Holdings: Kiranti-Kõits grammar, texts and lexicon

Kiranti-Kõits grammar, texts and lexicon:

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Rapacha, Lal-Shyãkarelu (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	München LINCOM GmbH 2022
Subjects:	Kiranti-Sprachen Sinotibetische Sprachen Sunwar-Sprache Grammatik Sinologie Sprachwissenschaft Tibetobirmanische Sprachen
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Physical Description:	460 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten
ISBN:	9783969390979

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adam_text	3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ I ABOUT THIS WORK ................................................................................................... II P A R T O N E: GENERAL INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL, ETHNO-LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL OUTLINE 1 .0 HISTORICAL NOTE ........................................................................................... 23-25 1.1 ETHNOLINGUISTIC OVERVIEW ON GOSSONYM AND ETHNONYM .............................. 26-29 1.1.1 ETYMOLOGICAL ACCOUNTS ON NOMENCLATURE ................................................. 29 1.1.1.1 A GENERAL SURVEY ON ETHNONYMS ............................................................. 29-31 1.1.1.2 THE EXO-GLOTONYM SUN(U)WAR ............................................................. 31 1.1.1.3 MEANING AS HYDRONYM ............................................................................ 31-32 1.1.1.4 SHADOWS OF MISCONCEIVED MEANINGS ..................................................... 32 1.1.1.5 ETHNIC IDENTITY LUMPED WITH MANGAR/GURUNG TRIBE ............................... 32-33 1.1.1.6 LINGUISTIC IDENTITY LUMPED WITH MANGAR AND GURUNG TRIBE ................. 33-34 1.1.1.7 MEANING AS LOW CASTE KSHETRIYA HINDU ............................................... 34 1.1.1.8 IDENTITY LUMPED WITH KINNAR .................................................................. 34 1.1.1.9 MEANING AS KSHETRIYA OR KHAS ............................................................... 34 1.1.1.10 MEANINGAS SURYAVAMSHI SOLARDYNASTY ............................................ 34-35 1.1.1.11 MEANING AS KIRAT DYNASTY .................................................................. 35 1.1.1.12 THE TERM MUKHIYA FOR SUN(U)WAR ................................................... 35 1.1.1.13 THE EQUIVALENT TERM MARPACHE .......................................................... 35 1.1.2 ETHNO-CLANONYMS AND THEIR R-G ORTHOGRAPHY ........................................... 36-40 1.1.3 ETHNO-CLANONYMS: A MORHPO-SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION .............................. 40-43 1.1.4 SUMMARY ................................................................................................... 43-44 1.2 A CORRECTIVE LOOK ON ETHNONYM ORTHOGRAPHY ............................................... 44-46 1.3 GENETIC AFFILIATION OR CLASSIFICATION .............................................................. 46-52 1.4 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS ................................... 52 1.5 PREVIOUS LITERATURE ........................................................................................ 52 1.5 .0 A GENERAL NOTE ....................................................................................... 52-53 1.5.1 VOCABULARY COLLECTION ............................................................................... 53-54 1.5.2 PHONOLOGICAL AND GRAMMATICAL SKETCHES ................................................... 54-55 1.5.3 ANTHROPO-LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL DESCRIPTIONS ........................................... 55 1.5.4 COMPARATIVE STUDIES .................................................................................. 55-56 1.5 . 5 PEDAGOGICAL MATERIALS .......................................................................... 56-58 1.6 LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY AND MULTIPLICITY ............................................................ 58-60 1.7 CULTURAL NOTE ................................................................................................. 60 1.7.1 RELIGIOUS BELIEF SYSTEM AND PRACTICES ....................................................... 61-65 1.7.2 BIRTH, MARRIAGE AND DEATH RITUAL ................................................................ 65-66 1.7.3 MATRIMONIAL AND LINEAGE SYSTEM ............................................................... 66-68 1.7.4 FESTIVALS .................................................................................................... 68-69 4 1.7.5 RITUAL DANCE AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS ....................................................... 69-71 1.7.6 COSTUMES AND ORNAMENTS .......................................................................... 71-73 1.7.7 FOOD HABITS .................................................................................................. 73-74 1.7.8 FOLK ART ...................................................................................................... 74-75 1.7.9 TRIBAL FLOWER AND TOTEM ............................................................................ 76 1.8 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................... 76-77 1.9 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 77 1.9.1 SOURCE OF DATA ........................................................................................... 77 1.9.1.1 PRIMARY SOURCES ..................................................................................... 77 1.9.1.2 SECONDARY SOURCES ................................................................................. 78 1.9.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY ............................................................................. 78 1.9.3 SAMPLE POPULATION OF THE STUDY ................................................................ 78 1.9.4 SAMPLING PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 78 1.9.5 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION .......................................................................... 78 1.9.6 PROCESS OF DATA COLLECTION ........................................................................ 78-79 1.10 ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK ........................................................................... 79 P A R T T W O: PHONOLOGY PHONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND WRITING SYSTEM 2.0 PHONOLOGY .................................................................................................... 80 2.1 A PRELIMINARY OUTLINE ................................................................................... 80 2.1.1 SEGMENTAL PHONEMIC INVENTOR ................................................................... 80-81 2.1.1.1 VOWEL PHONEMES .................................................................................... 81 2.1.1.1.1 CLASSIFICATION/DISTRIBUTION OF VOWELS ................................................. 81-83 2.1.1.1.2 VOWEL CLUSTERS ..................................................................................... 83-86 2.1.1.1.3 NASALITY CONTRAST/NASAL ASSIMILATION ................................................... 87-88 2.1.1.1.4 MINIMAL/NEAR-MINIMAL PAIRS ............................................................... 88-89 2.1.1.1.5 DELETION OF FINAL VOWELS ...................................................................... 89 2.1.1.2 CONSONANT PHONEMES ............................................................................. 89-90 2.1.1.2.1 CLASSIFICATION/DISTRIBUTION OF CONSONANTS ........................................... 90 2.1.1.2.1.1 BILABIAL STOPS .................................................................................... 91 2.1.1.2.1.2 DENTAL STOPS ...................................................................................... 91-92 2.1.1.2.1.3 ALVEOLAR STOPS .................................................................................. 92-93 2.1.1.2.1.4 RETROFLEX STOPS ................................................................................. 93 2.1.1.2.1.5 VELAR STOPS ....................................................................................... 93-94 2.1.1.2.1.6 GLOTTAL STOP ...................................................................................... 94-95 2.1.1.2.1.7 DENTAL FRICATIVE ................................................................................. 95 2.1.1.2.1.8 PALATAL FRICATIVE ................................................................................ 95 2.1.1.2.1.9 GLOTTAL FRICATIVE ................................................................................ 95-96 2.1.1.2.1.10 VELAR NASAL ..................................................................................... 96 2.1.1.2.1.11 ALVEOLAR NASAL ................................................................................ 96 2.1.1.2.1.12 BILABIAL NASAL .................................................................................. 96-97 2.1.1.2.1.13 ALVEOLAR LIQUIDS .............................................................................. 97 5 2.1.1.2.1.14 PALATAL GLIDE .................................................................................... 97 2.1.1.2.1.15 BILABIAL GLIDE .................................................................................. 98 2.1.1.3 ASPIRATION CONTRAST ................................................................................. 98 2.1.1.4 FREE VARIATION ......................................................................................... 98-99 2.1.1.5 BREATHY VOICED AS IDEOLECTAL VARIATION .................................................. 99 2.1.1.6 ALLOPHONIC VARIATION AND SOUND CHANGE ................................................. 99 2.1.1.6.1 DARK // ................................................................................................ 100 2.1.1.6.2 EPENTHESIS ............................................................................................ 100 2.1.1.7 CONSONANT AND SYLLABLE DROP .................................................................. 100 2.2 PHONOTACTICS ................................................................................................. 100 2.2.1 CONSONANT CLUSTERS .................................................................................... 101 2.2.1.1 INITIAL CC CLUSTERS ................................................................................... 101-102 2.2.1.2 MEDIAL -CC CLUSTERS ................................................................................ 102-103 2.2.1.2.1 VOICELESS STOP + CONSONANT/GLIDE ........................................................ 103-104 2.2.1.2.2 VOICED + CONSONANT/TRILL ....................................................................... 104-105 2.2.1.2.3 NASAL + CONSONANT/TRILL ........................................................................ 105 2.2.1.2.4 CONTINUANT + CONSONANT ...................................................................... 105-106 2.2.1.3 FINAL -CC CLUSTERS .................................................................................... 106 2.2.1.3.1 NASAL + CONSONANT ............................................................................... 106-107 2.2.1.3.2 VOICELESS + CONSONANT ........................................................................ 107 2.2.1.3.3 CONTINUANT + CONSONANT ...................................................................... 107 2.2.1.4 GEMINATES .............................................................................................. 108-110 2.2.1.5 INVERSE GEMINATES PLUS OTHER PROCESSES ................................................. 110 2.3.1.2 SYLLABIC STRUCTURES .................................................................................. 110-111 2.3.1.2.1 MONOSYLLABIC STRUCTURE ........................................................................ 111-112 2.3.1.2.2 DISYLLABIC STRUCTURE ............................................................................. 112 2.3.1.2.3 TRISYLLABIC STRUCTURE ............................................................................ 113 2.3.1.2.4 TETRASYLLABLE STRUCTURE ......................................................................... 113-114 2.3.1.2.5 SYLLABLE INITIALS .................................................................................... 114 2.3.1.2.6 SYLLABLE FINALS ....................................................................................... 114-115 2.3.1.2.7 SYLLABLE NUCLEI ..................................................................................... 115 2.4 SUPRA-SEGMENTAL FEATURE ............................................................................... 115 2.4.1 TONE .......................................................................................................... 115-118 2.5 THE WRITING SYSTEM OR GRAPHOLOGY ............................................................... 118 2.5.1 A BRIEF SURVEY ........................................................................................... 119 2.5.2 ORIGIN OF THE KIRANTI-KOITS SCRIPT .............................................................. 120-121 2.5.3 JETICHA SCRIPT AND ORTHOGRAPHY .................................................................. 121-122 2.5.4 A COMPARISON OF SCRIPTS ............................................................................ 122-123 2.6 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 123 PART THREE: MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND WORD-FORMATION 3 .0 MORPHOLOGY .............................................................................................. 124 6 3.1 INFLECTION, DERIVATION, REDUPLICATION AND COMPOUNDING ............................... 124 3.1.2 NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY ................................................................................ 124 3.1.2.1 NOUN ........................................................................................................ 124-125 3.1.2.2 SEMANTIC GENDER ...................................................................................... 125-127 3.1.2.3 NUMBER AND PERSON ................................................................................ 127-128 3.1.2.4 PRONOUNS ................................................................................................. 129 3.1.2.4.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS ............................................................................... 130 3.1.2.4.2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ............................................................................. 130-131 3.1.2.4.3 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ............................................................................ 131 3.1.2.4.5 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS ..................................................................... 131-132 3.1.2.4.5.1 PROXIMATE PRONOUNS ......................................................................... 132 3.1.2.4.5.2 REMOTE PRONOUNS .............................................................................. 132 3.1.2.4.5.3 ELEVATIONAL PRONOUNS ....................................................................... 132 3.1.2.4.6 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN .......................................................................... 132-133 3.1.2.4.7 INDEFINITE PRONOUN ............................................................................... 133 3.1.2.4.7.1 POSITIVE INDEFINITE ............................................................................ 133 3.1.2.4.7.2 NEGATIVE INDEFINITE ........................................................................... 133-134 3.1.2.4.8 RELATIVE PRONOUN .................................................................................. 134 3.1.2.5 CASE ......................................................................................................... 134 3.1.2.5.1 CASE MARKERS ........................................................................................ 134-135 3.1.2.5.1.1 AGENT-ERGATIVE CASE -MI~M .......................................................... 135-137 3.1.2.5.1.2 ABLATIVE CASE -LA ........................................................................... 137-138 3.1.2.5.1.3 DATIVE CASE -KSH~KAL .................................................................... 138 3.1.2.5.1.4 COMITATIVE CASE ................................................................................ 138-139 3.1.2.5.1.5 ALLATIVE CASE -GE ........................................................................... 140 3.1.2.5.1.6 GENITIVE CASE -A~ -KE~ -NGA ......................................................... 140-142 3.1.2.5.2 A COMPARATIVE LOOK ............................................................................. 143 3.1.2.5.3 SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 143-144 3.1.2.5.4 CASE COLLOCATION ................................................................................... 144 3.1.2.6 POSTPOSITIONS ........................................................................................... 144 3.1.2.6.1 POSTPOSITION WITHOUT ......................................................................... 144-145 3.1.2.6.2 ASSOCIATIVE POSTPOSITION -NU ........................................................... 145 3.1.2.6.3 POSTPOSITION -HD!TI ........................................................................... 145 3.1.2.6.4 POSTPOSITION NOLE~MER(E) .................................................................. 145-146 3.1.2.6.5 POSTPOSITION DATS .............................................................................. 146 3.1.2.6.6 POSTPOSITION DFFLR(I)~GETHIR(I) ......................................................... 146 3.1.2.6.7 POSTPOSITIONS OF SIDE ............................................................................ 147 3.1.2.6.8 POSTPOSITIONS OF LEVEL .......................................................................... 147 3.1.2.6.9 POSTPOSITION -GD ................................................................................ 147-148 3.1.2.6.10 POSTPOSITION -TSI ............................................................................. 148 3.1.2.6.11 POSTPOSITION NS?THD ........................................................................ 148 3.1.2.6.12 POSTPOSITION -GE ............................................................................. 148 3.1.2.6.13 POSTPOSITION -SAM ........................................................................... 148 3.1.2.6.14 POSTPOSITION -NU, KDTHA KDTH ........................................................ 148-149 3.1.2.7.15 POSTPOSITION ^ULI ........................................................................... 149 7 3.1.2.6.16 POSTPOSITION -KEIJA ........................................................................ 149 3.1.2.6.17 POSTPOSITION -KSLI .......................................................................... 149 3.1.2.7 DISCOURSE MARKERS .................................................................................. 149 3.1.2.7.1 THE MARKER YO ................................................................................ 149-150 3.1.2.7.2 THE MARKER -N ................................................................................. 150 3.1.2.7.3 THE MARKER LA ................................................................................... 150-151 3.1.2.7.4 THE THEME/TOPIC MARKER DA .............................................................. 151-152 3.1.2.7.5 THE CONTRASTIVE TOPIC MARKER -CAN .................................................. 152 3.1.3 ADJECTIVALS AND ADVERBIALS ......................................................................... 152-153 3.1.3.1 ADJECTIVES .............................................................................................. 153 3.1.3.1.1 DERIVATIONAL ADJECTIVES ......................................................................... 153-154 3.1.3.1.2 DERIVATIONAL ADJECTIVE INTENSIFIERS ...................................................... 154 3.1.3.1.3 LEXICAL ADJECTIVES ................................................................................ 155 3.1.3.1.4 ADJECTIVES OF SHAPE OR SIZE ................................................................. 155 3.1.3.1.5 COLOUR ADJECTIVES ................................................................................. 155-156 3.1.3.1.6 TASTE ADJECTIVES ................................................................................... 156 3.1.3.2 ADVERBS ................................................................................................... 156-157 3.1.3.2.1 TEMPORAL ............................................................................................ 157 3.1.3.2.1.1 GENERIC ADVERBS OF TIME .................................................................... 157-158 3.1.3.2.1.2 SPECIFIC ADVERBS OF TIME ................................................................... 158 3.1.3.2.1.3 SPATIAL .............................................................................................. 158 3.1.3.2.1.4 LOCATIONAL ........................................................................................ 158-159 3.1.3.2.1.5 ADVERBS OFMANNER ............................................................................ 159-160 3.1.3.2.1.6 QUANTITY AND QUANTIFIERS ................................................................... 160 3.1.4 NUMERALS AND CLASSIFIERS ........................................................................... 160 3.1.4.1 BASIC CARDINAL NUMERALS ......................................................................... 160-161 3.1.4.1.1 COMPOUND CARDINAL NUMERALS .............................................................. 161-162 3.1.4.1.2 ORDINALS ............................................................................................... 162-163 3.1.4.1.2.1 ORDINALS DISTRIBUTIVE NUMERALS ........................................................ 163 3.1.4.1.3 FREQUENCY NUMERALS ............................................................................ 163 3.1.4.1.4 APPROXIMATE NUMERALS ......................................................................... 163-164 3.1.4.1.5 FRACTIONAL NUMERALS ............................................................................. 164 3.1.5 MEASUREMENTS ........................................................................................... 164 3.1.5.1 MEASUREMENT OF MONEY ......................................................................... 164 3.1.6 DIVISION OF TIME ........................................................................................ 164-165 3.1.6.1 DAYS IN A WEEK ....................................................................................... 165 3.1.6.2 MONTHS ................................................................................................... 165 3.1.6.3 SEASONS ................................................................................................... 165-166 3.2 VERB MORPHOLOGY ......................................................................................... 166 3.2.1 ROOTS ......................................................................................................... 166-167 3.2.1.1 OPEN ROOT VERBS ...................................................................................... 167 3.2.1.2 CLOSED ROOT VERBS ................................................................................... 167-169 3.2.2 -T/-TA ENDING CLASS OF VERBS ................................................................... 169 3.2.2.1 -TI ENDING CLASS OF VERBS ...................................................................... 169 3.2.2.2 -TA.P CLASS OF VERBS .............................................................................. 170 8 3.2.3 DEICTIC VERBS .............................................................................................. 170-171 3.2.4 COPULA VERBS .............................................................................................. 171-172 3.2.5 SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS ................................................................ 172 3.2.5.1 STATE VERBS ............................................................................................... 172 3.2.5.2 PROCESS VERBS ........................................................................................... 173 3.2.5.3 ACTION VERBS ............................................................................................ 173 3.2.5.4 ACTION PROCESS VERBS ............................................................................... 173 3.2.5.5 STATE EXPERIENCER VERBS ........................................................................... 174 3.2.5.6 PROCESS EXPERIENCER VERBS ....................................................................... 174 3.2.5.7 ACTION EXPERIENCER VERBS ........................................................................ 174 3.2.5.8 ACTION PROCESS EXPERIENCER VERBS .......................................................... 174-175 3.2.5.9 STATE BENEFACTIVE VERBS ........................................................................... 175 3.2.5.10 PROCESS BENEFACTIVE VERBS .................................................................... 175 3.2.5.11 ACTION BENEFACTIVE VERBS ...................................................................... 175 3.2.5.12 ACTION PROCESS BENEFACTIVE VERBS ......................................................... 176 3.2.5.13 STATE LOCATIVE VERBS ............................................................................... 176 3.2.5.14 PROCESS LOCATIVE VERBS .......................................................................... 176 3.2.5.15 ACTION LOCATIVE VERBS ........................................................................... 176-177 3.2.5.16 ACTION PROCESS LOCATIVE VERBS .............................................................. 177 3.2.6 TRANSITIVITY ................................................................................................. 177-180 3.2.7 VERB PARADIGMS .......................................................................................... 180-181 3.2.8 VERB FORMS ................................................................................................. 181-182 3.2.9 TENSE-ASPECT-MOOD .................................................................................... 182 3.2.9.1 TENSE ....................................................................................................... 182-183 3.2.9.2 ASPECT ..................................................................................................... 183 3.2.9.2.1 PERFECTIVE ............................................................................................. 183 3.2.9.2.2 IMPERFECTIVE ......................................................................................... 183-184 3.2.9.2.3 HABITUAL ................................................................................................ 184 3.2.9.2.4 PROGRESSIVE/DURATIVE ............................................................................. 184 3.2.9.3 MOOD ....................................................................................................... 184 3.2.9.3.1 IMPERATIVE ............................................................................................ 185 3.2.9.3.2 INDICATIVE .............................................................................................. 185 3.2.9.3.3 OPTATIVE ................................................................................................ 185-186 3.2.9.3.4 HORTATIVE .............................................................................................. 186 3.2.9.3.5 PROBABILITY/DUBITATIVE .......................................................................... 186 3.2.9.3.6 ENTREATIVE ............................................................................................. 186-187 3.2.9.3.7 POTENTIALITY /CAP-CA/ ............................................................................. 187 3.2.9.3.8 DESIDERATIVE /MALNURJ/ ......................................................................... 187 3.2.9.3.9 OBLIGATORY/NECESSITATIVE /MALBO/ ......................................................... 187 3.3 VOICE ............................................................................................................. 187-188 3.4 CAUSATIVE STRUCTURE ....................................................................................... 188 3.5 RECIPROCAL ..................................................................................................... 188-189 3.6 NEGATIVE PREFIX .............................................................................................. 189 3.6.1 DOUBLE NEGATIVE PREFIXES .......................................................................... 189-190 3.6.2 NEGATION IN EMPHATIC DENIAL ..................................................................... 190 9 3.7 CONDITIONAL STRUCTURE .................................................................................... 190 3.8 NOMINAL AND VERBAL COMPOUNDING ................................................................ 190-191 3.9 DISCOURSE PARTICLES ....................................................................................... 191-192 3.9.1 MIRATIVE /NS / ............................................................................................. 192 3.9.2 DOUBT /KO/ .................................................................................................. 192 3.9.3 EMPHATIC /KAKA/ ......................................................................................... 192 3.9.4 METHOD /CO/ ............................................................................................... 192 3.9.5 RATHER ........................................................................................................ 192-193 3.9.6 CERTAINTY /SYA/............................................................................................ 193 3.9.7 CHOICE /CAN/ ............................................................................................... 193 3.9.8 ALTERNATIVE /DE/ .......................................................................................... 194 3.9.9 CONFIRMING QUESTION /GA/........................................................................... 194 3.9.10 SPECIAL EMPHASIS /-I, -N/ ........................................................................ 194 3.9.11 DECLARATIVE /IO/ ........................................................................................ 194-195 3.10 SUMMARY .................................................................................................... 195 PARTFOUR: SYNTAX SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE AND SOCIO-PRAGMATIC TERMS 4 .0 SYNTAX ........................................................................................................ 196 4.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW ON T-B SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY ............................................... 196-197 4.2 PHRASES ........................................................................................................... 197 4.2.1 NOUN PHRASE ................................................................................................ 197-200 4.2.2 VERB PHRASE ................................................................................................ 200-201 4.2.3 ADJECTIVE PHRASE ......................................................................................... 202 4.2.4 ADVERB PHRASE ............................................................................................ 203-204 4.3 SENTENCE ........................................................................................................ 204-205 4.3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES ......................................................................... 205 4.3.1.1 SIMPLE SENTENCES ..................................................................................... 205 4.3.1.1.1 BASIC WORD ORDER .................................................................................. 205-206 4.3.1.1.2 INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES ......................................................................... 206-208 4.3.1.1.3 COPULA SENTENCES .................................................................................. 208-209 4.3.1.1.4 ERGATIVITY .............................................................................................. 209 4.3.1.1.4.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................................... 209-212 4.3.1.1.4.2 THE PATIENT ........................................................................................ 212-213 4.3.1.1.4.3 INANIMATE VS. ANIMATE PATIENTS .......................................................... 213 4.3.1.1.4.4 -MI AND THE TENSE/ASPECT SYSTEM ................................................... 214 4.3.1.1.4.5 -MI AND THE PERFECTIVE ................................................................... 214-215 4.3.1.1.4.6 SUMMARY ON ERGATIVITY ...................................................................... 216 4.3.1.1.5 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ................................................................ 216-217 4.3.1.1.6 NOMINALIZED SENTENCES ......................................................................... 217 4.3.1.2 COMPLEX SENTENCES .................................................................................. 218 4.3.1.2.1 NON-FINITE CLAUSES ................................................................................ 218 4.3.1.2.1.1 INFINITIVE CLAUSES ............................................................................... 218-219 10 4.3.1.2.1.2 PURPOSIVE CLAUSES ............................................................................. 219 4.3.1.2.2 CONVERB CLAUSES .................................................................................. 219-220 4.3.1.2.2.1 NEGATIVE CONVERB ............................................................................. 220-221 4.3.1.2.3 PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES ................................................................................. 221 4.3.1.2.4 FINITE CLAUSES ........................................................................................ 221-222 4.3.1.2.4.1 NOMINALIZED CLAUSES ........................................................................ 222 4.3.1.2.4.1.1 ADNOMINAL/RELATIVE CLAUSES .......................................................... 222 4.3.1.2.4.1.2 TEMPORAL CLAUSES .......................................................................... 222-223 4.3.1.2.4.1.3 COMPLEMENT CLAUSES ..................................................................... 223 4.3.1.2.4.1.4 SEQUENCE CLAUSES ........................................................................... 223-224 4.3.1.2.4.1.5 ADVERBAL/MANNER/-PA CLAUSES ....................................................... 224-225 4.3.1.2.4.1.6 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES ....................................................................... 225 4.3.1.2.4.1.7 CONCESSIVE CLAUSES ........................................................................ 225 4.3.1.2.4.1.8 QUOTE CLAUSES ................................................................................. 226 4.3.1.2.2.1.9 REASON CLAUSES/CAUSAL LINKING ...................................................... 226 4.3.1.2.2.1.10 CORRELATIVE CLAUSES ...................................................................... 226 4.3.1.2.3 COORDINATION ........................................................................................ 227-228 4.3.1.3 ANAPHORA .................................................................................................. 228 4.3.1.4 GAPPING/ELIPSIS ....................................................................................... 228-229 4.3.2 OTHER MINOR SENTENCES ............................................................................... 229 4.3.2.1 VERBLESS SENTENCES .................................................................................. 229 4.3.2.2 EXCLAMATORY/DECLARATIVE SENTENCES ......................................................... 229-232 4.3.2.3 VOCATIVE SENTENCES .................................................................................. 232 4.3.2.4 OBLIGATORY SENTENCES ............................................................................... 232 4.3.2.5 PROHIBITIVE SENTENCES .............................................................................. 232 4.3.2.6 DOUBLE OBJECT SENTENCES .......................................................................... 232-233 4.3.3 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ......................................................................... 233 4.4 SOCIO-PRAGMATIC TERMS .................................................................................. 233 4.4.1 KINSHIP TERMS .............................................................................................. 233-234 4.4.2 NON-AFFINAL .................................................................................................. 234-235 4.4.3 AFFINAL KINSMEN ......................................................................................... 235-236 4.4.4 FORMS OF ADDRESS ........................................................................................ 236-237 4.4.5 POLITENESS STRATEGIES ................................................................................... 237-238 4.4.6 SUMMARY ..................................................................................................... 238-239 PART FIV E: CONCLUSIONS RESEARCH FINDINGS AND WAYS OF LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE 5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ..................................................................................... 240-245 5.2 WAYS OF LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE .................................................................. 245-249 11 PART SIX : TEXTS 6. NARRATIVE TEXTS ............................................................................................... 250 6.1 KIRANTI-KOITS NU BAVYUNG YAVSITS ................................................................ 250-275 KIRANTI-KOITS AND BAVYUNG MIGRATION 6.2 SIDA PIDAR ...................................................................................................... 276-282 THE WORSHIP OF SIDA 6.3 MATATSIB KPEKHEPHU ................................................................................. 283-295 THE INVISIBLE HOLY FLOWER 6.4 BINICHA SALAPHAINS HOPO ........................................................................... 296-300 THE ATROCIOUS KING BINICHA 6.5 KOITS TO: BLOIPATSK JAGE .............................................................................. 301-306 WAYS OF SAVING THE KOITS LANGUAGE PART SEVEN: LEXICON 7. LEXICON .......................................................................................................... 307 LEXICON IN KBITS-NEPALI-ENGLISH ...................................................................... 307-431 APPENDIX A: GRIERSON S SUN(U)WAR MATERIALS ................................................. 432-439 APPENDIX B: SIKKIM GAZETTES ............................................................................... 440-441 APPENDIX C: INDIGENOUS SCRIPT OF KIRANTI-KOITS .................................................. 442 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 443-460 Table of Contents Acknowledgements............................................................................................ і About this work.................................................................................................. ii PART ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION Historical, ethno-linguistic and cultural outline 1 .0 Historical note......................................................................................... 23-25 1.1 Ethnolinguistic overview on gossonym and ethnonym.............................. 26-29 1.1.1 Etymological accounts on nomenclature..................................................29 1.1.1.1 A general survey on ethnonyms............................................................ 29-31 1.1.1.2 The Exo-glotonym ‘Sun(u)war’.............................................................31 1.1.1.3 Meaning as hydronym............................................................................ 31 -32 1.1.1.4 Shadows of misconceived meanings.................................................... 32 1.1.1.5 Ethnic identity lumped with Mangar/Gurung tribe............................... 32-33 1.1.1.6 Linguistic identity lumped with Mangar and Gurung tribe................. 33-34 1.1.1.7 Meaning as low caste’ Kshetriya Hindu.............................................. 34 1.1.1.8 Identity lumped with Kinnar..................................................................34 1.1.1.9 Meaning as Kshetriya or Khas...............................................................34 1.1.1.10 Meaning as Suryavamshi ‘solar dynasty’........................................... 34-35 1.1.1.11 Meaning as ‘Kirat dynasty’..................................................................35 1.1.1.12 The term ‘Mukhiya’ for ‘Sun(u)war’.................................................. 35 1.1.1.13 The equivalent term ‘Marpache ......................................................... 35 1.1.2 Ethno-clanonyms and their R-G orthography.......................................... 36-40 1.1.3 Ethno-clanonyms: A morhpo-semantic interpretation............................. 40-43 1.1.4 Summary...................................................................................................43-44 1.2 A corrective look on ethnonym orthography.............................................. 44-46 1.3 Genetic affiliation or classification............................................................. 46-52 1.4 Geographical distribution and demographic details....................................52 1.5 Previous literature....................................................................................... 52 1.5 .0 A general note..................................................................................... 52-53 1.5.1 Vocabulary collection.............................................................................. 53-54 1.5.2 Phonological and grammatical sketches.................................................. 54-55 1.5.3 Anthropo-linguistic and cultural descriptions.......................................... 55 1.5.4 Comparative studies................................................................................. 55-56 1.5. 5 Pedagogical materials............................................................................. 56-58 1.6 Linguistic diversity and multiplicity........................................................... 58-60 1.7 Cultural note................................................................................................ 60 1.7.1 Religious belief system and practices...................................................... 61 -65 1.7.2 Birth, marriage and death ritual............................................................... 65-66 1.7.3 Matrimonial and lineage system.............................................................. 66-68 1.7.4 Festivals................................................................................................... 68-69 1.7.5 Ritual dance and musical instruments....................................................... 69-71 1.7.6 Costumes and ornaments...........................................................................71-73 1.7.7 Food habits................................................................................................. 73-74 1.7.8 Folk Art...................................................................................................... 74-75 1.7.9 Tribal flower and totem............................................................................ 76 1.8 Goals and objectives.....................................................................................76-77 1.9 Methodology................................................................................................. 77 1.9.1 Source of Data........................................................................................... 77 1.9.1.1 Primary Sources..................................................................................... 77 1.9.1.2 Secondary Sources................................................................................. 78 1.9.2 Population of the Study............................................................................. 78 1.9.3 Sample Population of the Study................................................................ 78 1.9.4 Sampling Procedure................................................................................. 78 1.9.5 Tools for Data Collection.......................................................................... 78 1.9.6 Process of Data Collection........................................................................78-79 1.10 Organization of the book...........................................................................79 PART TWO: PHONOLOGY Phonological structure and writing system 2.0 Phonology.....................................................................................................80 2.1 A preliminary outline................................................................................... 80 2.1.1 Segmental phonemic inventor................................................................... 80-81 2.1.1.1 Vowel phonemes.................................................................................... 81 2.1.1.1.1 Classification/distribution of vowels.................................................. 81 -83 2.1.1.1.2 Vowel clusters.......................................................................................83-86 2.1.1.1.3 Nasality contrast/nasal assimilation..................................................... 87-88 2.1.1.1.4 Minimal/near-minimal pairs................................................................ 88-89 2.1.1.1.5 Deletion of final vowels...................................................................... 89 2.1.1.2 Consonant phonemes............................................................................. 89-90 2.1.1.2.1 Classification/distribution of consonants............................................ 90 2.1.1.2.1.1 Bilabial stops.................................................................................... 91 2.1.1.2.1.2 Dental stops...................................................................................... 91-92 2.1.1.2.1.3 Alveolar stops.................................................................................. 92-93 2.1.1.2.1.4 Retroflex Stops................................................................................. 93 2.1.1.2.1.5 Velar stops....................................................................................... 93-94 2.1.1.2.1.6 Glottal Stop...................................................................................... 94-95 2.I.1.2.1.7 Dental fricative................................................................................. 95 2.1.1.2.1.8 Palatal fricative................................................................................ 95 2.1.1.2.1.9 Glottal fricative................................................................................ 95-96 2.1.1.2.1.10 Velar nasal..................................................................................... 96 2.1.1.2.1.11 Alveolar nasal................................................................................ 96 2.1.1.2.1.12 Bilabial nasal.................................................................................. 96-97 2.1.1.2.1.13 Alveolar liquids..............................................................................97 2.1.1.2.1.14 Palatal glide.........................................................................................97 2.1.1.2.1.15 Bilabial glide.......................................................................................98 2.1.1.3 Aspiration contrast......................................................................................98 2.1.1.4 Frec variation.............................................................................................. 98-99 2.1.1.5 Breathy voiced as ideolectal variation..................................................... 99 2.1.1.6 Allophonic variation and sound change................................................... 99 2.1.1.6.1 Dark/!/......................................................................................................100 2.1.1.6.2 Epenthesis................................................................................................. 100 2.1.1.7 Consonant and syllable drop..................................................................... i 00 2.2 Phonotactics.......................................................................................................100 2.2.1 Consonantclusters......................................................................................... 101 2.2.1.1 Initial cc- clusters........................................................................................ 101-102 2.2.1.2 Medial -cc- clusters.................................................................................... 102-103 2.2,1.2.1 Voiceless stop + consonant/glide............................................................ 103-104 2.2.1.2.2 Voiced + consonant/trill.......................................................................... 104-105 2.2.1.2.3 Nasal + consonant/trill............................................................................ 105 2.2.1.2.4 Continuant + consonant............................................................................105-106 2.2.1.3 Final-cc clusters......................................................................................... 106 2.2.1.3.1 Nasal + consonant....................................................................................106-107 2.2.1.3.2 Voiceless + consonant............................................................................ 107 2.2.1.3.3 Continuant + consonant.......................................................................... 107 2.2.1.4 Geminates....................................................................................................108-110 2.2.1.5 Inverse geminates plus other processes....................................................HO 2.3.1.2 Syllabic structures.......................................................................................110-111 2.3.1.2.1 Monosyllabic structure..............................................................................111-112 2.3.1.2.2 Disyllabic structure.................................................................................. 112 2.3.1.2.3 Trisyllabic structure.................................................................................113 2.3.1.2.4 Tetrasyllable structure............................................................................. 113-114 2.3.1.2.5 Syllable initials......................................................................................... 114 2.3.1.2.6 Syllable finals........................................................................................... 114-115 2.3.1.2.7 Syllable nuclei.......................................................................................... 115 2.4 Supra-segmental feature.................................................................................... 115 2.4.1 Tone.................................................................................................................115-118 2.5 The writing system or graphology...................................................................118 2.5.1 A brief survey................................................................................................ 119 2.5.2 Origin of the Kiranti-Kõits script................................................................. 120-121 2.5.3 Jeticha script and orthography......................................................................121-122 2.5.4 A comparison of scripts................................................................................ 122-123 2.6 Summary............................................................................................................ 123 PART THREE: MORPHOLOGY Morphological structure and word-formation 3.0 Morphology......................................................................................................... 124 6 3.1 Inflection, derivation, reduplication and compounding............................... 124 3.1.2 Nominal morphology..................................................................................124 3.1.2.1 Noun......................................................................................................... 124-125 3.1.2.2 Semantic gender....................................................................................... 125-127 3.1.2.3 Number and person................................................................................. 127-128 3.1.2.4 Pronouns.................................................................................................. 129 3.1.2.4.1 Personal pronouns................................................................................ 130 3.1.2.4.2 Reflexive pronouns.............................................................................. 130-131 3.1.2.4.3 Possessive pronouns............................................................................. 131 3.1.2.4.5 Demonstrative pronouns...................................................................... 131-132 3.1.2.4.5.1 Proximate pronouns.......................................................................... 132 3.1.2.4.5.2 Remote pronouns.............................................................................. 132 3.1.2.4.5.3 Elevational pronouns........................................................................132 3.1.2.4.6 Interrogative pronoun........................................................................... 132-133 3.1.2.4.7 Indefinite pronoun................................................................................ 133 3.1.2.4.7.1 Positive indefinite............................................................................. 133 3.1.2.4.7.2 Negative indefinite............................................................................ 133-134 3.1.2.4.8 Relative pronoun.................................................................................. 134 3.1.2.5 Case.......................................................................................................... 134 3.1.2.5.1 Case markers........................................................................................ 134-135 3.1.2.5.1.1 Agent-ergative case -nii-m .......................................................... 135-137 3.1.2.5.1.2 Ablative case -la ............................................................................ 137-138 3.1.2.5.1.3 Dative case -кдһ~кэ1 ..................................................................... 138 3.1.2.5.1.4 Comitative case -m/ ....................................................................... 138-139 3.1.2.5.1.5 Allativecase -ge ............................................................................ 140 3.1.2.5.1.6 Genitive case -A~ -ke֊- -ngA ..........................................................140-142 3.1.2.5.2 A comparative look.............................................................................. 143 3.1.2.5.3 Summary.............................................................................................. 143-144 3.1.2.5.4 Case collocation................................................................................... 144 3.1.2.6 Postpositions........................................................................................... f44 3.1.2.6.1 Postposition ‘without’.......................................................................... 144-145 3.1.2.6.2 Associative postposition -m/ ........................................................... 145 3.1.2.6.3 Postposition -hõiti ............................................................................ 145 3.1.2.6.4 Postposition nolo֊mcr(s) .................................................................... 145-146 3.1.2.6.5 Postposition dāte .............................................................................. ·46 3.1.2.6.6 Postposition āļār(i)֊gcth-ird) ......................................................... 146 3.1.2.6.7 Postpositions of side........................................................................... 147 3.1.2.6.8 Postpositions of level.......................................................................... 147 3.1.2.6.9 Postposition -gā ............................................................................... 147-148 3.1.2.6.10 Postposition -rsi ............................................................................ 48 3.1.2.6.11 Postposition m?thā ....................................................................... 148 3.1.2.6.12 Postposition -ge ............................................................................ 14$ 3.1.2.6.13 Postposition ....................................................................................... 48 3.1.2.6.14 Postposition -nu, kāthā kāth ........................................................148-149 3.1.2.7.15 Postposition duli ........................................................................... 149 7 3.1.2.6.16 Postposition -kcņā ........................................................................... 149 3.1.2.6.17 Postposition -кэИ ..............................................................................149 3.1.2.7 Discourse markers...................................................................................... 149 3.1.2.7.1 The marker yo .................................................................................... 149-150 3.1.2.7.2 The marker -n ................................................................................... 150 3.1.2.7.3 The marker lā .................................................................................... 150-151 3.1.2.7.4 The theme/topic marker Љ ................................................................ 151-152 3.1.2.7.5 The contrastive topic marker ֊сәп .................................................... 152 3.1.3 Adjectivals and adverbials........................................................................... 152-153 3.1.3.1 Adjectives................................................................................................... 153 3.1.3.1.1 Derivational adjectives............................................................................. 153-154 3.1.3.1.2 Derivational adjective intensifiers........................................................ 154 3.1.3.1.3 Lexical adjectives.................................................................................... 155 3.1.3.1.4 Adjectives of shape or size.................................................................... 155 3.1.3.1.5 Colour adjectives.................................................................................... 155-156 3.1.3.1.6 Taste adjectives....................................................................................... 156 3.1.3.2 Adverbs....................................................................................................... 156-157 3.1.3.2.1 Temporal................................................................................................. 157 3.1.3.2.1.1 Generic adverbs of time...................................................................... 157-158 3.1.3.2.1.2 Specific adverbs of time...................................................................... 158 3.1.3.2.1.3 Spatial................................................................................................... 158 3.1.3.2.1.4 Locational............................................................................................. 158-159 3.1.3.2.1.5 Adverbs of manner............................................................................... 159-160 3.1.3.2.1.6 Quantity and quantifiers...................................................................... 160 3.1.4 Numerals and classifiers.... 160 3.1.4.1 Basic cardinal numerals............................................................................. 160-161 3.1.4.1.1 Compound cardinal numerals................................................................ 161-162 3.1.4.1.2 Ordinals.................................................................................................... 162-163 3.1.4.1.2.1 Ordinals Distributive numerals........................................................... 163 3.1.4.1.3 Frequency numerals.... 163 3.1.4.1.4 Approximate numerals........................................................................... 163-164 3.1.4.1.5 Fractional numerals................................................................................. 164 3.1.5 Measurements............................................................................................... 164 3.1.5.1 Measurement of money............................................................................. 164 3.1.6 Division of time............................................................................................ 164-165 3.1.6.1 Days in a week........................................................................................... 165 3.1.6.2 Months........................................................................................................ 165 3.1.6.3 Seasons........................................................................................................ 165-166 3.2 Verb morphology............................................................................................. 166 3.2.1 Roots...............................................................................................................166-167 3.2.1.1 Open root verbs.......................................................................................... 167 3.2.1.2 Closed root verbs....................................................................................... 167-169 3.2.2 -ti/-tā ending class of verbs...................................................................... 169 3.2.2.1 -ti ending class of verbs......................................................................... 169 3.2.2.2 -ta.r) class of verbs..................................................................................170 8 3.2.3 Deictic verbs.............................................................................................. 170-171 3.2.4 Copula verbs................................................................................................ 171-172 3.2.5 Semantic classification of verbs.................................................................172 3.2.5.1 State verbs............................................................................................... 172 3.2.5.2 Process verbs........................................................................................... 173 3.2.5.3 Action verbs............................................................................................ 173 3.2.5.4 Action process verbs............................................................................... 173 3.2.5.5 State experiencer verbs........................................................................... 174 3.2.5.6 Process experiencer verbs....................................................................... 174 3.2.5.7 Action experiencer verbs........................................................................ 174 3.2.5.8 Action process experiencer verbs.......................................................... 174-175 3.2.5.9 State benefactive verbs........................................................................... 175 3.2.5.10 Process benefactive verbs.....................................................................175 3.2.5.11 Action benefactive verbs.......................................................................175 3.2.5.12 Action process benefactive verbs......................................................... 176 3.2.5.13 State locative verbs.............................................................................. 176 3.2.5.14 Process locative verbs.......................................................................... 176 3.2.5.15 Action locative verbs........................................................................... 176-177 3.2.5.16 Action process locative verbs.............................................................. 177 3.2.6 Transitivity................................................................................................. 177-180 3.2.7 Verb paradigms..........................................................................................180-181 3.2.8 Verb forms................................................................................................. 181-182 3.2.9 Tense-aspect-mood................................................................................... 182 3.2.9.1 Tense.......................................................................................................182-183 3.2.9.2 Aspect.................................................................................................... 183 3.2.9.2.1 Perfective............................................................................................. 183 3.2.9.2.2 Imperfcctive......................................................................................... 183-184 3.2.9.2.3 Habitual................................................................................................ 184 3.2.9.2.4 Progrcssive/durative............................................................................. 184 3.2.9.3 Mood...................................................................................................... 184 3.2.9.3.1 Imperative............................................................................................ 185 3.2.9.3.2 Indicative.............................................................................................. 185 3.2.9.3.3 Optative................................................................................................ 185-186 3.2.9.3.4 Hortative.............................................................................................. 186 3.2.9.3.5 Probability/dubitative.......................................................................... 186 3.2.9.3.6 Entreative.............................................................................................186-187 3.2.9.3.7 Potentiality /cãp-cã/............................................................................. 187 3.2.9.3.8 Desiderative /mainui]/......................................................................... 187 3.2.9.3.9 Obligatory/necessitate /malbo/.........................................................187 3.3 Voice............................................................................................................. 187-188 3.4 Causative structure........................................................................................ 188 3.5 Reciprocal..................................................................................................... 188-189 3.6 Negative prefix.............................................................................................. 189 3.6.1 Double negative prefixes............................................................................ 189-190 3.6.2 Negation in emphatic denial..................................................................... 190 9 3.7 Conditional structure......................................................................................... 190 3.8 Nominal and verbal compounding...................................................................190-19! 3.9 Discourse Particles............................................................................................ 191-192 3.9.1 Mirative /ηε /...................................................................................................192 3.9.2 Doubt /kö/........................................................................................................ 192 3.9.3 Emphatic /кәка/.............................................................................................. 192 3.9.4 Method /со/..................................................................................................... 192 3.9.5 Rather /da/.......................................................................................................192-193 3.9.6 Certainty /šyā/................................................................................................. 193 3.9.7 Choice /сап/.................................................................................................... 193 3.9.8 Alternative /de/............................................................................................... 194 3.9.9 Confirming question /ņā/............................................................................... 194 3.9.10 Special emphasis/-i,-n/.............................................................................. 194 3.9.11 Declarative/Іо/............................................................................................. 194-195 3.10 Summary.......................................................................................................... 195 PART FOUR: SYNTAX Syntactic structure and socio-pragmatic terms 4.0 Syntax................................................................................................................ 196 4.1 General overview on T-В syntactic typology................................................ 196-197 4.2 Phrases............................................................................................................... 197 4.2.1 Noun phrase................................................................................................... 197-200 4.2.2 Verb phrase.................................................................................................... 200-201 4.2.3 Adjective phrase............................................................................................. 202 4.2.4 Adverb phrase................................................................................................. 203-204 4.3 Sentence............................................................................................................. 204-205 4.3.1 Classification of sentences............................................................................ 205 4.3.1.1 Simple sentences.. 205 4.3.1.1.1 Basic word order 205-206 4.3.1.1.2 Interrogative sentences............................................................................ 206-208 4.3.1.1.3 Copula sentences...................................................................................... 208-209 4.3.1.1.4 Ergativity................................................................................................... 209 4.3.1.1.4.1 Conceptual framework......................................................................... 209-212 4.3.1.1.4.2 The patient............................................................................................ 2 ! 2-213 4.3.1.1.4.3 Inanimate vs. animate patients............................................................ 213 4.3.1.1.4.4 ֊mi and the tensc/aspcct system..................................................... 214 4.3.1.1.4.5 -mi and the perfective...................................................................... 214-215 4.3.1.1.4.6 Summary on ergativity......................................................................... 216 4.3.1.1.5 Comparative and superlative...................................................................216-217 4.3.1.1.6 Nominalized sentences............................................................................ 217 4.3.1.2 Complex sentences......................................................................................218 4.3.1.2.1 Non-finite clauses................................................................................... 218 4.3.1.2.1.1 Infinitive clauses.................................................................................. 218-219 10 4.3Л.2.1. 2 Purposive clauses........................................................................219 4.3.1.2.2 Converb clauses................................................................................... 219-220 4.3.1.2.2.1 Negative converb..............................................................................220-221 4.3.1.2.3 Participial clauses.................................................................................221 4.3.1.2.4 Finite clauses........................................................................................ 221-222 4.3.1.2.4.1 Nominalized clauses........................................................................ 222 4.3.1.2.4.1.1 Adnominal/Rclativc clauses.......................................................... 222 4.3.1.2.4.1.2 Temporal clauses............................................................................222-223 4.3.1.2.4.1.3 Complement clauses..................................................................... 223 4.3.1.2.4.1.4 Sequence clauses.............................................................................223-224 4.3.1.2.4.1.5 Adverbal/Manner/-pā clauses........................................................ 224-225 4.3.1.2.4.1.6 Conditional clauses....................................................................... 225 4.3.1.2.4.1.7 Concessive clauses......................................................................... 225 4.3.1.2.4.1.8 Quote clauses................................................................................ 226 4.3.1.2.2.1.9 Reason clauses/Causal linking...................................................... 226 4.3.1.2.2.1.10 Correlative clauses...................................................................... 226 4.3.1.2.3 Coordination........................................................................................227-228 4.3.1.3 Anaphora.................................................................................................. 228 4.3.1.4 Gapping/Elipsis........................................................................................ 228-229 4.3.2 Other minor sentences............................................................................... 229 4.3.2.1 Verbless sentences.................................................................................. 229 4.3.2.2 Exclamatory/declarative sentences......................................................... 229-232 4.3.2.3 Vocative sentences.................................................................................. 232 4.3.2.4 Obligatory sentences............................................................................... 232 4.3.2.5 Prohibitive sentences.............................................................................. 232 4.3.2.6 Double object sentences.......................................................................... 232-233 4.3.3 Direct and indirect speech......................................................................... 233 4.4 Socio-pragmatic terms.................................................................................233 4.4.1 Kinship terms.............................................................................................. 233-234 4.4.2 Non-affinal..................................................................................................234-235 4.4.3 Affinal kinsmen..........................................................................................235-236 4.4.4 Forms of address.........................................................................................236-237 4.4.5 Politeness strategies................................................................................... 237-238 4.4.6 Summary..................................................................................................... 238-239 P A R T F 1V E: CONCLUSIONS Research findings and ways of language maintenance 5.1 Summary of findings..................................................................................... 240-245 5.2 Ways of Language maintenance................................................................... 245-249 11 PART S I X: TEXTS 6. Narrative Texts.................................................................................................... 250 6.1 Kiranti-Koits nu Bā?yung Yā?sits................................................................... 250-275 ‘Kiranti-KÕits and Bā?yung Migration’ 6.2 Sidā Pidār........................................................................................................... 276-282 ‘The worship of Sida’ 6.3 MaiAīsib Kl]ekhephu..........................................................................................283-295 ‘The invisible holy flower’ 6.4 Binicha SalAphAiNs Hopo.............................................................................. 296-300 ‘The atrocious King Binicha’ 6.5 Kbits Го: bloipotsk tÃgc................................................................................. 301-306 ‘Ways of saving the Kbits language PART SEVEN: LEXICON 7. Lexicon................................................................................................................ 307 Lexicon in Kbits-Nepali-English.......................................................................... 307-431 Appendix A: Grierson’s Sun(u)wār materials.................................................... 432-439 Appendix B: Sikkim Gazettes................................................................................... 440-441 Appendix C: Indigenous Script of Kiranti-Koits .................................................... 442 References................................................................................................................ 443-460 12 List of Diagrams Diagram 2.1 : The syllable structure in Kiranti-Koits.................................................. 112 Diagram 3.2: Human biological/natural gender in Kiranti-Koits................................. 126 Diagram 3.3: Non-human biological/natural gender in Kiranti-Koits........................... 127 Diagram 4.4: An NP in Kiranti-Koits........................................ 199 Diagram 4.5: A VP in Kiranti-Kõits............................................................................. 201 Diagram 4.6: Kiranti-Koits.......................................................................................... 203 Diagram 4.7: An ADVPH in Kiranti-Koits.................................................................. 205 List of Figures Figure 1 : Affiliation of Kiranti-Koits in the Sino-Tibetan family (cf. Map 4) Sino-Tibetan................................................................................13 Figure 2: The Kiranti/Rai languages of Walio ‘near’, Majh ‘Middle and Pallo ‘far’ Kirat, east Nepal.................................................. 28 Figure 3: Glover’s classification and the place of Sunwar.......................................... 49 Figure 4: Glover’s Classification and the place of Rai Stock 50 Figure 5: Glover’s classification of the Rai Stock and the place of Sun(u)war........... 50 List of Tables Table 1.1: The number of Nepal’s languages..............................................................58 Table 1.2: The number of Nepal s indigenous languages and their speakers, 2001............................................................ 58 Table 2.3: Oral/nasal vowel phonemes........................................................................ 81 Table 2.4: Vowel clusters and their distribution..........................................................83 Table 2.5: Consonant phonemes................................................................................... 90 Table 2.6: Initial two consonant clusters.................................................................... 101 Table 2.7: Medial two consonant clusters..................................................................... 103 Table 2.8: Final two consonant clusters........................................................................ 106 Table 2.9: Jêticha script specimen with transliteration: a modified and reformed version from Rapacha (2001/2)........................ 121 Table 2.10: Schulze’s (1995: 2,1997: 2) Devanagari chart of consonants for Kiranti-Kõits orthography...........................122 Table 3.11: Person/number in Kiranti-Kõits................................................................. 128 Table 3.12: Case markers in Kiranti-Kõits................................................................... 142 Tabic 3.13: Case marking suffixes in Sunwar (Kõits) from Borchers (1998: 5).......... 142 Table 3.14: The conjugation of the copula па- (DeLancey 1992: 31)......................... 171 Table 3.15: The case frame matrix............................................................................... 172
adam_txt	3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . I ABOUT THIS WORK . II P A R T O N E: GENERAL INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL, ETHNO-LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL OUTLINE 1 .0 HISTORICAL NOTE . 23-25 1.1 ETHNOLINGUISTIC OVERVIEW ON GOSSONYM AND ETHNONYM . 26-29 1.1.1 ETYMOLOGICAL ACCOUNTS ON NOMENCLATURE . 29 1.1.1.1 A GENERAL SURVEY ON ETHNONYMS . 29-31 1.1.1.2 THE EXO-GLOTONYM ' SUN(U)WAR ' . 31 1.1.1.3 MEANING AS HYDRONYM . 31-32 1.1.1.4 SHADOWS OF MISCONCEIVED MEANINGS . 32 1.1.1.5 ETHNIC IDENTITY LUMPED WITH MANGAR/GURUNG TRIBE . 32-33 1.1.1.6 LINGUISTIC IDENTITY LUMPED WITH MANGAR AND GURUNG TRIBE . 33-34 1.1.1.7 MEANING AS ' LOW CASTE ' KSHETRIYA HINDU . 34 1.1.1.8 IDENTITY LUMPED WITH KINNAR . 34 1.1.1.9 MEANING AS KSHETRIYA OR KHAS . 34 1.1.1.10 MEANINGAS SURYAVAMSHI ' SOLARDYNASTY ' . 34-35 1.1.1.11 MEANING AS ' KIRAT DYNASTY ' . 35 1.1.1.12 THE TERM ' MUKHIYA ' FOR ' SUN(U)WAR ' . 35 1.1.1.13 THE EQUIVALENT TERM ' MARPACHE ' . 35 1.1.2 ETHNO-CLANONYMS AND THEIR R-G ORTHOGRAPHY . 36-40 1.1.3 ETHNO-CLANONYMS: A MORHPO-SEMANTIC INTERPRETATION . 40-43 1.1.4 SUMMARY . 43-44 1.2 A CORRECTIVE LOOK ON ETHNONYM ORTHOGRAPHY . 44-46 1.3 GENETIC AFFILIATION OR CLASSIFICATION . 46-52 1.4 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS . 52 1.5 PREVIOUS LITERATURE . 52 1.5 .0 A GENERAL NOTE . 52-53 1.5.1 VOCABULARY COLLECTION . 53-54 1.5.2 PHONOLOGICAL AND GRAMMATICAL SKETCHES . 54-55 1.5.3 ANTHROPO-LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL DESCRIPTIONS . 55 1.5.4 COMPARATIVE STUDIES . 55-56 1.5 . 5 PEDAGOGICAL MATERIALS . 56-58 1.6 LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY AND MULTIPLICITY . 58-60 1.7 CULTURAL NOTE . 60 1.7.1 RELIGIOUS BELIEF SYSTEM AND PRACTICES . 61-65 1.7.2 BIRTH, MARRIAGE AND DEATH RITUAL . 65-66 1.7.3 MATRIMONIAL AND LINEAGE SYSTEM . 66-68 1.7.4 FESTIVALS . 68-69 4 1.7.5 RITUAL DANCE AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS . 69-71 1.7.6 COSTUMES AND ORNAMENTS . 71-73 1.7.7 FOOD HABITS . 73-74 1.7.8 FOLK ART . 74-75 1.7.9 TRIBAL FLOWER AND TOTEM . 76 1.8 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES . 76-77 1.9 METHODOLOGY . 77 1.9.1 SOURCE OF DATA . 77 1.9.1.1 PRIMARY SOURCES . 77 1.9.1.2 SECONDARY SOURCES . 78 1.9.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY . 78 1.9.3 SAMPLE POPULATION OF THE STUDY . 78 1.9.4 SAMPLING PROCEDURE . 78 1.9.5 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION . 78 1.9.6 PROCESS OF DATA COLLECTION . 78-79 1.10 ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK . 79 P A R T T W O: PHONOLOGY PHONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND WRITING SYSTEM 2.0 PHONOLOGY . 80 2.1 A PRELIMINARY OUTLINE . 80 2.1.1 SEGMENTAL PHONEMIC INVENTOR . 80-81 2.1.1.1 VOWEL PHONEMES . 81 2.1.1.1.1 CLASSIFICATION/DISTRIBUTION OF VOWELS . 81-83 2.1.1.1.2 VOWEL CLUSTERS . 83-86 2.1.1.1.3 NASALITY CONTRAST/NASAL ASSIMILATION . 87-88 2.1.1.1.4 MINIMAL/NEAR-MINIMAL PAIRS . 88-89 2.1.1.1.5 DELETION OF FINAL VOWELS . 89 2.1.1.2 CONSONANT PHONEMES . 89-90 2.1.1.2.1 CLASSIFICATION/DISTRIBUTION OF CONSONANTS . 90 2.1.1.2.1.1 BILABIAL STOPS . 91 2.1.1.2.1.2 DENTAL STOPS . 91-92 2.1.1.2.1.3 ALVEOLAR STOPS . 92-93 2.1.1.2.1.4 RETROFLEX STOPS . 93 2.1.1.2.1.5 VELAR STOPS . 93-94 2.1.1.2.1.6 GLOTTAL STOP . 94-95 2.1.1.2.1.7 DENTAL FRICATIVE . 95 2.1.1.2.1.8 PALATAL FRICATIVE . 95 2.1.1.2.1.9 GLOTTAL FRICATIVE . 95-96 2.1.1.2.1.10 VELAR NASAL . 96 2.1.1.2.1.11 ALVEOLAR NASAL . 96 2.1.1.2.1.12 BILABIAL NASAL . 96-97 2.1.1.2.1.13 ALVEOLAR LIQUIDS . 97 5 2.1.1.2.1.14 PALATAL GLIDE . 97 2.1.1.2.1.15 BILABIAL GLIDE . 98 2.1.1.3 ASPIRATION CONTRAST . 98 2.1.1.4 FREE VARIATION . 98-99 2.1.1.5 BREATHY VOICED AS IDEOLECTAL VARIATION . 99 2.1.1.6 ALLOPHONIC VARIATION AND SOUND CHANGE . 99 2.1.1.6.1 DARK // . 100 2.1.1.6.2 EPENTHESIS . 100 2.1.1.7 CONSONANT AND SYLLABLE DROP . 100 2.2 PHONOTACTICS . 100 2.2.1 CONSONANT CLUSTERS . 101 2.2.1.1 INITIAL CC CLUSTERS . 101-102 2.2.1.2 MEDIAL -CC CLUSTERS . 102-103 2.2.1.2.1 VOICELESS STOP + CONSONANT/GLIDE . 103-104 2.2.1.2.2 VOICED + CONSONANT/TRILL . 104-105 2.2.1.2.3 NASAL + CONSONANT/TRILL . 105 2.2.1.2.4 CONTINUANT + CONSONANT . 105-106 2.2.1.3 FINAL -CC CLUSTERS . 106 2.2.1.3.1 NASAL + CONSONANT . 106-107 2.2.1.3.2 VOICELESS + CONSONANT . 107 2.2.1.3.3 CONTINUANT + CONSONANT . 107 2.2.1.4 GEMINATES . 108-110 2.2.1.5 INVERSE GEMINATES PLUS OTHER PROCESSES . 110 2.3.1.2 SYLLABIC STRUCTURES . 110-111 2.3.1.2.1 MONOSYLLABIC STRUCTURE . 111-112 2.3.1.2.2 DISYLLABIC STRUCTURE . 112 2.3.1.2.3 TRISYLLABIC STRUCTURE . 113 2.3.1.2.4 TETRASYLLABLE STRUCTURE . 113-114 2.3.1.2.5 SYLLABLE INITIALS . 114 2.3.1.2.6 SYLLABLE FINALS . 114-115 2.3.1.2.7 SYLLABLE NUCLEI . 115 2.4 SUPRA-SEGMENTAL FEATURE . 115 2.4.1 TONE . 115-118 2.5 THE WRITING SYSTEM OR GRAPHOLOGY . 118 2.5.1 A BRIEF SURVEY . 119 2.5.2 ORIGIN OF THE KIRANTI-KOITS SCRIPT . 120-121 2.5.3 JETICHA SCRIPT AND ORTHOGRAPHY . 121-122 2.5.4 A COMPARISON OF SCRIPTS . 122-123 2.6 SUMMARY . 123 PART THREE: MORPHOLOGY MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND WORD-FORMATION 3 .0 MORPHOLOGY . 124 6 3.1 INFLECTION, DERIVATION, REDUPLICATION AND COMPOUNDING . 124 3.1.2 NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY . 124 3.1.2.1 NOUN . 124-125 3.1.2.2 SEMANTIC GENDER . 125-127 3.1.2.3 NUMBER AND PERSON . 127-128 3.1.2.4 PRONOUNS . 129 3.1.2.4.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS . 130 3.1.2.4.2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS . 130-131 3.1.2.4.3 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS . 131 3.1.2.4.5 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS . 131-132 3.1.2.4.5.1 PROXIMATE PRONOUNS . 132 3.1.2.4.5.2 REMOTE PRONOUNS . 132 3.1.2.4.5.3 ELEVATIONAL PRONOUNS . 132 3.1.2.4.6 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN . 132-133 3.1.2.4.7 INDEFINITE PRONOUN . 133 3.1.2.4.7.1 POSITIVE INDEFINITE . 133 3.1.2.4.7.2 NEGATIVE INDEFINITE . 133-134 3.1.2.4.8 RELATIVE PRONOUN . 134 3.1.2.5 CASE . 134 3.1.2.5.1 CASE MARKERS . 134-135 3.1.2.5.1.1 AGENT-ERGATIVE CASE -MI~M . 135-137 3.1.2.5.1.2 ABLATIVE CASE -LA . 137-138 3.1.2.5.1.3 DATIVE CASE -KSH~KAL . 138 3.1.2.5.1.4 COMITATIVE CASE . 138-139 3.1.2.5.1.5 ALLATIVE CASE -GE . 140 3.1.2.5.1.6 GENITIVE CASE -A~ -KE~ -NGA . 140-142 3.1.2.5.2 A COMPARATIVE LOOK . 143 3.1.2.5.3 SUMMARY . 143-144 3.1.2.5.4 CASE COLLOCATION . 144 3.1.2.6 POSTPOSITIONS . 144 3.1.2.6.1 POSTPOSITION ' WITHOUT ' . 144-145 3.1.2.6.2 ASSOCIATIVE POSTPOSITION -NU . 145 3.1.2.6.3 POSTPOSITION -HD!TI . 145 3.1.2.6.4 POSTPOSITION NOLE~MER(E) . 145-146 3.1.2.6.5 POSTPOSITION DATS . 146 3.1.2.6.6 POSTPOSITION DFFLR(I)~GETHIR(I) . 146 3.1.2.6.7 POSTPOSITIONS OF SIDE . 147 3.1.2.6.8 POSTPOSITIONS OF LEVEL . 147 3.1.2.6.9 POSTPOSITION -GD . 147-148 3.1.2.6.10 POSTPOSITION -TSI . 148 3.1.2.6.11 POSTPOSITION NS?THD . 148 3.1.2.6.12 POSTPOSITION -GE . 148 3.1.2.6.13 POSTPOSITION -SAM . 148 3.1.2.6.14 POSTPOSITION -NU, KDTHA KDTH . 148-149 3.1.2.7.15 POSTPOSITION ^ULI . 149 7 3.1.2.6.16 POSTPOSITION -KEIJA . 149 3.1.2.6.17 POSTPOSITION -KSLI . 149 3.1.2.7 DISCOURSE MARKERS . 149 3.1.2.7.1 THE MARKER YO . 149-150 3.1.2.7.2 THE MARKER -N . 150 3.1.2.7.3 THE MARKER LA . 150-151 3.1.2.7.4 THE THEME/TOPIC MARKER DA . 151-152 3.1.2.7.5 THE CONTRASTIVE TOPIC MARKER -CAN . 152 3.1.3 ADJECTIVALS AND ADVERBIALS . 152-153 3.1.3.1 ADJECTIVES . 153 3.1.3.1.1 DERIVATIONAL ADJECTIVES . 153-154 3.1.3.1.2 DERIVATIONAL ADJECTIVE INTENSIFIERS . 154 3.1.3.1.3 LEXICAL ADJECTIVES . 155 3.1.3.1.4 ADJECTIVES OF SHAPE OR SIZE . 155 3.1.3.1.5 COLOUR ADJECTIVES . 155-156 3.1.3.1.6 TASTE ADJECTIVES . 156 3.1.3.2 ADVERBS . 156-157 3.1.3.2.1 TEMPORAL . 157 3.1.3.2.1.1 GENERIC ADVERBS OF TIME . 157-158 3.1.3.2.1.2 SPECIFIC ADVERBS OF TIME . 158 3.1.3.2.1.3 SPATIAL . 158 3.1.3.2.1.4 LOCATIONAL . 158-159 3.1.3.2.1.5 ADVERBS OFMANNER . 159-160 3.1.3.2.1.6 QUANTITY AND QUANTIFIERS . 160 3.1.4 NUMERALS AND CLASSIFIERS . 160 3.1.4.1 BASIC CARDINAL NUMERALS . 160-161 3.1.4.1.1 COMPOUND CARDINAL NUMERALS . 161-162 3.1.4.1.2 ORDINALS . 162-163 3.1.4.1.2.1 ORDINALS DISTRIBUTIVE NUMERALS . 163 3.1.4.1.3 FREQUENCY NUMERALS . 163 3.1.4.1.4 APPROXIMATE NUMERALS . 163-164 3.1.4.1.5 FRACTIONAL NUMERALS . 164 3.1.5 MEASUREMENTS . 164 3.1.5.1 MEASUREMENT OF MONEY . 164 3.1.6 DIVISION OF TIME . 164-165 3.1.6.1 DAYS IN A WEEK . 165 3.1.6.2 MONTHS . 165 3.1.6.3 SEASONS . 165-166 3.2 VERB MORPHOLOGY . 166 3.2.1 ROOTS . 166-167 3.2.1.1 OPEN ROOT VERBS . 167 3.2.1.2 CLOSED ROOT VERBS . 167-169 3.2.2 -T/-TA ENDING CLASS OF VERBS . 169 3.2.2.1 -TI ENDING CLASS OF VERBS . 169 3.2.2.2 -TA.P CLASS OF VERBS . 170 8 3.2.3 DEICTIC VERBS . 170-171 3.2.4 COPULA VERBS . 171-172 3.2.5 SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS . 172 3.2.5.1 STATE VERBS . 172 3.2.5.2 PROCESS VERBS . 173 3.2.5.3 ACTION VERBS . 173 3.2.5.4 ACTION PROCESS VERBS . 173 3.2.5.5 STATE EXPERIENCER VERBS . 174 3.2.5.6 PROCESS EXPERIENCER VERBS . 174 3.2.5.7 ACTION EXPERIENCER VERBS . 174 3.2.5.8 ACTION PROCESS EXPERIENCER VERBS . 174-175 3.2.5.9 STATE BENEFACTIVE VERBS . 175 3.2.5.10 PROCESS BENEFACTIVE VERBS . 175 3.2.5.11 ACTION BENEFACTIVE VERBS . 175 3.2.5.12 ACTION PROCESS BENEFACTIVE VERBS . 176 3.2.5.13 STATE LOCATIVE VERBS . 176 3.2.5.14 PROCESS LOCATIVE VERBS . 176 3.2.5.15 ACTION LOCATIVE VERBS . 176-177 3.2.5.16 ACTION PROCESS LOCATIVE VERBS . 177 3.2.6 TRANSITIVITY . 177-180 3.2.7 VERB PARADIGMS . 180-181 3.2.8 VERB FORMS . 181-182 3.2.9 TENSE-ASPECT-MOOD . 182 3.2.9.1 TENSE . 182-183 3.2.9.2 ASPECT . 183 3.2.9.2.1 PERFECTIVE . 183 3.2.9.2.2 IMPERFECTIVE . 183-184 3.2.9.2.3 HABITUAL . 184 3.2.9.2.4 PROGRESSIVE/DURATIVE . 184 3.2.9.3 MOOD . 184 3.2.9.3.1 IMPERATIVE . 185 3.2.9.3.2 INDICATIVE . 185 3.2.9.3.3 OPTATIVE . 185-186 3.2.9.3.4 HORTATIVE . 186 3.2.9.3.5 PROBABILITY/DUBITATIVE . 186 3.2.9.3.6 ENTREATIVE . 186-187 3.2.9.3.7 POTENTIALITY /CAP-CA/ . 187 3.2.9.3.8 DESIDERATIVE /MALNURJ/ . 187 3.2.9.3.9 OBLIGATORY/NECESSITATIVE /MALBO/ . 187 3.3 VOICE . 187-188 3.4 CAUSATIVE STRUCTURE . 188 3.5 RECIPROCAL . 188-189 3.6 NEGATIVE PREFIX . 189 3.6.1 DOUBLE NEGATIVE PREFIXES . 189-190 3.6.2 NEGATION IN EMPHATIC DENIAL . 190 9 3.7 CONDITIONAL STRUCTURE . 190 3.8 NOMINAL AND VERBAL COMPOUNDING . 190-191 3.9 DISCOURSE PARTICLES . 191-192 3.9.1 MIRATIVE /NS'/ . 192 3.9.2 DOUBT /KO/ . 192 3.9.3 EMPHATIC /KAKA/ . 192 3.9.4 METHOD /CO/ . 192 3.9.5 RATHER . 192-193 3.9.6 CERTAINTY /SYA/. 193 3.9.7 CHOICE /CAN/ . 193 3.9.8 ALTERNATIVE /DE/ . 194 3.9.9 CONFIRMING QUESTION /GA/. 194 3.9.10 SPECIAL EMPHASIS /-I, -N/ . 194 3.9.11 DECLARATIVE /IO/ . 194-195 3.10 SUMMARY . 195 PARTFOUR: SYNTAX SYNTACTIC STRUCTURE AND SOCIO-PRAGMATIC TERMS 4 .0 SYNTAX . 196 4.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW ON T-B SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY . 196-197 4.2 PHRASES . 197 4.2.1 NOUN PHRASE . 197-200 4.2.2 VERB PHRASE . 200-201 4.2.3 ADJECTIVE PHRASE . 202 4.2.4 ADVERB PHRASE . 203-204 4.3 SENTENCE . 204-205 4.3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES . 205 4.3.1.1 SIMPLE SENTENCES . 205 4.3.1.1.1 BASIC WORD ORDER . 205-206 4.3.1.1.2 INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES . 206-208 4.3.1.1.3 COPULA SENTENCES . 208-209 4.3.1.1.4 ERGATIVITY . 209 4.3.1.1.4.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . 209-212 4.3.1.1.4.2 THE PATIENT . 212-213 4.3.1.1.4.3 INANIMATE VS. ANIMATE PATIENTS . 213 4.3.1.1.4.4 -MI AND THE TENSE/ASPECT SYSTEM . 214 4.3.1.1.4.5 -MI AND THE PERFECTIVE . 214-215 4.3.1.1.4.6 SUMMARY ON ERGATIVITY . 216 4.3.1.1.5 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE . 216-217 4.3.1.1.6 NOMINALIZED SENTENCES . 217 4.3.1.2 COMPLEX SENTENCES . 218 4.3.1.2.1 NON-FINITE CLAUSES . 218 4.3.1.2.1.1 INFINITIVE CLAUSES . 218-219 10 4.3.1.2.1.2 PURPOSIVE CLAUSES . 219 4.3.1.2.2 CONVERB CLAUSES . 219-220 4.3.1.2.2.1 NEGATIVE CONVERB . 220-221 4.3.1.2.3 PARTICIPIAL CLAUSES . 221 4.3.1.2.4 FINITE CLAUSES . 221-222 4.3.1.2.4.1 NOMINALIZED CLAUSES . 222 4.3.1.2.4.1.1 ADNOMINAL/RELATIVE CLAUSES . 222 4.3.1.2.4.1.2 TEMPORAL CLAUSES . 222-223 4.3.1.2.4.1.3 COMPLEMENT CLAUSES . 223 4.3.1.2.4.1.4 SEQUENCE CLAUSES . 223-224 4.3.1.2.4.1.5 ADVERBAL/MANNER/-PA CLAUSES . 224-225 4.3.1.2.4.1.6 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES . 225 4.3.1.2.4.1.7 CONCESSIVE CLAUSES . 225 4.3.1.2.4.1.8 QUOTE CLAUSES . 226 4.3.1.2.2.1.9 REASON CLAUSES/CAUSAL LINKING . 226 4.3.1.2.2.1.10 CORRELATIVE CLAUSES . 226 4.3.1.2.3 COORDINATION . 227-228 4.3.1.3 ANAPHORA . 228 4.3.1.4 GAPPING/ELIPSIS . 228-229 4.3.2 OTHER MINOR SENTENCES . 229 4.3.2.1 VERBLESS SENTENCES . 229 4.3.2.2 EXCLAMATORY/DECLARATIVE SENTENCES . 229-232 4.3.2.3 VOCATIVE SENTENCES . 232 4.3.2.4 OBLIGATORY SENTENCES . 232 4.3.2.5 PROHIBITIVE SENTENCES . 232 4.3.2.6 DOUBLE OBJECT SENTENCES . 232-233 4.3.3 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH . 233 4.4 SOCIO-PRAGMATIC TERMS . 233 4.4.1 KINSHIP TERMS . 233-234 4.4.2 NON-AFFINAL . 234-235 4.4.3 AFFINAL KINSMEN . 235-236 4.4.4 FORMS OF ADDRESS . 236-237 4.4.5 POLITENESS STRATEGIES . 237-238 4.4.6 SUMMARY . 238-239 PART FIV E: CONCLUSIONS RESEARCH FINDINGS AND WAYS OF LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE 5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS . 240-245 5.2 WAYS OF LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE . 245-249 11 PART SIX : TEXTS 6. NARRATIVE TEXTS . 250 6.1 KIRANTI-KOITS NU BAVYUNG YAVSITS . 250-275 ' KIRANTI-KOITS AND BAVYUNG MIGRATION ' 6.2 SIDA PIDAR . 276-282 ' THE WORSHIP OF SIDA ' 6.3 MATATSIB KPEKHEPHU . 283-295 ' THE INVISIBLE HOLY FLOWER ' 6.4 BINICHA SALAPHAINS HOPO . 296-300 ' THE ATROCIOUS KING BINICHA ' 6.5 KOITS TO: BLOIPATSK JAGE . 301-306 ' WAYS OF SAVING THE KOITS LANGUAGE PART SEVEN: LEXICON 7. LEXICON . 307 LEXICON IN KBITS-NEPALI-ENGLISH . 307-431 APPENDIX A: GRIERSON ' S SUN(U)WAR MATERIALS . 432-439 APPENDIX B: SIKKIM GAZETTES . 440-441 APPENDIX C: INDIGENOUS SCRIPT OF KIRANTI-KOITS . 442 REFERENCES . 443-460 Table of Contents Acknowledgements. і About this work. ii PART ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION Historical, ethno-linguistic and cultural outline 1 .0 Historical note. 23-25 1.1 Ethnolinguistic overview on gossonym and ethnonym. 26-29 1.1.1 Etymological accounts on nomenclature.29 1.1.1.1 A general survey on ethnonyms. 29-31 1.1.1.2 The Exo-glotonym ‘Sun(u)war’.31 1.1.1.3 Meaning as hydronym. 31 -32 1.1.1.4 Shadows of misconceived meanings. 32 1.1.1.5 Ethnic identity lumped with Mangar/Gurung tribe. 32-33 1.1.1.6 Linguistic identity lumped with Mangar and Gurung tribe. 33-34 1.1.1.7 Meaning as 'low caste’ Kshetriya Hindu. 34 1.1.1.8 Identity lumped with Kinnar.34 1.1.1.9 Meaning as Kshetriya or Khas.34 1.1.1.10 Meaning as Suryavamshi ‘solar dynasty’. 34-35 1.1.1.11 Meaning as ‘Kirat dynasty’.35 1.1.1.12 The term ‘Mukhiya’ for ‘Sun(u)war’. 35 1.1.1.13 The equivalent term ‘Marpache'. 35 1.1.2 Ethno-clanonyms and their R-G orthography. 36-40 1.1.3 Ethno-clanonyms: A morhpo-semantic interpretation. 40-43 1.1.4 Summary.43-44 1.2 A corrective look on ethnonym orthography. 44-46 1.3 Genetic affiliation or classification. 46-52 1.4 Geographical distribution and demographic details.52 1.5 Previous literature. 52 1.5 .0 A general note. 52-53 1.5.1 Vocabulary collection. 53-54 1.5.2 Phonological and grammatical sketches. 54-55 1.5.3 Anthropo-linguistic and cultural descriptions. 55 1.5.4 Comparative studies. 55-56 1.5. 5 Pedagogical materials. 56-58 1.6 Linguistic diversity and multiplicity. 58-60 1.7 Cultural note. 60 1.7.1 Religious belief system and practices. 61 -65 1.7.2 Birth, marriage and death ritual. 65-66 1.7.3 Matrimonial and lineage system. 66-68 1.7.4 Festivals. 68-69 1.7.5 Ritual dance and musical instruments. 69-71 1.7.6 Costumes and ornaments.71-73 1.7.7 Food habits. 73-74 1.7.8 Folk Art. 74-75 1.7.9 Tribal flower and totem. 76 1.8 Goals and objectives.76-77 1.9 Methodology. 77 1.9.1 Source of Data. 77 1.9.1.1 Primary Sources. 77 1.9.1.2 Secondary Sources. 78 1.9.2 Population of the Study. 78 1.9.3 Sample Population of the Study. 78 1.9.4 Sampling Procedure. 78 1.9.5 Tools for Data Collection. 78 1.9.6 Process of Data Collection.78-79 1.10 Organization of the book.79 PART TWO: PHONOLOGY Phonological structure and writing system 2.0 Phonology.80 2.1 A preliminary outline. 80 2.1.1 Segmental phonemic inventor. 80-81 2.1.1.1 Vowel phonemes. 81 2.1.1.1.1 Classification/distribution of vowels. 81 -83 2.1.1.1.2 Vowel clusters.83-86 2.1.1.1.3 Nasality contrast/nasal assimilation. 87-88 2.1.1.1.4 Minimal/near-minimal pairs. 88-89 2.1.1.1.5 Deletion of final vowels. 89 2.1.1.2 Consonant phonemes. 89-90 2.1.1.2.1 Classification/distribution of consonants. 90 2.1.1.2.1.1 Bilabial stops. 91 2.1.1.2.1.2 Dental stops. 91-92 2.1.1.2.1.3 Alveolar stops. 92-93 2.1.1.2.1.4 Retroflex Stops. 93 2.1.1.2.1.5 Velar stops. 93-94 2.1.1.2.1.6 Glottal Stop. 94-95 2.I.1.2.1.7 Dental fricative. 95 2.1.1.2.1.8 Palatal fricative. 95 2.1.1.2.1.9 Glottal fricative. 95-96 2.1.1.2.1.10 Velar nasal. 96 2.1.1.2.1.11 Alveolar nasal. 96 2.1.1.2.1.12 Bilabial nasal. 96-97 2.1.1.2.1.13 Alveolar liquids.97 2.1.1.2.1.14 Palatal glide.97 2.1.1.2.1.15 Bilabial glide.98 2.1.1.3 Aspiration contrast.98 2.1.1.4 Frec variation. 98-99 2.1.1.5 Breathy voiced as ideolectal variation. 99 2.1.1.6 Allophonic variation and sound change. 99 2.1.1.6.1 Dark/!/.100 2.1.1.6.2 Epenthesis. 100 2.1.1.7 Consonant and syllable drop. i 00 2.2 Phonotactics.100 2.2.1 Consonantclusters. 101 2.2.1.1 Initial cc- clusters. 101-102 2.2.1.2 Medial -cc- clusters. 102-103 2.2,1.2.1 Voiceless stop + consonant/glide. 103-104 2.2.1.2.2 Voiced + consonant/trill. 104-105 2.2.1.2.3 Nasal + consonant/trill. 105 2.2.1.2.4 Continuant + consonant.105-106 2.2.1.3 Final-cc clusters. 106 2.2.1.3.1 Nasal + consonant.106-107 2.2.1.3.2 Voiceless + consonant. 107 2.2.1.3.3 Continuant + consonant. 107 2.2.1.4 Geminates.108-110 2.2.1.5 Inverse geminates plus other processes.HO 2.3.1.2 Syllabic structures.110-111 2.3.1.2.1 Monosyllabic structure.111-112 2.3.1.2.2 Disyllabic structure. 112 2.3.1.2.3 Trisyllabic structure.113 2.3.1.2.4 Tetrasyllable structure. 113-114 2.3.1.2.5 Syllable initials. 114 2.3.1.2.6 Syllable finals. 114-115 2.3.1.2.7 Syllable nuclei. 115 2.4 Supra-segmental feature. 115 2.4.1 Tone.115-118 2.5 The writing system or graphology.118 2.5.1 A brief survey. 119 2.5.2 Origin of the Kiranti-Kõits script. 120-121 2.5.3 Jeticha script and orthography.121-122 2.5.4 A comparison of scripts. 122-123 2.6 Summary. 123 PART THREE: MORPHOLOGY Morphological structure and word-formation 3.0 Morphology. 124 6 3.1 Inflection, derivation, reduplication and compounding. 124 3.1.2 Nominal morphology.124 3.1.2.1 Noun. 124-125 3.1.2.2 Semantic gender. 125-127 3.1.2.3 Number and person. 127-128 3.1.2.4 Pronouns. 129 3.1.2.4.1 Personal pronouns. 130 3.1.2.4.2 Reflexive pronouns. 130-131 3.1.2.4.3 Possessive pronouns. 131 3.1.2.4.5 Demonstrative pronouns. 131-132 3.1.2.4.5.1 Proximate pronouns. 132 3.1.2.4.5.2 Remote pronouns. 132 3.1.2.4.5.3 Elevational pronouns.132 3.1.2.4.6 Interrogative pronoun. 132-133 3.1.2.4.7 Indefinite pronoun. 133 3.1.2.4.7.1 Positive indefinite. 133 3.1.2.4.7.2 Negative indefinite. 133-134 3.1.2.4.8 Relative pronoun. 134 3.1.2.5 Case. 134 3.1.2.5.1 Case markers. 134-135 3.1.2.5.1.1 Agent-ergative case -nii-m . 135-137 3.1.2.5.1.2 Ablative case -la . 137-138 3.1.2.5.1.3 Dative case -кдһ~кэ1 . 138 3.1.2.5.1.4 Comitative case -m/ . 138-139 3.1.2.5.1.5 Allativecase -ge . 140 3.1.2.5.1.6 Genitive case -A~ -ke֊- -ngA .140-142 3.1.2.5.2 A comparative look. 143 3.1.2.5.3 Summary. 143-144 3.1.2.5.4 Case collocation. 144 3.1.2.6 Postpositions. f44 3.1.2.6.1 Postposition ‘without’. 144-145 3.1.2.6.2 Associative postposition -m/ . 145 3.1.2.6.3 Postposition -hõiti . 145 3.1.2.6.4 Postposition nolo֊mcr(s) . 145-146 3.1.2.6.5 Postposition dāte . ·46 3.1.2.6.6 Postposition āļār(i)֊gcth-ird) . 146 3.1.2.6.7 Postpositions of side. 147 3.1.2.6.8 Postpositions of level. 147 3.1.2.6.9 Postposition -gā . 147-148 3.1.2.6.10 Postposition -rsi . '48 3.1.2.6.11 Postposition m?thā . 148 3.1.2.6.12 Postposition -ge . 14$ 3.1.2.6.13 Postposition . '48 3.1.2.6.14 Postposition -nu, kāthā kāth .148-149 3.1.2.7.15 Postposition duli . 149 7 3.1.2.6.16 Postposition -kcņā . 149 3.1.2.6.17 Postposition -кэИ .149 3.1.2.7 Discourse markers. 149 3.1.2.7.1 The marker yo . 149-150 3.1.2.7.2 The marker -n . 150 3.1.2.7.3 The marker lā . 150-151 3.1.2.7.4 The theme/topic marker Љ . 151-152 3.1.2.7.5 The contrastive topic marker ֊сәп . 152 3.1.3 Adjectivals and adverbials. 152-153 3.1.3.1 Adjectives. 153 3.1.3.1.1 Derivational adjectives. 153-154 3.1.3.1.2 Derivational adjective intensifiers. 154 3.1.3.1.3 Lexical adjectives. 155 3.1.3.1.4 Adjectives of shape or size. 155 3.1.3.1.5 Colour adjectives. 155-156 3.1.3.1.6 Taste adjectives. 156 3.1.3.2 Adverbs. 156-157 3.1.3.2.1 Temporal. 157 3.1.3.2.1.1 Generic adverbs of time. 157-158 3.1.3.2.1.2 Specific adverbs of time. 158 3.1.3.2.1.3 Spatial. 158 3.1.3.2.1.4 Locational. 158-159 3.1.3.2.1.5 Adverbs of manner. 159-160 3.1.3.2.1.6 Quantity and quantifiers. 160 3.1.4 Numerals and classifiers. 160 3.1.4.1 Basic cardinal numerals. 160-161 3.1.4.1.1 Compound cardinal numerals. 161-162 3.1.4.1.2 Ordinals. 162-163 3.1.4.1.2.1 Ordinals Distributive numerals. 163 3.1.4.1.3 Frequency numerals. 163 3.1.4.1.4 Approximate numerals. 163-164 3.1.4.1.5 Fractional numerals. 164 3.1.5 Measurements. 164 3.1.5.1 Measurement of money. 164 3.1.6 Division of time. 164-165 3.1.6.1 Days in a week. 165 3.1.6.2 Months. 165 3.1.6.3 Seasons. 165-166 3.2 Verb morphology. 166 3.2.1 Roots.166-167 3.2.1.1 Open root verbs. 167 3.2.1.2 Closed root verbs. 167-169 3.2.2 -ti/-tā ending class of verbs. 169 3.2.2.1 -ti ending class of verbs. 169 3.2.2.2 -ta.r) class of verbs.170 8 3.2.3 Deictic verbs. 170-171 3.2.4 Copula verbs. 171-172 3.2.5 Semantic classification of verbs.172 3.2.5.1 State verbs. 172 3.2.5.2 Process verbs. 173 3.2.5.3 Action verbs. 173 3.2.5.4 Action process verbs. 173 3.2.5.5 State experiencer verbs. 174 3.2.5.6 Process experiencer verbs. 174 3.2.5.7 Action experiencer verbs. 174 3.2.5.8 Action process experiencer verbs. 174-175 3.2.5.9 State benefactive verbs. 175 3.2.5.10 Process benefactive verbs.175 3.2.5.11 Action benefactive verbs.175 3.2.5.12 Action process benefactive verbs. 176 3.2.5.13 State locative verbs. 176 3.2.5.14 Process locative verbs. 176 3.2.5.15 Action locative verbs. 176-177 3.2.5.16 Action process locative verbs. 177 3.2.6 Transitivity. 177-180 3.2.7 Verb paradigms.180-181 3.2.8 Verb forms. 181-182 3.2.9 Tense-aspect-mood. 182 3.2.9.1 Tense.182-183 3.2.9.2 Aspect. 183 3.2.9.2.1 Perfective. 183 3.2.9.2.2 Imperfcctive. 183-184 3.2.9.2.3 Habitual. 184 3.2.9.2.4 Progrcssive/durative. 184 3.2.9.3 Mood. 184 3.2.9.3.1 Imperative. 185 3.2.9.3.2 Indicative. 185 3.2.9.3.3 Optative. 185-186 3.2.9.3.4 Hortative. 186 3.2.9.3.5 Probability/dubitative. 186 3.2.9.3.6 Entreative.186-187 3.2.9.3.7 Potentiality /cãp-cã/. 187 3.2.9.3.8 Desiderative /mainui]/. 187 3.2.9.3.9 Obligatory/necessitate /malbo/.187 3.3 Voice. 187-188 3.4 Causative structure. 188 3.5 Reciprocal. 188-189 3.6 Negative prefix. 189 3.6.1 Double negative prefixes. 189-190 3.6.2 Negation in emphatic denial. 190 9 3.7 Conditional structure. 190 3.8 Nominal and verbal compounding.190-19! 3.9 Discourse Particles. 191-192 3.9.1 Mirative /ηε'/.192 3.9.2 Doubt /kö/. 192 3.9.3 Emphatic /кәка/. 192 3.9.4 Method /со/. 192 3.9.5 Rather /da/.192-193 3.9.6 Certainty /šyā/. 193 3.9.7 Choice /сап/. 193 3.9.8 Alternative /de/. 194 3.9.9 Confirming question /ņā/. 194 3.9.10 Special emphasis/-i,-n/. 194 3.9.11 Declarative/Іо/. 194-195 3.10 Summary. 195 PART FOUR: SYNTAX Syntactic structure and socio-pragmatic terms 4.0 Syntax. 196 4.1 General overview on T-В syntactic typology. 196-197 4.2 Phrases. 197 4.2.1 Noun phrase. 197-200 4.2.2 Verb phrase. 200-201 4.2.3 Adjective phrase. 202 4.2.4 Adverb phrase. 203-204 4.3 Sentence. 204-205 4.3.1 Classification of sentences. 205 4.3.1.1 Simple sentences. 205 4.3.1.1.1 Basic word order 205-206 4.3.1.1.2 Interrogative sentences. 206-208 4.3.1.1.3 Copula sentences. 208-209 4.3.1.1.4 Ergativity. 209 4.3.1.1.4.1 Conceptual framework. 209-212 4.3.1.1.4.2 The patient. 2 ! 2-213 4.3.1.1.4.3 Inanimate vs. animate patients. 213 4.3.1.1.4.4 ֊mi and the tensc/aspcct system. 214 4.3.1.1.4.5 -mi and the perfective. 214-215 4.3.1.1.4.6 Summary on ergativity. 216 4.3.1.1.5 Comparative and superlative.216-217 4.3.1.1.6 Nominalized sentences. 217 4.3.1.2 Complex sentences.218 4.3.1.2.1 Non-finite clauses. 218 4.3.1.2.1.1 Infinitive clauses. 218-219 10 4.3Л.2.1. 2 Purposive clauses.219 4.3.1.2.2 Converb clauses. 219-220 4.3.1.2.2.1 Negative converb.220-221 4.3.1.2.3 Participial clauses.221 4.3.1.2.4 Finite clauses. 221-222 4.3.1.2.4.1 Nominalized clauses. 222 4.3.1.2.4.1.1 Adnominal/Rclativc clauses. 222 4.3.1.2.4.1.2 Temporal clauses.222-223 4.3.1.2.4.1.3 Complement clauses. 223 4.3.1.2.4.1.4 Sequence clauses.223-224 4.3.1.2.4.1.5 Adverbal/Manner/-pā clauses. 224-225 4.3.1.2.4.1.6 Conditional clauses. 225 4.3.1.2.4.1.7 Concessive clauses. 225 4.3.1.2.4.1.8 Quote clauses. 226 4.3.1.2.2.1.9 Reason clauses/Causal linking. 226 4.3.1.2.2.1.10 Correlative clauses. 226 4.3.1.2.3 Coordination.227-228 4.3.1.3 Anaphora. 228 4.3.1.4 Gapping/Elipsis. 228-229 4.3.2 Other minor sentences. 229 4.3.2.1 Verbless sentences. 229 4.3.2.2 Exclamatory/declarative sentences. 229-232 4.3.2.3 Vocative sentences. 232 4.3.2.4 Obligatory sentences. 232 4.3.2.5 Prohibitive sentences. 232 4.3.2.6 Double object sentences. 232-233 4.3.3 Direct and indirect speech. 233 4.4 Socio-pragmatic terms.233 4.4.1 Kinship terms. 233-234 4.4.2 Non-affinal.234-235 4.4.3 Affinal kinsmen.235-236 4.4.4 Forms of address.236-237 4.4.5 Politeness strategies. 237-238 4.4.6 Summary. 238-239 P A R T F 1V E: CONCLUSIONS Research findings and ways of language maintenance 5.1 Summary of findings. 240-245 5.2 Ways of Language maintenance. 245-249 11 PART S I X: TEXTS 6. Narrative Texts. 250 6.1 Kiranti-Koits nu Bā?yung Yā?sits. 250-275 ‘Kiranti-KÕits and Bā?yung Migration’ 6.2 Sidā Pidār. 276-282 ‘The worship of Sida’ 6.3 MaiAīsib Kl]ekhephu.283-295 ‘The invisible holy flower’ 6.4 Binicha SalAphAiNs Hopo. 296-300 ‘The atrocious King Binicha’ 6.5 Kbits Го: bloipotsk tÃgc. 301-306 ‘Ways of saving the Kbits language PART SEVEN: LEXICON 7. Lexicon. 307 Lexicon in Kbits-Nepali-English. 307-431 Appendix A: Grierson’s Sun(u)wār materials. 432-439 Appendix B: Sikkim Gazettes. 440-441 Appendix C: Indigenous Script of Kiranti-Koits . 442 References. 443-460 12 List of Diagrams Diagram 2.1 : The syllable structure in Kiranti-Koits. 112 Diagram 3.2: Human biological/natural gender in Kiranti-Koits. 126 Diagram 3.3: Non-human biological/natural gender in Kiranti-Koits. 127 Diagram 4.4: An NP in Kiranti-Koits. 199 Diagram 4.5: A VP in Kiranti-Kõits. 201 Diagram 4.6: Kiranti-Koits. 203 Diagram 4.7: An ADVPH in Kiranti-Koits. 205 List of Figures Figure 1 : Affiliation of Kiranti-Koits in the Sino-Tibetan family (cf. Map 4) Sino-Tibetan.13 Figure 2: The Kiranti/Rai languages of Walio ‘near’, Majh ‘Middle and Pallo ‘far’ Kirat, east Nepal. 28 Figure 3: Glover’s classification and the place of Sunwar. 49 Figure 4: Glover’s Classification and the place of Rai Stock 50 Figure 5: Glover’s classification of the Rai Stock and the place of Sun(u)war. 50 List of Tables Table 1.1: The number of Nepal’s languages.58 Table 1.2: The number of Nepal's indigenous languages and their speakers, 2001. 58 Table 2.3: Oral/nasal vowel phonemes. 81 Table 2.4: Vowel clusters and their distribution.83 Table 2.5: Consonant phonemes. 90 Table 2.6: Initial two consonant clusters. 101 Table 2.7: Medial two consonant clusters. 103 Table 2.8: Final two consonant clusters. 106 Table 2.9: Jêticha script specimen with transliteration: a modified and reformed version from Rapacha (2001/2). 121 Table 2.10: Schulze’s (1995: 2,1997: 2) Devanagari chart of consonants for Kiranti-Kõits orthography.122 Table 3.11: Person/number in Kiranti-Kõits. 128 Table 3.12: Case markers in Kiranti-Kõits. 142 Tabic 3.13: Case marking suffixes in Sunwar (Kõits) from Borchers (1998: 5). 142 Table 3.14: The conjugation of the copula па- (DeLancey 1992: 31). 171 Table 3.15: The case frame matrix. 172
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index_date	2024-07-03T19:38:21Z
indexdate	2024-07-10T09:26:38Z
institution	BVB
institution_GND	(DE-588)5300573-9
isbn	9783969390979
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033335631
oclc_num	1334041991
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
owner_facet	DE-29 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR
physical	460 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten
publishDate	2022
publishDateSearch	2022
publishDateSort	2022
publisher	LINCOM GmbH
record_format	marc
spelling	Rapacha, Lal-Shyãkarelu Verfasser (DE-588)1147140642 aut Kiranti-Kõits grammar, texts and lexicon Lal Rapacha München LINCOM GmbH 2022 460 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Kiranti-Sprachen (DE-588)4254820-2 gnd rswk-swf Sinotibetische Sprachen (DE-588)4120360-4 gnd rswk-swf Sunwar-Sprache (DE-588)7616447-0 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik Sinologie Sprachwissenschaft Tibetobirmanische Sprachen Kiranti-Sprachen (DE-588)4254820-2 s DE-604 Sunwar-Sprache (DE-588)7616447-0 s Sinotibetische Sprachen (DE-588)4120360-4 s LINCOM Europa (München) (DE-588)5300573-9 pbl DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033335631&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033335631&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext 1\p vlb 20220310 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#vlb
spellingShingle	Rapacha, Lal-Shyãkarelu Kiranti-Kõits grammar, texts and lexicon Kiranti-Sprachen (DE-588)4254820-2 gnd Sinotibetische Sprachen (DE-588)4120360-4 gnd Sunwar-Sprache (DE-588)7616447-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4254820-2 (DE-588)4120360-4 (DE-588)7616447-0
title	Kiranti-Kõits grammar, texts and lexicon
title_auth	Kiranti-Kõits grammar, texts and lexicon
title_exact_search	Kiranti-Kõits grammar, texts and lexicon
title_exact_search_txtP	Kiranti-Kõits grammar, texts and lexicon
title_full	Kiranti-Kõits grammar, texts and lexicon Lal Rapacha
title_fullStr	Kiranti-Kõits grammar, texts and lexicon Lal Rapacha
title_full_unstemmed	Kiranti-Kõits grammar, texts and lexicon Lal Rapacha
title_short	Kiranti-Kõits grammar, texts and lexicon
title_sort	kiranti koits grammar texts and lexicon
topic	Kiranti-Sprachen (DE-588)4254820-2 gnd Sinotibetische Sprachen (DE-588)4120360-4 gnd Sunwar-Sprache (DE-588)7616447-0 gnd
topic_facet	Kiranti-Sprachen Sinotibetische Sprachen Sunwar-Sprache
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033335631&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033335631&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT rapachalalshyakarelu kirantikoitsgrammartextsandlexicon AT lincomeuropamunchen kirantikoitsgrammartextsandlexicon

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