eastern Europe—The Roma (Gypsies). 221-223 Chapter 5: The Very, Very Long 19th Century,1800-1914 . . . 224 A. Introduction.227 B. The Ottoman Empire as Doorstop. 232 C. Serbia's Front Row
Seat. 236 D. Montenegro Hits the 19th Century. 242 E. Romania is Born.242 F. Bulgaria’s Raw Deal.246 G. Albania as Accident.249 H. The Italian Risorgimento and Irridentism. 251 I. Pan-Germanism and How Fritz (and Helga) Got their Mojo.252 J. Pan-Slavism and Pie in the Sky.255 K. The Austrian Dilemma and Hungary. 257 L. Russia, the Hope and Prison of Nations. 264 M. Dawn of the Dead: The Poland That Just Won't Go Away. 271 Special Insert: Peoples of Eastern Europe—The Muslims . . 277-279 Chapter 6: The Great War, and a Magic Year, 1914-1939. . . . 281 A. The War.282 B. Paris, 1919. 287 C. The Ottoman Empire Goes Out in Style. 289 D. Austria-Hungary as a Bug on the Windshield.292 E. Serbia and
History. 297 IX
Table o' Contents F. Montenegro is Pushed Off the Cliff.299 G. The Failed Superstates I: Yugoslavia. 299 H. Bulgaria Tries 1913 Over Again. 302 I. The Failed Superstates II: Romania.305 J. Albania: Let's Try That Again. 308 K. Hungary Loses the War. . Again. 310 L. The Failed Superstates III: Czechoslovakia. 314 M. Ukraine: With Friends Like These. 319 N. Belarus Gets Its 15 Minutes . . Literally. 323 O. Libre Baltica: Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.324 P. Russia and How Russians Do Change. . 329 Q. The Failed Superstates IV: Poland. 335 Chapter 7: War! 1939-45 . 341 A. The War as You Probably Don't Know It. 345 B. About the Numbers Used in This Chapter. 350 C. An Overview of the War.352 D. Poland and The Art of Not Being. 354 E. The Baltics and a Bad
Neighborhood. 360 F. The Czech Lands Revert to the 17th Century. 362 G. Slovakia Is Born, Sort of.365 H. Hungary Embraces Its Inner Tar Baby. .366 I. Romania Guesses Wrong. 369 }. Yugoslavia, Serbia, and 1914 All Over Again. 372 K. Croatia's Dark Side.373 L. Albania Tries to Keep Its Head Above Water. 376 M. Bulgaria: Third Time a Charm?. 378 N. The Soviet Union Wins by Knockout in the 9th Round.379 O. The Holocaust.385 Special Insert: Home is Where the Border is!. 392-395 Chapter 8: The Frying Pan, the Fire, etc., 1945-92. 398 A. Introduction: The Cold War, or This Town Isn't BigEnough . 403 B. The Cold War for Eastern Europe.412 C. The Warsaw Pact: The Farm Animals Unite.414 D. Yugoslavia: Exit, Stage Left.418 x
Table o' Contents E. Albania as an Island.421 F. Bulgaria Finally Gets Something in Return.424 G. Romania Goes Off the Deep End.427 H. Hungary and Its Food-Based Ideologies. 431 I. Czechoslovakia, Just East of Eden. 435 J. Austria Teetering on the Brink.440 K. East Germany as the Runt of the Litter. 444 L. Poland, the Perennial Pain in the Butt. 448 M. The Soviet Union, Keeping Up with the Joneses. 455 Chapter 9: Easy Come, Easy Go: 1989-92 . 463 A. Introduction: Ashes to Ashes, We All Fall Down. 464 B. Poland and the Ghosts of 1980: The First Steps.468 C. The Hungarian "Refolution". 470 D. East Germany Goosesteps into Oblivion. 471 E. Elvis is Dead, but Czechoslovakia Goes Velvet Anyway. 474 F. Bulgaria Knows Peer Pressure When It Sees It. 475 G. Asking for a Light in the Romanian Powderkeg.476 H. Albania and Frost in Hell. . .477 I. Playing Fiddle on
the Deck of the Titanic: the Soviet Union.480 J. Libre Baltica, Part II.482 Chapter 10: The Morning After: 1989-Present. 489 A. Introduction: Hope Among the Rubble. 490 B. The Yugoslav Hydra and its Successor States. 492 C. Bulgaria Muddling Through.504 D. Romania and a Bumpy Ride.506 £. Moldova Goes it Alone.509 F. Albania and Saving Graces. 511 G. Hungary Retreating into Fear. 513 H. Slovakia Surprises Itself—and Everybody Else. 518 I. Czechia on its Own. 521 J. Poland Keeps it Up. 524 K. Belarus and the Pripyet Marshes.528 L. Ukraine on the Knife's Edge.531 M. The Baltics Try Again. 540 N. Backward, Backward to the Future: Putin's Russia. 544 O. Turkey Misses a Beat—and a
Chance. 559 XI
Table o' Contents Epilogue.563 Section III.572 Musical Chairs, or Place Names in Eastern Europe.572 Eastern Europe in Numbers.575 Mrs. Jankowska's Homemade Bigos.591 Notes. 595 Bibliography. 649 Index.675 About the Author. 710 XII
Why do people make bibliographies? They're a lot of work; this one took weeks. So why did I create this? Why are you reading this? I can't answer the latter question but I can tell you that besides having to properly accredit those whose worki have cited or otherwise relied on to write this book, I also wanted to provide you, the reader, with someplace to turn to if some topic I mentioned piqued your interest and you want to learn more. Although this book seems really thick, it covers a big topic and just barely touches very briefly on thousands of little topics, every one of which deserves a book of its own. In fact, many of them already have books written about them, which I used to help me put this book together. That's what this bibliography is for you, a collection of little doors, each one leading deeper into some topic that I could only mention in a sentence or two. Dive in. Ádám, Magda. The Little Entente and Europe (1920-1929). Translated from Hungarian by Mátyás Esterházy. Budapest, Hungary: Akadémiai Kaido, 1993. Albats, Yevgenia. The KGB and Its Hold on Russia; Past, Present and Future. Translated from Russian by Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. New York: Farrar-Straus-Giroux, 1994. Alexeivich, Svetlana. Secondhand Time: The Last of the Soviets, An Oral History. Trans. Bela Shayevich. New York: Random House, 2016 Almond, Mark. Decline Without Fall: Romania Under Ceausescu. London: Alliance Publishers Ltd., 1988. Anisimov, Evgenii V. The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Coercion in Russia. Translated from Russian by John T. Alexander. Armonk, NY: M.E.
Sharpe, 1993. Applebaum, Anne. Iron Curtain, The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944-1956. New York: Doubleday, 2012. Applebaum, Anne. Red Famine, Stalin's War on Ukraine. New York: Doubleday, 2017. Ascherson, Neal. Black Sea. New York: Hill Wang, 1995. Ascherson, Neal. The Polish August, The Self-Limiting Revolution. New York: The Viking Press, 1982. 649
Bibliography Ash, Timothy Garton. The Polish Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002. Avrich, Paul. Russian Rebels, 1600--1800. New York: W.W. Norton Company, 1972. Axworthy, Mark and Serbanescu, Horia. Men-At-Arms Series: The Romanian Army of World War 2. London: Osprey Publishing, Ltd., 1991. Bak, János M., et al., eds. Az 1956-os Magyar Forradalom [The 1956 Hungarian Revolution]. Budapest, Hungary: Tankönyvkiadó, 1991. Banac, Ivo, ed. The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov 1933-1949. Translated from German by Jane T. Hedges, from Russian by Timothy D. Sergay, and from Bulgarian by Irina Faion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003. Bandholtz, Maj. Gen. Harry Hill. An Undiplomatic Diary. Edited by FritzKonrad Krüger. New York: Columbia University Press, 1933. Banescu, N. Historical Survey of the Romanian People. Bucharest, Romania: Romanian Cultura Nationala, 1926. Barford, Paul M. The Early Slavs. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. Barrett, Michael B. Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013. Barron, John. KGB, The Secret Work of Soviet Secret Agents. New York: Bantam Books, 1981. Békés, Csaba; László Borhi; and Ottmar Traşcă. Soviet occupation of Romania, Hungary, and Austria 1944/45-1948149. Budapest, New York: Central European University Press, 2015. Bellwood, Peter. First Farmers, the origins of Agricultural Societies. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. Benda, Kálmán, et al. One Thousand Years, A Concise History of Hungary. Translated from Hungarian by Zsuzsa Béres.
Budapest, Hungary: Corvina, 1988. Benz, Ernst. The Eastern Orthodox Church, Its Thought and Life. Translated from German by Richard and Clara Winston. New York: Anchor Books, 1963. Beqiri, Safet (2016). "The prospect of Kosovo in the European Union: Optimism and challenges." Academic Journal ofBusiness, Administration, Law and Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (November, 2016). Berend, Ivan T. Decades of Crisis, Central and Eastern Europe Before World War II. Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 1998. 650
Bibliography Bernhard, Michael H. The Origins of Democratization in Poland, Workers, Intellectuals, and Oppositional Politics, 1976-1980. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. Bernstein, Carl and Marco Politi. His Holiness, John Paul II and the Hidden History of Our Time. New York: Doubleday, 1996. Bertényi, Iván et al. Királyok könyve: Magyarország és Erdély királyi, királynői, fejedelmei és kormánzyói [The Book of Kings: Hungary's and Transylvania's kings, queens, crown princes, and regents]. Budapest, Hungary: Officina Nova, 1995. Beschloss, Michael and Strobe Talbott. At the Highest Levels: The Inside History of the End of the Cold War. Boston: Backbay Books, 1993. Bessel, Richard. Germany, 1945. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2009. Bobelian, Michael. Children of Armenia, A Forgotten Genocide and the CenturyLong Struggle for Justice. New York: Simon Schuster, 2009. Bobrick, Benson. Fearful Majesty: The Life and Reign of Ivan the Terrible. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1987. Boll, Michael M. Cold War in the Balkans, American Foreign Policy and the Emergence of Communist Bulgaria 1943-1947. Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 1984. Borhi, László. Hungary in the Cold War 1945-1956, Between the United States and the Soviet Union. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press, 2004. Bori, István, et al. The Essential Guide to Being Hungarian, 50 Facts Facets of Nationhood. Translated from Hungarian by Paul Olchváry. Williamstown, MA: New Europe Books, 2005. Bortoli, Georges. The Death ofStalin. Translated from French by Raymond Rosenthal. New
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9спш Abdulmedd II (Caliph), 290 Adalbert, Saint, 114 Adenauer, Konrad, 217 Adolf II von Holstein (Count), 175 Adriatic Sea, 34, 81, 106,110,148, 251, 308, 371, 372, 407, 408, 421, 422, 478, 502, 512 Trade, 134,142,144,163,195, 206 Aegean Sea, 15, 50,147,148, 291, 304 Afghanistan, 267, 336 Africa, 72,193, 211, 274, 277, 283, 284, 290, 322, 333, 404, 420 North Africa, 50, 62, 67, 70, 86, 98, 186, 202, 233, 277, 354 Agincourt, Battle of (1415), 165 Alaska, 208, 209 Alba Iulia, 307 Gyulafehérvár, 307 Albania, 69,141,144, 233, 248, 252, 277, 298, 309, 389, 395, 407, 419, 511, 513 Albanian language, 25, 85, 250, 512 Albanian minorities, 498, 511 Balli Kombëtar/ National Front, 377 Communist collapse (1990), 477, 478 Communist era, 414, 416, 421 League of Prizren (1878), 250 Medieval origins, 144 Modern origins, 249 Restored (1918), 308 Alcohol. See Food Aleutian Islands, 209 Alexander I (Karageorgević), King, 301, 305 Alexander I (Obrenović), King, 239 Alexander I (Romanov), Tsar, 264, 265, 267, 271, 272, 273 Alexander III (Romanov), Tsar, 269 Alexander II (Romanov), Tsar, 127, 267,268, 273, 283 Alexander of Battenburg, Prince, 247, 248 Alexander the Great (of Macedón), 62, 64, 499 Algirdas, 160 Ali, Muhammad Pasha, 233 Alia, Ramiz, 423, 478 Allenstein. See Olsztyn Allied Control Commission (ACC), 312, 394, 431 Amber Road, 78, 89 Amsterdam, 167 Anarchism, 127, 228, 268 Anastasia (Romanov), Grand Duchess, 330 Anatolia, 11, 29, 50,145, 234, 290 Anders, Władysław (General), 358 Andrei I (of Halych-Volhynia), King, 171 Andrusovo, Treaty of (1667), 194, 199, 200 Andruszów, Treaty of
(1667). See Andrusovo, Treaty of (1667) Anjou Dynasty, 144, 152,164 Ankara, 236, 291 Ankara, Battle of (1402), 147 Anna I (Romanov), Tsarina, 211 Antall, József, 513 Antonescu, Ion (General Dictator), 370 Antwerp, 163 Apis. See Dimitrejević, Dragutin 675
Index Arabian horses (Polish stock), 207 Arabs, 43, 59, 69, 70, 72, 78, 84, 93, 98, 104, 106, 113, 148, 195, 233, 235, 284, 289, 290, 416 Abbasid Dynasty, 70, 87,107, 111, 290 Ajyad Castle, 290 Arabic language, 20, 250, 289 Cordoba Caliphate, 70, 125, 277 Fatimid Dynasty, 70, 111 Umayyad Dynasty, 70, 86, 87,125 Arad, 260 Aral Sea, 92,460 Archangelsk, 331 Aristocrats, 3,140, 152, 170, 172,181, 185, 202, 214, 242, 311, 314, 321, 340, 366,412, 424 Boyars, 169,170,192, 210, 243 Junkers, 254, 366 Oligarchs, 535, 536, 537, 539, 547, 548, 551 Szlachta, 21, 193, 196,197, 320 Armenians, 59, 64,140, 206, 246, 331, 480 Armenian language, 13 Hamidian Massacres (1890s), 235 Massacre (1915), 289 Arnhem, Battle of (1944), 358 Árpád, 108, 310 Árpád Dynasty, 108,152 Arrow Cross. See Hungary - Nyilaskeresztpárt Aryans, ancient, 11, 254 Sanskrit language, 11 Swastika, 254, 326 Asen Peter, 103 Asparukh, 84 Athens, 62 Parthenon, 195 Atlantic Ocean, 28, 354 Trade, 193, 206 Attila, Khan, 68, 79 Augsburg, Battle of (955), 108,109 Augsburg, Treaty of (1555), 2 Augustus II (Wettin), King, 196 Auschwitz. See Holocaust Austerlitz, Battle of (1805), 265 Australia, 284, 289 Austria, 67,122,156,157,174, 210, 265, 314, 366, 376, 379, 395,407, 418, 440, 455, 471 Anschluss (1938), 319, 441 Austrian Empire, 142, 196, 212, 213, 218, 237, 251, 253, 254, 255, 257, 271, 275 Austro-Hungarian empire, 216, 234, 239, 240, 246, 248, 261, 263, 264, 270, 283, 292, 298, 306, 307, 310, 313, 314, 316, 317, 318, 320, 329, 335, 366 Das Ausgleich/Compromise (1867). See Hungary Interwar, 296, 313 Origins, 100 Treaty of 1955,
434, 443 Austrian Solution (1955). See Austria Austrian Succession, War of (1740-48), 216, 217 Austro-Prussian War (1866), 253,261 Avars, 79, 82, 100,108 Azerbaijan, 412, 455 Azov, Sea of, 84, 86, 202 Babenberg Dynasty, 156, 213 Bach-Zelewski, Erich von dem (General), 359, 589 Baghdad, 70, 84, 106, 111, 289 Bakunin, Mikhail/Michael, 268 Baiasita, Battle of (1018), 103 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 525 Balkans, 16,18, 20, 29, 30, 42, 50, 51, 62, 67, 79, 80, 85, 87, 93, 122, 144,147,151,152,153, 154,186, 192,194, 202, 206, 230, 234, 244, 246, 263, 277, 283, 286, 304, 306, 406, 512 Balkan Federation, 304,419 676
Index Balkan League, 248 Balkan Mountains, 29, 244 Balkan Wars (1912-13), 235, 239, 242, 246, 248, 250, 289, 293, 297, 302, 308, 378 Balkanization, 29 Ottoman Conquest, 136, 137, 139, 141,142,144, 147, 149 Roman Balkans, 67, 80, 85 Baltic Peoples, 99,113,114,116,118, 119,123,156,158, 160,162 Baltic languages, 18, 158 Origins, 89 Baltic Sea, 34, 81, 88, 114, 158, 167, 169,193, 234, 269, 331, 360, 408, 428, 553 Trade, 72, 88,163 Baltics, 21, 30, 37, 78, 89, 90, 114,115, 119,158,175, 193, 286, 331, 381, 480, 541, 542, 543, 544 BalticsOstland. See World War II Independence (1918), 324 Independence (1991), 482, 541 Ostland. See World War II Soviet annexation (1940), 329, 360, 380, 458 Soviet re-conquest (1944), 362 Banat, 298 Bandera, Stepan, 454 Bandholtz, Harry "Hill" (General), 312 Basarab Dynasty, 149,151 Basarab I cel Mare, Prince, 149 Basil II ΒουΛγάροκθονοσ, Emperor, 103 Batak, Massacres at (1876), 247 Báthory Dynasty, 183, 186 Báthory, Erzsébet /Elizabeth, 183 Báthory, István/Stephen (Prince, King), 183, 191 Batory, Stefan / Stephen. See Báthory, István/Stephen (Prince, King) Battle of the Nations (1813). See Leipzig, Battle of (1813) Batu, Khan, 120,122,133,134,171 Bavaria, 154 Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919), 288 Bayan, Khan, 79 Beck, Józef/Joseph (Colonel Foreign Minister), 339, 355 Becket, Thomas (Saint), 114 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 253 Beijing, 423 Béla IV, King, 109, 119,120,122 Belarus, 28, 107, 161, 196, 201, 265, 273, 321, 334, 339, 361, 381, 481, 528, 529 Belarussian language, 17, 59, 529 Belarussian S.S.R., 481 Independence (1918), 323, 529 Lithuanian-
Belarussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919), 327 Union State of Russia and Belarus (1996), 530 Belgium, 28,192, 274, 284, 286, 306, 353, 354, 358, 362, 410 Belgrade, 104,112, 205, 237, 239, 293, 297, 298, 299, 301, 372, 373, 408, 418, 419, 420, 421, 502 Nándorfehérvár, 137,154 Siege of (1456), 147 St. Mark's Church, 137 Bem, Józef/Joseph (General), 259 Beneš, Edvard/Edward, 315, 316, 319, 363, 365, 435, 437 Beowulf, 238 Berat, 478 Berezina River, Battle of (1812), 265 Bergen, 163 Bering Strait, 209 Bering, Vitus, 209 Berisha, Sali, 478, 511 Berlin, 217, 254, 257, 265, 304, 330, 359, 379, 388, 408, 471, 473 677
Index Berlin Airlift (1948-49), 445 Berlin Wall (1961-89), 446, 447, 472, 473 Congress of (1878), 234, 239, 247, 249, 250, 263, 269 Division (1945-89), 445, 446, 472 Reichstag, 354 Siege of (1945), 354, 385 Uprising of 1953,433, 445, 458 Wandlitz, 448 Bermondt-Avalov, Pavel /Paul (General), 325 Bermondtists. See Russia, "White Russians" Bernolák, Anton, 317 Bessarabia, 245, 334, See Moldavia Bethlen, Gábor (Prince), 183 Bierut, Bolesław, 450 Bila hora, Battle of (1620), 181 Biskupin, 54 Bismark, Otto von, 123, 219, 234, 250, 253 Bitola, 302 Black Death (1348-51), 134,142, 266 Black Sea, 19, 65, 82, 83, 86, 88, 93, 104,120,135,151, 160,171, 202, 245, 267, 289, 291, 428, 534, 539 Danube-Black Sea Canal, 428 Trade, 72,134,142,149 Blagojević, Petar, 216 Bled Agreement (1947), 419, 425, See also Balkan Federations Blitzkrieg, 362 Blücher, Gebhard-Leberecht von (General), 253 Bocskay, István /Stephen (Prince), 183 Bogdan I, Prince, 149 Bohemia, 38, 53, 99, 101, 102, 108, 113,114,152,154, 174,183, 213, 215, 216, 316, 363, 365, 474 Bohemian Glass, 181, 522 Founding of, 101 Hussite Bohemia, 178-79 Medieval, 155 Mongol invasion, 122,155 Bolesław I "Chrobry", King, 113,116 Bolesław II, King, 114 Bolesław III "Krzywousty", 164 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 228, 233, 253, 257, 265, 271, 272, 283 Bonn, 415, 473 Boris I Godunov, Regent Tsar, 169, 207 Boris III, Tsar, 248, 303, 304, 305, 378, 379 Bór-Komorowski, Tadeusz/ Thaddeus (General), 358 Bornholm Island. See Denmark Borodino, Battle of (1812), 265 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 39, 43, 69,112, 233, 244, 277, 283, 297, 298, 372, 374, 421, 493, 496, 503
Austro-Hungarian annexation (1908), 239, 248, 264 Austro-Hungarian protectorate (1878-1908), 234 Bosnian language, 16 Medieval, 139,141 Uprising (1875), 234, 239, 242, 247 Bosnian War (1992-95), 493 Botev, Christo, 247 Bourbon Dynasty, 216, 251 Brahe, Tycho, 157 Brandenburg, 175, 211, 218 Brandenburg-Prussia, 123, 189, 217 Brandt, Willy, 415, 446, 451 Brandywine, Battle of (1777), 197 Braşov, 430 Brătianu, Ion I.C., 307 Bratislava, 28,155, 366 Pozsony, 155 Brest Union of (1596), 199 678
Index Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 287, 307, 315, 320, 323, 324, 327, 331 Brezhnev Doctrine. See Soviet Union Brezhnev, Leonid, 416, 423, 437, 448, 453, 460 Brîncoveanu, Prince, 185 Britain, 116,142,186,192, 193, 208, 210,234, 235, 251,258, 262, 264, 265, 274, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 298, 303, 309, 312, 324, 331, 334, 340, 353, 355, 358, 360, 362, 363, 364, 369, 370, 371, 373, 376, 379, 395, 405, 406, 410, 419, 422, 426, 436, 445, 473 British Empire, 133, 267, 289, 322 English language, 14,16 Jamestown colony, 186 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), 422 Spanish Armada (1588), 142, 215 Britain, Battle of (1940), 338, 358, 364 Brno, 265 Brūno, 258 Broz, Josip/Joseph "Tito", 299, 373, 377, 395, 418, 419, 420, 425, 429, 432, 436, 458 Brugge, 163 Brusi/Old Prussians, 114,118,158 Brusilov, Aleksei (General), 295 Bucharest, 176, 244, 246, 295, 307, 369, 409, 420, 476, 508, 510 Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), 249 Budapest, 108,109,110, 115,145, 203, 257, 258, 263, 311, 317, 389, 408, 431, 432, 433, 434, 467, 470 Romanian occupation (1919), 312 Siege of (1944-45), 369 Unification of Buda and Pest (1873), 261 Budapest Memorandum (1994), 535 Bug River, 370 Bugarštica, 238 Bukovina, 370 Bulgaria, 20, 38, 59, 62, 69, 86, 93, 100,101, 107,118, 137, 144, 229, 239, 244, 246, 257, 291, 301, 305, 307, 308, 395, 406, 504, 506, 559 Anti-Turkish pogroms, 427 Bulgarian language, 15, 16, 243, 246 Bulgarian Orthodox Church, 43, 103, 246, 248 Bulgars, ancient, 83, 87 Communist collapse (1989), 475, 476 Communist era, 333, 414, 424, 438, 453 Coup of 1923, 304 Eastern Rumelia, 247-48 First Second
empires, 102,112 IMRO/VMRO. See Terrorism Interwar, 302, 306, 369 Mongol invasion, 122,136 National awakening, 246 Onogur (Great Bulgaria), 84, 86 Ottoman conquest, 136 Radomir Rebellion (1918), 303 San Stefano Bulgaria, 247, 249, 269 Uprising (1876), 234, 247 Volga Bulgars, 72, 84,106, 120, 277 World War I. See World War I Burebişta, King, 85 Burgas, 506 Byzantine Empire, 16, 17, 37, 40, 41, 43, 79, 80, 84, 87, 88, 93,100, 104, 106, 107, 108, 112,118, 136, 138,140,142,144,147,171 End, 145 Bzura River, Battle of (1939), 355 Caesar, Julius, 67, 79, 85 Caffa, 134 Cairo, 111 Calixtus III, Pope, 154 Canada, 14,104, 284, 322, 358 Cantemir, Prince, 185 679
Index Canterbury, 114 Canute the Great, King, 116 Čapek, Karel/ Charles, 14 Caporetto, Battle of (1917), 295 Caribbean, 193, 272 Carol/Charles I (Hohenzollern), Prince King, 246 Carol/Charles II (Hohenzollern), King, 308, 369 Carpathian Mountains, 28, 122,172, 184, 245, 295, 307, 317, 395 Carpathian Basin, 79,80, 82, 98, 108, 120, 138 Cars (Soviet era), 439 Carter, Jimmy (President), 109, 429 Carthaginians, 97 Časlav, Prince, 112 Caspian Sea, 83, 92, 104, 106, 506 Catalun, Battle of (451). See Chalons, Catherine II "the Great" (Romanov), Tsarina, 123,175,196, 202, 211, 212, 267 Caucasus, 25, 50, 65, 70, 86,107,120, 140, 289, 381, 394, 455, 480 Ceauşescu, Elena, 477 Ceauşescu, Nicolae/Nicholas, 151, 425, 428, 429, 448, 474, 476, 492, 507 Execution, 477 Celts, 52, 79,100,138 Celtic languages, 14 Central Asia, 20, 25, 59, 71, 92,168, 198, 267,278, 289, 393, 394 Anglo-Russian rivalry, 234, 235, 267 Central Europe, 16, 30, 50, 52, 78, 108,113,148,152,154,157,181, 192, 204, 255, 314, 408, 431, 444 Medieval glass revolution, 522 České Budějovice, 156 Cetinje, 138, 242 Chalons, Battle of (451), 98 Chamberlain, Neville (Prime Minister), 319, 360 Charlemagne, 99,115, 213, 255 Charles I (Anjou), King, 144, 308 Charles I (Luxembourg), Emperor. See Karel/Charles I (Luxembourg) Charles I Robert (Anjou), King, 26, 152,164 Charlestown, Battle of (1775), 197 Charles V (Habsburg). See Karl V Chechnya, 548, 549, 550, 551 Chernobyl accident (1986), 528, 530 Chervenkov, Vulko, 425 Chicago, xx China, 2, 20, 59, 71, 86, 92,120,134, 142,147,151, 244, 277, 351, 423, 457, 458 Cultural Revolution,
423, 429 Manchuria, 92, 269, 383 Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989), 472 Chisinau, 509 Chopin, Frédéric, 589 Chotek, Sofie (Countess Duchess), 283 Christianity. See Religion Churchill, Winston (Prime Minister), 380, 383, 406, 408 Cieszyn/ Těšín, 340 Cinco de Mayo, 262 Cluj Napoca, 61 Codreanu, Corneliu, 308 Cold War, xvi, xx, 28, 58,109, 128, 284, 403, 445, 456, 461, 495 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 459 Defections, 428, 436, 470 Detente, 429, 435, 446, 452 Dissent, 419, 426, 430, 435, 439, 445,453 End (1989-92), 464 Espionage, 404, 411, 415, 422, 426 Helsinki Accords (1975), 439 68o
Index Iron Curtain, 407, 408, 410, 420, 429, 447, 455, 471, 486 Non-Aligned Movement, 420 Origins, 404 Refolution, 470 Collectivization, 382, See Stalinism Columbus, Christopher, 94,146 Comintern. See Communist International Commerce, 63, 70, 71, 77, 78, 87, 89,104,106, 134, 141, 142, 146, 149,159, 162,163,165, 167,168, 173,175,186,193,195, 196, 208, 233, 246, 277, 281, 288, 331, 404, 435, 439, 450, 452, 468. See also Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Adriatic Sea trade Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 481, 529, 534 Communism, 228, 268, 299, 304, 307, 311, 312, 313, 331, 333, 358, 375, 379, 380, 409, 416, 418, 419, 420, 422, 424, 425, 427, 431, 434, 435, 448, 452, 458, 468, 481, 492 Communism with a Human Face, 437 Goulash Communism, 435 Communist Information Bureau (Cominform), 420 Communist International (Comintern), 332, 334, 425 Communist security forces, 380, 438, 472 ÁVH (Hungary), 433, 434 ÁVO (Hungary), 432 Cheka (Bolshevik Russia), 331, 332 DS (Bulgaria), 426, 475 GPU (USSR), 334 KGB (USSR), 170, 266, 329, 426, 458, 459, 480, 551 NKVD (USSR), 323, 334, 356, 361, 420, 424, 528 OZNA (Yugoslavia), 418, 420 SB (Poland), 454, 468 Securitate (Romania), 429, 430, 476, 477 Sigurimi (Albania), 423, 478 Stasi (GDR), 415 StB (Czechoslovakia), 437, 474 UB (Poland), 449 Comnenus, Manuel (Emperor), 112 Comnenus, Michael (Prince), 144 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 478 Conover, Willis, 410 Conrad, Joseph. See Korzeniowski, Józef Teodor Konrad Constantine and Methodius, 15,100, 101,102,103,107 Constantinople. See Istanbul Constantinople,
Siege of (1453), 42, 146,147,154, 203, 236 Constantinus/Constantine I, (Roman) Emperor, 40, 67 Cooper, Merian C. (Major), 338 Copernicus, Nicholas, 157, 201 Cordoba Caliphate. See Arabs Cossacks, 188,193, 198, 202, 207, 265, 270, 320 Sech/Sich, 198, 202 Subjugation by Russia, 202 Courland, 89, 361 Duchy of, 193 Cracow. See Kraków Craiova, Treaty of (1940), 393 Crimea, 134,186, 278, 289, 331, 370, 381, 385, 394, 480, 534 Crimean War (1853-56), 201, 234, 245, 267 Khanate of, 135, 212, 267 Russian seizure (2014), 510, 532, 538, 554 Crnojević Dynasty, 138 68i
Index Croatia, 36, 69, 100, 102, 111, 141, 142,195, 215, 229, 238, 252, 256, 257, 259, 260, 263, 298, 299, ЗОЇ, 393, 395, 421, 495, 500, 503 Croatian language, 16 Independence (1991), 493 Jasenovac Camp, 375 Militärgrenze (Military Border), 195, 263, 493 Nagodba (Compromise) of 1868,261 NDH/Fascist Croatia, 372, 374, 375 Origins, 111 Sabor, 112, 301 Sporazum (Agreement) of 1939,301 Crusades, 70, 147, 277 Albigensian Crusade (1243-44), 44 Baltic Crusades (13th-14th centuries), 89,115,119,158,175 Confederation of Livonia, 162, 169,175 Fourth Crusade (1204), 104,145 Great Northern Crusade (1255), 156 Knights Templar, 121 Livonian Brotherhood of the Sword, 116,119, 160,161 Livonian Order, 162,168 Nicopolis. See Nicopolis, Battle of (1396) Teutonic Knights, 117,121,122, 156, 158, 160, 164, 165, 166,168, 177, 217 Varna Crusade (1444), 147 CSCE. See Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 416 Cumanians, 87, 117,118,119, 120, 122 Cuza, Alexandru Ion (Domnitor), 245 Cvetkovič, Dragiša (Prime Minister), 372 Cyprus, 560 Cyprus invasion (1974), 560 Cyril and Methodius. See Constantine and Methodius Cyrus the Great (Achaemenid), 63 Czech Republic, 100, 157,181, 256, 260, 292, 521, 523 Czech language, 14,15, 38,173, 318 Independence (1992), 474 Czechoslovakia, 311, 313, 334 Communist era, 333, 394, 395, 409, 414, 418, 431, 435, 448,453, 471 Czechoslovak Free Air Force. See World War II Czechoslovak Legion. See World War I Czechoslovak National Council (1916), 316 Czechs and Slovaks fighting abroad (WWII), 363 Destruction (1938-39), 314, 319,
328, 353, 355, 360, 362, 363, 364, 392 Interwar, 22, 287, 288, 296, 305, 306, 314, 335, 340, 366 Karta 77/Charter 77, 439, 474 Pittsburgh Declaration (1918), 316 Prague Spring (1968), 416, 423, 429, 435, 437, 438, 444, 451, 475, 518 Uprising of 1953, 458 Velvet Divorce (1992), 474, 520, 523 Velvet Revolution (1989), 474, 475, 476, 519 Czolgosz, Leon, 268 Dacia (car), 85 Dacians, 85. See also Vlachs Dalmatia, 23, 81,110, 111, 140, 252, 253, 295, 374, 393, 395, 501, 512 Dannebrog (Danish flag), 162 682
Index Danube River, 28, ЗО, 78, 79, 84, 85, 148, 152, 154, 297, 502 Danube Delta, 63, 245 Danzig. See Gdańsk Dark Ages, 79, 94 Daugava River, 89 Davis, Jefferson, 233 Dayton Peace Accords (1995), 494 de Busbeque, Ogier Ghislain, 244 Deák, Ferenc/Francis, 261 Debrecen, 431 Denikin, Anton (General), 331 Denmark, 37, 40, 81, 89,104, 116, 123, 157, 162, 163,181, 187, 189, 253, 353, 360, 362, 405 Bornholm Island, 405, 428 Danish language, 14, 51 Union of Kalmar, 187 Deportations. See Population Transfers Dimitrejević, Dragutin, 239, 298 Dimitrov, Georgi / George, 333, 419, 425 Đinđić, Zoran, 501 Djilas, Milovan, 419 Dmowski, Roman, 335, 337 Dnieper River, ЗО, 70, 72, 82,104, 106,108, 197, 385 Dniester River, ЗО, 82, 108, 149, 370, 509 Dobrudja, 246, 249, 302, 304, 307, 369, 378, 393, 425 Doja, Gheorghe (George). See Dózsa, György (George) Dönitz, Karl/Charles (Admiral), 354 Doroshenko, Petro (Cossack Hetman), 199 Dózsa, György (George), 172 Dracula. See Vlad III "Ţepeş" Dracula (novel), 152,184 Dragutin, Stefan, 137 Drava River, 111, 495 Dresden, 472 Dubček, Alexander, 416, 429, 435, 437, 438, 475, 519 Dubnov, Simon, 127, 385 Dubrovnik, 111 Ragusa, Republic of, 142 Duda, Andrzej, 526 Đukanović, Milo, 503 Durrës, 144 Dušan, Stefan (Tsar),136,138,144,145 Dvořák, Antonín, 231 East Prussia. See Prussia Eastern Europe Bronze Age, 138 Concept of, xvi Definition, xvi Film, 73, 437, 471 Folk art, 231, 254 Historical flow, 58 Literature, 26, 59, 201, 211, 230, 238, 243, 250, 296 Neolithic, 49, 78 Populations, 231 Edelman, Marek, 390 Edirne, 203, 205, 248 Edison, Thomas, 318 Egypt, 62,
67, 70, 111, 233, 284, 289, 358, 420 Egyptians, ancient, 97 Suez Canal, 233 Eisenhower, Dwight (General President), 365, 410 Eko-glasnost, 476 Elbe River, 30, 98, 99, 217 Elzbyeta/Elizabeth I (Romanov), Tsarina, 211 Enlightenment, the, 212 Enver Pasha (Ismail Enver Efendi), 235 Epirus, 86, 309 Despotate of, 144,145 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 561 Estonia, 40, 78,106,116,162, 175, 188,189, 238, 324, 325, 326, 542, 543 683
Index Eesti, ancient, 89 Estonian language, 19 Independence (1918), 324-25 Independence (1991), 482 Interwar, 325, 335 Soviet annexation (1940), 360 Soviet re-conquest (1944), 362 Vaps, 325 Esztergom, 110 Ethnic Cleansing. See Population Transfers Eurasian Economic Union, 531, 556 European Recovery Plan (1947), 409, 436 European Union, 229, 370, 457, 493, 499, 501, 505, 508, 510, 512, 514, 521, 523, 525, 535, 537, 542, 543, 560 Farouk I, King, 233 Fascism, 314, 326, 366, 367, 377, 409 Fechter, Peter, 447 Ferdinand I (Habsburg), Emperor, 259 Ferdinand II, (Holy Roman) Emperor, 181 Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Tsar, 248, 303, 304 Ferenc/Francis II (Rákóczy), Prince, 184 Feudalism, 197, 307, 310, 332, 464 Finland, 88,189, 238, 265, 284, 324, 325, 328, 331, 332, 360, 381, 394, 542 FinlandWinter War. See Winter War (1939-40) Finnish language, 19 Winter War, See Winter War (1939-40) Finnic Peoples, 88, 104, 116,162 Karelians, 88 Livonians, 89 Sami, 88 Food, 78, 277, 298, 306, 308, 329, 382, 383, 450 Agriculture, 86,167, 233, 246, 310, 320, 323, 421,445, 455 Alcohol, 587 Beer, 156, 260, 587 Bread, 331, 370, 381 Coffee, 195 Eastern European foods, 14 Grains, 167,323,423,459 Political analogies, 260, 431, 471 Rationing, 310, 323, 329, 331, 382, 425, 430, 433, 451, 452, 454, 459, 468 Shopping, 452 Wheat, 320, 459 Ford, Gerald (President), 429 France, 28, 62,122,145,152,165, 181,192, 202, 212, 216, 251,253, 262, 264, 266, 267, 272, 284,286, 287, 288, 289, 298, 301, 303, 305, 307, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 320, 324, 331, 334, 338, 340, 353, 354, 355, 357, 358, 360, 362,
363, 364, 369, 386, 410, 445, 473 Francs, 453 French language, 10,16, 230 Origins, 100 Revolution (1789-92), 212, 228, 252, 256, 468 Franco, Francisco (General), 340 Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), 246, 252, 254 Frankish Empire, 37, 79, 82, 98, 100, 101,106,110, 111, 173, 213 Merovingians, 98 Franz Ferdinand (Habsburg), Archduke, 239, 283, 295 Franz Josef/ Francis Joseph I (Habsburg), Emperor King, 248, 257, 259, 261, 262, 264, 295 Friedland, Battle of (1807), 265 684
Index Friedrich/Frederick (V - Elector of Palatinate, I - King of Bohemia), 181 Friedrich/Frederick I (Hohenzollern), Duke King, 217 Friedrich/Frederick II (V - elector of Palatinate, I - king of Bohemia), 158, 212, 217, 219 FYROM. See Macedonia Gagarin, Yuri, 456 Galicia, 286, 311, 320, 321, 329, 337, 395, 454 Halych-Volhynia, 171,197 Gallipoli, Battle of (1915), 232, 289, 290 Gambia River, 193 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 252 Gaspirah, Ismail, 278 Gasprinsky, Ismail. See Gaspirah Gdańsk, 158,167, 450,452, 453 Danzig, 163, 218, 338, 355 Gediminas, 160 Gellert, Saint, 114 Genghis, Kha'an, 120,133 Genoa, 134,149 Geography, 27 George, Saint, 153 Georgia (Caucasus), 140, 331 Georgian War (2008), 552 Rose Revolution (2003), 536 Germanic Peoples, 53, 79, 89, 98,123 Völkerwanderung, 40, 79 Germany, 28, 67, 89,166,192, 210, 235, 251, 256, 260, 286, 288, 305, 308, 311, 314, 315, 320, 324, 326, 328, 331, 335, 354, 378, 407, 424, 464 Abgrenzung/Separation, 448 Deutscher Bund /German Confederation (1815), 253, 257, 261 Deutschmarks, 453, 468 Drang nach Osten, 99,101, 173 FRG (West Germany), 370, 415, 429, 432, 444, 445, 446, 471, 473, 475 GDR (East Germany), 396, 414, 415, 416, 431, 438, 444, 453, 468, 471, 472, 474, 475, 476 German Empire (1871-1918), 123, 234, 254, 263, 264, 269, 270, 284, 286, 287, 297, 298, 302, 307, 315, 320, 321, 323, 324, 325, 327, 329, 331, 335 German language, 16, 20,174, 218, 255, 318 German Unification, 252 Germanization, 99,123, 219, 255, 393 Germans in Eastern Europe, 89, 242, 324, 325, 327, 337, 361, 394, 395 Grundlagenvertrag /Basic Treaty (1972), 446 Medieval.
See Frankish Empire, Holy Roman Empire, Austria Nazi Germany (1933-45), 159, 166, 254, 305, 308, 314, 319, 328, 335, 340, 350, 352, 355, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 376, 378, 380, 381, 382, 384, 388, 392, 393, 394, 411, 445, 449, 458 Norddeutsche Bund /Northern German Confederation (1866), 254 Origins, 100 Reunification (1990), 444, 445, 448, 473 Volga Germans, 175, 394 Weimar Republic (1919-33), 166, 217, 287, 313, 328, 337, 355, 366, 437 Gestapo, 356 685
Index Géza, Crown Prince, 109,114 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe/George, 427, 428 Gierek, Edward, 452, 453 Goethe, Johann, 201 Göktürk Empire, 86 Golden Horde, 133,149,160,167, 168, 169, 267. See also Crimea, Khanate of Goldman, Emma, 268 Gomułka, Władysław, 450, 451 Gorbachev, Mikhail/Michael, 267, 411, 418, 427, 448, 467, 469, 472, 474, 475,480, 529, 533, 547 Goths, 108 Gottwald, Klement, 333, 436, 437 Great Depression, 305, 306, 308, 325 Great Game. See Central Asia, See Central Asia Great Northern War (1700-21), 189, 196, 202, 210 Great October Revolution. See Soviet Union, 'Bolshevik Coup (1917)' Great Powers, 29, 206, 211, 212, 228, 234, 235, 247, 250, 251, 263, 266, 270, 283, 292, 305, 308, 352, 380, 392 Concert of Europe (1815-22), 258 Greco-Turkish War (1919-22), 291 Greece, 80, 186, 204, 246, 248, 249, 252, 291, 298, 300, 302, 303, 305, 309, 378, 395, 406, 408, 421, 422, 425, 499, 512, 560 Civil War (1944-49), 419 Greek language, 6, 11,13,17, 230, 243 Greeks, ancient, 15, 50, 62, 63, 68, 88, 92, 94, 134, 144, 291 War of Independence (1821-32), 233, 243 Grósz, Károly /Charles, 471 Groza, Dr. Petru, 427 Grozny, 548 Grunwald, Battle of (1410), xvii, 166, 359 Guillaume, Günter, 415 Gulags. See Stalinism Gustav II Adolf (Vasa), King, 187 Gustav I (Vasa), King, 187 Gustavus Adolphus. See Gustav П Adolf (Vasa) Güyük Khan, 133 Gypsies, 242, 365, 370, 374, 375 ՝ Habsburg Dynasty, 137,141,154, 156,158, 160,178,181,183,184, 186, 196, 213, 216, 217, 239,242, 244, 246, 251, 253, 256, 257, 259, 261, 262, 264, 270, 283, 292, 296, 298, 307, 310 Hácha, Emil, 363, 365 Hajduks, 172 Haller,
Józef/Joseph, General, 336 Halych-Volhynia. See Galicia Hamburg, 81,163 Hanseatic League, 160,162,163, 168,175 Hašek, Jaroslav, 296 Hatvan, Battle of (1849), 259 Havel, Vaclav, 474, 519, 523 Haynau, Julius Jakob von (Baron General), 260 Hedwig/Jadwiga (Anjou), King, 164 Hemingway, Ernest, 295 Henry II, King (Britain), 114 Henryk II Pobożny (Silesia), Prince, 121 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 255 Herodotus, 65, 92 Heydrich, Reinhard, 363, 364 Himalayan Mountains, 244 Himmler, Heinrich, 359, 379 686
Index Hindenburg, Paul von (Field Marshal), 166 Hiroshima, 346 Hitler, Adolf, 173, 304, 314, 319, 328, 340, 352, 354, 355, 358, 359, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 372, 374, 378, 379, 383, 385,437 Hlinka, Andrej, 317 Hohenzollern Dynasty, 217, 219, 254, 286, 308, 369 Holocaust, 20,165,266, 346, 350, 361, 365, 368, 370, 374, 385, 451 Auschwitz, 358, 365, 368, 370, 388, 389 Bełżec, 388, 391 Chełmno, 364, 388 Majdanek, 388 Nazi Extermination Camps, 128, 358, 385, 391 Sobibór, 388 Treblinka, 388 Wannsee Conference (1942), 388 Yad Vashem, 389, 390 Holy League, War of (1684-99), 194, 195, 242 Holy Roman Empire, 42,102,110, 154, 155,157, 173, 175,189, 204, 205, 213, 244 Dissolution (1806), 216, 252, 257 Origins, 109 Honecker, Erich, 448, 471, 472, 474 Hoover, Herbert, 306 Horodło, Union of (1413), 166 Horthy, Miklós/Nicholas (Admiral Regent), 313, 314, 366, 367, 368, 432 Hötzendorf, Conrad von (Count), General, 264 Hoxha, Enver, 377, 421, 423 Hradec Králové Königgrätz, 254 Hrushevskiy, Mikhailo/Michael (Historian Leader), 320 Hungary, 36, 38, 39, 60, 69, 93,101, 112, 114,117,118,136,137,138, 141,142, 149,152, 160,164, 171, 174,182,183, 216, 242, 244, 251, 260, 261, 298, 305, 307, 308, 314, 316, 366, 406, 424, 495, 513, 514, 515 Communist collapse (1988-90), 468, 470, 471, 474 Communist era, 394, 414, 418, 429, 431, 438 Das Ausgleich/Compromise (1867), 261, 310 Etelköz, 108,109 Great Plain, 122, 310 Hungarian language, 14,19,20, 108,110,127,174 Hungarians as minorities, 313, 316, 366, 367, 394 Hyper-inflation, 586 Interwar, 296, 310, 335, 340, 357, 363, 369 Liberation
(1684-90), 204, 205 Magyarization, 261, 310, 313 Magyars, ancient, 16, 24, 83, 87, 108,119,120 Medieval, 152 Mongol invasion, 122,140,152 Nyilaskeresztpárt/Arrow Cross Party, 314 Origins, 107, 310 Ottoman rivalry, 147,152 Ottoman rule, 194 Revolution of 1956,415, 420, 428, 433, 437, 444, 450, 458, 471, 477 Rovás runic script, 24 Royal Hungary (1526-1690), 155, 186, 215 Soviet Republic/Republic of Councils (1919), 288, 307, 311, 312, 431 687
Index Volga Magyars, 119,120 War of Independence (1848-49), 109, 244, 259, 260 Huns, 68, 79, 83, 92,108,110 Hunyadi, János /John (Regent, General), 153,201 Hus, Jan/John, 39,157 Husák, Gustáv, 438, 448, 474, 475, 519 Hussite Wars (1420-34), 38, 39,158 Hussites. See Religion Iaşi, 244, 295, 307, 371 ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, Muhammad, 195 ibn Iaqub, Ibrahim, 113 Ikšķile Üxküll, 162 Illenden-Preobrazhenye Uprising (1903), 248 Illiescu, Ion, 507 Illyrians, 85,138,144 India, 11, 59, 62, 93,142, 267, 277, 284, 420 Indian Ocean, 234 Trade, 71,206 Industrialization, 268, 270, 274,283, 314, 333, 334, 385, 421, 430, 435, 445, 452 Industrial Revolution, 228, 265 İnönü, Ismet, 559 Intelligentsia, 242, 334, 359, 369, 382, 452 Iran, 59, 70,147, 244, 267, 277, 290, 358, 409 Iranian peoples, ancient, 51, 93 Persian Empire, 43, 63, 64, 71, 80, 93,97 Persia, Ottoman, 148 Ireland, 53, 67 Iron Curtain. See Cold War Irridentism, 252, 308, 314 Isaszeg, Battle of (1849), 259 A Islam, 2, 34, 39, 45, 46, 64, 70, 71, 72, 80, 84, 88,107,113,120,134, 152,155,187,195, 205, 233, 236, 249, 250, 277, 291, 304, 309,423, 512, 550, 559 Bektashi Dervish Sufists, 46 Jadidism, 278 Jihad, 277 Sharia Law, 290 Wahhabism, 195 Israel, 62, 128, 390, 416 War of Independence (1948), 128 Istanbul, 46, 236 Constantinople, 40, 41, 42, 80, 84, 98,103,106, 137,145,146,147, 154,186, 232, 234, 236, 244, 246, 277, 289, 304 Istrian Peninsula, 111, 253, 374, 395 István/Stephen I, King Saint, 109, 114, 313 Italy, 40,43, 62, 79, 82,141,142, 144,154, 158, 215, 255, 260, 264, 272, 295, 311, 312, 313, 354, 395, 406, 407, 419, 422, 464,478,
503, 511 Fascist era (1922-45), 309, 314, 319, 353, 363, 367, 370, 372, 374, 376, 377, 378, 386, 393 Irridenta Italia, 252,260 Italian Renaissance, 192 Lombardy, 98 Papal States, 251 Piedmont-Sardinia, 252, 253, 259, 260 Risorgimento, 251, 253, 255, 340 Ivan /John III "the Great", Grand Prince, 169 Ivan /John IV "the Terrible", Grand Prince/Tsar, 163, 169, 170, 191, 206, 207, 209 Ivan/John VI (Romanov), Tsar, 211 Ivanov, Lyubomir, 476 688
Index Jadwiga. See Hedwig/Jadwiga (Anjou) Jagiełło, Władysław II (King Grand Duke). See Jogaila Jagiellonian Dynasty, 153,154,164, 167, 191 Jan Kazimierz/John Casmir II (Vasa), King, 194 Jan/John III Sobieski, King, 194,196, 204, 205 Janissaries. See Ottoman Empire Jánošík, Juraj, 172 Janoušek, Karel (General, Marshal), 364, 436 Japan, xxvi, 72, 269, 276, 331, 346, 383, 389, 457 Jarecki, Franciszek (Lieutenant), 428 Jaruzelski, Wojciech (General), 454, 468, 469, 470 Jawhar al Siqilli, General, 111 Jebe, General, 120 Jellačić, Josip/Joseph (Ban General), 259 Jena, Battle of (1806), 265 Jerusalem, 115 Jewish Eastern Europe, 88, 125,165, 242, 266, 318, 324, 361, 365, 368, 374, 423, 451 Anti-Semitism, 115,125,128, 385, 454, 515 Anti-Zionism, 128 Aramaic language, 20 Ashkenazi, 125 Haskalah and the Sects, 44,126 Hebrew language, 20,125, 128 Ladino language, 20,125 Pogroms, 127, 268, 370, 388, 427 Sephardim, 125 Shtetls, 126 Yiddish language, 20, 23, 125,127 Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa Øewish Fighting Organization; ZOB), 358 Żydowski Związek Wojskowy Øewish Military Union; ŻZW), 358 Jodl, Alfred (General), 359 Jogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło), King Grand Duke, 161, 165 Johann Sigismund (Hohenzollern), Elector Prince, 217 John I (Luxembourg), King, 157 John Paul II (Pope), 101, 375, 453 Jordanes, 82 Julián, Dominican friar, 119 Justinian I, Emperor, 164 Juodkrantė, 90 Kaczorowski, Ryszard /Richard, 469, 526 Kaczyński, Jarosław, 526 Kaczyński, Lech, 525 Kádár, János /John, 434, 435, 471 Kafka, Franz, 52, 318 Kai-shek, Chiang, 458 Kalevala, 238 Kaliningrad, 89 Königsberg, 156,158,
384 Kalinousky, Kastus, 323 Kama River, 84 Kant, Immanuel, 158 Karađorđević. See Karageorgević Karadžič, Radovan, 502 Karadžič, Vuk, 237, 238 Karageorge, 237 Karageorgević Dynasty, 237, 239 Karakorum, 122,133 Karavelov, Lyuben, 247 Karel/Charles I (Luxembourg), Emperor King, 157 Karl/Charles I (Habsburg), Emperor King, 295 Karl/Charles XII (PalatinateZweibriicken), King, 189, 210 Karlowitz, Treaty of (1699), 184, 195, 204 689
Index Karl V (Habsburg), Holy Roman Emperor, 215 Károlyi, Mihály/Michael, 311 Karski, Jan/John, 391 Kastrioti, Gjergj/ George (Skanderbeg), 144, 201 Kaszubs, 99 Katyń Massacre (1940), 339, 449, 526 Kaunas, 326, 328, 361, 389 Kaup (Ancient port), 89 Kazakhstan, 118, 175, 461 Kazan Khanate, 169 Kazimierz /Casmir III "the Great" (Piast), King, 125,164,165 Kemal Atatürk. See Kemal, Mustafa Kemal, Mustafa, 290, 559 Kepler, Johannes, 157 Kerensky, Alexander, 329 Kestutis, 161 Kettler, Jacob (Duke), 193 Khalkhin Gol, Battle of (1939), 383 Kharkiv, 538 Khazar Empire, 84, 86, 107, 108, 118,147 Khmyelnitsky, Bohdan, 193, 199, 200 Khmyelnitsky Rebellion, 193, 199, 207 Khodorovsky, Mikhail, 551 Khrushchev, Nikita, 404, 415, 416, 420, 422, 423, 428, 434, 443, 450, 456, 458, 459 Khwarizmian Empire, 120 Kiel, 163 Kieven Rus, 17, 30, 89, 101,102,103, 104, 118, 119, 120, 133, 160 Mongol invasion, 120, 168, 171, 267 Successor states, 167,171,197 Varangians, 104 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. See Yugoslavia Kipchak Khanate. See Golden Horde Klaipėda, 158 Memel, 328 Klaus, Václav, 519, 523 Klu shino, Battle of (1610), 192 Kniefall in Warschau. See Brandt, Willy Kolchak, Alexander (Admiral General), 315, 331 Kolin, Battle of (1757), 219 Köln, 163 Kolubara River, Battle of (1914), 297 Komorowski, Bronislaw, 526 Königgrätz, Battle of (1866), 254, 261 Königsberg. See Kaliningrad Konrad Mazowiecki. See Konrad of Mazovia Konrad of Mazovia, Duke, 118,158 Konya, Battle of (1832), 233 Korea, 269, 333, 429, 457 Korean War (1950-53), 428, 445, 457, 458, 559 Korzeniowski, Józef Teodor Konrad, 274
Kościuszko, Tadeusz /Thaddeus (General), 196, 197, 271 Košice Kassa, 368 Kosiv, Sylvestr (Orthodox Metropolitan), 199 Kosovo, 137, 138, 144, 250, 298, 309, 372, 377, 423, 494, 496, 498, 501, 511 Independence (2008), 494 Kosovo Polje, Battle of (1389), xvii, 136,137, 238, 239 Kosovo War (1996-99), 494 Kossuth, Lajos/Louis, 229, 259 Koštunica, Vojislav, 501 Köten, Khan, 120,122 Kotromanić Dynasty, 140 Kraków, 53,101,113,114,115,121, 161,163,174,192,194,197, 275, 355, 453 Kazimierz district, 165 690
Index Lajkonik, 121 Wawel Castle, 197 Kravchuk, Leonid, 533, 534 Krenz, Egon, 472,473 Krewo, Union of (1385), 164 Krum, Khan, 102 Kublai, Kha'an, 134 Kubrat, 83, 86 Kuchma, Leonid, 535, 536 Kukliński, Ryszard (Colonel), 411 Kulin, Ban, 140 Kumanovo, 498 Kun, Béla, 307, 311, 314, 431 Kupi, Abaz, 377 Kurdish PKK, 560 Kursk, Battle of (1943), 354, 384 Kurucs, 172 Kwaśniewski, Aleksander, 525 Kyiv, 107,115,121, 199, 532, 533 Kiev, 207, 320, 321 Kijów, 200 Ladoga, Lake, 107, 382 Lajos/Louis II (Jagiellonian), King, 154,158 Lake Peipus, Battle of (1242), 168 Languages, 10, 231 Arabic Alphabet, 24, 25, 250 Baltic languages, 11,13,18,23, 158, 324 Celtic languages, 13 Cyrillic Alphabet, 16,17, 25, 86, 101, 107, 237, 243,250, 509 Eastern European loan words, 14,38 Eastern Slavic languages, 17 Finno-Ugric language family, 19,88 Germanic languages, 13 Germanic Runic Futharks, 24 Glagolitic alphabet, 25,101 Greek Alphabet, 25, 250 Indo-European language family, 11, 89 Latin Alphabet, 16,17, 25, 250 Old Church Slavonic, 102,103, 243 Pronunciation, 6 Romance languages, 13,18 Semitic languages, 20,125, 250 Slavic languages, 13,15, 51, 330 Southern Slavic languages, 16 Southern Slavic languages disambiguation, 17 Thraco-Illyrian languages, 13, 85 Turkic language family, 20,108 Western European Languages, 10 Western Slavic languages, 16 Latin Empire, 104,144,145 Latvia, 40, 89,116,162, 175, 193, 254, 324, 325, 326, 543. See also Baltic Peoples, See also Baltic Peoples, See also Baltic Peoples, See also Baltic Peoples, See also Baltic Peoples Independence (1918), 325 Independence (1991), 482
Interwar, 326 Latvian Soviet Republic (1918), 325 Livonian language, 19 Pērkonkrust / Thundercross movement, 326 Soviet annexation (1940), 360 Soviet re-conquest (1944), 362 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 291, 292 Lawrence, Thomas E. (T.E.), 289 Lazar, Prince, 137 League of Nations, 309, 337 Lebanon, 62 Legnica, Battle of (1241), 121,122 Leipzig, 472 Leipzig, Battle of (1813), 265, 272 Lemkos, 395 Leningrad. See St. Petersburg 691
Index Leningrad, Siege of (1941-44), Litvinov, Maxim (Foreign 361, 382 Minister), 404 Lenin, V.I., 25, 51, 198, 306, 307, 311, Livonia, 161, 175, 188,189 315, 320, 322, 325, 329, 331, 332, Livonian Confederation. See 333, 339 Crusades Leo III, Pope, 99 Livonian War (1558-83), 169, Leopold I (Habsburg), Emperor, 204 191,193 Levant, 43, 63, 65, 67, 70,147 Ljudovit, Duke, 110 Lev II (of Halych-Volhynia), Locarno, Treaty of (1925), 288, 319 King, 171 Łódź, 364 Lev I (of Halych-Volhynia), Lombards/Langobards, 79, 98 King, 171 London, 152,163, 309, 316, 319, 357, Levski, Vasil, 247 363, 365, 372, 426, 475, 552 Lidice Massacre (1942), 363, 364 London, Treaty of (1861), 262 Liepaja, 325 Louis IX, King, 122 Libau, 193 Lovech, 425 Lilacs, 244 Lübeck, 163, 175, 405 Lipany, Battle of (1434), 158 Lublin, 121, 393 Liška, Alois (General), 364 Lublin, Treaty of (1569). See Lublin Liszt, Franz (Ferenc)/Francis, 231 Lublin, Union of (1569), 167 Lithuania, 89, 116,158, 164,165,166, Lukashenka, Alexander, 530 188, 201, 255, 267, 268, 273, 324, Lukasiewicz, Ignacy / Ignatius, 245 325, 541, 542. See also Baltic Lusatia, 113,154 Peoples Lushnjë, 309 Independence (1918), 326 Luther, Martin, 158,161, 218 Independence (1991), 482 Luxembourg, 362 Interwar, 287, 328, 339 Luxembourg Dynasty, 152,157 Lithuanian-Belarussian Soviet Lviv, 171, 321 Socialist Republic (1919), 327 Lemberg, 23, 245 Lithuanian Empire, 160,168,171, Lwów, 23, 337, 338 197, 326 Lvov, Georgi (Prince), 329, 331 Lithuanian language, 25,160 Lysenko, Trofim, 455 Napoleonic invasion (1812), 266 Macedonia, 20, 62,112, 238, 239, 249,
Origins, 119 250, 251, 298, 301, 302, 304, 305, Partitions (1772-95), 196 372, 377, 378, 379, 395, 421, 498, Polish-Lithuanian 511 Commonwealth. See Poland FYROM, 498 Raganu Kalnas (Witches Hill), 90 Greek Μακεδονία, 498 Soviet annexation (1940), 360 Macedonian language, 15,16 Soviet era, 412 Northern Macedonia, 498 Soviet re-conquest (1944), 362 Rise of Macedonian identity, 248 Lituanica (plane), 326 Madrid, 272 Litvinenko, Alexander, 552 Magdeburg Law, 173 692
Index Mahmud II, Sultan, 232 Maidan (Independence Square), 533, 536, 537 Malbork Marienburg, 158, 159,177 Mamikért, Battle of (1071), 147 Marchfeld, Battle of (1278), 156 Marco Polo, 72 Maria Theresa (Habsburg), Empress Queen, 216 Marienburg. See Malbork Markov, Georgi/ George, 426 Marne River, 286 Marshall Plan (1947). See European Recovery Plan (1947) Marushevska, Yulia, 532 Masaryk, Jan /John (Foreign Minister), 409, 436 Masaryk, Tomáš/Thomas G., 315, 316 Matthias Corvinus, King 151, 153, 212 Maximilian (Habsburg), Archduke, 262 Mazepa, Ivan (Cossack Hetman), 189, 202 Mazovia, 118 Mazowiecki, Tadeusz /Thaddeus, 469 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 251 McKinley, William (President), 268 Mečiar, Vladimir, 519, 520 Mediterranean Sea, 62, 68, 70, 78, 97, 98,106, 235, 371 Trade, 72 Medvedev, Dmitry, 552, 553 Mehmed II, Sultan, 42, 146, 147, 203 Mehmed IV, Sultan, 204, 205, 290 Memel. See Klaipeda Mendel, Gregor, 258 Mendelssohn, Moses (Rabbi), 126 Metternich, Klemens von (Prince), xvi, 217, 258 Mexico, 208, 262 Michael VIII Palaeologus, Emperor, 145 Mickiewicz, Adam, 201 Middle East, 50, 71, 86, 93,195, 202, 277, 289, 416, 559 Mieszko I (Piast), Duke, 113 Mig-15 (Mikoyan-Gurevich), 428 Mihailovič, Draža (General), 372, 373 Mihai/Michael I (Hohenzollern), King, 308, 369, 371, 427 Mihai/Michael I Viteazul, Prince, 151,183,185 Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 449 Milan, 258 Militärgrenze (Military Border). See Croatia Miloš I (Obrenović), Prince, 237 Miloševič, Slobodan, 297, 421, 492, 493, 498, 501, 503 Miłosz, Czesław, 456 Milutin, Stefan Uroš II, 137 Mindaugas, 119,159, 160 Minorities. See also
individual peoples Minsk, 323, 528 Mircea cel Bătrân, Prince, 149 Mladenov, Petar, 476 Mohács, 36 Mohács, Battle of (1526), 109, 148, 154, 178,182 Mohi, Battle of (1241), 122 Mohyla, Petro (Orthodox Metropolitan), 199 Mojmír, 100 Moldavia, 151,185, 229, 234, 307, 371, 429 Bessarabia, 307, 369, 394, 427 Moldavian S.S.R., 427, 509 Origins, 149 Phanariot rule, 185, 243 Revolution of 1848, 244 Russian protectorate, 243 69Յ
Index Union with Wallachia (1861), 245 Moldova, 92, 244, 509, 510. See also Moldavia Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 328, 335, 355, 360, 361, 369, 378, 380, 449, 542 Molotov, Vyacheslav (Foreign Minister), 334, 381, 455, 458 Mongolia, 92, 383 Mongols, 70, 71,133,134. See also Golden Horde Invasion of Europe, 119 Quriltai, 122 Moniuszko, Stanisław, 231, 580 Monte Cassino, Battle of (1944), 358 Montenegro, 248, 249, 252, 372, 377, 393, 419, 494, 501, 503, 504, 512 Absorption into Yugoslavia, 299 Independence (18th century), 187 Independence (2006), 494 Montenegrin Autocephalous Orthodox Church, 139, 299 Secularization, 242 Moravia, 316, 363 Moravia Magna, 100, 108, 317 Moscow, 168, 176, 210, 253, 316, 321, 331, 380, 381, 389, 404, 409, 418, 420, 421, 423, 425, 427, 431, 437, 444, 449, 480, 533. See also Muscovy French occupation (1812), 265, 266 German Quarter, 175 Kremlin, 265, 382, 481 Polish occupation (1610-12), 192, 207 Red Square, 456 Soviet capital (1918), 331 Moscow, Battle of (1941-42), 354, 368, 382, 383 Munich Agreement (1938), 340, 353, 363, 435 Murmansk, 331 Muscovy. See Russia Mussolini, Benito, 301, 309, 319 Mustafa, Kara Pasha (Grand Vizier), 205 Nagasaki, 346 Nagy, Imre, 433, 434, 471 Napoleonic Wars, 142,187, 196, 208, 216, 219, 224, 228, 233, 237, 251, 253, 258, 264, 265, 272, 283 Grande Armée, 265, 266, 272 Russian invasion, 272 Narew River, 89 Narutowicz, Gabriel (President), 339 Narva, Battle of (1700), 189, 210 Narva River, 361 Narvik, Battle of (1940), 358 Nasreddin Hodja (Mullah), 59 Nationalism, 3,127, 219, 228, 230, 248, 255, 261, 268, 283, 288,
290, 291, 301, 304, 314, 321, 323, 324, 325, 326, 361, 365, 369, 392, 421, 428, 492 NATO, 229, 254, 336, 370, 409, 411, 415, 416, 418, 445, 493, 494, 496, 498, 499, 501, 505, 507, 512, 514, 521, 523, 525, 535, 542, 549, 559 Navalny, Alexei (Russian activist and politician), 557 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 420 Nemanja, Stefan (Grand Zhupan), 112 Nemanjić Dynasty, 112 Németh, Miklós/Nicholas, 471 Nerodimlje, 137 Netherlands, 167,192,193, 210, 215, 286, 353, 358, 362, 386, 410 Neuilly-sur-Seine, Treaty of (1919), 304 Neva, River, 168 Nevsky, Alexander, 168 New York, 49, 181, 263, 268, 290, 304 New Zealand, 289 Nicholas of Myra (St. Nicholas), 43 Nicopolis, Battle of (1396), 147,149 694
Index Niemen River, 89 Nihilism, 268 Nikola I (Petrovič), King, 242, 299 Nikolaevsk (Alaska), 209 Nikolai/Nicholas I (Romanov), Tsar, 267, 268, 273 Nikolai/Nicholas II (Romanov), Tsar, 269, 270, 283, 330 Niś, 112 Nixon, Richard (President), 429 Njegoš dynasty, 187, 242, 299, 504 Nógat River, 159 Normandy Invasion (1944), 354, 358, 364 Normans, 144 Northern European Plain, 28 Northern Macedonia. See Macedonia North Sea, 163, 286 Norway, 104,106,116,189, 353, 358, 360, 362, 386, 549 Novgorod, 106, 107, 167 Nuremburg Trials (1945-46), 364 Obrenovid Dynasty, 237, 239 Oder-Neisse Line. See Poland, "Ziemie odzyskane/Recovered Territories" Oder River, 385, 470 Odessa, 538 Ögedei, Kha'an, 120, 122 Olaf Tryggvason, King (Norwegian), 106 Oleg (Founder of Kieven Rus), 107 Oliwa, Treaty of (1660), 189,194 Olomouc, 122 Olsztyn Allenstein, 158 Ópusztaszer, 310 Orbán, Viktor, 515, 526 Ordensstaat. See Prussia Orzeł (Submarine), 360 Osijek, 495 Osman, 147 Ostland. See World War II Ostpolitik, 415, 446, 451 Ostrôžky, Kostyantin (Prince), 200 Oświęcim. See Auschwitz under Holocaust Otto I, Emperor, 108,113 Ottokar II, King, 156 Ottoman Empire, 16, 20, 42, 59, 71, 72, 109, 135, 136, 137, 138,141, 142,144, 147, 149, 152, 153, 154, 155,172,178,183,184, 185, 186, 195,198,199, 206, 212, 242, 244, 246, 248, 249,250, 252, 267, 269, 277, 424, 559 Collapse, 289 Eçyad Castle, 290 Janissaries, 46,148, 202, 205, 232, 236 Ottoman military superiority, 148, 195, 202 Peak, 202 Phanariots, 186 Reform, 232 Sick Man of Europe, 232 Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 289 Young Turk coup (1913), 235 Pacific Ocean,
208, 209, 234 Paderewski, Ignacy, 339 Palacký, František, 256, 259, 292 Palermo, 252 Palestine. See also Israel British mandate (1918-48), 128, 318 Pan-Germanism, 253, 254, 255 Pan-Slavism, 242, 255, 316, 317 Illyrianism, 299. See also Yugoslavia Pan-Slavismlllyrianism. See also Yugoslavia Trialism, 256 Pan-Turkism, 20 Paris, 108,122, 201, 271,286, 288, 289, 307, 313, 316, 357, 369, 589 695
Index Liberation (1944), 359 Peace Conference (1919). See Versailles, Treaty of (1919) Siege of (1814), 265 Versailles Palace, 265 Paris, Peace Treaty of (1947), 424, 431 Pašie, Nikola/Nicholas (Prime Minister), 297, 298, 299 Paskievich, Ivan (General), 273 Päts, Konstantin, 324, 325, 326, 361 Patton, George S. (General), 365 Pauker, Ana/Anna, 427 Pavelič, Ante, 301, 373, 374, 375 Pavel/Paul I (Karageorgević), King, 372 Pavel/Paul I (Romanov), Tsar, 211, 264 Pazniak, Zyanon, 528 Peasants, 198, 210, 212, 231, 243, 262, 303, 320, 321, 424 Serfdom, 212, 267 Pechenegs, 108, 118 Pécs, 45,174 Peloponnesian War (431-401 BCE), 62 Pepin "the Short", 98 Pereyaslav, Treaty of (1654), 194, 199, 200 Petar /Peter I (Karageorgević), King, 239, 372 Petar /Peter I (Karageorgević, King), 300 Petar/Peter I Njegoš (Petrovič), Archbishop Vladika, 187 Petar/Peter II (Karageorgević), King, ЗОЇ Petar/Peter II Njegoš (Petrovič), Archbishop Vladika, 242 Peter I "the Great" (Romanov), Tsar, 175,185,189, 210, 212, 267 Peter II (Romanov), Tsar, 211 Peter III (Romanov), Tsar, 211 696 Petit Entente, la, 288, 308, 366 Petkov, Nikola, 424 Petlyura, Simon, 321, 339 Petőfi, Sándor/Alexander, 201 Petrovič, Djordje. See Karageorge Petrovič Dynasty, 187 Phanariots, 243, 244 Philadelphia, 316 Philby, Kirn, 422, 428 Philip II (Habsburg), 215 Piast Dynasty, 113,115,164 Piłsudski, Józef/Joseph, 276, 328, 335, 336, 337, 339 Ploieşti, 245, 371. See World War II for 1943-44 airraids Plovdiv, 136 Plzeň, 365 Podgorica, 299 Poitiers, Battle of (732 CE), 70 Poland, 28, 44, 46, 89, 99,101,119, 123,136,149,151,152,153,158,
159,160, 171, 174,182, 192,198, 201, 229, 251, 255, 260, 267, 268, 284, 314, 320, 326, 331, 334, 406, 409, 424, 524, 525, 526, 527, 542, 547 Akcja Wisła (Operation Vistula, 1947), 395, 455 Armia Krajowa (AK), 357, 358, 361, 366, 389, 449, 454, 589 Blue Army (1917-19), 336 Communist collapse (1988-90), 468, 472,473,474 Communist era, 394, 395, 396, 410, 411, 414, 416, 418, 428, 431, 435, 438, 445, 448 Congress Poland (1815-31), 271 Coup of 1926, 339 Destruction (1939), 328, 355, 360, 362, 365, 367, 369, 379, 380, 392, 393, 449, 458 Duchy of Warsaw (1806-12), 271 Gdańsk Protests (1976), 452
Index Generał Gouvernement, 357 Govemment-in-exile, 357, 449,469 Kościuszko Squadron, 338 Lajkonik Festival, 121 May 3 Constitution, 196 Mongol invasion, 121,164 Origins, 37,113 Partitions (1772-95), 126,196, 212, 218, 271, 272, 313 PolandPolish Corridor. See Prussia Polanie, 113 Poles fighting abroad (WW II), 358, 363, 366,409 Polish Corridor. See Prussia Polish-German Reconciliation, 396 Polish language, 16, 21, 25, 99, 128,174, 201 Polish Legion (France), 271, 272 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 21, 40, 44,126, 135,163,167, 169, 183,187, 189, 191,197,199, 201, 204, 205, 206, 207, 217,218, 271, 272, 324, 327, 335 Polonization, 201 Poznań Uprising (1956), 450 Rebirth (1918-22), 335, 355 Sanacja/Interwar, 22, 287, 288, 296, 306, 317, 321, 325, 327, 328, 335, 360, 469 Saxon union, 196 Sejm, 196, 272, 339, 469 Solidarność/Solidarity Crisis (1980-81), 435, 453, 469, 524 Spring in October (1956), 415, 433, 434, 437, 450, 458 Uprising (1831), 259, 273, 589 Uprising (1863), 273 Uprising (1970), 452 Ziemie odzyskane/Recovered Territories, 395, 451 Polo, Marco, 134 Polovtsy. See Cumanians Poltava, Battle of (1709), 202, 210 Pomaks, 249 Pomerania, 99,106, 113,123, 164, 174,189, 218, 339, 357, 392, 428 Population Transfers, 21,123,140, 255, 273, 291, 351, 357, 359, 392 Baltic expulsions, 393 Beneš Decrees, 394 German expulsions, 173, 406 Poroshenko, Petro, 539 Port Arthur, 269,276 Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905), 270 Portugal, 52,142,146, 215, 265, 296, 410 Poznań, 357, 450 Pozsgay, Imre, 471 Prague, 102,114,157,176, 181, 258, 263, 316, 317, 318, 328, 364, 365, 389, 408, 437, 438, 439,
471, 474, 475, 519, 524, 528 1848 Pan-Slavist Congress, 256, 259 Charles University, 157 St. Vitus Cathedral, 157 Prehistoric Europe, 50 Přemyslid Dynasty, 101,156,157 Pribina, 100 Princip, Gavrilo, 239, 283, 297 Prizren, 137, 250 Prussia, 44,162,196, 212, 217, 253, 254, 258, 261, 265, 271, 275, 330, 366 Ducal Prussia, 165, 217 East Prussia, 286, 329, 339, 355, 541 Independence, 194 Ordensstaat, 158 Origins, 89,158 Polish Corridor, 339, 357 Prussian Union, 165 Rise of, 217 Royal Prussia, 165, 218 697
Index Prusso-Danish War (1864), 253 Prut River, 30, 79 Puccini, Giacomo, 231 Puebla, Battle of (1863), 262 Pułaski, Kazimierz/Casmir, 197 Pushkin, Alexander, 211 Puskás, Ferenc/Francis, 433 Putin, Vladimir, 464, 509, 526, 531, 535, 537, 538, 542, 543, 549, 552 Putnik, Radomir (General), 297 Racławice, Battle of (1794), 196 Radić, Stjepan, 300 Radio Free Europe (RFE), 439 Radomir, 303 Radu, Prince, 152 Ragusa, Republic of. See Dubrovnik Rajk, László, 432, 433, 437, 471 Rákóczy Dynasty, 184 Rákosi, Mátyás/Matthew, 431, 433 Rastislav, 100, 101 Reagan, Ronald (President), 461 Reilly, Sidney, 332 Rejewski, Marian, 357 Religion, 34-45 Art, 44 Bogomils, 43 Buddhism, 254 Calvinism, 40,155 Cathars, 44-45 Christianity, 37, 70, 78, 88, 98, 99, 100,101,102,107,109, 111, 113, 114, 115, 125, 154, 164,171,175, 205, 246, 250, 255, 277, 304, 309, 396, 423, 513 Crusades. See Crusades East-West rivalry, 37 Great Schism, 34, 41 Greek Catholics. See Religion - Uniates Hinduism, 254 Hussites, 38, 158, 178 Jesuits, 193, 200 Judaism, 45, 88,115,125, 260, 266, 268, 269, 275, 321, 358, 365,393 Lutheranism, 40,193, 326 Manichaeism, 43 Nicaea, Council of (325 CE), 40 Orthodox Christianity, 17, 34, 38, 40,102,107,139,152,171,199, 246, 248, 269, 289, 375, 504 Pagans, 36, 37, 43, 78, 99,110, 115,123 Papacy, 39, 98, 101,102, 110,154, 243, 251, 453 Protestant Reformation, 2, 39,158, 178,181,191, 219, 253 Református, 40, 155, 183, 476. See also Calvinism Religious wars, 34, 37, 44, 88,100, 101,114,115, 137,145, 147,148, 152,153,158, 171,175,181,183, 199, 204, 205 Roman Catholicism, 2, 38, 39,42, 102,121,
140,152,181, 191,197, 251, 253, 255, 275, 326, 340, 374, 375, 396, 453, 469 Uniates, 42,199, 243 Unitarian Universalist Church, 155 Zoarastrianism, 43 Renaissance, 154 Renaissance in Eastern Europe, 192 Renner, Dr. Karl (Austrian politician), 440 Revolutions of 1848, 228, 244, 256, 258 Rhine River, 253, 352 Rhineland, 355 Riga, 162, 163, 175, 188, 325, 328, 361 Riga, Treaty of (1921), 321, 325, 339 Rijeka Fiume, 23, 395, 419 River Kalka, Battle of (1223), 120 River Yaik, Battle of (1229), 120 698
Index Robert College, 304 Rodope Mountains, 249 Rokossovsky, Konstantin (General), 450 Roma, 221-23,242,365,370, 374,375 Porajmos, 223 Romani language, 221 Romance languages. See Languages Roman Civilization, 14,18, 40,41, 43, 53, 63, 67, 68, 71, 80, 82, 94, 98,138, 144,147, 252, 277 Collapse, 74, 85 Constantine I. See Constantinus I Dacia, 69, 85 Latin, 11,16, 29, 41, 79, 83,100, 102,109,142,153,154, 230 Pannónia, 69,101 Roman I, Prince, 171 Romance languages. See Languages Romania, 29, 63, 69, 86, 93, 118,151, 245, 249, 260, 261, 295, 304, 311, 312, 314, 334, 406, 424, 506, 508, 509, 542. See also Wallachia and Moldavia Alba Iulia Declaration (1918), 307 Braşov Uprising (1987), 430 Communist era, 172, 394, 414, 416, 418, 427, 434, 448, 474 Frontul Salvării Naţionale/ National Salvation Front, 477, 507 Independence, 234, 507 Interwar, 22, 330, 335, 360, 366 Revolution of 1989, 476 România Mare/Greater Romania, 305, 369 Romanian language, 25, 85, 86, 243, 509 Romanian Orthodox Church, 4, 42, 243 Romanians, ancient. See Vlachs Sistematizarea / Systematization, 429 Transnistria, 370, 509 Unification, 242 Roman I, Prince, 171 Romanov Dynasty, 206, 211, 315, 330 Romanticism, 228, 229, 230 Rome (City), 67, 70, 101, 157,171, 243, 252, 257, 272 Roosevelt, Theodore (President), 268,270 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 191 Różycki, Jerzy/George, 357 Rudolf I (Habsburg), Emperor, 156, 213 Rumi (Mullah), 46 Rum, Sultanate of, 59, 147 Rurik, 107 Rurikid Dynasty, 169,171 Russia, 20, 88, 89,107, 109, 148, 160, 186,188,194, 198, 199, 201, 234, 242, 254, 256, 258, 264, 271, 276, 287, 288, 308, 319,
324, 328, 378, 412, 426, 480, 506, 509, 525, 530, 536, 541, 542. See also Soviet Union Decembrist Revolt (1825), 267, 273, 458 Europeanization, 210 Muscovy, 135,163,168, 170, 191, 208 Napoleonic invasion (1812), 265, 271 Near Abroad, 481, 509, 531, 532, 541, 543 Novgorod, 159, 163, 167, 169, 208 Okhrana, 170, 267, 269 Oprichnina, 170, 267 Origins, 168 Provisional Government (1917), 320, 329, 331 Pugachev Rebellion (1773-74), 212 Reign of the Tsarinas, 211 Revolutionary unrest, 268 Revolution of 1905,270, 274 699
Index Revolution of 1917, 286, 307, 315, 316, 320, 324, 330, 337, 403 Russian-American Company, 208 Russian Empire, 126,135,193, 196,199, 202, 206, 218, 234, 235, 237, 247, 248, 256, 257, 259, 263, 264, 272, 274, 278, 284, 289, 292, 306, 320, 321, 327, 329, 334, 335, 448, 532 ' Russian Federation, 481, 547, 549, 550, 552, 553, 554 Russian language, 17, 60,102, 209, 543 Russian Orthodox Church, 200, 202 Russian Orthodox Old Believers, 209 Russian-American Company, 208 Russification, 60, 269, 323, 324, 327, 528 Time of Troubles, 169,192, 206 White Russians, 315, 321, 325, 327, 331, 395 Russo-German Reinsurance Treaty, 269 Russo-Japanese War (1904-05), 269, 270, 276, 383 Russo-Polish War (1920), 321, 323, 325, 328, 339 Russo-Turkish War (1877-78), 234, 239, 247, 249, 269 Ruthenia, 171, 197, 316, 323. See also Galicia Ruthenian language, 160 Ryazan, 120 Sachs, Jeffrey, 525, 547 Sajó River, 122 Salonika. See Thessaloniki Samo, 82 Sanader, Ivo, 500 Sandomierz, 121 San Francisco, 208 700 San Stefano, Treaty of (1878), 234, 247, 249 Sarai, 133,171 Sarajevo, 239, 270, 283, 284, 297 Saratoga, Battle of (1777), 197 Sarmatians, 92, 256 Sarmizegetusa, 85 Saule, Battle of (1236), 116,119, 160,161 Savannah, Battle of (1779), 197 Sava, Saint, 112 Saxony, 189, 265 Scandinavia, 30, 87, 104,163, 325, 326 Vikings, 72, 89, 104,106,116. See Kieven Rus - Varangians Schabowski, Günter, 472 Schindler, Oskar, 389 Schroeder, Gerhard, 370 Scotland, 67 Scythians, 92 Selim III, Sultan, 232, 236 Seljuq Empire, 59, 65,147 Serb-Croat War (1991-95), 493 Serbia, 38, 43, 69,136, 137, 139,141, 144,145,155,
204, 229, 238, 242, 244, 247, 248, 249, 251, 252, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 283, 298, 299, 302, 307, 308, 375, 377, 421, 494, 501 Black Hand. See Terrorism Chetniks, 372, 373 Coup (1903), 237, 239 Duklja, 112 Independence (1878), 234, 236 Mongol invasion, 122 Origins, 112 Pig War (1906-08), 240 Raška, 112 Revolt (1804), 233, 236 Revolt (1814), 233, 237, 243 Serbian Empire, 144,145, 147
Index Serbian language, 16,237 Serbian Orthodox Church, 112, 137, 299, 374 Serbian refugees, 195,298, 493 World War I. See World War I Zeta, 138. See also Montenegro Seton-Watson, Robert W. (Historian), 313 Sevastopol, 370 Siege of (1854-55), 267 Seven Years War (1756-63), 212, 217 Sèvres, Treaty of (1920), 289, 292 Shkodër, 478 Shukhevych, Roman, 455 Shushkevich, Stanislau, 528, 529 Siberia, 88, 254, 273, 274, 315, 334, 340, 360, 361, 393, 394, 431, 449 Exploration Settlement, 208 Trans-Siberian Railway, 315 Sicily, 62, 111, 251 Sigismund, Emperor King, 152, 153 Silesia, 89, 113, 121,122,156,174, 181, 217, 258, 337, 357, 392, 396 Silesian War (1740-42), 217 Silk Road, 71 Simeon I, Tsar, 103 Simeon II, Tsar, 379, 505 Simović, Dušan (General), 372 Six Day War (1967), 416 Skanderbeg. See Kastrioti, Gjergj Skaryna, Francis, 161 Skopje, 137 Skoropadsky, Pavel /Paul (Hetman), 320 Slánský, Rudolf, 437 Slavery, 85,106, 111, 186,193, 274 Slavonia, 111, 493, 495 Slavs, 72, 89, 99,100, 101, 102, 110, 119,123, 125, 139, 142,160, 162, 166,168,171,175,197, 238, 255, 382 Early states, 81 Karantanija, 82 Nitra (state), 100 Pan-Slavism. See Pan-Slavism Polabian Slavs, 99 Samo, 98 Slavic languages. See Languages Slavic Migrations, 80-83 Slovakia, 183, 256, 261, 311, 314, 316, 368, 474, 518, 519, 520, 523 First Republic (1939-44), 319, 363, 365, 366 Hlinková garda /Hlinka Guard, 365 Independence (1992), 474, 518 National Uprising (1944), 366 Origins, 317 Slovak language, 16, 317 Slovak National Uprising (1944), 366 Slovenská ľudová strana/Slovak Peoples Party, 317 Slovenia, 100, 252, 256,
298, 372, 376, 393, 421, 495, 499 Independence (1991), 493 Origins, 110 Slovenian language, 16 Smetana, Bedřich, 231 Smetona, Antanas, 328 Smith, John (Captain), 186 Smolensk, 160, 381 Smolensk War (1632-34), 192 Societatis draconistrarum, 153 Sofia, 136, 301, 333, 378, 379, 409, 475 Serdica, 102 St. Nedelya Cathedral, 304 Южен парк /Southern Park, 475 Solidarność/Solidarity. See Poland Solzhenitsyn, Alexandr, 334 Somosierra, Battle of (1808), 272 Sorbs, 99 Soviet Union, xx, 26, 28,128,175, 198, 285, 288, 305, 306, 308, 319, 701
Index 325, 328, 333, 335, 340, 351, 353, 355, 358, 360, 363, 369, 378, 389, 393, 394, 395, 403, 404, 410, 414, 418, 420, 421, 423, 424, 425, 429, 431, 432, 436, 438,445,448, 449, 450, 452, 456, 473, 475, 529, 553 Bolshevik Coup (1917), 329, 331 Bolshevik Russia (1917-22), 287, 289, 305, 321, 323, 325, 327, 330, 339 Brezhnev Doctrine, 412, 468, 492 Civil War (1918-22), 315, 321, 323, 331 Collapse (1989-91), 464, 467, 480, 547 Founding, 329 Glasnost, 448 Great Terror (1936-39), 278, 334, 382, 383, 432, 449 Gulags. See also Stalinism Gulag system, 382 Khrushchev's Secret 20th Congress Speech (1956), 450 New Economic Policy (NEP), 323, 331 Perestroika, 448 Soviet Bloc, 416, 420, 423, 429, 432, 435, 436, 444, 446, 451,453, 458,471,475, 478, 492 Sovietization, 408, 424, 427, 431, 432, 437, 445, 449 Spain, 44, 52, 62, 86,108,113,125, 144,146,160, 192, 208, 215, 254, 265, 272 American Silver Mines, 34 Civil War (1936-39), 340 Reconquista, 20, 70 SpainSpanish Armada (1588). See Britain Spanish Armada (1588). See Britain Spanish language, 10 Sputnik (satellite), 456 Srebrenica Massacre (1995), 493 Stalingrad, Battle of (1942-43), 354, 368, 384 Stalin, Iosif/Joseph, 25, 42, 175, 323, 328, 329, 333, 340, 358, 360, 368, 379, 380, 381, 383, 403,409,410, 411, 416, 419, 421, 422, 425, 427, 428, 432, 433, 435, 445, 449, 455, 456, 457, 458, 481 Stalinism, 26,128, 410, 425, 427, 429, 432, 437, 438, 451, 477, 481 Black Market, 454 Collectivization, 323, 329, 334, 425, 433, 445, 450 De-Stalinization, 422, 433, 435, 437,450, 458 Gulags/Slave colonies, 329, 334, 360, 418, 423,425, 428, 449 Post-
war purges, 409, 421, 423, 424, 425, 427, 432, 436, 437, 450, 458 Stamboliyski, Alexandr, 303 Stanileşti, Battle of (1711), 185 Stanisław, Saint, 114 State Definition of, 2 Historical development, 2 Stefan Uroš IV, King. See Dušan, Stefan (Tsar) Stefan Uroš V, King, 137 Ştefan/Stephen III cel Mare, Prince, 151 ՛ Štefánik, Milan, 316 Stephen I, King Saint (Hungary). See István / Stephen I Stephen II, Pope, 98 Stepinac, Alojzije (Cardinal), 374 Steppe, 11, 30, 50, 51, 53, 67, 68, 69, 79, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 108, 118.198 Steppe Warfare, 91, 92,108, 120.198 Stjepan II, King, 141 702
Index Stockholm, 163, 438 Stoker, Bram, 152,184 St. Petersburg, 175,188,196, 201, 212, 265, 274, 549 Amber Room, 384 Founding, 210 Leningrad, 361, 381, 382, 394 Petrograd, 320, 324, 329, 331, 333 Winter Palace, 270 Stresemann, Gustav, 287 Stuart Dynasty, 181,196 Štúr, Ľudovít, 317 Šubašié, Ivan, 418 Subedei, General, 120 Suceava, 151 Sudetenland, 174, 316, 319, 392 Sugihara, Chiune (Diplomat), 389 Suvorov, Viktor (Author), 429 Suvorov, Viktor (General), 196 Suzdal, 120 Svatopluk, 100,101, 108 Švejk, the Good Soldier, 296 Sven Tveskæg, King, 116 Svyatoslav I, Prince, 118 Sweden, 37, 40, 89,104, 123,162, 168,169,181, 191, 193,194, 196, 202, 206, 207, 210, 265, 361, 389, 438, 542 Loss of Finland, 265 Swedish Empire, 187, 188, 189 Swedish language, 51 Vasa, the (Ship), 188 Switzerland, 214, 272, 286, 331, 432 Syria, 62, 289, 364 Refugee Crisis (2014-2016), 499 Szálasi, Ferenc/Francis, 368 Szczecin, 175, 408 Stettin, 123, 163, 211 Széchenyi, István/Stephen (Count), 259 Szeged, 433 Székely, 4,185, 242 Szeklers. See Székely Tallinn, 162, 163, 324, 328, 360, 361 Reval, 162 Tannenberg, Battle of (1410). See Grunwald, Battle of (1410) Tannenberg, Battle of (1914), 166, 286 Tartars, 135,136,169, 186, 198, 212, 266, 267, 278, 284, 394 Origins, 134 Tartar language, 20 Tartu, 167, 360 Dorpat, 162 Tartu, Treaty of (1920), 325 Tatry, 172, 317, 521 Tbilisi, 536 Tchaikovsky, Piotr /Peter, 231 Ten Day War (1991), 493 Tereshkova, Valentina, 456 Terrorism, 228, 268, 283, 304, 339, 506, 512, 550, 551, 561 Crna Ruka /Black Hand, 239, 298 IMRO/VMRO, 248, 301, 304, 305 Iron Guard, 308, 369, 370
Ustaša, 301, 305, 373, 375, 376, 418 Teschen. See Cieszyn/ Těšín Tesla, Nikola, 263 Tetovo, 498 Teutonic Knights. See Crusades Thessaloniki, 80,100 Allied Camp (1915-18), 289, 298, 303 Ethnic composition, 248 Thirteen Years War (1454-66), 165 Thirty Years War (1618-48), 40,123, 158, 181,183, 188, 204, 216, 253, 257, 314 Thököly, Imre, 203 Thrace, 69, 85, 378, 379, 559 Thracians, ancient, 29 Tilsit, Treaty of (1807), 265, 271 Timişoara, 476 Timişoara, 507 Timofeyevich, Yermak, 208 703
Index Timur (Tamerlane), 134,147 Tirane, 309, 422,478 Tiso, Jozef/Joseph, 319, 365, 366 Tisza River, 259, 311 Tito. See Broz, Josip/Joseph "Tito" Tőkés, László (Priest), 476 Tokyo, 276 Tomislav I (of Trpimir), King, 111 Toqtamish Khan, 134 Transcarpatina, 316, 334, 363, 394 Transylvania, 3, 29,117,151,152, 153,155,174,185,186,191, 242, 244, 259,295, 307, 366, 369, 370, 429 Alba Iulia Declaration (1918). See Romania Independence, 182,184 TransylvaniaAlba Iulia Declaration (1918). See Romania Trebinje, 112 Trianon, Treaty of (1920), 313, 366, 431, 502 Trieste, 408, 419 Triune Kingdom. See Yugoslavia Trotsky, Lev/Leon, 333 Troy, 291 Trpimir Dynasty, 111 Truman, Harry (President), 408,422 Trumbić, Ante, 300 Trump, Donald, 542 Truso (ancient port), 89 Tsankov, Alexandur, 304 Tse-Tung, Mao, 333, 423, 434, 458 Tsushima Straits, Battle of (1905), 269 Tudjman, Franjo, 421, 493, 500 Tukhachevsky, Mikhail /Michael (General), 321, 383 Turkey, 59, 62, 63, 64, 69, 290, 291, 379, 408, 409, 427, 559 704 Founding of the Republic (191822), 290, 291 Pan-Turkism. See Pan-Turkism Republic, 236, 304, 425, 559, 560 Turkish language, 20, 25,559 Turkic Peoples, 84, 86, 93,108,118, 133,134, 394 Azeris, 331 Tusk, Donald, 526 Tvangste (Port), 156. See also Königsberg Tvrtko, King, 141 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 536 Tyrol, 253 Ugra River, Battle of (1480), 169 Ukraine, 20, 44, 63, 93,107,148,171, 205, 260, 267, 273, 274, 275, 286, 316, 322, 331, 334, 337, 339, 351, 361, 381, 455, 481, 509, 526, 528, 532, 536, 539, 553, 559 Austrian Ukraine. See Lviv (Lemberg) Czech/Hungarian Ukraine. See Transcarpathia,
Galicia Early independence (1918-21), 319 Galicia. See Galicia Great Famine (1932-33), 323, 334 Independence (1991), 534 Lithuanian Ukraine (1325-1569), 160,171,197 Maidan Revolution (2013-2014), 537 Orange Revolution (2004-2005), 536 Origins, 197 OUN/UPA, 395, 449, 454 Polish Ukraine (1569-1667), 193,198 Polish Ukraine (1667-1795), 196 Russian intervention (2014), 516, 538
Index Russian rule (1667-1918), 194,199, 202, 207, 210 UkraineCzech / Hungarian Ukraine. See Transcarpathia, Galicia UkraineGalicia. See Galicia Ukrainian Central Council (1917-18), 320 Ukrainianization, 534, 535 Ukrainian language, 17, 533, 537 Ukrainian Orthodox Church, 42,199 Ukrainian S.S.R., 322, 395, 481 Western Ukrainian Republic (1918-20), 321, 339 Ulbricht, Walter, 445, 446, 448 Ulmanis, Kārlis /Charles, 325, 326, 361 Ulrich von Jungingen, Grand Master, 165 Uluots, Jüri, 361 United Nations, 290, 446, 457,481,493 United States, xx, 14, 59,109,186, 208, 244, 245, 263, 268, 269, 285, 286, 287, 304, 306, 309, 312, 316, 331, 334, 337, 340, 354, 358, 365, 366, 369, 370, 371, 373, 376, 379, 395, 403,410, 415, 419, 420, 426, 432, 436, 445, 456, 457, 473, 535 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 411, 422 Civil War (1861-65), 233, 262 Fort Knox, 109 Native Americans, 49,181, 254 Revolution (1775-83), xvii, 196, 197, 338, 468 Truman Doctrine, 422 U.S. Constitution, 196 U.S. Dollars, 34, 453, 468 Voice of America (VOA), 410, 439 West Point, 197 Ural Mountains, 19, 88, 107, 352, 393 Üxküll. See Ikšķile Uzbeg, Khan, 134 Uzbeks Uzbek language, 20 Vācietis, Jakums, 325 Václav I (Přemyslid), King (13th c), 122 Vaclav I (Přemyslid), Prince (10th c.), 102 Vampires, 151, 216 Varna, 153 Vasa Dynasty, 187,191 Vavil, Archbishop Vladika, 139 Venice, 259 Venetian Republic (Empire), 138, 142,144, 145, 148, 149,181,186, 195, 204, 252 Ventspils Windau, 162,193 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 287, 288, 406 Article 231, 287 Paris Peace Conference (1919), 287, 296, 307, 316, 324 Versailles Treaty
System, 288, 289, 304, 305, 308, 312, 313, 314, 366, 369 Victor Emanuelle III, King, 309 Vidin, 136 Vienna, 28, 79,154, 184, 204, 205, 215, 217, 237, 243, 258, 259, 260, 277, 295, 297, 304, 372, 408, 441 Congress of (1815), 142, 228, 255, 258, 265, 271, 275, 283 Ottoman Siege of (1529), 148, 204 Ottoman Siege of (1683), 194,195, 204, 205 Vienna Awards (1939-40), 314, 319, 363, 365, 366, 368, 369, 378, 427 Vietnam War, 461 Vikings. See Scandinavia Vilnius, 161, 265, 266, 327, 360, 361, 528 705
Index Wilno, 23, 339 Visegrád Visegrad summits, 152,164 Vistula River, 89,113, 395 Vittorio Veneto, Battle of (1918). See Isonzo, Battles of (1918) Vlachs, 85, 242 Vlad II, Prince, 153 Vlad III "Ţepeş", Prince, 149, 152,153 Vladimir (state), 120 Vladimir I, Prince, 107 Vladimirescu, Tudor, 243 Vladivostok, 267, 269, 315, 331 Vlastimir, 112 Vlastimirović Dynasty, 112 Vlorë, 144 Vojvodina, 259, 298, 367, 372, 395 Voldemaras, Augustinas, 327, 328, 361 Volga Germans, 175 Volga River, 70, 72, 84,104,106,107, 119,133, 168, 315, 354, 383 Voltaire, 191, 203 Voronyezh, Battle of (1943), 368 Voroshilov, Kliment, 431 Vukovar, 495 Vyborg, 394 Vytautas, Grand Duke, 161,165,166 Vyx Note, 311 Wagner, Richard, 231 Wałęsa, Lech, 454, 469, 524 Wallachia, 86, 153, 172, 182,186, 229, 234, 245, 307 Origins, 149 Phanariot rule, 185, 243 Revolution of 1848,244 Russian protectorate, 243 Union with Moldavia (1861), 245 Wallenberg, Raoul, 389 Wandlitz, 448 War of the Holy League (1684-99), 184 706 Warsaw, 271, 273, 274, 337, 355, 358, 408, 411, 414, 451, 453, 528,533 Becomes capital, 192 Destruction (1944), 359, 589 'Miracle on the Vistula' (1920), 321, 339 Powązki Cemetery, 580 Warsaw Ghetto, 391 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943), 358, 390,451 Warsaw Uprising (1944), 358, 359, 589 Warsaw Pact, 411, 414, 422, 423, 429, 434, 435, 437, 438, 445, 451, 453, 471, 474 Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (1955). See Warsaw Pact Washington D.C., 404 Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 228, 253, 272 Wehlau, Treaty of (1657), 194, 217 Weizmann, Chaim, 127 Weser River, 81 Westphalia, Treaty of
(1648), 2,184 West, the, 50,195, 208, 210, 265, 288, 307, 311, 313, 320, 331, 335, 339, 340, 350, 354, 360, 363, 368, 369, 371, 376, 389, 404, 408, 411, 416, 418, 424, 427, 428, 429, 431, 432, 435,439, 452, 453, 455, 456, 457, 458, 460, 464, 467, 470, 476, 495 Decolonization, 410, 464 Eastern strategic issues, 234, 288, 296, 305, 319, 340, 394, 395, 406. See Congress of Berlin (1878), Versailles Treaty (1919), Cold War Origins, 94, 98
Index White Mountain, Battle of (1620). See Bilă hora, Battle of (1620) Wieliczka Salt Mines, 220 Wiener Neustadt, 122 Wilhelmshaven, 358 Wilhelm/William I (Hohenzollern), King Emperor, 254 Wilhelm /William II (Hohenzollern), Kaiser, 269, 286 Wilhelm /William of Wied, Prince, 251, 308 Wilson, Woodrow (President), 287, 296, 306, 309, 316, 337 Winter War (1939-40), 328, 360, 381, 383, 394 Wisła. See Vistula River Władysław 11 "Łokietek" (Piast), King, 164 Władysław III (of Varna), King, 153 Władysław IV (Vasa), King, 193 Wolf, Markus, 415 World War I, 58,123,142,166, 224, 229, 233, 242, 263, 269, 281, 282, 288, 296, 300, 306, 320, 322, 324, 385 Albania, 308 Armistice (1918), 286, 303, 304, 323, 327 Austria-Hungary, 284, 286, 293, 296, 297,298, 299, 315 Balkan Front, 286, 293, 298, 303, 307, 308, 311 Brusilov Offensive (1916), 286, 295, 307, 315, 329 Bulgaria, 289, 293, 297, 298, 302, 304, 378 Central Powers, 287, 295, 297, 302, 306, 307 Concentration camps, 322 Czechoslovak Legion, 315 Eastern Front, 286, 293, 311, 315, 316, 320, 323 Entente Powers, 286, 289, 291, 298, 302, 305, 306, 307, 311, 316, 331, 337, 366 Estonia, 324 Fourteen Points, 296, 337 Hungary, 310 Italian Front, 295, 311 July Crisis (1914), 283 Macedonia, 302, 303 Marne River, Battles of (1914, 1918), 286 Montenegro, 299 Origins, 239, 264, 270, 352 Ottoman Empire, 289, 291, 298 Paris Peace Conference (1919). See Versailles, Treaty of (1919) Poland, 335 Romania, 295, 306, 307, 369 Russia, 283, 284, 286, 293, 311, 316, 329, 331, 335 Schlieffen Plan, 284, 286 Serbia, 283, 284, 286, 293, 297, 299, 303, 308, 311
Somme River, Battle of (1917), 286 Ukraine, 320 Verdun, Battle of (1916), 286 Western Front, 286 Ypres, Battles of (1914,1915,1917, 1918), 286 World War II, xx, 21, 58,109,123, 166, 245, 269, 282, 301, 319, 340, 392, 405, 410, 451, 456, 477, 495, 586 Albania, 376, 378, 393 Allies, 345, 354, 357, 358, 359, 363, 365, 367, 368, 371, 372, 373, 376, 377, 379, 382, 383, 392, 394, 409, 424, 444, 446, 449, 473 Anti-Nazi Resistance, 354, 356, 357, 361, 363, 364, 365, 366, 372, 373, 382, 389, 411, 419, 421, 449 707
Index Axis Powers, 305, 345, 354, 368, 370, 372, 378, 392, 409, 431 Balkan Front, 353, 363, 371, 373, 376, 378, 379, 385, 418 Baltics, 360, 361, 382, 385, 389, 393 Belarus, 361, 382, 393 Bulgaria, 354, 369, 372, 373, 378, 390, 393, 424 Concentration camps, 357, 364, 375 Croatia, 373 Czechoslovak Free Air Force, 364 Czechoslovakia, 319, 350, 354, 355, 363, 365, 393, 436 Eastern Front, 354, 361, 364, 370, 379, 383 Enigma (Cipher), 357 Estonia, 350, 360, 361 Fatalities, 345, 346, 375, 381, 424 Gleiwitz Incident (1939), 355 Greek Campaign (1940), 353, 376, 378 Hungary, 354, 366, 369, 371, 372, 379, 385, 386, 389, 393 Italian Campaign (1943-45), 354, 358, 377, 379 Jabłonków Pass Incident (1939), 353 Jewish Anti-Nazi Resistance, 128, 358 Latvia, 361, 386 Lithuania, 361, 389 North African Campaign (194043), 354, 358, 363, 364 Operation Barbarossa, 345, 353, 360, 363, 365, 368, 370, 372, 377, 378, 381, 382, 383, 394, 458 Operation Market Garden (1944). See Arnhem, Battle of (1944), Origins, 352, 355 Ostland, 350, 361 Ploieşti Airraids (1943-44), 371 Poland, 350, 351, 353, 354, 355, 361, 363, 382, 385, 390, 391, 393, 469 Potsdam Conference, 424, 445, 446,457 Romania, 354, 364, 368, 369, 378, 379, 386, 393, 394 Serbia, 372, 374, 393 Slovakia, 353, 365 Soviet Union, 159, 333, 345, 352, 355, 360, 361, 364, 365, 366, 368, 370,371, 373, 378, 379, 393,405, 409, 418, 449, 456 Ukraine, 368, 370, 381, 383,386,393 Western Front, 353, 354, 360, 362, 364, 369, 372, 379, 380, 436 Yalta Conference, 424, 444, 446,457 Yugoslavia, 353, 367, 371, 372, 378, 393, 418, 419 World War III, 445 Wrangel,
Piotr /Peter (General), 331 Wrocław, 115,121 Breslau, 23 Vratislav, 101 Wycliŕfe, John, 39,157 Xiaopeng, Deng, 423 Yalu River, 457 Yanukovich, Viktor, 536, 537, 538 Yaroslav I "the Wise", Prince, 107 Yaroslavl, 120 Yekaterinburg, 315, 330 Yellow Sea, 457 Yeltsin, Boris, 480, 481, 529, 533, 547, 548, 550 Yezhov, Nikolai/Nicholas, 334 Yom Kippur War (1973), 461 Ypsilantis, Alexander, 243 Yugoslavia, 110, 296, 297, 304, 305, 313, 395, 406, 407, 425 AVNOJ, 372, 376, 377, 395, 418 Communist era, 299, 394, 418, 419, 422, 434, 436 708
Index Zeta. See Montenegro, Serbia Zheng He, Admiral, 72 Zhivkov, Todor, 425, 426, 427, 476 Zhivkov, Tudor, 505 Zhukov, Georgi /George (General), 383 Žižka, Jan/John, 38 Zog I, King, 309, 376, 511 Zogu, Ahmed. See Zog I Zogu, Leka (Crown Prince), 309 Zvonimir I, King, 111 Zygalski, Henryk/Henry, 357 Zygmunt /Sigismund II (Jagiellonian), King, 167,191 Zygmunt /Sigismund III (Vasa), King, 187,192 Creation, 299 Crisis oí 1948,420, 421, 425, 432, 458 Destruction (1941), 367, 372, 373, 374, 378 Implosion (1990s), 139, 263, 421, 501, 514, 549 Interwar, 305, 306, 340, 366 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, 298 Yugoslav Committee, 298, 300 Yushchenko, Viktor, 536 Zagreb, 102,298, 373, 375 Zakopane, 527 Žalgiris, Battle of (1410). See Grünwald, Battle of (1410) 709 |
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| author | Jankowski, Tomek |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1047272067 |
| author_facet | Jankowski, Tomek |
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| bvnumber | BV047954974 |
| contents | Section I. A few words about a word A note on pronunciation -- A word (or two) about time Languages Geography Religion -- Section II. Introduction: Prehistory Introduction: History Introduction: The Classical Age in the East, or, "Eastern Europe - the prequal -- Section III. Musical chairs, or, Place names in Eastern Europe Eastern Europe in numbers Mrs. Jankowska's homemade bigos |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1312852852 (DE-599)BVBBV047954974 |
| edition | 2nd edition |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV047954974 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:38:40Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:26:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780997316926 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033336268 |
| oclc_num | 1312852852 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xxx, 710 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Porträt |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220525 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publishDateSearch | 2021 |
| publishDateSort | 2021 |
| publisher | Academic Studies Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Jankowski, Tomek Verfasser (DE-588)1047272067 aut Eastern Europe! everything you need to know about the history (and more!) of a region that shaped our world and still does Tomek Jankowski 2nd edition [Brookline, Mass.] Academic Studies Press 2021 [Williamstown, Mass.] New Europe Books 2021 xxx, 710 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Porträt txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Section I. A few words about a word A note on pronunciation -- A word (or two) about time Languages Geography Religion -- Section II. Introduction: Prehistory Introduction: History Introduction: The Classical Age in the East, or, "Eastern Europe - the prequal -- Section III. Musical chairs, or, Place names in Eastern Europe Eastern Europe in numbers Mrs. Jankowska's homemade bigos Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Europe, Eastern / History Europe, Eastern / Civilization Europe de l'Est / Histoire Europe de l'Est / Civilisation Civilization Eastern Europe History Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033336268&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033336268&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033336268&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Jankowski, Tomek Eastern Europe! everything you need to know about the history (and more!) of a region that shaped our world and still does Section I. A few words about a word A note on pronunciation -- A word (or two) about time Languages Geography Religion -- Section II. Introduction: Prehistory Introduction: History Introduction: The Classical Age in the East, or, "Eastern Europe - the prequal -- Section III. Musical chairs, or, Place names in Eastern Europe Eastern Europe in numbers Mrs. Jankowska's homemade bigos |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075739-0 |
| title | Eastern Europe! everything you need to know about the history (and more!) of a region that shaped our world and still does |
| title_alt | Section I. A few words about a word A note on pronunciation -- A word (or two) about time Languages Geography Religion -- Section II. Introduction: Prehistory Introduction: History Introduction: The Classical Age in the East, or, "Eastern Europe - the prequal -- Section III. Musical chairs, or, Place names in Eastern Europe Eastern Europe in numbers Mrs. Jankowska's homemade bigos |
| title_auth | Eastern Europe! everything you need to know about the history (and more!) of a region that shaped our world and still does |
| title_exact_search | Eastern Europe! everything you need to know about the history (and more!) of a region that shaped our world and still does |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Eastern Europe! everything you need to know about the history (and more!) of a region that shaped our world and still does |
| title_full | Eastern Europe! everything you need to know about the history (and more!) of a region that shaped our world and still does Tomek Jankowski |
| title_fullStr | Eastern Europe! everything you need to know about the history (and more!) of a region that shaped our world and still does Tomek Jankowski |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eastern Europe! everything you need to know about the history (and more!) of a region that shaped our world and still does Tomek Jankowski |
| title_short | Eastern Europe! |
| title_sort | eastern europe everything you need to know about the history and more of a region that shaped our world and still does |
| title_sub | everything you need to know about the history (and more!) of a region that shaped our world and still does |
| topic_facet | Osteuropa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033336268&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033336268&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033336268&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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