Generations of empire: youth from Ottoman to Italian rule in the Mediterranean
"In 1912, Italy occupied Rhodes, an Ottoman town inhabited by Greek Orthodox, Muslims, Jews, and Catholics. Rhodes became a territory of Italy’s empire in 1923 following the Treaty of Lausanne, only one year after Mussolini seized power in Rome. The Ottoman demise corresponded to the expansion...
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Toronto ; Buffalo ; London
University of Toronto Press
[2022]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Toronto Italian studies
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| Zusammenfassung: | "In 1912, Italy occupied Rhodes, an Ottoman town inhabited by Greek Orthodox, Muslims, Jews, and Catholics. Rhodes became a territory of Italy’s empire in 1923 following the Treaty of Lausanne, only one year after Mussolini seized power in Rome. The Ottoman demise corresponded to the expansion of Fascist imperialism in the Mediterranean. Both the Ottoman Young Turks and Italian colonial governors invoked the role of a "new generation" of youth in imperial rule. Generations of Empire investigates the relationship between state and society in light of successive transformations of imperial rule, rethinking Italian colonialism as post-Ottoman history. Andreas Guidi explores how communal life on Rhodes and other islands of the Southern Aegean were affected by the islands’ transition between these regimes, from Muslim empire to military occupation to fascist annexation. Based on archival sources in five languages from seven countries, the book investigates generational dynamics in the domains of political activism, the family, education, work and leisure, and mobility. Generations of Empire offers a vivid picture of how a local society navigated large-scale social and political transformations in the modern Mediterranean."-- |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturverzeichnis Seite [259]-286 |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 304 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781487541279 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Maps, Figures, and Tables Acknowledgments Abbreviations vii ix xiii Notes on Transliteration, Dates, and Names xvii Introduction 3 Rethinking the Imperial Consequence 10 The Post-Ottoman Mediterranean and Fascist Colonialism 16 A Rule of Interaction between the State, Communities, and Families Generations, Youth, and Political Change 25 1 The Emergence of Youth as a Political Category 32 The Juvenilization of Politics in Late Ottoman Rhodes 37 Military Governors and "Exalted" Youth 44 Fragmented Communities and Travelling Ideologies 47 Colonial Youth Allured by Nationalism 51 Fascist Activism in a Colonial Setting 60 The Limits of Integration into Fascism 64 2 Where Families and Empires Meet 73 Bureaucratic Knowledge about Marriage and Celibacy Reputation, Affection, and Violence 83 A Changing Household Organization 89 The Monetization of the Domestic Space 95 Dowry and Inheritance as a Test for Governance 97 3 New Schools, or How Youth Became Students 103 Education between Home and Community 109 A Diverse Educational Market 115 Discipline, Sexuality, and Politics at School 127 80 21
vi Contents 4 "Good Conduct" between Work and Leisure 138 A Family of Capitalists in Flux 145 Youth, Productivity, and Idleness 149 All Housewives? Women's Precarious Labour 155 Football and the Normativity of Youth Leisure 161 5 Generations, Mobility, and Shifting Limits of Belonging 171 Youth on the Move between Rhodes and America 179 Building a Community ofMigrants 185 Italian Mobilities to Rhodes and the Issue of Intermarriage 193 From Soldiers to Settlers 197 The Margins or the Spearhead of Italianità? Smyrniotes in Rhodes 201 Epilogue: Imperial Coda Notes 221 Bibliography Index 287 259 211
Bibliography Newspaper Articles "Adunata." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 13 October 1921. "Ai neolaiai mas." Dodekanisos, 10 June 1934. Ambrosini, Luigi. "La mia avventura a Rodi." La Stampa, 24 May 1912. "Atti Ufficiali." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 22 July 1937. "Atti Ufficiali." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 17 November 1938. "Atti Ufficiali." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 26 November 1938. "Cercle de Rhodes." Nea Rodos, 18 February 1912. "Comunicato." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 20 March 1927. "Comunicato." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 23 March 1927. "Con una grandiosa manifestazione Rodi italiana celebra il Natale di Roma e la Festa fascista del Lavoro." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 22 Aprii 1937. "Corrispondenze." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 3 October 1933. "Cronaca spicciola." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 3 October 1939. "Dia ta scholeia mas." Nea Rodos, 22 July 1911. "Didaskalikon synedrion." Rodos, 25 July 1909. "Dodekanisiaki neolaia Aigiptou." Dodekanisos, 22 Aprii 1934. "Egklogika." Nea Rodos, 24 March 1912. "Ekpaideutika." Nea Rodos, 25 October 1913. "Ex Amerikis." Nea Rodos, 11 January 1911. "Fasci Giovanili Di Combattimento." Il Messaggero Di Rodi, 26 Aprii 1935. "Fidanzamento." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 30 January 1936. "Fidanzamento." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 20 October 1933. "Fiori d'arancio." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 22 November 1920. Franco, Hizkia Μ. "Entre las ruinas de mi comunidad." La Boz de Türkiye 178, 5 January 1947:245. "Gegonos: Rodos-Ameriki." Rodos, 16 May 1909. Georgiadis, Georgios. "Strateusimoi kai enorkoi." Ethniki Foni, 6 October 1948.
260 Bibliography "Hamiyet-i vațaniye." Haķķ, 14 May 1912 (erroneously dated 14 March 1912). "I anaviosi tis istorikis vivliothikis tou Venetokleiou." I Rodiaki, 29 April 2013. "I casi della vita." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 3 October 1933. "I epeteios tou Syntagmatas." Rodos, 25 July 1909. "Il ritorno degli Avanguardisti e Balilla da Campo Marzio." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 13 August 1935. "Il VI Anniversario della Marcia su Roma nelle manifestazioni rodie." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 30 October 1928. "Incontro di boxe." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 9 June 1934. "Indimenticabile spettacolo di forza e di giovinezza all'Arena del Sole." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 25 May 1937. Kadri, Mehmet. "Spora dā’ir." Selâm, 28 May 1928. ֊ "Sefāhata dâ ir." Selâm, 4 June 1928. "Koinotika." I Rodiaki, 28 August 1933. "L'alta parola del Duce ai giovani." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 25 May 1937. "La prima gara di Football." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 12 Aprii 1920. "La situation politique et économique en Turquie." Le Yildiz (L'Étoile Orientale), 11 May 1893. "La veglia al Circolo Italia." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 6 Aprii 1920. "Le industrie di Rodi." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 25 December 1928. "Le massacre dans l'île de Rhodes." L’Humanité, 3 May 1934. "Le onoranze al Milite Ignoto." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 5 November 1921. "L'inaugurazione della sede sociale della lega italiana." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 14 February 1922. "L'ordinamento scolastico." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 1 May 1926. "Medrese-yi Süleymaniye." Selâm, 10 December 1927. Méheut, Constant. "Report for Macron urges 'Reconciliation of Memories' by France and
Algeria." New York Times, 21 January 2021. Menashe, Bension. "Terbiye baķsi." Selâm, 23 August 1926. Misios, Gavriil. "Gymn. Syllogos 'Dorieus' 1924-1945." Chronos, 24 August 1945. M. Nuri. "Şahta-i imtiyaz Süleyman Efendiye ve memleketin münevver el-efkār gençlerine." Afitãb, 27 May 1909. "Nozze." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 5 July 1937. "Oi Rodioi ekpatrizomenoi." Rodos, 11 September 1910. "Opera Nazionale Balilla: Assegnazione dei graduati." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 1 Aprii 1937. "Partito Fascista Italiano: Sezione di Rodi." П Messaggero di Rodi, 28 August 1922. "Partito Fascista Italiano: Sezione di Rodi." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 21 September 1922. "Partito Fascista Italiano: Sezione di Rodi." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 23 September 1922.
Bibliography 261 "Per lo sviluppo dello sport cittadino." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 12 June 1935. "Psifisma epi tou thanatou tou K.ou Ioannou Agiakatsika." I Rodiaki, 4 January 1918. "Radiazione." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 12 October 1937. "Rioting in Rhodes." The Palestine Post, 7 May 1934. "Rodos ahāli-i hammiyet-mendãni tarafindan i'ăne-i harbiyeye iştirak iden zevatın isâmılarıla miķdār-i i anelerini mubîn defterdir." Ceride-i ‘ilmiye 2 (1915). "Scholika." Nea Rodos, 27 September 1913. "Scholika." Nea Rodos, 16 February 1919. Simmel, Georg. "Zur Soziologie der Familie." Vossische Zeitung, 30 June 1895. "Stratologia ton mi Mousoulmanon." Rodos, 3 January 1910. "Stratologika." Rodos, 14 March 1910. "Theatron Kalla." Rodos, 16 May 1909. "To koinotikon žitima." Rodos, 20 December 1909. "To neon Koin. Symvoulion." I Rodiaki, 7 September 1933. "To žitima ton gamón ton en Ameriki Rodion." Rodiaki, 22 June 1931. "Tragica rissa a Salaco." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 12 Aprii 1934. "Un'altra manifestazione di gratitudine dei profughi dell'Asia Minore." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 30 September 1922. "Un nuovo maestro di Sionismo?" L'idea Sionistica, Aprii 1936. von Weisl, Wolfgang. "Reisebriefe Wien-Palästina. Rhodus." Wiener Morgenzeitung, 5 August 1922. Zeki, Mahmud. "Faşizm ve gençlik." Selâm, 7 May 1928. Oral History Documents AMIA CMT. Salomon Notrika interview, 28320 n. 135 CD 20, 9 August 1988. Giuseppe Mallei interview, 6 October 1998. USC SF VHA. GC. Interview with Benjamin E Di Liscia, 20 July 2014. www.youtube.com /watch?v=G-APPx_nHSs. Accessed 20 March 2020. UH MGCJS. Aron Hasson
interview, 21 July 2014. www.youtube.com/watch7v =dcmKWzARef4. Accessed 19 March 2020. USC SF VHA. Rosa Mallei interview, 14 June 1998. USC SF VHA. UWL OHC. Jacob Almeleh interview, 23 March 1972. - Rosa Berro interview, 1 April 1974. - Marc Angel interview, 18 July 1978. ֊ Elazar Behar interview, 24 February 1982. - Charles Alhadeff interview, 3 May 1982. - Matilda Menashe interview, 17 May 1982. - Mary Capeloto interview, 15 June 1982. - Philip Flash interview, 7 January 2002. YSU SW. James W. Kiriazis interview, 19 May 1975.
262 Bibliography Ottoman Yearbooks (Salnameler) (Salname C) Cezãyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd Salnamesi. Rodos: Mațba‘a֊yi Vilâyet, 1893. Cezãyir-i Baķr-i Sefid Sālnāmesi. Rodos: Mațba'a-yi Vilayet, 1894. Cezãyir-iBaķr-iSefidSālnāmesi. Rodos: Mațba'a-yi Vilăyet, 1898. Cezãyir-i Baķr-i Sefid Sālnāmesi. Rodos: Mațba'a-yi Vilâyet, 1900. Cezãyir-i Bahr-i Sefid Sālnāmesi. Rodos: Mațba'a-yi Vilâyet, 1901. Cezãyir-i Bahr-i Sefid Sālnāmesi. Rodos: Mațba'a-yi Vilâyet, 1903. (Salname N) Sālnāme-i Nezāret-i Mā ’ārif-i ’Umûmiye. Dār el-Hilāfe el-'Alîye (Istanbul): Mațba'a-i Âmire, 1898. Sālnāme-iNezāret-i Mā 'ãrif-і ’Umûmiye. Dār el-Hilāfe el-‘Alīye (Istanbul): Mațba'a-і Âmire, 1899. Sālnāme-i Nezāret-i Mā ‘ārif-i ’Umûmiye. Dār el-Hilāfe el-' Alîye (Istanbul): Mațba'a-i Âmire, 1900. Sālnāme-iNezāret-i Mā ‘ārif-i ’Umûmiye. Dār el-Hilāfe el-'Alîye (Istanbul): Mațba'a-i Âmire, 1901. Web Documents Nicon, John, and Joann Nicon. "Jews and Greeks Together: Sephardic Jews." 1 June 2017. http:/1greeksinwashington.org/jews-and-greeks-together/. Accessed 19 March 2020. Pressman, Hannah. "Remembering Rhodes, Family History, and the Sephardic Holocaust," 8 August 2014. https://jewishstudies.washington, edu/ personal-history / remembering-rhodes-sephardic-holocaust /. Accessed 19 March 2020. https:/ / yadvashem-france.org/dossier/nom/12726/. Accessed 31 May 2021. www.cemla.com/buscador/. Accessed 29 March 2022. www.facebook.com/groups/130804330433532/ . Accessed 19 March 2020. www.facebook.com/groups/546890742472923/ . Accessed 19 March 2020. www.rhodesjewishmuseum.org/museum/family-photos/. Accessed 23 July
2019. www.rhodesjewishmuseum.org/. Accessed 19 March 2020. www.zjc.org.il/showpage.php?pageid=88. Accessed 29 March 2022. Printed Sources Adam, Thomas. Buying Respectability: Philanthropy and Urban Society in Transnational Perspective, 1840s to 1930s. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009. Adatto, Albert. "Sephardim and the Seattle Sephardic Community." Master's thesis, Seattle: University of Washington, 1939.
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Index Abdülcelil (neighborhood), 234ո28 Abdülhamid II (Ottoman Sultan)/ Hamidian rule, 7,9,15,28,32-3, 37-41,43-4, 95,105-6,129,240ո44 Adatto, Albert, 186 Aegean, 8,12,17,19,21,48,57, 61, 71, 84,105,107,133,142,171, 177-8,182,184,202,207,209, 241ո62. See also army; citizenship; irredentism; Italy Africa: Africa Orientale Italiana (AOI), 93, 255n90; Central Africa, 18,177; German Southwest Africa, 24; Italian colonies / colonialism, 5,69,105,176,198; and the Mediterranean, 8; North Africa, 21, 63; Scramble for, 3; and youth (Frantz Fanon), 26. See also mobility Agiakatsikas: Anastasios, 147,167; Antonios, 147-8,204,226nl9, 247n26; Demetrios, 147; family, 39,143-9,247n26; Ioannis (junior), 147-8,161; Ioannis (senior), 146-7,226Ո19; Kleovoulos, 147-8; Panagiotis, 147-8,247n26 Ahmed Fuad Bey, 43-5 Ahmed Midhat Efendi, 14,116 Ahmet Tevfik, 131 Alabama, 186 Albania, 5 Albertazzi, Enrico (Governor), 50 Alcaná, Giuseppe, 166 Alexandria, 51,57,110,157,233nl66 Algeria, 8,11 Alhadeff: Acher, 40,42-3; Alberto, 166; Amelie, 84; Bank, 112; Carlo, 70; Charles, 186-7,189; Gini, 70; Joseph, 40,145; Leon, 73; Marco, 177,252n21; N. (first name unknown, in Salisbury), 252n21; Nissim, 186-7,189; Salomon, 39-40,42,145; Sarina, 86; and Sons company, 154; Vittorio, 42,84, 86, 115,126,128,145,245nl34 Ali Ekrem (vali), 111, 226ո25 Aliotti: Enrico, 207; family, 207-8; Febo, 207; Giuseppe, 207 Ali Reşad Pasha (vali), 226ո25 Alliance Israélite Universelle·. École Normale Israélite Orientale in Paris, 113-14,124,154; headquarters, 114-15,118,130, 154. See also school Almeleh, Jacob, 188 Amasya, 38
Ambrosini, Luigi, 44 Ameglio, Giovanni, 16-17,44-6,147
288 Index Amzi-Erdogdular, Leyla, 10 Anastasiadis, Demetrios, 47, 111, 162 Anatolia, З,17,23, ЗО, 42-3,48,50, 84, 95,175,180,194,196, 205, 207-10,215 Angel: Avner/ Abner, 79,234nl5; family, 78-9; Joseph, 79; Lima, 79; Marc, 190,234nl4; Morris, 234nl5; Moshe, 79,190; Rachel, 234nl5; Ralph, 79; Ray, 79; Sam, 234nl5; Victor, 23nl44; Victoria, 79,234nl5 Ankara, 38,50,56 Antalya, 84,23ІПІ24 antisemitism/ Laws for the Defense of the Race (1938)/ persecution of Jews/ Racial Laws in Italy, 16,18, 23,54,68-71,74,87,121,178,180, 200-1,210,212,243ПІ02. See also Holocaust Apostolos (Metropolitan Bishop), 41, 48,50-1,58,133-5,148,229n84, 246nl47. See also Orthodox, Church of the Dodecanese Argentina. See mobility Armenians, 22,65,209; Armenian Committee, 38; Armenian emigration, 175. See also genocide army / military service: Aegean volunteers for Italy, 15,69,93, 232nl54,233nl62; Eritrean Ascari (colonial troops), 69; German, 59; Greek, 46,50,133,218-19; Italian, 12,15-17,24,47,63^, 69,93,125, 133,138,144,151-3,158-61,163, 165,169,171-2,179,184,195-202, 204-6,211,216,219; Muslim volunteers for the Ottoman Empire, 47; Orthodox volunteers for Greece / the Allies, 46-7, 229n84; Ottoman, 15,32,42,44,47, 131,171-2,180; Ottoman POWs, 17,45; Young Turks' conscription reform (1909), 15,42-3,180,219. See also citizenship; Lago; mobility Asia Minor, 16; Greek occupation, 50; Italian occupation, 171; Italians from, 12,61,91,173,201,208, 209; Jews from, 181,217; Muslims from, 100 Astypalaia, 159 Athens: Greek politics, 46,46,211; Italian ambassador in, 50; Olympics (1896), 162; Rhodians in, 39-40,
51,57,123,147,167,200,246nl45; schools, 116. See also university Auschwitz(-Birkenau), 54,79,103, 178,210,212 Avzaradel: Baruch, 201; Eleonora, 200-1,256Ո108 Aydm, 48, 215 Aymes, Marc, 12 Badoglio, Pietro, 211 Balilla. See fascist youth organizations Balkan Wars (1912-13): echo in Rhodes, 46; Greece, 17 Ballinger, Pamela, 10,176,216 banishment: during Italian military occupation, 15,17,35,46-7; during Italian sovereign rule, 20, 57,168; Ottoman sürgün, 14, 37-8, 92-3,116,225n9 Barchi (Barkey), Clara, 180-1 Barkey, Karen, 11 Barnes, John R., 240n33 Basilicata, 57 Behar: David, 193; Elazar, 185-6,193 Behcet Efendi, 39 Beirut, 41,97,127,142,148,188. See also school Bekes, Giorgios, 148,168 Bendicio, Bohor, 187 Benun, Rahamin, 166
Index 289 Berro: Amelia, 178; Haim, 178; Jacob, 178; Matilda, 178; Rosa (Jacob's wife), 17; Rosa (William's wife), 186; William, 186 Bevah, Abraham, 187 Biliotti: Alfredo, 147; Edouard, 142 Billis, Athanasios, 148 Black Sea, 225n9 Bodrum, 86,188,241n62 Bogaz (Menashe?) Efendi, 39 Bogdanich: Amabile, 179; Antonio, 179,204; Concetta, 85; family, 179, 202-4; Giuseppe, 202; Maria, 204; Nicholas, 203-4; Pietro, 204 Boiagi, Mustafa, 138-40,161 Bosnia, 10,17,21 Bourdieu, Pierre, 27 Boz de Türkiye (periodical), 212 Brindisi, 211 Brussali, 63 Buenos Aires. See mobility Burguière, André, 224nl00 Cacopardi: Antonino, 73-5,91-2,211; family, 74,79,84,211; Francesco, 92; Maria. (See Mizrahi), Violetta (Zimbul); Pasquale, 73,74,211, 212,217,257nl cafés I bars / elite clubs/ summer resorts: Café Rodino, 141; Cercle de Rhodes, 152; Circolo Italia, 138, 152; and morality, 27,32,152-3, 165; in the Ottoman Empire, 141, 152; Kit Kat, 152-3; meetings, 131-2. See also leisure Campochiaro/ Eieusa (Rhodes), 19,178 Canonsburg, PA, 181,188,191-2 Capelluto: Bohora Rosa, 79; family, 79 Capeloto, Mary, 189 Capeluto: Esther, 181; Jamila, 182; Ralph / Raphael, 69,181-2 Carabinieri / Italian colonial police: archive, 9,24,67,139,158,247n26; Italians serving in the, 62-3,197; petitions to, 206; surveillance and bureaucracy, 15,19,10,24֊5,30,36, 39-40,47,50,52-4,56-9,62-3,67-8, 70-1,73-5,85,88,94,102,126-7, 133-4,138-9,147-53,155-6,158-61, 167,169,171,198-200,204-6,210, 218,229n91,235n45,245nl42 Carafuil, Nissim, 187 Carakulaki, Caterina, 204 Caravokyro: Anna, 197; Eleni, 197 Carpi, Leone, 52-3 Cassibile,
Armistice of, 211 Catholic: Armenian, 22; Catholics from Italy and Anatolia in Rhodes, 173-6,178-9,185, 193-210, 231Ո124; Catholics in Ottoman Rhodes, 12,22; Church and fascism, 64,81,105; Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rhodes, 74; population of Rhodes, 12,64, 73-5,82-3, 85,90-1, 95, 117,126-7,163; Syriac, 22. See also conversion; missionaries; mobility; refugees; school Cavaliere della Corona (honorific title), 146,198 Celaleddin Azif Bey (diplomat 1921), 50 Celaleddin Bey (consul 1927), 50 Cemil Bey (judge), 43 census: family certificates / sheets (fogli di famiglia, 1930s-40s), 29, 82-3,89-90,92,95,107,155,196, 234n33; and households, 82,89-92, 95-6,106-7,155-6,234n33,236n59, 249n75,249n78,254n58,254n64; Italy (1931), 193-4; Italy (1936), 145; Ottoman Empire (1905-6), 81-2, 89-90,106-7,155-6; historical
290 Index census (continued) source, 29,80,89; and modernity, 14; ratio men/ women, 90-1,194, 196,206; Rhodes census (1917), 12; Rhodes census (1922), 82,89-90, 106,155-6; United States, 184,189, 192,254n58,254n64 ceride-yi 'ilmiye (magazine), 131 Chios, 12 Choate, Mark, 175 Christian population of Ottoman Rhodes (kaza), 12 cinema: and fascism, 142; movie industry, 62; novelty, 141; 2; San Giorgio, 152 citizenship: acquisition through marriage, 74; American, 184; cittadinanza (sudditanza) italiana egea (Aegean Italian citizenship / subjecthood), 15,16,20,22, 25,37,42,50,56,58,60,68,71, 75-6,178,184,193,195,201,209-10; denaturalization of Jews, 69-70; Greek, 40,43,147; Italian full/ metropolitan citizenship, 15-16,20, 25,35,37,54,60,64,69,139,174, 178,194-6,198,200-1,233nl62; Italian piccola cittadinanza, 194; Libyan c., 76; and military service, 15,42,54,69-70; Ottoman, 15,175; personal status, 16; Turkish, 57,100, 214,228n79. See also army; Lago civil servants, 12,40-1,45,62,198, 227n55 Civitavecchia, 52 Clayer, Nathalie, 225nl0 Coen, Renato, 52 Cohen: Morris, 79; Rahamin, 49; Ralph, 186 Colorado, 183 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 34,38,41,43-8,80-1,131, 225nl0; and Rhodes, 34,43,44,45, 46,47-8; youth organizations, 47. See also Young Turks communism, 77,139,148 Congo / Belgian Congo. See mobility conversion: to Catholicism, 70,74, 200,206-7,233Ո166; to Islam, 38; to Judaism, 200 Corsini, Adriana, 207 Costarides, John, 186 council: communal council (See Jews), Muslims, Orthodox; Italian Municipal Council of Rhodes, 40,46; Ottoman municipal and provincial councils,
38—41,43,46. See also Seattle Crete: conflict, 43,95; Cretan Village I Hamidiye/Kritika I Villaggio Cretese (Rhodes), 95-6. See also refugees Crisostomidis sisters, 198 Crispi, Francesco, 105 Çuvalla, Dimitri Efendi, 39 Cyprus, 12,17-18,36,215,222n26 Cyrenaica, 3,17 Dadeli, Mehmet Ali Efendi, 39 D'Azeglio, Massimo, 5 Dalmatia, 204 Dalyan, 100,23Խ124 Damascus, 89,249n78 Dardanelles/ Gallipoli. See First World War De Bosdari, Alessandro (governor), 61,223n69 de Grazia, Victoria, 148 della Cananea, Rocco, 241n56 Der Matossian, Bedross, 110 De Roberto, Federico, 6 Despotakis, Manolis, 66-7 Detroit, 191 De Vecchi, Cesare Maria, 16; and fascist assimilation, 36,66, 68, 72,
Index 291 87,123,155,196; vs. Lago, 19-20; and petitions, 93; and the Racial Laws, 18,121; and Venetokleion students, 58-9 Diagoras. See sport Di Liscia: Benjamin, 256nl08; Carmela, 200; Michele, 256nl08; Quirino / Davide, 200 Dimitriadis: Anastasios, 39; Manolis, 39 Dodecanese: anthropology, 98; Association of Dodecanesian Students, 50; Dodecanese Question, 46; Dodecanesian League of America, 192; Gioventù Dodecanesina (Dodecanesian Youth), 39,51,57-8,229n84. See also citizenship; Great Britain; Greece; irredentism; Italy; Lago; mobility; Muslims; Orthodox Dogliani, Patrizia, 106 domestic servants, 68,74,83,85, 90-2,94,97,133,144,155-9,161, 188,236n59,249n78 Doukaki: family, 148; Persefoni, 146 Doumanis, Nicholas, 11,19,143, 255n86 Ducei, Henry, 103,116 Dunning, Eric, 163 Ebüzziya Tevfik Bey, 14 Edhem Efendi, 39 education: communities, 108-11, 118,145-7; discipline, 108-9, 112,127-33,136; educational market / access to, 104,106-7, 115,121; Educational Bill (1869), 116; Educational Commission (Orthodox community), 118; generations / parents, 110,112-15, 124-6,198-9,207; Greek, 216; Imperialism, 105,108,246nl46; Inspector of Education (Vilayet of the Archipelago), 105; mobility / emigration, 59,80,110,118,125, 127,148,173,175,187-9,216; new discourse (Ottoman period), 29, 32,107,111-14,135-6,170; Ottoman modern, 105,116,136, 239nll; Provincial Directorate of Education (Ottoman), 111, 129-30; state control, 105-7,122-7. See also school; sexuality; university Egidi, Pietro, 122 Egypt, 8,11,14,16,18,46,50,57,65, 111, 115,121,147,149,177,179, 188,207,212,214,254n64 Eisenstadt,
Shmuel, 224nl00 Elia, Vittorio (governor), 47 Elias, Norbert, 163 Elizabethville (Lubumbashi), 177 El-Necdi, Muhammed Nasir, 93 Enosis. See irredentism Entente, 17 Erçin, Cavit, 56 Eritrea, 5,69 Espinoza, Filippo, 20,142,193 Ethiopia, 5, 70, 93,148,178,208, 233Ո162,255n90 Facebook, 191 Fahrenthold, Stacy, 175 Fanon, Frantz, 26 Farge, Arlette, 25 fascism: Casa del Fascio (Rhodes), 204; fascist colonialism, 5,7-11, 14-6,18-20,23, 35-7,41,51,53-4, 57-8,69,71,102,104-5,126-7,140, 143,149,151,174-6,194,208,210, 212,217,219; fascist Italy/ fascists, 5-6,11,15,18-21,26-31,33-4, 51-2,59,61-72, 74, 81,93,94,106, 138,148-9,151,162,168-70,178, 198,202,205,207,209,212,215,
292 Index fascism (continued) 218-19; Faseio di Combattimento, 61-3,165; fascist modernity, 14, 138; Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale (MVSN) / Blackshirts (uniform), 67, 69-70,138-9,144,148,194,204-6; National Fascist Party, 5, 20-1,25, 27,30,33-7,50,53-4,60-71,104-5, 126,142-4,151,165,167,170,174, 198,200,204-5,207-9,211; "new man", 34,145,168; Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND), 143,148-9, 170; Oro alla Patria (Gold to the Fatherland, campaign), 208,210; party congress in Rome (1921), 61; party's Egyptian section, 65; party's provincial secretary, 68; party's women section, 63,201; raid at the market of Rhodes (1922), 61-3; and Zionism, 52-4,57,59,60. See also Catholic; cinema; De Vecchi; sport; youth fascist youth organizations, 25,53, 56,58,65-8, 70,148,204-5,208, 216; Avanguardisti, 65, 70,232nl53; Fasci Giovanili di Combattimento, 205; Fascist University Students Groups, 71; Figli della Lupa, 65, 70,211,232nl53; Figlie della Lupa, 65,232nl53; Giovani Fasciste, 65, 232nl53; Giovani fascisti, 65,67, 70,232nl53; Giovani Italiane, 65, 232nl53; Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), 59,66,70-1,71,208, 232; GIL football club, 208; Leva Fascista (ceremony), 33; Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB), 6,59,638,93-4,105,208,210-11,232nl53; Piccole Italiane, 65,68,232nl53 Ferid Bey (qadi), 48,246nl47 Ferris, Kate, 27 fertility: abortion, 84-5,87; birth, 74, 89,178,205,212; infanticide, 84,235n38; and marriage, 84-5; pregnancy, 73,84,87-8,204, 235n38 Fileremo Hill, 65 First World War: aftermath of, 22, 60,81,84,179,194; Dardanelles/ Gallipoli battle (1915-16), 47, 72,131; and
football, 163,188; Greece, 131; Italian soldiers, 62, 171,197; Italy, 5,17,61; Ottoman Empire, 17,48, 80,131-2,175,182, 209; scarcity, 82,86,130,182; and schools, 246nl46. See also Greater War Fiume, 5, 79 Flash, Philip, 189 Florence, 148,229n89 Foggia, 205 Foro Italico, Rhodes, 14,86 France, 8,16,105,147,149; French imperialism/influence, 3,11, 18,26,104-5,117,125,246nl46; French consul/vice-consul in Rhodes, 41,43,46-7,71,85,116, 127,142,146,179; French consul in Smyrna, 42; French consulates in Africa, 178. See also Lebanon Franco, Francisco, 69; Hizkia, 52-4, 212,214,217 Frarakis: family, 43; Nikolaos, 39-40; Theodoros, 40 Freedom and Accord Party (Ottoman Empire), 38 Fuhrmann, Malte, 142 Gabaccia, Donna, 175 Galante: Avram (Galanti), 117, 237n82,240n44,241n62; Celebi, 86; David, 180 Gaon, David, 49
Index 293 Gatti, Carlo, 198 Gela, 211 gender: Ottoman society, 249ո61; roles / distinction, 21,27, 75,81, 83, 85,94-6,99,101,114,143,160, 162,169,172,175,189-90; violence (domestic), 76,94,101. See also mobility; morality; sexuality generation: and belonging / loyalty, 21, 26, 42,46,49, 57,107, 110,112,126,167,174, 204, 215, 218; and family, 30, 34, 39-42, 57, 72, 75-7, 85, 91-2, 95-7, 99, 101,143-9,151,173,178,185-6, 189-90,195,204-5, 209, 256nl20; generational dynamics / conflict I roles / rupture / solidarity, 26-7, 29, 31, 33,52,94, 102,107-8, 126,132,137,139-40,143,156, 181,198, 224nl00; Generation Identity, 9; and history writing, 9, 25-6, 28-9,224Ո100; lost generation, 26; and memory, 190-3; new generation of Dodecanesian (Lago's project), 5-7, 12,18, 21,25-6, 28, 30-1, 34, 37,46, 51, 54, 56-7, 64, 66, 68-9, 107,122-3,139,174, 204, 209-10; new generation of Greeks, 218-19; new generations for Young Turks, 7, 26-8, 31-4, 71, 218. See also education; marriage; mobility genocide/ genocidal violence: against Armenian and Orthodox, 209; against Rhodian Jews (See Holocaust) Georgiadis, Giorgios, 111, 218-19 Germany: German Luftwaffe, 228n68; German Southwest Africa, 24; German troops in Rhodes, 10, 59,200,211,216, 243n94; Nazi Germany, 51,211-12. See also Holocaust; Second World War Giovane Italia, 26 Grand Hotel delle Rose, 163 Graziani, Sara, 131 Great Britain, 8,16,17,105; British consul in Rhodes, 71,85; British imperialism, 3,11,18; British intelligence, 233nl62; British occupation of Dodecanese (19451947), 10,206,214-15; British occupied Egypt, 179; rivalry with
France, 8,18; secret operation "Erratic", 59. See also Cyprus; Egypt; Palestine Greater War (1911-23), 8, 17-18,29, 35,90,107,135-6,147,218,221n9 Great Powers, 10,47 Greece: allegiance to, 36,40,50,57-8, 134,162,167,185,192; annexation of Dodecanese (1948), 10,31,47, 192,210,214-16,218-19; anti Greek boycott, 43,226n35; consul in Rhodes, 63,133,148,228n68; diplomacy and Italy, 17,40,51, 68; Fourth of August Dictatorship (1936-1941), 58; Greek Americans, 176,184,192-3; historiography on Rhodes, 19,23; Italians in, 202; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 147; market, 147,149; Parliament, 15; Royal Navy, 93; school diplomas, 123; tensions with Turkey, 8,215; vice-consul in Rhodes, 40. See also army; Balkan Wars; citizenship; First World War; irredentism; Lausanne Conference; mobility; nationalism; Orthodox; Second World War Greek-Turkish War (1919-1922), 17, 50, 229n84 Green, Nancy, 176 Gutman, David, 175
294 Index Habsburg Empire, 5,10,26,179,204, 245nl27 Haci Hafiz Ismail Asim Efendi, 39 Haci Mehmed Ağa, 39 Haci Pandelli Efendi, 39 Haci Yusuf Efendi, 39 Hanan: Isaac, 125; Joya, 125; Rachel, 125; Raimondo, 70,233nl68; Rosa, 212-14 Hanioğlu, Şükrü, 225nl0 Hassan Efendi, 131-2 Hasson: Aron, 78,191; Bohor, 154; Giuseppe, 69,70; Haim, 187; Mercado, 167 Hellenic National Steamboats, 177 Hemphill, Cynthia Flash, 180 Herzfeld, Michael, 98 Hill, Jeffrey, 25ІПІ17 Hirsch, Marianne, 190 Hirschon, Renée, 234n33 Holocaust / deportation of Jews from Rhodes and Kos, (1944), 10, 18-19,23,31,54, 74,79,103-4,178, 189-92,200-1,210-12,214,216, 233nl68,243n95,257nl20. See also memory Hom, Stephanie Malia, 10 housing / real estate / rent, 81,95-8, 154,160,174,238n86 Hudayi (neighborhood), 81-2,89, 106,156 Huniù (Cugno): lojevet, 85-6; Rebecca, 86 lacovetta, Franca, 175 Ibrahim Edhem, 225n9 Ibrahim Soussa, 226n35 Ilya Efendi, 39 Informations Lassaliennes (magazine), 103 inheritance, 12,16,29,63, 76,96-100, 139,147,160 intercommunality, 24,42,145,175, 258nl0 Iran, 15 irredentism: Greek/ Enosis (Dodecanese), 8,19,22-3,28, 35,39-40,50-1,58-9,68,72, 107,133-4,167-8,218; Italian, 5; Turkish, 8,22,56 Isernia, 200 Ismail Hakkı Paşa, 38 Israel: Bohor, 48-9,52; Nissim, 187 Istanbul I Constantinople, 14-15, 17,32-3,38,41,43,46-7,65,89, 96, 111, 115-16,127,131,158,162, 199,212,227n55,228n68,246nl45, 249n78,255n89 Istituto LUCE, 223n68 Istria,5 Italo-Ottoman War (1911-12), 3, 16-17,43,45,48,72,223n52 Italy: ambassador in Turkey, 50; civil war (1943-45), 212; colonialism/ expansionism I imperialism, 3, 5,
7-8,10-11,14,16,18-21,23, 26,31,60, 65-6,69-70,77,93, 105,126,138-9,170,175,196, 217,219; Italian Aegean Islands (Possedimento delle Isole italiane dell'Egeo)/ Italian Dodecanese, З, 5,6,10-11,17,19,33,40,46, 52,59-60, 64,66,68-70,72-3,93, 105-6,123,138,142,147-8,172, 176,178,196,198-9,202,205, 208-9,211,215-16,218,245nl45, 254п64; Italianità, 20, ЗО, 35, 37,60, 63,65,67-9,170,174-6,194,199, 201,205,208-10,216; market, 147, 149; military occupation of Asia Minor, 171; military occupation of the Dodecanese (1912-23), 3,7, 9-10,12,15-18,28-9,33,35,38, 43-9,58,72,82,87,93,119,127,
Index 295 131,134,147,183,218, 253ո42; Ministry of Education, 119,122; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 60, 119,159; Risorgimento, 5,6,138. See also antisemitism; army; banishment; census; citizenship; Ethiopia; fascism; First World War; law; missionaries; mobility; nationalism; reformatory; school; Second World War; tribunal; Zionism Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 52,54, 72, 229n89. See also Zionism Japan, 51 Jerusalem, 49,65,154 Jews: Ashkenazim, 186,189-91,209; community in Rhodes, 8,18-19, 21-3,41-2,48-9,53-4,57, 74-5, 80,87, 98,104,109,116-18,121, 125,142,153,169,196,200,210, 212,214-15,217,237n82,257n2; community in America, 173—4, 176,183-93; Jewish Archives Project, 173; Jewish Communal Council of Rhodes, 40,49,52, 118,121,167; Jewish community in Italy, 121; Jewish National Fund, 49; Jewish population of Rhodes, 12,82-3,90-1,234; Jewish Quarter/ Judería, 95; Jews of Salónica, 224n81; kindergarten of Rhodes, 159; Rhodes Jewish Museum, 77-8,191; Sephardim, 73,85,118,176,186,189-90, 193,209,254n64; Turkey, 217, 241n62. See also Alliance Israélite Universelle; antisemitism; Asia Minor; citizenship; Holocaust; Mediterranean; mobility; Salónica; school; Seattle; tribunal Julian March, 5 Kacika (Agiakatsikas?), Andon Efendi, 39,226nl9 Kadir, Mehmet, 187 Kadri, Mehmet, 56,131-2,153,165 Kalambichis, Emmanouil, 109,168 Kaloupakis, Michail, 244nll0 Kalymnos, 50,160,233nl62 Karajannis, Nikolaos, 40,148 Karpathos, 12,47,50,84,199 Katsouris, Giorgios, 133 Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk), 17, 36,50 Kemal, Namık, 14 Kemalism, 19,28, 50-1,56-7,59, 72, 84,100,218 Khater, Akram, 175 Kjanan (Kenan)
Efendi, 131-2 Kiriazis, James, 192,254n64 Knights Hospitaller, 116 Kolossos (company), 146-7 Konstantinidis, Theodoros, 41 Konuk, Sadi, 215 Konya, 227n55 Kos, 85,160,188,199,229n79 Koskinou, 188 Kostaridis, Giorgios, 59 Koutouzakis, Sam, 181 Köyceğiz, 100 Kühn, Thomas, 18 Kumburnu (Rhodes), 163 Kuşadası, 171 Labanca, Nicola, 11,222n24 Łachania, 181 Lago, Mario: and communities, 23,35,48,51,53,56,98,148; and military service / citizenship, 15-16,54; rule, 7,19-20,49,50,58, 60, 65,100-1,104,121,123,125, 127,167,169,202; summer camp, 65. See also De Vecchi; generation; school
296 Index Landriscina: Antonio, 63; Constantino, 63; Francesco, 63; Giacinto, 63 Lausanne Conference (1922-23) / Treaty (1923), 3, 7, 15,17, 28,35, 40,48,50, 69, 76,119,195,201,215, 218,223ո69; Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey (1923), 17 law: American, 184; Italian, 76,84, 87,195; Italian anti-vagrancy laws, 150; Italian Codice Rocco (penal code), 150; Law on vagrancy (Ottoman Empire, 1917), 32; Law of Family Rights (Ottoman Empire, 1917), 80; legal pluralism, 77,97,100-1,182; marriage laws in Rhodes, 199; Mosaic, 49,96; Orthodox, 238n86; Sharia/ Islamic, 99-101,238n93; Turkish, 100-1. See also antisemitism; tribunal Lebanon: French Mandate, 18; Kataeb Party, 51; Lebanese and Syrian emigration (mahjar), 175,180; Ottoman travelers, 14 Lecce, 159 Lega Italiana, 62 Lefebvre, Henri, 27 leisure: and education, 115,216; etymology, 141; and free time, 129,140-1,157,163; and Italian government, 138,161,168; and sex, 161; and social distinction, 141,147; and youth, 140,145, 154,160,165. See also cafés; Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro; sport; work Leon: Behora, 252n21; Bohor, 252n21 Leros, 159-60,186,200 Levant, 3,8,14,17,105,116,121, 141-2 Levantines, 174, 202 Levi: Giuseppe, 54,60; Isacco, 167 Levy, Leon, 69 Lewis, Mary D., 10 Liberal Party (Ottoman Empire), 41 libraries: Hafiz Ahmed Aga, 234n28, 240n44; private, 112,115; religious, 115; at school, 115 Libya, 3,5,8,11,16,44,61,175,177,198 Lindos, 138, 252n28 literacy, 106-7,115 Lithuania, 193 Livissi (Kayaköy), 23ІПІ24 Los Angeles, 191 Lüdtke, Alf, 21,24 Luigi Amedeo of Savoy (Italian prince), 40 Macedonia: Balkan Wars, 46;
Macedonian Committee, 41 Madagascar, 26 Magnataci, Sava, 50,229n84 Mahmud Efendi, 39 Makri (Fethiye), 84,23ІПІ24 Maksudyan, Nazan, 156 Mallei, Giuseppe, 212-13; Nissim, 212; Rebecca, 212 Malona, 109,204 Maltezos, Nikolaos, 152 Mandraki (Mandracchio) waterfront (Rhodes), 86,152 Mannheim, Karl, 25 Marmara (island), 186 Marmaris, 43 marriage / wedding: abandonment, 94, 99,101,157,159,171,199; adultery, 85,183,206,250n90; "bride theft", 85,235n45; and bureaucracy / law, 29, 74, 76,80, 87-8,102,157,160,195,199-201; and demography, 76,81, 83-4, 196,249,254n64; divorce, 16,195, 199,206,237n82,255n87; dowry, 29,84,87, 96-9,160,174,181,
Index 297 184-5,198, 204,237ո82,238ո89; as generational dynamic, 75, 80-1,84, 90, 93-4,114,148; intermarriage, 63, 74,126,174,177, 183,189,193-209,255n87; "love" and "arranged", 85-6,182,252n21; and mobility, 80, 82-4,91,173, 182-3,198,207,212-14,217; as norm/ custom, 27,80-1, 87-8, 98, 237n82,238n89; polygamy, 76,195; Registry Office (anagrafe), 88. See also citizenship; fertility; law Marseille, 146,177 Martin, André, 243n95 Massawa, 177 Maynard Keynes, John, 141 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 26 McGuire, Valerie, 19,66,193,216 Mediterranean: colonialism/ powers, 8,11,16,18,21,36,126-7, 217; Europeanization, 142,146; ideologies, 19, 51,57,218; Jewish Sephardic communities, 118,121, 193; modernity, 141,149; post Ottoman, 8,11,16,18,28,36, 47-8,51,60, 72, 75-6,102,218; today, 8. See also Africa; mobility; nationalism Mehmed Ali Ağa, 39 Mehmet Ali Efendi (council), 39 Mehmet Ali Efendi (school), 131 Mehmet Galip Efendi, 131-2 Mellone: Francesco, 62,63; Luisa, 63 memory: of the Holocaust, 189-91, 212,214; of Italian rule, 19,31,216; of resistance against Italian rule, 59. See also generation; passport Menashe: Bension, 43,112,132; family, 43; Matilda, 181; Morris, 181 Merichia (village), 160 Messina, 92 Metaxas, Ioannis, 58 Metropolis of Rhodes / Mitropolis (neighborhood), 110,133 Middle East, 8,17 Milan, 52-3,84,212 Milas, 159,181,188 millet (pl. milei), 22, 42-3,202 Misios, Gavriil, 165,167,216 missionaries: Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes (See school); in Italian Rhodes, 105; National Association supporting Italian Missionaries (ANSMI), 119; Ottoman Empire, 29, 116; Sisters of Ivrea,
121; Soeurs du Sacré Coeur of Gemona (See school) Mixi (village, now lalyssos), 97 Mizrahi: Sadoc, 74; Violetta (Zimbul) later Maria Cacopardi, 73-5,92, 200,211,212 mobility I migration / diaspora / displacement: to Africa, 105,171, 177-8,191,212,243n97,252n21; to Argentina I Buenos Aires, 12,70, 86,171,178,180,191,252n29; to Congo, 74,177-8,212; convergent I divergent, 176; to France, 85; gendered, 172; generations / family, 75-6,79,90-2,144,159,173-4, 178,181-2,185-91,195,206,209, 256nl20; Great Depression, 184; Italian emigration/ diaspora, 105, 175; Italian immigration to Rhodes, 12,74,91,95,159,171-6,178-9, 193-210; Italians leaving Rhodes, 67-8,210,212; Jewish /Rodeslis, 12,30,74,80,82,86,96,117-18,125, 171,173,176-93,196,209-10,21718,234nnl4-15,252n21,254n58; Mediterranean, 8,177; military service, 73,171-2,179-80,182,195, 197-201; to New York, 57,79,171, 177-8,180-1,183,186-7,190-1,201, 234Ո15,253n45,256nl08;
298 Index mobility / migration / diaspora / displacement (continued) nineteenth century, from Rhodes, 177,179; Orthodox Dodecanesian, 30,50,57-9,82-3,91, 111, 157, 171-3,176-7,181-8,191-3,196,206, 209,253n51,254n64; to Paris, 84, 122,124; to Rhodesia / Zimbabwe, 177,190,252n21; routes, 177; rural to urban, 124; to Seattle, 79,173, 181-3,185-3,234,253n45,254n58; Second World War, 74,103-4,177, 180,210-11,215,217; surveillance, 19,88,172,179; terminology, 176, 178; from Turkey / Asia Minor I Smyrna to Rhodes, 61,63,65,85,91, 93,152,173-4,178,188,196,201-10, 23ІПІ24; to Turkey, 56-7,100,210, 215. See also Armenians; Athens; banishment; Catholic; education; Holocaust; Lebanon; marriage; refugees; sexuality; youth Montgomery, AL, 186 morality: conduct, 25,85,88, 94,96, 114,128-9,140,150-1,153,158-9, 199; and education, 29, 65-6,68, 108-9,112-15,127-8,132,134,136, 165,214,240n38; and fertility, 84; police profiling, 25, 62-3,85,88, 94,97,160,199,209; and public security / order, 100,143,154; and youth, 30,49,52, 75,115,130-1, 144,150,152-3,158; and women, 30, 77,81,100,102,128,153,160-1, 169-70,185,199,205,255n86. See also cafés; gender Mosul, 226n35 Moussafir, Jacques, 124,243n95; Mathilde, 243n95 Mozambique, 177 Müderiszade: Mustafa, 127; Şevket, 50,84 Mufti: Kaşlıoglu, Siileyman, 112,215, 240n33; of Rhodes, 48,57,98,100, 101,112,132,215 Muğla, 215 Murad Efendi, 39 Musa Bey (director of education), 111 Müşir Şakir Paşa, 92-3 Muslims: community, 8,21-3, 27,38, 41,43,47-8,50,56-7,64,72, 87, 98,100-1,125,132,165,214-15, 234n28,237n82,238n93,258nl0; Μ. population of Rhodes, 12,
81-3, 90-1,155; Muslim Communal Council of Rhodes, 50. See also army; Kemalism; mobility; refugees; school; tribunal; Turkey; Young Turks Mussolini, Benito/ Duce, 3,5,18,20, 33,52,57, 61,64, 70,77,168,176, 178,208,211,212,219 Mytilene, 12,146,247n26 Naples, 65, 70,177,201 Nasuhoğlu, Sadi, 237n82 nationalism: Greek, 19,36,48,57-9, 72,104,123,133,148,218; Italian, 11,18, 81; in the Mediterranean, 9, 149; Ottoman, 47; Turkish, 19,36, 50-1, 56-7,59, 72,214; and youth, 26. See also Greece; Kemalism; Zionism National Youth Organization (EON, Greece), 58 Neocori (neighborhood in Rhodes), 41, 97,119,162,169 newspapers: Afitāb, 32-4,42,240n44; Ba5;-i Sefid/Aigaion, 240n44; Boletín, El, 52; Chronos, 215; Dodekanisos, 57; Ethniki Foni, 218; H21,46; Messaggero di Rodi, II, 33-5,57,59,61-2,66,85,102,138, 141,152,163,168-9,240ո44; Nea
Index 299 Rodos, 118-19,183—1,253ո48; New York Herald, The, 171; in Ottoman Rhodes, 116; 'šmarili Musevīleri, 240ո44; Rodiaki, 1,58,147,183,185, 206,240ո44; Rodos, 22,42-3,171, 240ո44; Selâm, 64, 80, 112, 153, 158, 165,167,242ո79; Stampa, La, 44 New York: Brotherhood League of Rhodes, 187; Dodecanesian Youth section, 57; Manhattan, 187. See also mobility Notrica, Joseph, 154 Notrika, Salomon, 180 Nuri Μ. (journalist), 32 Ohio, 187 orphans, 70,86,99,128,149,150,154, 156,159,181,188,245nl45,252n21 Orthodox: in Anatolia, 17,209; Church, 42,99,160,192; Church of the Dodecanese/ autocephaly, 48,148; Communal Council of Rhodes/ Eforia I Dimogerontia, 40,46,109,133,135,146,148; community, 8,21-4,36,40,42-3, 45-8,50,57,63,65, 68,98-9,103-4, 109-10,117-18,123,125-7,133-1, 145,148,154,157,162,163,167, 169,172,184,193,196,198,205, 215,217,23ІПІ24,233,258nl0; community in Egypt, 57, 111, 154, 177; community's Educational Commission, 118; population of Rhodes, 12,82-3, 90-1. See also army; education; genocide; law; mobility; refugees; school; tribunal Osterhammel, Jürgen, 176 Ottanelli, Fraser, 175 Ottoman Empire: anti-Greek boycott, 43; demise of, 3,5,8,35,38,49,204; First Constitutional Period (187678), 15; First World War, 17,47, 72,82,131; Ministry of Education, 115,121,225n9; Ministry of the Interior, 37,43, 93, 111, 225n9; Ottoman history, 11; Ottoman legacy, 6,9-10,12,51; Ottoman Parliament/ elections, 15,33,41, 43; Ottoman political prisoners, 37; state politics, 37,40,47,104,109, 150; Second Constitutional Period (concerning Rhodes: 1908-12) I Constitution, 7,9,15,22,28,
32-5,37,414 71-2,130,175; sectarianism, 22 {See also ItaloOttoman War); Sublime Porte, 401; Young Ottomans, 14,27. See also Abdülhamid II; army; banishment; cafés; census; citizenship; council; education; First World War; ItaloOttoman War; law; Mediterranean; missionaries; nationalism; reformatory; salnameler; Salónica; school; sport; tribunal; vali; Young Turks Ouchy, Treaty of, 17 Pacifici, Riccardo, 167 Palace of the Grand Master (Rhodes), 116 Palestine, 14,48-9,147,149,222nl7, 230nl04; British Mandate, 48,52 Panrhodian Society Apollon, 191-2 Papachristodoulou, Christodoulos, 124 Papadopoulos, lordanis, 133 Paraskevas, Michalis, 39; Panagi(otis), 39; Spiros, 39 Paris: (Versailles) Peace Conference (1919/20), 133—4. See also Alliance Israélite Universelle; mobility; school Passerini, Luisa, 27 Patriarch of Constantinople, 111
300 Index Patris (liner), 177,181,186-7 passport: Carabinieri, 24,88; Italian, 179,201; to Italy, 233nl68; and memory, 190; to Spain, 70; to Turkey, 160; Yugoslav, 179 patrida (homeland, Rhodes), 110-11 Paul VI (Pope), 103 Pavlidis: Pavlos, 46; Savvas, 46,227n55 Pefkoi (Rhodes), 98 Penhalonga, 177 Pennsylvania, 182 Pergher, Roberta, 11 petitions / handout requests, 20,57, 77,92-5,100-1,125-6,132,147, 150,151,236n67 Peveragno Rodio, 19 philanthropic societies: Bnai B'rith, 125; Ergani Athina, 125,130,146, 154-5; Filoptochos Adelfotis, 125; Fukaraperver Cemiyeti, 125; and upper class, 143,146,149 philhellenism / hellenophilia, 58, 133,147-8,162 photographs/ photography, 14,54, 57,77,86,119,163,190-1, 221nl, 234nl4,252n21 Piacenza, 73 Pignataro, Luca, 19 Pinder, Wilhelm, 25 Piola, Giuseppe / Friar Clemente, 119,125,168 Piraeus, 177 Piscopi (Tilos), 168 Politis, Nikolaos, 147 Popular Front, French coalition), 51 Port Sudan, 177 Possedimento. See Italian Aegean Islands Potenza, 171 Pressman, Hannah, 190 Pueblo, CO, 183 Puglia, 62,159 qadi, of Rhodes, 43,87,98,131-2 rabbi of Rhodes, 27,49,53,130 Rao: Liborio, 62; Rosario, 198; Vincenzo, 62,198 Rappas, Alexis, 23,101,194,222n26, 222n40 Ravenna, 198 Red Sea, 11 Reformatory: Italian reformatories, 144,150-1,170; Ottoman ıslahhane, 129,150 refugees / muhacirler·. Catholic, from Anatolia, 61-2,95,122,178; Cretan Muslims, 43,95-6,129,159,209; Muslims from Rhodes in Turkey, 215; Orthodox from Anatolia, 124. See also Smyrna Reichardt, Sven, 27 Reis Haci Hüseyin Efendi, 39 Reis Hakki Efendi, 39 Reis Ismail Hakki Efendi, 39 Republic of
Salò (1943-45), 212 Rodiakon Imerologion (yearbook), 80 Rodoslu: Mehmet Şevket, 38,44; Süleyman, 225nl0 Romano, Attilio, 68,69,232nl53 Rome, 5,15-18,45,52,61-2,65, 68,70,103,123,169,178,210; 1870 Capture of (1870), 138; 1922 March on Rome (1922), 138,198; celebration of the Foundation (Natale di Roma), 58 Rosa di Rodi (company), 147 Rothschild, Nathan (Baron), 118 Rubin, Avi, 97 Russia: Romanov Empire, 10,15,47; Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), 15 Sadik Efendi, 39 Şakir Efendi, 43 Salakos, 57
Index ЗОЇ Salisbury (Harare), 177,252n21 salnameler (Ottoman yearbooks), 14, 39,115,242n79 Salónica: Ottoman, 142,162,188; and the Young Turks, 32,41,112, 224n81. See also Jews Samos, 109,116 Santorini, 127 Sarajevo, 245nl27 Sardinia, 69 Scagliarmi family, 208 Scalia brothers, 152 Schahon, Nissim, 187 school: Alliance Israélite Universelle, 42-3,48-9,80,104-5,108-9,113֊ 15,117-18,121-2,124-6,128,1301,141,154,158-9,163,180,187-8, 242n85,244nl25; America, 186-91, 193; American School of Istanbul (Robert College?), 46; Astiki Scholi (Town's), 111; Catholic school in Beirut, 127; closure, 20,59,104, 121, 214; dergâh (Sufi religious training center), 121; elite, 33, 109,116,127,135,148; Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes / College de St. Jean, 103-4,107,115-22, 125-6,128,163,242n74,246nl47; Gentile s. Reform (1923), 106; high school in Beirut, 97; İdadiye / Mekteb-i İdadi, 38,43,48,104,112, 115-16,121-2,128-9,131-3; Italian Jewish schools of Rhodes (Scuole Ebraiche), 52-3,104,119,170; Italian Muslim schools of Rhodes (Scuole Turche / Mussulmane), 12, 104,119,131,153; Italian school in Rhodes (1889), 241n56; Lago's reform (1926), 108,122-3,243n90; Lazarist College (Santorini), 127; Lycée Lakanal (Paris), 126; medrese, 121; mixed classes, 122, 130,162; modernity, 14; Muslim school in Bosnia, 245nl27; Muslim schools in Rhodes after 1945, 214-15,217; Ottoman Imperial School for Civil Administration (Mekteb-I Mülkiye), 37,40,225n7, 225nl0; Parthenagogeio Kazoulleion, 243n88; Patronato Scolastico, 125; professional school (Orthodox community), 154; protests, 48, 58-9,131-5; punishment,
113-14, 127-9,133-4,150,244nll0, 244nl25; Pythagoreio s. in Samos, 109; Rabbinical College of Rhodes, 121,167; Regio Istituto (Italian Royal secondary s.), 12,56, 63, 65,68,70,94,103,105,107, 118-26,162-3,165,208,242n74, 243n90; Rüşdiye, 115,242n79; scholarships, 125,126,243nl02; Scolasticat (Catholic religious training center), 121; Scuola di stato (State s.), 123; secondary, 29, 102-37,211; Soeurs du Sacré Coeur, 117; statistics (1922), 243ո87; state interference, 44, 64, 71,123,218; Süleymaniye Medresesi, 242ո79; surveillance of schools (Ottoman Empire), 105,121; Talmud Torah, 117-18; tuition, 104,116-19,121, 125; Turkish secondary schools, 127,214; Venetokleion gymnasium, 42,47-8,58-9, 63,104,108,110-11, 115,117,118-19,121-3,125,128, 133-5,147,162-3,167,218,243n94, 245nl47; Yeshivot (Jewish religious training centers), 115. See also Athens; education; Greece; Seattle; sport; work; youth Sciaky, Isacco, 229n89 Sciarcon: Andrea, 70; Morris, 70 Scott, James C., 20
302 Index Seattle: Council of Jewish Women, 189; Hebrew School, 190; Sunday School, 189; Temple Circle, 189; Young Hebrew Literary Club, 188-9. See also mobility; university Second World War: aftermath, 15, 193, 212,214-18,258nl0; German defeat, 214; Greece, 63; Italy, 71, 161,176,192,206, 210,212,214; in Rhodes, 10,21,31,59,69, 72, 79,88,124,139,179,200,214; situation before, 5, 20,28-9, 71, 73,161,189,196,201,208,211, 233nl66. See also army; mobility Sertel, Zekeriya, 112 Server Efendi, 46 Şevket Efendi (vilayet's press office), 111 sexuality: brothels, 62-3,139,158-60; colonialism, 198; education, 109, 127-8,130,132; emigrants, 182-3; homosexuality/ "pederasty", 85,131,245nl34; patriarchy, 30; "promiscuity" 130-1,153,158,162; rape, 87,250n90; sexist expressions, 63,128; sexual harassment/ abuse, 131-2,153,156,158,245nl34; sexually transmittable diseases, 87; sex work/ workers / prostitution, 30,144,153,155,158-61,199, 247n22,250n90; youth, 25,130,132, 157,159 Sheih Abdullah Efendi, 39 Sicily, 6, 62,73-5, 211-12 Silbe, 179 Simmel, Georg, 26,80 Smyrna, 14,18,40,42,115-16,133, 142,145,162,201,202,204,205, 207,208,215,217; Great Fire of, 17, 61,178,179,201; Greek occupation, 133. See also France; mobility; refugees Società Anonima Italiana Fruttinđustria Egea (SAIFE), 207 Somalia, 5,93 Sondrio, 198 Soriano, Moise, 212,257n2 South-Tyrol, 5 Soviet Union, 51 Sözen, Hasan, 56 Spain/ Spanish Civil War, 69-70 sport: 1896 Olympics, 162; 1936 Olympics, 168; amateur football teams, 163; association FRATRES, 167-8; association Marechiaro, 168; Associazione Sportiva Rodia, 147; clubs
founded after 1935, 16; communities, 162-3,167, 169; cycling, 138-9,143,162; Diagoras, 12, 111, 144,147, 162-3,165, 167,217; Dorieas, 147, 165,167-8, 215-16; emotions, 162-3; Fascio football club, 12, 63; football World Cup (1930s), 168; gymnastics, 111, 133,141, 147,162,165; İslam Spor Kulübu, 165; Maccabi / Gioventù Ebraica di Rodi, 165-7,169; managers, 165; Ottoman Empire, 162; Peisirodos football team, 162; Polisportiva Fascio, 23ІПІ38; politics, 3, 138-9,145,168-70,218; social distinction, 162; Squadra di Rodi, 163; running race, 167; skating race, 169; Veloci school football team, 165; youth, 30, 145, 161-5,143. See also fascist youth organizations; youth St. Anastasia (neighborhoood in Rhodes), 110 Starace, Achille, 106 Sterling, CO, 183 Sufism: QadirT Sufi lodge, 38. See also school
Index 303 suicide, 85,156-7,183,252n28 Sünger, Celaleddin, 56-7, 60 Symi, 50, 62, 92,165 Syria, 36,147,179,225nl0. See also Lebanon Tahsin Bey (consul), 212 Tanzimat, 15, 38,222ո28 Thomas, Martin, 24 Tittoni-Venizelos Agreement, 17 Todorova, Maria, 10 Torr, Cecil, 16,21 Toundassaki, irini, 98 Town Hall of Rhodes, 82,87,196 Trentino, 178 Trianda (village), 157 tribunal/ courts: Italian (Rhodes), 12, 25, 29,76,84,87,96-101,150, 183; Jewish, 12,159; Ottoman, 43, 159,227n55; religious, 29,43, 75-6, 87,97-8,101,255n87; Muslim, 87,98,132,159; Orthodox, 146, 238n86; Turkish courts, 100, 217 Tripoli, 198 Tripolitania, 3,17 Tunisia, 8,10,18 Turkey: foreigners, 96,174,202, 204; foundation of Republican, 17; geopolitics and diplomacy, 8, 35-6,51, 84,142,214-15; market, 147,149; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 214; Ministry of Health and Welfare, 215; Public Office for Resettlement, 215; minorities, 76; Turkish consul in Rhodes, 50,56,100-2,212,214-15,217, 228n79,257n2; Turkish militias, 17; Turkish National Assembly, 38; Turkishness, 23,215. See also Anatolia; Asia Minor; citizenship; Greece; Greek-Turkish War; irredentism; Jews; Kemalism; Lausanne Conference; law; mobility; nationalism; passport; refugees; school Ülkümen, Selahettin (consul), 257n2 Umberto (Italian Prince), 56 United States of America, 50,79,125, 173,175-6,181-93, 209,254n58, 254n64,256Ո108 university: Al-Azhar (Cairo), 112; of Athens, 50,123,147; higher education, 56,119,126-7,188; in Paris, 126; of Pisa, 127; of Pavia (Faculty of Law), 126; project for Rhodes, 123; of Rome, 50; of Washington (Seattle), 173; Yeshiva
(New York), 190. See also fascist youth organizations Ünye, 225n9 vakif, 50 vali (Ottoman governor), 37-8,41, 43,45,75 Vati (Rhodes), 41 Veblen, Thorstein, 141 Venetokleion. See school Venetoklis: family, 115; Minos, 45,46, 110, 111; Yani (Jannis), 39 Venice, 27 Venizelos, Eleftherios, 17,133 Ventura family, 208 Vilayet of the Archipelago (Cezayir-i Bahr-I Sefid Vilayeti), 12,105, 242ո79 Villanova, 133 Virginia, 190 Vittoria (family), 148 Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia (Italian King), 18,211 Volonakis, Michael, 50 Vratsalis, Antonis, 86,152 Vrouchos: Michalis, 59; Savvas, 59,60
304 Index Warren, OH, 187,254n64 Weirton, OH, 187 Weisl, Wolfgang von, 48,49 Western Thrace, 215 West Indies, 26 Wilsonian moment, 22,135 work / labour: apprenticeship, 94, 130,147,151,154-5,165,170; factories, 57,146,157-8,171; housewives, ЗО, 92,94,144,155-6, 158,160-1,170; housework, 67,125, 144,154,156-7; industrialization, 82,141,145,150; and leisure, 9, 29,139-41,143,152,155,160,165, 169-70,181; lower class / precarity / subsistence, 30,68,77,114,140-3, 144,149,154-5,158-61,169,204-5, 208,247n22; market, 92,126,155; monetization, 95; normalcy / normalization, 143,151,154-5, 170; productivity / idleness, 30, 33,88,125,130,137,139,140-1, 1434,149-55,157,169-71,199,204; seasonal, 179; transition to work after school, 30,127,137,144,150-1, 154,161,169; unemployment, 30, 61,69,94,130,149,152,156,202; vagrancy, 30,141,149-51,170; women's, 30,143-4,153,155,160, 170. See also domestic servants; law; leisure; sexuality Xiptera, irini, 146 Yemen, 18,92-3 Young Turks: counter coup in Istanbul (1909), 41; as oppositional movement, 6,15,38,129,180, 225nl0; in Rhodes after 1912,17, 35,44-8,132; Revolution (1908), 6,15,22,31-3,37,41,110,129-30, 154,240n44; as ruling force, 7,18, 33-4,37,42-4, 72,101,105,112, 218. See also army; citizenship; Committee of Union and Progress; education; generation; Ottoman Empire; Salónica youth: activism in the local fascist party, 64-71,126; education, 29,42,107,109-15,119,127; emigration, 173,179-81,185, 188-91, 214; enlightened, 6,32-3; for Climate Action, 9; history writing, 9,26-8,219; indigenous/ colonial, 6,12,21,25,47,64,69, 123,139; political
regimes, 34; politicization of, 28,35-7,43-7, 51-60, 71-2,135; productivity, 144, 149-55; youth-as-patriotism, 219; youth-as-sportsmen, 168; youthas-students, 107,110-13,123,127, 131,135-6. See also Committee of Union and Progress; Dodecanese; fascist youth organizations; leisure; mobility; morality; sexuality; sport; Zionism Yusuf (Alhadeff?) Efendi, 39 Zara, 5,179,199-200 Zervos, Skevos, 50 Zimbabwe / Rhodesia. See mobility Zionism: Betar youth organization, 52-4; Revisionist Party in Italy, 52-3; Revisionist Zionism, 19,28, 36,48-9,51-5,59, 72, 218,229n91; World Zionist Organization and national/ regional branches, 49. See also Jabotinsky Ziya Efendi, 131-2 Zürcher, Erik-Jan, 225nl0 Bayerisch· ì яцаШЫМмк |
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Contents Maps, Figures, and Tables Acknowledgments Abbreviations vii ix xiii Notes on Transliteration, Dates, and Names xvii Introduction 3 Rethinking the Imperial Consequence 10 The Post-Ottoman Mediterranean and Fascist Colonialism 16 A Rule of Interaction between the State, Communities, and Families Generations, Youth, and Political Change 25 1 The Emergence of Youth as a Political Category 32 The Juvenilization of Politics in Late Ottoman Rhodes 37 Military Governors and "Exalted" Youth 44 Fragmented Communities and Travelling Ideologies 47 Colonial Youth Allured by Nationalism 51 Fascist Activism in a Colonial Setting 60 The Limits of Integration into Fascism 64 2 Where Families and Empires Meet 73 Bureaucratic Knowledge about Marriage and Celibacy Reputation, Affection, and Violence 83 A Changing Household Organization 89 The Monetization of the Domestic Space 95 Dowry and Inheritance as a Test for Governance 97 3 New Schools, or How Youth Became Students 103 Education between Home and Community 109 A Diverse Educational Market 115 Discipline, Sexuality, and Politics at School 127 80 21
vi Contents 4 "Good Conduct" between Work and Leisure 138 A Family of Capitalists in Flux 145 Youth, Productivity, and Idleness 149 All Housewives? Women's Precarious Labour 155 Football and the Normativity of Youth Leisure 161 5 Generations, Mobility, and Shifting Limits of Belonging 171 Youth on the Move between Rhodes and America 179 Building a Community ofMigrants 185 Italian Mobilities to Rhodes and the Issue of Intermarriage 193 From Soldiers to Settlers 197 The Margins or the Spearhead of Italianità? Smyrniotes in Rhodes 201 Epilogue: Imperial Coda Notes 221 Bibliography Index 287 259 211
Bibliography Newspaper Articles "Adunata." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 13 October 1921. "Ai neolaiai mas." Dodekanisos, 10 June 1934. Ambrosini, Luigi. "La mia avventura a Rodi." La Stampa, 24 May 1912. "Atti Ufficiali." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 22 July 1937. "Atti Ufficiali." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 17 November 1938. "Atti Ufficiali." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 26 November 1938. "Cercle de Rhodes." Nea Rodos, 18 February 1912. "Comunicato." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 20 March 1927. "Comunicato." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 23 March 1927. "Con una grandiosa manifestazione Rodi italiana celebra il Natale di Roma e la Festa fascista del Lavoro." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 22 Aprii 1937. "Corrispondenze." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 3 October 1933. "Cronaca spicciola." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 3 October 1939. "Dia ta scholeia mas." Nea Rodos, 22 July 1911. "Didaskalikon synedrion." Rodos, 25 July 1909. "Dodekanisiaki neolaia Aigiptou." Dodekanisos, 22 Aprii 1934. "Egklogika." Nea Rodos, 24 March 1912. "Ekpaideutika." Nea Rodos, 25 October 1913. "Ex Amerikis." Nea Rodos, 11 January 1911. "Fasci Giovanili Di Combattimento." Il Messaggero Di Rodi, 26 Aprii 1935. "Fidanzamento." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 30 January 1936. "Fidanzamento." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 20 October 1933. "Fiori d'arancio." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 22 November 1920. Franco, Hizkia Μ. "Entre las ruinas de mi comunidad." La Boz de Türkiye 178, 5 January 1947:245. "Gegonos: Rodos-Ameriki." Rodos, 16 May 1909. Georgiadis, Georgios. "Strateusimoi kai enorkoi." Ethniki Foni, 6 October 1948.
260 Bibliography "Hamiyet-i vațaniye." Haķķ, 14 May 1912 (erroneously dated 14 March 1912). "I anaviosi tis istorikis vivliothikis tou Venetokleiou." I Rodiaki, 29 April 2013. "I casi della vita." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 3 October 1933. "I epeteios tou Syntagmatas." Rodos, 25 July 1909. "Il ritorno degli Avanguardisti e Balilla da Campo Marzio." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 13 August 1935. "Il VI Anniversario della Marcia su Roma nelle manifestazioni rodie." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 30 October 1928. "Incontro di boxe." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 9 June 1934. "Indimenticabile spettacolo di forza e di giovinezza all'Arena del Sole." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 25 May 1937. Kadri, Mehmet. "Spora dā’ir." Selâm, 28 May 1928. ֊ "Sefāhata dâ ir." Selâm, 4 June 1928. "Koinotika." I Rodiaki, 28 August 1933. "L'alta parola del Duce ai giovani." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 25 May 1937. "La prima gara di Football." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 12 Aprii 1920. "La situation politique et économique en Turquie." Le Yildiz (L'Étoile Orientale), 11 May 1893. "La veglia al Circolo Italia." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 6 Aprii 1920. "Le industrie di Rodi." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 25 December 1928. "Le massacre dans l'île de Rhodes." L’Humanité, 3 May 1934. "Le onoranze al Milite Ignoto." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 5 November 1921. "L'inaugurazione della sede sociale della lega italiana." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 14 February 1922. "L'ordinamento scolastico." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 1 May 1926. "Medrese-yi Süleymaniye." Selâm, 10 December 1927. Méheut, Constant. "Report for Macron urges 'Reconciliation of Memories' by France and
Algeria." New York Times, 21 January 2021. Menashe, Bension. "Terbiye baķsi." Selâm, 23 August 1926. Misios, Gavriil. "Gymn. Syllogos 'Dorieus' 1924-1945." Chronos, 24 August 1945. M. Nuri. "Şahta-i imtiyaz Süleyman Efendiye ve memleketin münevver el-efkār gençlerine." Afitãb, 27 May 1909. "Nozze." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 5 July 1937. "Oi Rodioi ekpatrizomenoi." Rodos, 11 September 1910. "Opera Nazionale Balilla: Assegnazione dei graduati." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 1 Aprii 1937. "Partito Fascista Italiano: Sezione di Rodi." П Messaggero di Rodi, 28 August 1922. "Partito Fascista Italiano: Sezione di Rodi." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 21 September 1922. "Partito Fascista Italiano: Sezione di Rodi." Il Messaggero di Rodi, 23 September 1922.
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Index Abdülcelil (neighborhood), 234ո28 Abdülhamid II (Ottoman Sultan)/ Hamidian rule, 7,9,15,28,32-3, 37-41,43-4, 95,105-6,129,240ո44 Adatto, Albert, 186 Aegean, 8,12,17,19,21,48,57, 61, 71, 84,105,107,133,142,171, 177-8,182,184,202,207,209, 241ո62. See also army; citizenship; irredentism; Italy Africa: Africa Orientale Italiana (AOI), 93, 255n90; Central Africa, 18,177; German Southwest Africa, 24; Italian colonies / colonialism, 5,69,105,176,198; and the Mediterranean, 8; North Africa, 21, 63; Scramble for, 3; and youth (Frantz Fanon), 26. See also mobility Agiakatsikas: Anastasios, 147,167; Antonios, 147-8,204,226nl9, 247n26; Demetrios, 147; family, 39,143-9,247n26; Ioannis (junior), 147-8,161; Ioannis (senior), 146-7,226Ո19; Kleovoulos, 147-8; Panagiotis, 147-8,247n26 Ahmed Fuad Bey, 43-5 Ahmed Midhat Efendi, 14,116 Ahmet Tevfik, 131 Alabama, 186 Albania, 5 Albertazzi, Enrico (Governor), 50 Alcaná, Giuseppe, 166 Alexandria, 51,57,110,157,233nl66 Algeria, 8,11 Alhadeff: Acher, 40,42-3; Alberto, 166; Amelie, 84; Bank, 112; Carlo, 70; Charles, 186-7,189; Gini, 70; Joseph, 40,145; Leon, 73; Marco, 177,252n21; N. (first name unknown, in Salisbury), 252n21; Nissim, 186-7,189; Salomon, 39-40,42,145; Sarina, 86; and Sons company, 154; Vittorio, 42,84, 86, 115,126,128,145,245nl34 Ali Ekrem (vali), 111, 226ո25 Aliotti: Enrico, 207; family, 207-8; Febo, 207; Giuseppe, 207 Ali Reşad Pasha (vali), 226ո25 Alliance Israélite Universelle·. École Normale Israélite Orientale in Paris, 113-14,124,154; headquarters, 114-15,118,130, 154. See also school Almeleh, Jacob, 188 Amasya, 38
Ambrosini, Luigi, 44 Ameglio, Giovanni, 16-17,44-6,147
288 Index Amzi-Erdogdular, Leyla, 10 Anastasiadis, Demetrios, 47, 111, 162 Anatolia, З,17,23, ЗО, 42-3,48,50, 84, 95,175,180,194,196, 205, 207-10,215 Angel: Avner/ Abner, 79,234nl5; family, 78-9; Joseph, 79; Lima, 79; Marc, 190,234nl4; Morris, 234nl5; Moshe, 79,190; Rachel, 234nl5; Ralph, 79; Ray, 79; Sam, 234nl5; Victor, 23nl44; Victoria, 79,234nl5 Ankara, 38,50,56 Antalya, 84,23ІПІ24 antisemitism/ Laws for the Defense of the Race (1938)/ persecution of Jews/ Racial Laws in Italy, 16,18, 23,54,68-71,74,87,121,178,180, 200-1,210,212,243ПІ02. See also Holocaust Apostolos (Metropolitan Bishop), 41, 48,50-1,58,133-5,148,229n84, 246nl47. See also Orthodox, Church of the Dodecanese Argentina. See mobility Armenians, 22,65,209; Armenian Committee, 38; Armenian emigration, 175. See also genocide army / military service: Aegean volunteers for Italy, 15,69,93, 232nl54,233nl62; Eritrean Ascari (colonial troops), 69; German, 59; Greek, 46,50,133,218-19; Italian, 12,15-17,24,47,63^, 69,93,125, 133,138,144,151-3,158-61,163, 165,169,171-2,179,184,195-202, 204-6,211,216,219; Muslim volunteers for the Ottoman Empire, 47; Orthodox volunteers for Greece / the Allies, 46-7, 229n84; Ottoman, 15,32,42,44,47, 131,171-2,180; Ottoman POWs, 17,45; Young Turks' conscription reform (1909), 15,42-3,180,219. See also citizenship; Lago; mobility Asia Minor, 16; Greek occupation, 50; Italian occupation, 171; Italians from, 12,61,91,173,201,208, 209; Jews from, 181,217; Muslims from, 100 Astypalaia, 159 Athens: Greek politics, 46,46,211; Italian ambassador in, 50; Olympics (1896), 162; Rhodians in, 39-40,
51,57,123,147,167,200,246nl45; schools, 116. See also university Auschwitz(-Birkenau), 54,79,103, 178,210,212 Avzaradel: Baruch, 201; Eleonora, 200-1,256Ո108 Aydm, 48, 215 Aymes, Marc, 12 Badoglio, Pietro, 211 Balilla. See fascist youth organizations Balkan Wars (1912-13): echo in Rhodes, 46; Greece, 17 Ballinger, Pamela, 10,176,216 banishment: during Italian military occupation, 15,17,35,46-7; during Italian sovereign rule, 20, 57,168; Ottoman sürgün, 14, 37-8, 92-3,116,225n9 Barchi (Barkey), Clara, 180-1 Barkey, Karen, 11 Barnes, John R., 240n33 Basilicata, 57 Behar: David, 193; Elazar, 185-6,193 Behcet Efendi, 39 Beirut, 41,97,127,142,148,188. See also school Bekes, Giorgios, 148,168 Bendicio, Bohor, 187 Benun, Rahamin, 166
Index 289 Berro: Amelia, 178; Haim, 178; Jacob, 178; Matilda, 178; Rosa (Jacob's wife), 17; Rosa (William's wife), 186; William, 186 Bevah, Abraham, 187 Biliotti: Alfredo, 147; Edouard, 142 Billis, Athanasios, 148 Black Sea, 225n9 Bodrum, 86,188,241n62 Bogaz (Menashe?) Efendi, 39 Bogdanich: Amabile, 179; Antonio, 179,204; Concetta, 85; family, 179, 202-4; Giuseppe, 202; Maria, 204; Nicholas, 203-4; Pietro, 204 Boiagi, Mustafa, 138-40,161 Bosnia, 10,17,21 Bourdieu, Pierre, 27 Boz de Türkiye (periodical), 212 Brindisi, 211 Brussali, 63 Buenos Aires. See mobility Burguière, André, 224nl00 Cacopardi: Antonino, 73-5,91-2,211; family, 74,79,84,211; Francesco, 92; Maria. (See Mizrahi), Violetta (Zimbul); Pasquale, 73,74,211, 212,217,257nl cafés I bars / elite clubs/ summer resorts: Café Rodino, 141; Cercle de Rhodes, 152; Circolo Italia, 138, 152; and morality, 27,32,152-3, 165; in the Ottoman Empire, 141, 152; Kit Kat, 152-3; meetings, 131-2. See also leisure Campochiaro/ Eieusa (Rhodes), 19,178 Canonsburg, PA, 181,188,191-2 Capelluto: Bohora Rosa, 79; family, 79 Capeloto, Mary, 189 Capeluto: Esther, 181; Jamila, 182; Ralph / Raphael, 69,181-2 Carabinieri / Italian colonial police: archive, 9,24,67,139,158,247n26; Italians serving in the, 62-3,197; petitions to, 206; surveillance and bureaucracy, 15,19,10,24֊5,30,36, 39-40,47,50,52-4,56-9,62-3,67-8, 70-1,73-5,85,88,94,102,126-7, 133-4,138-9,147-53,155-6,158-61, 167,169,171,198-200,204-6,210, 218,229n91,235n45,245nl42 Carafuil, Nissim, 187 Carakulaki, Caterina, 204 Caravokyro: Anna, 197; Eleni, 197 Carpi, Leone, 52-3 Cassibile,
Armistice of, 211 Catholic: Armenian, 22; Catholics from Italy and Anatolia in Rhodes, 173-6,178-9,185, 193-210, 231Ո124; Catholics in Ottoman Rhodes, 12,22; Church and fascism, 64,81,105; Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rhodes, 74; population of Rhodes, 12,64, 73-5,82-3, 85,90-1, 95, 117,126-7,163; Syriac, 22. See also conversion; missionaries; mobility; refugees; school Cavaliere della Corona (honorific title), 146,198 Celaleddin Azif Bey (diplomat 1921), 50 Celaleddin Bey (consul 1927), 50 Cemil Bey (judge), 43 census: family certificates / sheets (fogli di famiglia, 1930s-40s), 29, 82-3,89-90,92,95,107,155,196, 234n33; and households, 82,89-92, 95-6,106-7,155-6,234n33,236n59, 249n75,249n78,254n58,254n64; Italy (1931), 193-4; Italy (1936), 145; Ottoman Empire (1905-6), 81-2, 89-90,106-7,155-6; historical
290 Index census (continued) source, 29,80,89; and modernity, 14; ratio men/ women, 90-1,194, 196,206; Rhodes census (1917), 12; Rhodes census (1922), 82,89-90, 106,155-6; United States, 184,189, 192,254n58,254n64 ceride-yi 'ilmiye (magazine), 131 Chios, 12 Choate, Mark, 175 Christian population of Ottoman Rhodes (kaza), 12 cinema: and fascism, 142; movie industry, 62; novelty, 141; 2; San Giorgio, 152 citizenship: acquisition through marriage, 74; American, 184; cittadinanza (sudditanza) italiana egea (Aegean Italian citizenship / subjecthood), 15,16,20,22, 25,37,42,50,56,58,60,68,71, 75-6,178,184,193,195,201,209-10; denaturalization of Jews, 69-70; Greek, 40,43,147; Italian full/ metropolitan citizenship, 15-16,20, 25,35,37,54,60,64,69,139,174, 178,194-6,198,200-1,233nl62; Italian piccola cittadinanza, 194; Libyan c., 76; and military service, 15,42,54,69-70; Ottoman, 15,175; personal status, 16; Turkish, 57,100, 214,228n79. See also army; Lago civil servants, 12,40-1,45,62,198, 227n55 Civitavecchia, 52 Clayer, Nathalie, 225nl0 Coen, Renato, 52 Cohen: Morris, 79; Rahamin, 49; Ralph, 186 Colorado, 183 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 34,38,41,43-8,80-1,131, 225nl0; and Rhodes, 34,43,44,45, 46,47-8; youth organizations, 47. See also Young Turks communism, 77,139,148 Congo / Belgian Congo. See mobility conversion: to Catholicism, 70,74, 200,206-7,233Ո166; to Islam, 38; to Judaism, 200 Corsini, Adriana, 207 Costarides, John, 186 council: communal council (See Jews), Muslims, Orthodox; Italian Municipal Council of Rhodes, 40,46; Ottoman municipal and provincial councils,
38—41,43,46. See also Seattle Crete: conflict, 43,95; Cretan Village I Hamidiye/Kritika I Villaggio Cretese (Rhodes), 95-6. See also refugees Crisostomidis sisters, 198 Crispi, Francesco, 105 Çuvalla, Dimitri Efendi, 39 Cyprus, 12,17-18,36,215,222n26 Cyrenaica, 3,17 Dadeli, Mehmet Ali Efendi, 39 D'Azeglio, Massimo, 5 Dalmatia, 204 Dalyan, 100,23Խ124 Damascus, 89,249n78 Dardanelles/ Gallipoli. See First World War De Bosdari, Alessandro (governor), 61,223n69 de Grazia, Victoria, 148 della Cananea, Rocco, 241n56 Der Matossian, Bedross, 110 De Roberto, Federico, 6 Despotakis, Manolis, 66-7 Detroit, 191 De Vecchi, Cesare Maria, 16; and fascist assimilation, 36,66, 68, 72,
Index 291 87,123,155,196; vs. Lago, 19-20; and petitions, 93; and the Racial Laws, 18,121; and Venetokleion students, 58-9 Diagoras. See sport Di Liscia: Benjamin, 256nl08; Carmela, 200; Michele, 256nl08; Quirino / Davide, 200 Dimitriadis: Anastasios, 39; Manolis, 39 Dodecanese: anthropology, 98; Association of Dodecanesian Students, 50; Dodecanese Question, 46; Dodecanesian League of America, 192; Gioventù Dodecanesina (Dodecanesian Youth), 39,51,57-8,229n84. See also citizenship; Great Britain; Greece; irredentism; Italy; Lago; mobility; Muslims; Orthodox Dogliani, Patrizia, 106 domestic servants, 68,74,83,85, 90-2,94,97,133,144,155-9,161, 188,236n59,249n78 Doukaki: family, 148; Persefoni, 146 Doumanis, Nicholas, 11,19,143, 255n86 Ducei, Henry, 103,116 Dunning, Eric, 163 Ebüzziya Tevfik Bey, 14 Edhem Efendi, 39 education: communities, 108-11, 118,145-7; discipline, 108-9, 112,127-33,136; educational market / access to, 104,106-7, 115,121; Educational Bill (1869), 116; Educational Commission (Orthodox community), 118; generations / parents, 110,112-15, 124-6,198-9,207; Greek, 216; Imperialism, 105,108,246nl46; Inspector of Education (Vilayet of the Archipelago), 105; mobility / emigration, 59,80,110,118,125, 127,148,173,175,187-9,216; new discourse (Ottoman period), 29, 32,107,111-14,135-6,170; Ottoman modern, 105,116,136, 239nll; Provincial Directorate of Education (Ottoman), 111, 129-30; state control, 105-7,122-7. See also school; sexuality; university Egidi, Pietro, 122 Egypt, 8,11,14,16,18,46,50,57,65, 111, 115,121,147,149,177,179, 188,207,212,214,254n64 Eisenstadt,
Shmuel, 224nl00 Elia, Vittorio (governor), 47 Elias, Norbert, 163 Elizabethville (Lubumbashi), 177 El-Necdi, Muhammed Nasir, 93 Enosis. See irredentism Entente, 17 Erçin, Cavit, 56 Eritrea, 5,69 Espinoza, Filippo, 20,142,193 Ethiopia, 5, 70, 93,148,178,208, 233Ո162,255n90 Facebook, 191 Fahrenthold, Stacy, 175 Fanon, Frantz, 26 Farge, Arlette, 25 fascism: Casa del Fascio (Rhodes), 204; fascist colonialism, 5,7-11, 14-6,18-20,23, 35-7,41,51,53-4, 57-8,69,71,102,104-5,126-7,140, 143,149,151,174-6,194,208,210, 212,217,219; fascist Italy/ fascists, 5-6,11,15,18-21,26-31,33-4, 51-2,59,61-72, 74, 81,93,94,106, 138,148-9,151,162,168-70,178, 198,202,205,207,209,212,215,
292 Index fascism (continued) 218-19; Faseio di Combattimento, 61-3,165; fascist modernity, 14, 138; Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale (MVSN) / Blackshirts (uniform), 67, 69-70,138-9,144,148,194,204-6; National Fascist Party, 5, 20-1,25, 27,30,33-7,50,53-4,60-71,104-5, 126,142-4,151,165,167,170,174, 198,200,204-5,207-9,211; "new man", 34,145,168; Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND), 143,148-9, 170; Oro alla Patria (Gold to the Fatherland, campaign), 208,210; party congress in Rome (1921), 61; party's Egyptian section, 65; party's provincial secretary, 68; party's women section, 63,201; raid at the market of Rhodes (1922), 61-3; and Zionism, 52-4,57,59,60. See also Catholic; cinema; De Vecchi; sport; youth fascist youth organizations, 25,53, 56,58,65-8, 70,148,204-5,208, 216; Avanguardisti, 65, 70,232nl53; Fasci Giovanili di Combattimento, 205; Fascist University Students Groups, 71; Figli della Lupa, 65, 70,211,232nl53; Figlie della Lupa, 65,232nl53; Giovani Fasciste, 65, 232nl53; Giovani fascisti, 65,67, 70,232nl53; Giovani Italiane, 65, 232nl53; Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL), 59,66,70-1,71,208, 232; GIL football club, 208; Leva Fascista (ceremony), 33; Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB), 6,59,638,93-4,105,208,210-11,232nl53; Piccole Italiane, 65,68,232nl53 Ferid Bey (qadi), 48,246nl47 Ferris, Kate, 27 fertility: abortion, 84-5,87; birth, 74, 89,178,205,212; infanticide, 84,235n38; and marriage, 84-5; pregnancy, 73,84,87-8,204, 235n38 Fileremo Hill, 65 First World War: aftermath of, 22, 60,81,84,179,194; Dardanelles/ Gallipoli battle (1915-16), 47, 72,131; and
football, 163,188; Greece, 131; Italian soldiers, 62, 171,197; Italy, 5,17,61; Ottoman Empire, 17,48, 80,131-2,175,182, 209; scarcity, 82,86,130,182; and schools, 246nl46. See also Greater War Fiume, 5, 79 Flash, Philip, 189 Florence, 148,229n89 Foggia, 205 Foro Italico, Rhodes, 14,86 France, 8,16,105,147,149; French imperialism/influence, 3,11, 18,26,104-5,117,125,246nl46; French consul/vice-consul in Rhodes, 41,43,46-7,71,85,116, 127,142,146,179; French consul in Smyrna, 42; French consulates in Africa, 178. See also Lebanon Franco, Francisco, 69; Hizkia, 52-4, 212,214,217 Frarakis: family, 43; Nikolaos, 39-40; Theodoros, 40 Freedom and Accord Party (Ottoman Empire), 38 Fuhrmann, Malte, 142 Gabaccia, Donna, 175 Galante: Avram (Galanti), 117, 237n82,240n44,241n62; Celebi, 86; David, 180 Gaon, David, 49
Index 293 Gatti, Carlo, 198 Gela, 211 gender: Ottoman society, 249ո61; roles / distinction, 21,27, 75,81, 83, 85,94-6,99,101,114,143,160, 162,169,172,175,189-90; violence (domestic), 76,94,101. See also mobility; morality; sexuality generation: and belonging / loyalty, 21, 26, 42,46,49, 57,107, 110,112,126,167,174, 204, 215, 218; and family, 30, 34, 39-42, 57, 72, 75-7, 85, 91-2, 95-7, 99, 101,143-9,151,173,178,185-6, 189-90,195,204-5, 209, 256nl20; generational dynamics / conflict I roles / rupture / solidarity, 26-7, 29, 31, 33,52,94, 102,107-8, 126,132,137,139-40,143,156, 181,198, 224nl00; Generation Identity, 9; and history writing, 9, 25-6, 28-9,224Ո100; lost generation, 26; and memory, 190-3; new generation of Dodecanesian (Lago's project), 5-7, 12,18, 21,25-6, 28, 30-1, 34, 37,46, 51, 54, 56-7, 64, 66, 68-9, 107,122-3,139,174, 204, 209-10; new generation of Greeks, 218-19; new generations for Young Turks, 7, 26-8, 31-4, 71, 218. See also education; marriage; mobility genocide/ genocidal violence: against Armenian and Orthodox, 209; against Rhodian Jews (See Holocaust) Georgiadis, Giorgios, 111, 218-19 Germany: German Luftwaffe, 228n68; German Southwest Africa, 24; German troops in Rhodes, 10, 59,200,211,216, 243n94; Nazi Germany, 51,211-12. See also Holocaust; Second World War Giovane Italia, 26 Grand Hotel delle Rose, 163 Graziani, Sara, 131 Great Britain, 8,16,17,105; British consul in Rhodes, 71,85; British imperialism, 3,11,18; British intelligence, 233nl62; British occupation of Dodecanese (19451947), 10,206,214-15; British occupied Egypt, 179; rivalry with
France, 8,18; secret operation "Erratic", 59. See also Cyprus; Egypt; Palestine Greater War (1911-23), 8, 17-18,29, 35,90,107,135-6,147,218,221n9 Great Powers, 10,47 Greece: allegiance to, 36,40,50,57-8, 134,162,167,185,192; annexation of Dodecanese (1948), 10,31,47, 192,210,214-16,218-19; anti Greek boycott, 43,226n35; consul in Rhodes, 63,133,148,228n68; diplomacy and Italy, 17,40,51, 68; Fourth of August Dictatorship (1936-1941), 58; Greek Americans, 176,184,192-3; historiography on Rhodes, 19,23; Italians in, 202; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 147; market, 147,149; Parliament, 15; Royal Navy, 93; school diplomas, 123; tensions with Turkey, 8,215; vice-consul in Rhodes, 40. See also army; Balkan Wars; citizenship; First World War; irredentism; Lausanne Conference; mobility; nationalism; Orthodox; Second World War Greek-Turkish War (1919-1922), 17, 50, 229n84 Green, Nancy, 176 Gutman, David, 175
294 Index Habsburg Empire, 5,10,26,179,204, 245nl27 Haci Hafiz Ismail Asim Efendi, 39 Haci Mehmed Ağa, 39 Haci Pandelli Efendi, 39 Haci Yusuf Efendi, 39 Hanan: Isaac, 125; Joya, 125; Rachel, 125; Raimondo, 70,233nl68; Rosa, 212-14 Hanioğlu, Şükrü, 225nl0 Hassan Efendi, 131-2 Hasson: Aron, 78,191; Bohor, 154; Giuseppe, 69,70; Haim, 187; Mercado, 167 Hellenic National Steamboats, 177 Hemphill, Cynthia Flash, 180 Herzfeld, Michael, 98 Hill, Jeffrey, 25ІПІ17 Hirsch, Marianne, 190 Hirschon, Renée, 234n33 Holocaust / deportation of Jews from Rhodes and Kos, (1944), 10, 18-19,23,31,54, 74,79,103-4,178, 189-92,200-1,210-12,214,216, 233nl68,243n95,257nl20. See also memory Hom, Stephanie Malia, 10 housing / real estate / rent, 81,95-8, 154,160,174,238n86 Hudayi (neighborhood), 81-2,89, 106,156 Huniù (Cugno): lojevet, 85-6; Rebecca, 86 lacovetta, Franca, 175 Ibrahim Edhem, 225n9 Ibrahim Soussa, 226n35 Ilya Efendi, 39 Informations Lassaliennes (magazine), 103 inheritance, 12,16,29,63, 76,96-100, 139,147,160 intercommunality, 24,42,145,175, 258nl0 Iran, 15 irredentism: Greek/ Enosis (Dodecanese), 8,19,22-3,28, 35,39-40,50-1,58-9,68,72, 107,133-4,167-8,218; Italian, 5; Turkish, 8,22,56 Isernia, 200 Ismail Hakkı Paşa, 38 Israel: Bohor, 48-9,52; Nissim, 187 Istanbul I Constantinople, 14-15, 17,32-3,38,41,43,46-7,65,89, 96, 111, 115-16,127,131,158,162, 199,212,227n55,228n68,246nl45, 249n78,255n89 Istituto LUCE, 223n68 Istria,5 Italo-Ottoman War (1911-12), 3, 16-17,43,45,48,72,223n52 Italy: ambassador in Turkey, 50; civil war (1943-45), 212; colonialism/ expansionism I imperialism, 3, 5,
7-8,10-11,14,16,18-21,23, 26,31,60, 65-6,69-70,77,93, 105,126,138-9,170,175,196, 217,219; Italian Aegean Islands (Possedimento delle Isole italiane dell'Egeo)/ Italian Dodecanese, З, 5,6,10-11,17,19,33,40,46, 52,59-60, 64,66,68-70,72-3,93, 105-6,123,138,142,147-8,172, 176,178,196,198-9,202,205, 208-9,211,215-16,218,245nl45, 254п64; Italianità, 20, ЗО, 35, 37,60, 63,65,67-9,170,174-6,194,199, 201,205,208-10,216; market, 147, 149; military occupation of Asia Minor, 171; military occupation of the Dodecanese (1912-23), 3,7, 9-10,12,15-18,28-9,33,35,38, 43-9,58,72,82,87,93,119,127,
Index 295 131,134,147,183,218, 253ո42; Ministry of Education, 119,122; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 60, 119,159; Risorgimento, 5,6,138. See also antisemitism; army; banishment; census; citizenship; Ethiopia; fascism; First World War; law; missionaries; mobility; nationalism; reformatory; school; Second World War; tribunal; Zionism Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 52,54, 72, 229n89. See also Zionism Japan, 51 Jerusalem, 49,65,154 Jews: Ashkenazim, 186,189-91,209; community in Rhodes, 8,18-19, 21-3,41-2,48-9,53-4,57, 74-5, 80,87, 98,104,109,116-18,121, 125,142,153,169,196,200,210, 212,214-15,217,237n82,257n2; community in America, 173—4, 176,183-93; Jewish Archives Project, 173; Jewish Communal Council of Rhodes, 40,49,52, 118,121,167; Jewish community in Italy, 121; Jewish National Fund, 49; Jewish population of Rhodes, 12,82-3,90-1,234; Jewish Quarter/ Judería, 95; Jews of Salónica, 224n81; kindergarten of Rhodes, 159; Rhodes Jewish Museum, 77-8,191; Sephardim, 73,85,118,176,186,189-90, 193,209,254n64; Turkey, 217, 241n62. See also Alliance Israélite Universelle; antisemitism; Asia Minor; citizenship; Holocaust; Mediterranean; mobility; Salónica; school; Seattle; tribunal Julian March, 5 Kacika (Agiakatsikas?), Andon Efendi, 39,226nl9 Kadir, Mehmet, 187 Kadri, Mehmet, 56,131-2,153,165 Kalambichis, Emmanouil, 109,168 Kaloupakis, Michail, 244nll0 Kalymnos, 50,160,233nl62 Karajannis, Nikolaos, 40,148 Karpathos, 12,47,50,84,199 Katsouris, Giorgios, 133 Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk), 17, 36,50 Kemal, Namık, 14 Kemalism, 19,28, 50-1,56-7,59, 72, 84,100,218 Khater, Akram, 175 Kjanan (Kenan)
Efendi, 131-2 Kiriazis, James, 192,254n64 Knights Hospitaller, 116 Kolossos (company), 146-7 Konstantinidis, Theodoros, 41 Konuk, Sadi, 215 Konya, 227n55 Kos, 85,160,188,199,229n79 Koskinou, 188 Kostaridis, Giorgios, 59 Koutouzakis, Sam, 181 Köyceğiz, 100 Kühn, Thomas, 18 Kumburnu (Rhodes), 163 Kuşadası, 171 Labanca, Nicola, 11,222n24 Łachania, 181 Lago, Mario: and communities, 23,35,48,51,53,56,98,148; and military service / citizenship, 15-16,54; rule, 7,19-20,49,50,58, 60, 65,100-1,104,121,123,125, 127,167,169,202; summer camp, 65. See also De Vecchi; generation; school
296 Index Landriscina: Antonio, 63; Constantino, 63; Francesco, 63; Giacinto, 63 Lausanne Conference (1922-23) / Treaty (1923), 3, 7, 15,17, 28,35, 40,48,50, 69, 76,119,195,201,215, 218,223ո69; Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey (1923), 17 law: American, 184; Italian, 76,84, 87,195; Italian anti-vagrancy laws, 150; Italian Codice Rocco (penal code), 150; Law on vagrancy (Ottoman Empire, 1917), 32; Law of Family Rights (Ottoman Empire, 1917), 80; legal pluralism, 77,97,100-1,182; marriage laws in Rhodes, 199; Mosaic, 49,96; Orthodox, 238n86; Sharia/ Islamic, 99-101,238n93; Turkish, 100-1. See also antisemitism; tribunal Lebanon: French Mandate, 18; Kataeb Party, 51; Lebanese and Syrian emigration (mahjar), 175,180; Ottoman travelers, 14 Lecce, 159 Lega Italiana, 62 Lefebvre, Henri, 27 leisure: and education, 115,216; etymology, 141; and free time, 129,140-1,157,163; and Italian government, 138,161,168; and sex, 161; and social distinction, 141,147; and youth, 140,145, 154,160,165. See also cafés; Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro; sport; work Leon: Behora, 252n21; Bohor, 252n21 Leros, 159-60,186,200 Levant, 3,8,14,17,105,116,121, 141-2 Levantines, 174, 202 Levi: Giuseppe, 54,60; Isacco, 167 Levy, Leon, 69 Lewis, Mary D., 10 Liberal Party (Ottoman Empire), 41 libraries: Hafiz Ahmed Aga, 234n28, 240n44; private, 112,115; religious, 115; at school, 115 Libya, 3,5,8,11,16,44,61,175,177,198 Lindos, 138, 252n28 literacy, 106-7,115 Lithuania, 193 Livissi (Kayaköy), 23ІПІ24 Los Angeles, 191 Lüdtke, Alf, 21,24 Luigi Amedeo of Savoy (Italian prince), 40 Macedonia: Balkan Wars, 46;
Macedonian Committee, 41 Madagascar, 26 Magnataci, Sava, 50,229n84 Mahmud Efendi, 39 Makri (Fethiye), 84,23ІПІ24 Maksudyan, Nazan, 156 Mallei, Giuseppe, 212-13; Nissim, 212; Rebecca, 212 Malona, 109,204 Maltezos, Nikolaos, 152 Mandraki (Mandracchio) waterfront (Rhodes), 86,152 Mannheim, Karl, 25 Marmara (island), 186 Marmaris, 43 marriage / wedding: abandonment, 94, 99,101,157,159,171,199; adultery, 85,183,206,250n90; "bride theft", 85,235n45; and bureaucracy / law, 29, 74, 76,80, 87-8,102,157,160,195,199-201; and demography, 76,81, 83-4, 196,249,254n64; divorce, 16,195, 199,206,237n82,255n87; dowry, 29,84,87, 96-9,160,174,181,
Index 297 184-5,198, 204,237ո82,238ո89; as generational dynamic, 75, 80-1,84, 90, 93-4,114,148; intermarriage, 63, 74,126,174,177, 183,189,193-209,255n87; "love" and "arranged", 85-6,182,252n21; and mobility, 80, 82-4,91,173, 182-3,198,207,212-14,217; as norm/ custom, 27,80-1, 87-8, 98, 237n82,238n89; polygamy, 76,195; Registry Office (anagrafe), 88. See also citizenship; fertility; law Marseille, 146,177 Martin, André, 243n95 Massawa, 177 Maynard Keynes, John, 141 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 26 McGuire, Valerie, 19,66,193,216 Mediterranean: colonialism/ powers, 8,11,16,18,21,36,126-7, 217; Europeanization, 142,146; ideologies, 19, 51,57,218; Jewish Sephardic communities, 118,121, 193; modernity, 141,149; post Ottoman, 8,11,16,18,28,36, 47-8,51,60, 72, 75-6,102,218; today, 8. See also Africa; mobility; nationalism Mehmed Ali Ağa, 39 Mehmet Ali Efendi (council), 39 Mehmet Ali Efendi (school), 131 Mehmet Galip Efendi, 131-2 Mellone: Francesco, 62,63; Luisa, 63 memory: of the Holocaust, 189-91, 212,214; of Italian rule, 19,31,216; of resistance against Italian rule, 59. See also generation; passport Menashe: Bension, 43,112,132; family, 43; Matilda, 181; Morris, 181 Merichia (village), 160 Messina, 92 Metaxas, Ioannis, 58 Metropolis of Rhodes / Mitropolis (neighborhood), 110,133 Middle East, 8,17 Milan, 52-3,84,212 Milas, 159,181,188 millet (pl. milei), 22, 42-3,202 Misios, Gavriil, 165,167,216 missionaries: Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes (See school); in Italian Rhodes, 105; National Association supporting Italian Missionaries (ANSMI), 119; Ottoman Empire, 29, 116; Sisters of Ivrea,
121; Soeurs du Sacré Coeur of Gemona (See school) Mixi (village, now lalyssos), 97 Mizrahi: Sadoc, 74; Violetta (Zimbul) later Maria Cacopardi, 73-5,92, 200,211,212 mobility I migration / diaspora / displacement: to Africa, 105,171, 177-8,191,212,243n97,252n21; to Argentina I Buenos Aires, 12,70, 86,171,178,180,191,252n29; to Congo, 74,177-8,212; convergent I divergent, 176; to France, 85; gendered, 172; generations / family, 75-6,79,90-2,144,159,173-4, 178,181-2,185-91,195,206,209, 256nl20; Great Depression, 184; Italian emigration/ diaspora, 105, 175; Italian immigration to Rhodes, 12,74,91,95,159,171-6,178-9, 193-210; Italians leaving Rhodes, 67-8,210,212; Jewish /Rodeslis, 12,30,74,80,82,86,96,117-18,125, 171,173,176-93,196,209-10,21718,234nnl4-15,252n21,254n58; Mediterranean, 8,177; military service, 73,171-2,179-80,182,195, 197-201; to New York, 57,79,171, 177-8,180-1,183,186-7,190-1,201, 234Ո15,253n45,256nl08;
298 Index mobility / migration / diaspora / displacement (continued) nineteenth century, from Rhodes, 177,179; Orthodox Dodecanesian, 30,50,57-9,82-3,91, 111, 157, 171-3,176-7,181-8,191-3,196,206, 209,253n51,254n64; to Paris, 84, 122,124; to Rhodesia / Zimbabwe, 177,190,252n21; routes, 177; rural to urban, 124; to Seattle, 79,173, 181-3,185-3,234,253n45,254n58; Second World War, 74,103-4,177, 180,210-11,215,217; surveillance, 19,88,172,179; terminology, 176, 178; from Turkey / Asia Minor I Smyrna to Rhodes, 61,63,65,85,91, 93,152,173-4,178,188,196,201-10, 23ІПІ24; to Turkey, 56-7,100,210, 215. See also Armenians; Athens; banishment; Catholic; education; Holocaust; Lebanon; marriage; refugees; sexuality; youth Montgomery, AL, 186 morality: conduct, 25,85,88, 94,96, 114,128-9,140,150-1,153,158-9, 199; and education, 29, 65-6,68, 108-9,112-15,127-8,132,134,136, 165,214,240n38; and fertility, 84; police profiling, 25, 62-3,85,88, 94,97,160,199,209; and public security / order, 100,143,154; and youth, 30,49,52, 75,115,130-1, 144,150,152-3,158; and women, 30, 77,81,100,102,128,153,160-1, 169-70,185,199,205,255n86. See also cafés; gender Mosul, 226n35 Moussafir, Jacques, 124,243n95; Mathilde, 243n95 Mozambique, 177 Müderiszade: Mustafa, 127; Şevket, 50,84 Mufti: Kaşlıoglu, Siileyman, 112,215, 240n33; of Rhodes, 48,57,98,100, 101,112,132,215 Muğla, 215 Murad Efendi, 39 Musa Bey (director of education), 111 Müşir Şakir Paşa, 92-3 Muslims: community, 8,21-3, 27,38, 41,43,47-8,50,56-7,64,72, 87, 98,100-1,125,132,165,214-15, 234n28,237n82,238n93,258nl0; Μ. population of Rhodes, 12,
81-3, 90-1,155; Muslim Communal Council of Rhodes, 50. See also army; Kemalism; mobility; refugees; school; tribunal; Turkey; Young Turks Mussolini, Benito/ Duce, 3,5,18,20, 33,52,57, 61,64, 70,77,168,176, 178,208,211,212,219 Mytilene, 12,146,247n26 Naples, 65, 70,177,201 Nasuhoğlu, Sadi, 237n82 nationalism: Greek, 19,36,48,57-9, 72,104,123,133,148,218; Italian, 11,18, 81; in the Mediterranean, 9, 149; Ottoman, 47; Turkish, 19,36, 50-1, 56-7,59, 72,214; and youth, 26. See also Greece; Kemalism; Zionism National Youth Organization (EON, Greece), 58 Neocori (neighborhood in Rhodes), 41, 97,119,162,169 newspapers: Afitāb, 32-4,42,240n44; Ba5;-i Sefid/Aigaion, 240n44; Boletín, El, 52; Chronos, 215; Dodekanisos, 57; Ethniki Foni, 218; H21,46; Messaggero di Rodi, II, 33-5,57,59,61-2,66,85,102,138, 141,152,163,168-9,240ո44; Nea
Index 299 Rodos, 118-19,183—1,253ո48; New York Herald, The, 171; in Ottoman Rhodes, 116; 'šmarili Musevīleri, 240ո44; Rodiaki, 1,58,147,183,185, 206,240ո44; Rodos, 22,42-3,171, 240ո44; Selâm, 64, 80, 112, 153, 158, 165,167,242ո79; Stampa, La, 44 New York: Brotherhood League of Rhodes, 187; Dodecanesian Youth section, 57; Manhattan, 187. See also mobility Notrica, Joseph, 154 Notrika, Salomon, 180 Nuri Μ. (journalist), 32 Ohio, 187 orphans, 70,86,99,128,149,150,154, 156,159,181,188,245nl45,252n21 Orthodox: in Anatolia, 17,209; Church, 42,99,160,192; Church of the Dodecanese/ autocephaly, 48,148; Communal Council of Rhodes/ Eforia I Dimogerontia, 40,46,109,133,135,146,148; community, 8,21-4,36,40,42-3, 45-8,50,57,63,65, 68,98-9,103-4, 109-10,117-18,123,125-7,133-1, 145,148,154,157,162,163,167, 169,172,184,193,196,198,205, 215,217,23ІПІ24,233,258nl0; community in Egypt, 57, 111, 154, 177; community's Educational Commission, 118; population of Rhodes, 12,82-3, 90-1. See also army; education; genocide; law; mobility; refugees; school; tribunal Osterhammel, Jürgen, 176 Ottanelli, Fraser, 175 Ottoman Empire: anti-Greek boycott, 43; demise of, 3,5,8,35,38,49,204; First Constitutional Period (187678), 15; First World War, 17,47, 72,82,131; Ministry of Education, 115,121,225n9; Ministry of the Interior, 37,43, 93, 111, 225n9; Ottoman history, 11; Ottoman legacy, 6,9-10,12,51; Ottoman Parliament/ elections, 15,33,41, 43; Ottoman political prisoners, 37; state politics, 37,40,47,104,109, 150; Second Constitutional Period (concerning Rhodes: 1908-12) I Constitution, 7,9,15,22,28,
32-5,37,414 71-2,130,175; sectarianism, 22 {See also ItaloOttoman War); Sublime Porte, 401; Young Ottomans, 14,27. See also Abdülhamid II; army; banishment; cafés; census; citizenship; council; education; First World War; ItaloOttoman War; law; Mediterranean; missionaries; nationalism; reformatory; salnameler; Salónica; school; sport; tribunal; vali; Young Turks Ouchy, Treaty of, 17 Pacifici, Riccardo, 167 Palace of the Grand Master (Rhodes), 116 Palestine, 14,48-9,147,149,222nl7, 230nl04; British Mandate, 48,52 Panrhodian Society Apollon, 191-2 Papachristodoulou, Christodoulos, 124 Papadopoulos, lordanis, 133 Paraskevas, Michalis, 39; Panagi(otis), 39; Spiros, 39 Paris: (Versailles) Peace Conference (1919/20), 133—4. See also Alliance Israélite Universelle; mobility; school Passerini, Luisa, 27 Patriarch of Constantinople, 111
300 Index Patris (liner), 177,181,186-7 passport: Carabinieri, 24,88; Italian, 179,201; to Italy, 233nl68; and memory, 190; to Spain, 70; to Turkey, 160; Yugoslav, 179 patrida (homeland, Rhodes), 110-11 Paul VI (Pope), 103 Pavlidis: Pavlos, 46; Savvas, 46,227n55 Pefkoi (Rhodes), 98 Penhalonga, 177 Pennsylvania, 182 Pergher, Roberta, 11 petitions / handout requests, 20,57, 77,92-5,100-1,125-6,132,147, 150,151,236n67 Peveragno Rodio, 19 philanthropic societies: Bnai B'rith, 125; Ergani Athina, 125,130,146, 154-5; Filoptochos Adelfotis, 125; Fukaraperver Cemiyeti, 125; and upper class, 143,146,149 philhellenism / hellenophilia, 58, 133,147-8,162 photographs/ photography, 14,54, 57,77,86,119,163,190-1, 221nl, 234nl4,252n21 Piacenza, 73 Pignataro, Luca, 19 Pinder, Wilhelm, 25 Piola, Giuseppe / Friar Clemente, 119,125,168 Piraeus, 177 Piscopi (Tilos), 168 Politis, Nikolaos, 147 Popular Front, French coalition), 51 Port Sudan, 177 Possedimento. See Italian Aegean Islands Potenza, 171 Pressman, Hannah, 190 Pueblo, CO, 183 Puglia, 62,159 qadi, of Rhodes, 43,87,98,131-2 rabbi of Rhodes, 27,49,53,130 Rao: Liborio, 62; Rosario, 198; Vincenzo, 62,198 Rappas, Alexis, 23,101,194,222n26, 222n40 Ravenna, 198 Red Sea, 11 Reformatory: Italian reformatories, 144,150-1,170; Ottoman ıslahhane, 129,150 refugees / muhacirler·. Catholic, from Anatolia, 61-2,95,122,178; Cretan Muslims, 43,95-6,129,159,209; Muslims from Rhodes in Turkey, 215; Orthodox from Anatolia, 124. See also Smyrna Reichardt, Sven, 27 Reis Haci Hüseyin Efendi, 39 Reis Hakki Efendi, 39 Reis Ismail Hakki Efendi, 39 Republic of
Salò (1943-45), 212 Rodiakon Imerologion (yearbook), 80 Rodoslu: Mehmet Şevket, 38,44; Süleyman, 225nl0 Romano, Attilio, 68,69,232nl53 Rome, 5,15-18,45,52,61-2,65, 68,70,103,123,169,178,210; 1870 Capture of (1870), 138; 1922 March on Rome (1922), 138,198; celebration of the Foundation (Natale di Roma), 58 Rosa di Rodi (company), 147 Rothschild, Nathan (Baron), 118 Rubin, Avi, 97 Russia: Romanov Empire, 10,15,47; Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), 15 Sadik Efendi, 39 Şakir Efendi, 43 Salakos, 57
Index ЗОЇ Salisbury (Harare), 177,252n21 salnameler (Ottoman yearbooks), 14, 39,115,242n79 Salónica: Ottoman, 142,162,188; and the Young Turks, 32,41,112, 224n81. See also Jews Samos, 109,116 Santorini, 127 Sarajevo, 245nl27 Sardinia, 69 Scagliarmi family, 208 Scalia brothers, 152 Schahon, Nissim, 187 school: Alliance Israélite Universelle, 42-3,48-9,80,104-5,108-9,113֊ 15,117-18,121-2,124-6,128,1301,141,154,158-9,163,180,187-8, 242n85,244nl25; America, 186-91, 193; American School of Istanbul (Robert College?), 46; Astiki Scholi (Town's), 111; Catholic school in Beirut, 127; closure, 20,59,104, 121, 214; dergâh (Sufi religious training center), 121; elite, 33, 109,116,127,135,148; Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes / College de St. Jean, 103-4,107,115-22, 125-6,128,163,242n74,246nl47; Gentile s. Reform (1923), 106; high school in Beirut, 97; İdadiye / Mekteb-i İdadi, 38,43,48,104,112, 115-16,121-2,128-9,131-3; Italian Jewish schools of Rhodes (Scuole Ebraiche), 52-3,104,119,170; Italian Muslim schools of Rhodes (Scuole Turche / Mussulmane), 12, 104,119,131,153; Italian school in Rhodes (1889), 241n56; Lago's reform (1926), 108,122-3,243n90; Lazarist College (Santorini), 127; Lycée Lakanal (Paris), 126; medrese, 121; mixed classes, 122, 130,162; modernity, 14; Muslim school in Bosnia, 245nl27; Muslim schools in Rhodes after 1945, 214-15,217; Ottoman Imperial School for Civil Administration (Mekteb-I Mülkiye), 37,40,225n7, 225nl0; Parthenagogeio Kazoulleion, 243n88; Patronato Scolastico, 125; professional school (Orthodox community), 154; protests, 48, 58-9,131-5; punishment,
113-14, 127-9,133-4,150,244nll0, 244nl25; Pythagoreio s. in Samos, 109; Rabbinical College of Rhodes, 121,167; Regio Istituto (Italian Royal secondary s.), 12,56, 63, 65,68,70,94,103,105,107, 118-26,162-3,165,208,242n74, 243n90; Rüşdiye, 115,242n79; scholarships, 125,126,243nl02; Scolasticat (Catholic religious training center), 121; Scuola di stato (State s.), 123; secondary, 29, 102-37,211; Soeurs du Sacré Coeur, 117; statistics (1922), 243ո87; state interference, 44, 64, 71,123,218; Süleymaniye Medresesi, 242ո79; surveillance of schools (Ottoman Empire), 105,121; Talmud Torah, 117-18; tuition, 104,116-19,121, 125; Turkish secondary schools, 127,214; Venetokleion gymnasium, 42,47-8,58-9, 63,104,108,110-11, 115,117,118-19,121-3,125,128, 133-5,147,162-3,167,218,243n94, 245nl47; Yeshivot (Jewish religious training centers), 115. See also Athens; education; Greece; Seattle; sport; work; youth Sciaky, Isacco, 229n89 Sciarcon: Andrea, 70; Morris, 70 Scott, James C., 20
302 Index Seattle: Council of Jewish Women, 189; Hebrew School, 190; Sunday School, 189; Temple Circle, 189; Young Hebrew Literary Club, 188-9. See also mobility; university Second World War: aftermath, 15, 193, 212,214-18,258nl0; German defeat, 214; Greece, 63; Italy, 71, 161,176,192,206, 210,212,214; in Rhodes, 10,21,31,59,69, 72, 79,88,124,139,179,200,214; situation before, 5, 20,28-9, 71, 73,161,189,196,201,208,211, 233nl66. See also army; mobility Sertel, Zekeriya, 112 Server Efendi, 46 Şevket Efendi (vilayet's press office), 111 sexuality: brothels, 62-3,139,158-60; colonialism, 198; education, 109, 127-8,130,132; emigrants, 182-3; homosexuality/ "pederasty", 85,131,245nl34; patriarchy, 30; "promiscuity" 130-1,153,158,162; rape, 87,250n90; sexist expressions, 63,128; sexual harassment/ abuse, 131-2,153,156,158,245nl34; sexually transmittable diseases, 87; sex work/ workers / prostitution, 30,144,153,155,158-61,199, 247n22,250n90; youth, 25,130,132, 157,159 Sheih Abdullah Efendi, 39 Sicily, 6, 62,73-5, 211-12 Silbe, 179 Simmel, Georg, 26,80 Smyrna, 14,18,40,42,115-16,133, 142,145,162,201,202,204,205, 207,208,215,217; Great Fire of, 17, 61,178,179,201; Greek occupation, 133. See also France; mobility; refugees Società Anonima Italiana Fruttinđustria Egea (SAIFE), 207 Somalia, 5,93 Sondrio, 198 Soriano, Moise, 212,257n2 South-Tyrol, 5 Soviet Union, 51 Sözen, Hasan, 56 Spain/ Spanish Civil War, 69-70 sport: 1896 Olympics, 162; 1936 Olympics, 168; amateur football teams, 163; association FRATRES, 167-8; association Marechiaro, 168; Associazione Sportiva Rodia, 147; clubs
founded after 1935, 16; communities, 162-3,167, 169; cycling, 138-9,143,162; Diagoras, 12, 111, 144,147, 162-3,165, 167,217; Dorieas, 147, 165,167-8, 215-16; emotions, 162-3; Fascio football club, 12, 63; football World Cup (1930s), 168; gymnastics, 111, 133,141, 147,162,165; İslam Spor Kulübu, 165; Maccabi / Gioventù Ebraica di Rodi, 165-7,169; managers, 165; Ottoman Empire, 162; Peisirodos football team, 162; Polisportiva Fascio, 23ІПІ38; politics, 3, 138-9,145,168-70,218; social distinction, 162; Squadra di Rodi, 163; running race, 167; skating race, 169; Veloci school football team, 165; youth, 30, 145, 161-5,143. See also fascist youth organizations; youth St. Anastasia (neighborhoood in Rhodes), 110 Starace, Achille, 106 Sterling, CO, 183 Sufism: QadirT Sufi lodge, 38. See also school
Index 303 suicide, 85,156-7,183,252n28 Sünger, Celaleddin, 56-7, 60 Symi, 50, 62, 92,165 Syria, 36,147,179,225nl0. See also Lebanon Tahsin Bey (consul), 212 Tanzimat, 15, 38,222ո28 Thomas, Martin, 24 Tittoni-Venizelos Agreement, 17 Todorova, Maria, 10 Torr, Cecil, 16,21 Toundassaki, irini, 98 Town Hall of Rhodes, 82,87,196 Trentino, 178 Trianda (village), 157 tribunal/ courts: Italian (Rhodes), 12, 25, 29,76,84,87,96-101,150, 183; Jewish, 12,159; Ottoman, 43, 159,227n55; religious, 29,43, 75-6, 87,97-8,101,255n87; Muslim, 87,98,132,159; Orthodox, 146, 238n86; Turkish courts, 100, 217 Tripoli, 198 Tripolitania, 3,17 Tunisia, 8,10,18 Turkey: foreigners, 96,174,202, 204; foundation of Republican, 17; geopolitics and diplomacy, 8, 35-6,51, 84,142,214-15; market, 147,149; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 214; Ministry of Health and Welfare, 215; Public Office for Resettlement, 215; minorities, 76; Turkish consul in Rhodes, 50,56,100-2,212,214-15,217, 228n79,257n2; Turkish militias, 17; Turkish National Assembly, 38; Turkishness, 23,215. See also Anatolia; Asia Minor; citizenship; Greece; Greek-Turkish War; irredentism; Jews; Kemalism; Lausanne Conference; law; mobility; nationalism; passport; refugees; school Ülkümen, Selahettin (consul), 257n2 Umberto (Italian Prince), 56 United States of America, 50,79,125, 173,175-6,181-93, 209,254n58, 254n64,256Ո108 university: Al-Azhar (Cairo), 112; of Athens, 50,123,147; higher education, 56,119,126-7,188; in Paris, 126; of Pisa, 127; of Pavia (Faculty of Law), 126; project for Rhodes, 123; of Rome, 50; of Washington (Seattle), 173; Yeshiva
(New York), 190. See also fascist youth organizations Ünye, 225n9 vakif, 50 vali (Ottoman governor), 37-8,41, 43,45,75 Vati (Rhodes), 41 Veblen, Thorstein, 141 Venetokleion. See school Venetoklis: family, 115; Minos, 45,46, 110, 111; Yani (Jannis), 39 Venice, 27 Venizelos, Eleftherios, 17,133 Ventura family, 208 Vilayet of the Archipelago (Cezayir-i Bahr-I Sefid Vilayeti), 12,105, 242ո79 Villanova, 133 Virginia, 190 Vittoria (family), 148 Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia (Italian King), 18,211 Volonakis, Michael, 50 Vratsalis, Antonis, 86,152 Vrouchos: Michalis, 59; Savvas, 59,60
304 Index Warren, OH, 187,254n64 Weirton, OH, 187 Weisl, Wolfgang von, 48,49 Western Thrace, 215 West Indies, 26 Wilsonian moment, 22,135 work / labour: apprenticeship, 94, 130,147,151,154-5,165,170; factories, 57,146,157-8,171; housewives, ЗО, 92,94,144,155-6, 158,160-1,170; housework, 67,125, 144,154,156-7; industrialization, 82,141,145,150; and leisure, 9, 29,139-41,143,152,155,160,165, 169-70,181; lower class / precarity / subsistence, 30,68,77,114,140-3, 144,149,154-5,158-61,169,204-5, 208,247n22; market, 92,126,155; monetization, 95; normalcy / normalization, 143,151,154-5, 170; productivity / idleness, 30, 33,88,125,130,137,139,140-1, 1434,149-55,157,169-71,199,204; seasonal, 179; transition to work after school, 30,127,137,144,150-1, 154,161,169; unemployment, 30, 61,69,94,130,149,152,156,202; vagrancy, 30,141,149-51,170; women's, 30,143-4,153,155,160, 170. See also domestic servants; law; leisure; sexuality Xiptera, irini, 146 Yemen, 18,92-3 Young Turks: counter coup in Istanbul (1909), 41; as oppositional movement, 6,15,38,129,180, 225nl0; in Rhodes after 1912,17, 35,44-8,132; Revolution (1908), 6,15,22,31-3,37,41,110,129-30, 154,240n44; as ruling force, 7,18, 33-4,37,42-4, 72,101,105,112, 218. See also army; citizenship; Committee of Union and Progress; education; generation; Ottoman Empire; Salónica youth: activism in the local fascist party, 64-71,126; education, 29,42,107,109-15,119,127; emigration, 173,179-81,185, 188-91, 214; enlightened, 6,32-3; for Climate Action, 9; history writing, 9,26-8,219; indigenous/ colonial, 6,12,21,25,47,64,69, 123,139; political
regimes, 34; politicization of, 28,35-7,43-7, 51-60, 71-2,135; productivity, 144, 149-55; youth-as-patriotism, 219; youth-as-sportsmen, 168; youthas-students, 107,110-13,123,127, 131,135-6. See also Committee of Union and Progress; Dodecanese; fascist youth organizations; leisure; mobility; morality; sexuality; sport; Zionism Yusuf (Alhadeff?) Efendi, 39 Zara, 5,179,199-200 Zervos, Skevos, 50 Zimbabwe / Rhodesia. See mobility Zionism: Betar youth organization, 52-4; Revisionist Party in Italy, 52-3; Revisionist Zionism, 19,28, 36,48-9,51-5,59, 72, 218,229n91; World Zionist Organization and national/ regional branches, 49. See also Jabotinsky Ziya Efendi, 131-2 Zürcher, Erik-Jan, 225nl0 Bayerisch· ì яцаШЫМмк |
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| author | Guidi, Andreas 1987- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1272478238 |
| author_facet | Guidi, Andreas 1987- |
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| author_sort | Guidi, Andreas 1987- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047953038 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1351564197 (DE-599)BVBBV047953038 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| era | Sozialgeschichte 1912-1940 gnd |
| era_facet | Sozialgeschichte 1912-1940 |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 gnd Italien (DE-588)4027833-5 gnd Rhodos (DE-588)4049859-1 gnd Rhodos Stadt (DE-588)4103772-8 gnd Mittelmeerraum (DE-588)4074900-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Osmanisches Reich Italien Rhodos Rhodos Stadt Mittelmeerraum |
| id | DE-604.BV047953038 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:37:58Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T21:11:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781487541279 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033334374 |
| oclc_num | 1351564197 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-11 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-11 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | xvi, 304 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20230222 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | University of Toronto Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Toronto Italian studies |
| spelling | Guidi, Andreas 1987- Verfasser (DE-588)1272478238 aut Generations of empire youth from Ottoman to Italian rule in the Mediterranean Andreas Guidi Toronto ; Buffalo ; London University of Toronto Press [2022] © 2022 xvi, 304 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Toronto Italian studies Literaturverzeichnis Seite [259]-286 Dissertation Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin und École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Paris) 2018 "In 1912, Italy occupied Rhodes, an Ottoman town inhabited by Greek Orthodox, Muslims, Jews, and Catholics. Rhodes became a territory of Italy’s empire in 1923 following the Treaty of Lausanne, only one year after Mussolini seized power in Rome. The Ottoman demise corresponded to the expansion of Fascist imperialism in the Mediterranean. Both the Ottoman Young Turks and Italian colonial governors invoked the role of a "new generation" of youth in imperial rule. Generations of Empire investigates the relationship between state and society in light of successive transformations of imperial rule, rethinking Italian colonialism as post-Ottoman history. Andreas Guidi explores how communal life on Rhodes and other islands of the Southern Aegean were affected by the islands’ transition between these regimes, from Muslim empire to military occupation to fascist annexation. Based on archival sources in five languages from seven countries, the book investigates generational dynamics in the domains of political activism, the family, education, work and leisure, and mobility. Generations of Empire offers a vivid picture of how a local society navigated large-scale social and political transformations in the modern Mediterranean."-- Sozialgeschichte 1912-1940 gnd rswk-swf Italienisch-Türkischer Krieg (DE-588)4162618-7 gnd rswk-swf Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 gnd rswk-swf Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Kolonialismus (DE-588)4073624-6 gnd rswk-swf Jugend (DE-588)4028859-6 gnd rswk-swf Faschismus (DE-588)4016494-9 gnd rswk-swf Regierungswechsel (DE-588)4136252-4 gnd rswk-swf Politische Betätigung (DE-588)4133612-4 gnd rswk-swf Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 gnd rswk-swf Italien (DE-588)4027833-5 gnd rswk-swf Rhodos (DE-588)4049859-1 gnd rswk-swf Rhodos Stadt (DE-588)4103772-8 gnd rswk-swf Mittelmeerraum (DE-588)4074900-9 gnd rswk-swf Youth / Greece / Rhodes (Island) / History / 20th century Youth / Political activity / Greece / Rhodes (Island) / History / 20th century Youth / Greece / Rhodes (Island) / Economic conditions / 20th century Students / Greece / Rhodes (Island) / History / 20th century Families / Greece / Rhodes (Island) / History / 20th century Italians / Greece / Rhodes (Island) / History / 20th century Rhodes (Greece : Island) / Social life and customs / 20th century Jeunesse / Grèce / Rhodes (Île) / Histoire / 20e siècle Jeunesse / Activité politique / Grèce / Rhodes (Île) / Histoire / 20e siècle Jeunesse / Grèce / Rhodes (Île) / Conditions économiques / 20e siècle Familles / Grèce / Rhodes (Île) / Histoire / 20e siècle Italiens / Grèce / Rhodes (Île) / Histoire / 20e siècle Rhodes (Grèce : Île) / Murs et coutumes / 20e siècle Families Italians Manners and customs Students Youth Youth / Economic conditions Youth / Political activity Greece / Rhodes (Island) 1900-1999 History (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Rhodos (DE-588)4049859-1 g Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 s Faschismus (DE-588)4016494-9 s Jugend (DE-588)4028859-6 s Politische Betätigung (DE-588)4133612-4 s Sozialgeschichte 1912-1940 z DE-604 Osmanisches Reich (DE-588)4075720-1 g Italien (DE-588)4027833-5 g Mittelmeerraum (DE-588)4074900-9 g Kolonialismus (DE-588)4073624-6 s Italienisch-Türkischer Krieg (DE-588)4162618-7 s Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s Rhodos Stadt (DE-588)4103772-8 g Regierungswechsel (DE-588)4136252-4 s Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-4875-4129-3 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-4875-4128-6 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033334374&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033334374&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033334374&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Guidi, Andreas 1987- Generations of empire youth from Ottoman to Italian rule in the Mediterranean Italienisch-Türkischer Krieg (DE-588)4162618-7 gnd Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 gnd Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Kolonialismus (DE-588)4073624-6 gnd Jugend (DE-588)4028859-6 gnd Faschismus (DE-588)4016494-9 gnd Regierungswechsel (DE-588)4136252-4 gnd Politische Betätigung (DE-588)4133612-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4162618-7 (DE-588)4077624-4 (DE-588)4026651-5 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4073624-6 (DE-588)4028859-6 (DE-588)4016494-9 (DE-588)4136252-4 (DE-588)4133612-4 (DE-588)4075720-1 (DE-588)4027833-5 (DE-588)4049859-1 (DE-588)4103772-8 (DE-588)4074900-9 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Generations of empire youth from Ottoman to Italian rule in the Mediterranean |
| title_auth | Generations of empire youth from Ottoman to Italian rule in the Mediterranean |
| title_exact_search | Generations of empire youth from Ottoman to Italian rule in the Mediterranean |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Generations of empire youth from Ottoman to Italian rule in the Mediterranean |
| title_full | Generations of empire youth from Ottoman to Italian rule in the Mediterranean Andreas Guidi |
| title_fullStr | Generations of empire youth from Ottoman to Italian rule in the Mediterranean Andreas Guidi |
| title_full_unstemmed | Generations of empire youth from Ottoman to Italian rule in the Mediterranean Andreas Guidi |
| title_short | Generations of empire |
| title_sort | generations of empire youth from ottoman to italian rule in the mediterranean |
| title_sub | youth from Ottoman to Italian rule in the Mediterranean |
| topic | Italienisch-Türkischer Krieg (DE-588)4162618-7 gnd Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 gnd Imperialismus (DE-588)4026651-5 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Kolonialismus (DE-588)4073624-6 gnd Jugend (DE-588)4028859-6 gnd Faschismus (DE-588)4016494-9 gnd Regierungswechsel (DE-588)4136252-4 gnd Politische Betätigung (DE-588)4133612-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Italienisch-Türkischer Krieg Soziologie Imperialismus Geschichte Kolonialismus Jugend Faschismus Regierungswechsel Politische Betätigung Osmanisches Reich Italien Rhodos Rhodos Stadt Mittelmeerraum Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033334374&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033334374&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033334374&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT guidiandreas generationsofempireyouthfromottomantoitalianruleinthemediterranean |