The post-Soviet as post-colonial: a new paradigm for understanding constitutional dynamics in the former Soviet Empire
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, USA
Edward Elgar Publishing
[2022]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Elgar monographs in constitutional and administrative law
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 270 Seiten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781802209433 |
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Contents Preface List of abbreviations vi viii Introduction: understanding East European and Eurasian constitutions through the post-colonial lens 1 1 Post-colonialism and post-socialist constitutional change 2 Russian constitution-making: convergence or continued exceptionalism in the former imperial centre? 36 An unexpected independence: the constitutions of the states of the ‘inner empire’ 61 3 7 4 Case studies from the inner empire 5 Factual decolonisation: the constitutions of the states of the ‘outer empire’ 111 6 Case study from the outer empire . 94 212 Conclusions: the shadows of the past and the overlaps between the post-authoritarian and the post-colonial 238 Bibliography Index 248 260
THE POST-SOVIET AS POSTCOLONIAL 'This daring book reconceptualises post-Soviet transitions as exercises in post colonial constitution-making. The result of this reframing is a wealth of insight, including a deepened understanding of the understudied polities that were formerly part of the USSR and fresh perspectives on the authoritarian turn taken in some parts of Eastern Europe.’ David Landau, Florida State University College of Law, USA This book takes a new approach to post-socialist constitutional change in Europe and Eurasia. It views these constitutions as the products of the collapse of Europe's last empire, the Soviet Union. This book therefore seeks to understand these constitutions as more than just post-authoritarian texts, but abo as post-colonial ones. This post-colonial paradigm provides a new set of toob for understanding constitutional dynamics in key countries within the European Union as well as the former Soviet republics to the East. In particular, it helps explain democratic backsliding in Central Europe (such as Hungary and Poland), authoritarian resilience in many of the former Soviet republics (including Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan) as well as ongoing struggles about national identity in places like Ukraine and Moldova. Partlett and Küpper's application of the post-colonial paradigm to the former Soviet world contributes to our understanding of post-colonial constitutionalism. This insightful book therefore appeals to the comparative constitutional academic community as well as the broader academic community interested in post-colonialism. It
will also be of interest to a general audience interested in better understanding the former socialist bloc countries. William Partlett is Associate Professor of Law in Melbourne Law School at the University of Melbourne, Australia and Herbert Küpper is Managing Director in the Institute for East European Law in the Research Centre for Eastern and South Eastern Europe, Regensburg, Germany.
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Index Abashin, S 63 -4 abortion 195 Adamkus, Valdas 166,167 Africa 12, 91, 106 aggression, prohibition of 66 Albania 6,114, 189 Alekseev, Sergei 50 Algeria 8, 15 anti-Semitism 196, 217, 232, 243 anti-Tsiganism 196 Armenia 5, 27, 60, 241,244, 247 citizenship 77, 87-8 external sovereignty 65, 67, 68 internal sovereignty 75, 76, 77 interpreting the past 62 Nagorno-Karabakh 67, 75, 76 nation-building 83, 87-8, 91-2 public service, eligibility for 77, 92 Asia 11-12, 91, 105, 106 Pacific 12 South 12, 78 asylum-seekers/refugees 161, 196, 223^1, 234 Australia 45 Austria 115 authoritarian developmentalism 105 populism 116, 138, 240 resilience 4, 247 Avril, P 15 Azerbaijan 5, 27, 73, 244 external sovereignty 65, 68 internal sovereignty 75, 76-7, 78 interpreting the past 61-2 Nagorno-Karabakh 67, 75, 76 Nakhichevan 75 nation-building 64, 83, 84, 88, 91, 92-3 public service, eligibility for 76-7 Soviet debts 68 Bakiev, Kurmanbek 108 Baltic states 3, 17, 24, 27, 28, 111,112, 113, 154, 155,173,218, 239 citizenship 87, 166, 167, 200-201, 205, 206-11, 242 Estonia see separate entry language 21, 90, 197, 199 Latvia see separate entry Lithuania see separate entry restoration of statehood 26, 114-16 transformative constitutionalism 34 banks 72, 79, 186, 227 Basescu, Traian 130 Belarus 4, 5, 27, 58, 59, 60, 247 case study 94-101, 236 denationalisation of history 96-7 presidential centralism 97-9, 100, 101 state flag 95, 97, 101 colonial past: silence 63 Constitutional Court 97-8 ecological sovereignty 73 external sovereignty 66 internal sovereignty 73 international legal personality 64—5
nation-building 83, 90, 91, 92 re-embraced Soviet history and identity 64 Russian/Soviet empire 19, 20, 24, 26 state-building 28, 82, 100-101 presidential centralism 97-9, 100, 101 birth rates 196, 225 Bosnia-Herzegovina 29 brain drain 196 Brexit 158 Brezhnev doctrine 111 British Empire 8, 11-12 Bulgaria 5, 111-13, 241-2 external sovereignty 140, 146 EU membership 156 260
Index internal sovereignty 166-7, 176 nation-building 190,192-3, 198 remembering the past 117-18, 131-2,137-9 state-building 178, 181, 182, 184, 185 capitalism free market 34 laissez-faire 13 case studies Belarus 94-101, 236 Hungary 212-37 Kyrgyzstan 107-10 Uzbekistan 102-6 Caucasian republics 5, 32, 59, 90, 246 Armenia see separate entry Azerbaijan see separate entry Georgia see separate entry Ceauşescu, N 129, 130, 178 Central Asian republics 4, 5, 8, 24, 26, 27, 29, 32, 59, 61, 90, 246 colonial past: silence 63 ecological disasters 73 Kazakhstan see separate entry Kyrgyzstan see separate entry Tajikistan see separate entry Turkmenistan see separate entry Uzbekistan see separate entry centralisation 3-4, 12, 34 by former colonial power 15-16 inner empire 80-81,174-5, 239-40, 241 Belarus 28, 97-9, 100, 101, 236 Kyrgyzstan 107-9, 110 Uzbekistan 80, 103-5, 106 outer empire 173-5, 181,183-4, 240 Hungary 181, 184, 229, 230, 231,232, 240 Russia 38, 174-5,188, 243, 245 executive centralism 49-54 unitary federalism 45-9 Soviet Union: Communist Party 21, 30-31 Yugoslavia 29 challenges, post-colonial 2, 30-33 Chernobyl disaster 73 China 6, 133,139, 147,242 citizenship 261 dual Baltic states 166, 208, 211 inner empire 42, 76-7, 87-8 Romania 165-6 Russia 38, 41-2, 77 Slovakia 221 inner empire 76-7, 87-8 outer empire 204-5 Baltic states 87, 166, 167, 200-201,205, 206-11, 242 Bulgaria 166-7 co-ethnic persons outside country 205 Hungary 148, 205, 220-21 Mongolia 167 naturalisation 148, 205, 206, 208,210-11,221,242 post-authoritarian elements 205-6, 208 post-colonial elements 206-11
remote naturalisation 148, 205, 221 Romania 165-6 Slovakia 221 Cold War 1 COMECON 18, 22, 153, 160, 168, 169 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 27, 33, 58-60, 69 Congo-Brazzaville, PR 6 conservative or traditional values 194-7, 203^1,243 Council of Europe 42, 68-9 criminal law, political 112, 218 Croatia 28-9, 115, 156, 195 crown-presidential design inner empire 80-81, 85, 174-5, 240 Belarus 97-9, 100 Kyrgyzstan 107-8, 109 Uzbekistan 80, 103-5, 106 Russia 49, 51-4, 78, 107, 174-5, 188, 243, 245, 246 Cuba 6 culture 35 inner empire 86, 96, 100, 105 within and beyond borders 88-9 outer empire 124, 137, 150,192, 197, 201, 202 beyond borders 198
262 The post-Soviet as post-colonial Russia 39, 47, 48, 57 Russian/Soviet empire 21 Czech Republic 112-13, 241-2 external sovereignty 140, 144, 145, 146 EUmembership 155, 156, 160, 162, 164, 224 territorial issues 148, 150 internal sovereignty 172 nation-building 190, 192-3, 195, 198, 203, 207 remembering the past 122-4, 137-9, 219 state-building 177, 180, 181-2, 184-5 Czechoslovakia 5, 24, 111-13, 159, 167, 173, 198,203 dissolution 113, 123, 144-6, 173 external sovereignty 140, 144—5 remembering the past 117-18, 122-5, 137-9 Soviet army 22 state-building 178, 180, 181-2, 184, 186 de Gaulle, Charles 15 decentralisation 4, 173-5, 176, 181-6, 187-8, 189, 214, 230 democracy 1,2, 3-4, 12, 24, 34, 238, 247 inner empire 4, 34, 77, 78-9, 80, 86, 238, 241 Belarus 4, 94, 101 Kyrgyzstan 107-8, 241 Uzbekistan 104—5, 106 outer empire 34,178, 180-81, 184, 186, 187, 188, 240,241,243, 247 Baltic states 3, 34, 134,141, 160 elite continuity 117-18 Hungary 4, 126, 128, 213, 214, 216, 226, 234,240 international law 151 international organisations 160, 164 Latvia 160 legitimacy from first free elections 113 ‘nation’ and ‘people’ 204—5 Romania 129-30 self-responsibility 139 Russia 4, 36, 37, 39-40,46, 49, 50, 55, 57, 245, 246 see also elections, free; referenda demography 196-7, 199-200, 201, 204, 225, 243 deportations, mass 21, 199 diaspora communities 87, 88,166, 198, 204 diplomatic protection 202, 206 divide and conquer 9, 14 dual citizenship see under citizenship ecological sovereignty 73 economic exploitation 22, 169 economic sovereignty 70-72, 78, 168-73, 230-31 education, university 199
elections, free 112, 113,129,131, 184, 191,216,218, 235 partially 24 elite change 134, 137 elite continuity 11, 239 inner empire 29-30, 33, 62-3, 82, 102 outer empire 24, 33-4, 112, 117-18, 126-7, 128, 129, 131, 132, 137, 139, 235 emancipation 9, 12, 89 equal (formal) sovereignty of all states 66, 152 Estonia 5, 58, 241, 242, 247 external sovereignty 140-41, 142, 143^1, 146, 147, 153 EU membership 156, 159-61, 173 territorial issues 149, 151 internal sovereignty 166, 173 nation-building 197-203, 207-11, 218 remembering the past 133-9 restoration of statehood 26, 114-16 state-building 179, 182, 185, 189 Ethiopia 6 ethnicity 3, 31-2, 123 autonomous ethnic territories 75 Baltic states 137, 166, 167, 197-201,210-11 citizenship and ethno-nation 205, 220-21
Index ethnic engineering 14, 106 socio-ethnic 100 ethnic lustration 82 ethnic minorities 3,15, 57, 86, 87, 91, 191-2 co-ethnic groups abroad 88, 89, 198, 204 co-ethnic groups within Soviet bloc 204 Estonia 197-8, 201 Hungary 197-8, 220-21, 225, 233 linguistic rights 197 Lithuania 198 Moldova 77 Romania 177 Slovakia 177 Slovenia 198 Hungary 193, 196-8, 204, 213, 220-21,225, 233,243 Kazakhstan 86-7, 88 Moldova 77, 84-5 nation-building 2, 83-7, 88, 191, 192, 193, 196-201,210 Romania 178, 192 Russia 56, 57, 244 ethnically determined ‘Republics’ in 47 Russian/Soviet empire 192, 198-9, 200,210,211 hiérarchisation 19-21, 46 Uzbekistan 106 Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) 60, 69 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 40-41, 185, 239 European Court of Human rights (ECtHR) 41,42, 43, 68-9, 194 European Union 59, 69, 114, 147, 153-64, 170, 172-3, 190, 239 asylum-seekers 196 Court of Justice of 161-2, 163, 164, 224, 227 Hungary 242-3 external sovereignty 153-4, 155-6,159, 161, 162, 222-5, 233-4 internal sovereignty 230-31 national identities 222 priority of EU law 161, 163 qualified majority voting 158 263 rule of law and EU payments 234 exceptionalism 78-9,107 Russia 37, 38-9, 42, 44, 46-7, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56-7, 246 external sovereignty 2, 8,13, 139-64, 239 constitutional design and 14 domestic law and international law 13 former colonial centre 16 inner empire 64 international legal personality 64-5 international organisations 68-9 position of international law 66-7 Soviet debts 68 outer empire 133, 139-40, 242 constitutional principles 146-7 Euro-Atlantic integration 153-64
international legal personality 112, 134, 140-46, 200 position of international law 151-3 territorial issues 148-51 Russia 39-45, 55 federalism in Russia, unitary 45-9 Fidesz 126,150, 162, 212-13, 214, 215, 224, 225-30, 231-2, 233-6 Finland 17 France 8, 15-16, 59,183, 204 Fukuyama, F 1 gender 194, 196 genocide 198-9, 200, 202, 211 Georgia 5,27, 58, 247 Abkhazia 73,75, 78, 241,244 Ajaría 75 external sovereignty 68, 69 internal sovereignty 73, 75-6, 77, 78 interpreting the past 62 nation-building 64, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92 public service, eligibility for 77 South Ossetia 73, 75, 78, 241,244 state-building 82
264 The post-Soviet as post-colonial German Democratic Republic (GDR) 5, 24, 111-12,116,178,205 remembering the past 117-18 Soviet army 21-2 Germany 114-15, 122, 125, 187, 199, 217-18, 233 co-ethnic groups abroad 204 Federal Constitutional Court 162, 164 Molotov-Ribbentrop-Agreement 62, 114, 135, 152 Weimar Constitution 16 West 129, 152, 205 Glendon, MA 35 Go, J 12 Gorbachev, Mikhail 23, 24, 65 Greece 152,153,154, 223 Grenada 6 Guinea 6 Hassell, G 12 heteronormative role model 243 see also queer rights historical narratives 2, 9, 14, 83-4, 238-9 inner empire 614, 79 Belarus 94-7, 99-100, 236 outer empire 117-39, 144, 172,219 Hungary 117-18, 125-8, 137-9, 193, 214-19, 232-3, 236, 239 Russia 36-9 Hosking, G 55 human rights 2, 26, 66, 239 ECHR 40-41, 185, 239 ECtHR 41,42, 43, 68-9, 194 Georgia 86 Kyrgyzstan 109 outer empire 112, 118, 119, 120, 122, 132, 133, 138, 151, 178, 180-81, 184, 185, 187,213, 214, 223, 242 citizenship 211 Russia 37, 40-41, 42, 43, 243 Uzbekistan 105 Hungary 4, 5,13, 32,111-14, 212-14, 219-20, 241-3, 247 case study 212-32 analysis 232-7 centralisation 181, 184, 229, 230, 231,232, 240 Constitutional Court 162, 212, 214-15, 223, 226, 227 external sovereignty 140, 146 EU membership 153-4, 155-6, 159, 161, 162, 222-5, 233-4 territorial issues 148,150-51 gap: law in books and law in action 230-31 ideological values 213-14 instrumentalisation of colonial past 221,225,233,236 internal sovereignty 167, 230-32 anti-Budapest rhetoric 232 EU membership 230-31 nation-building 193, 194—5, 196-8, 200,204, 220-22, 230, 240 sustainability 196-7 National Bank 227
remembering the past 117-18, 125-8, 137-9,193, 214-19, 232-3, 236, 239 Soviet army 22 state-building 178, 179, 181,182, 184, 185, 188, 225-30,240 constituencies 229-30 executive-dominated parliament 228-9 prime minister’s chancellery 229 pro-winner bias in parliament 228 weakness of opposition 230 ideology 103 Marxist-Leninist 5-6, 18, 20, 33, 34, 55, 117, 238 nationalist-populist 128 of return 93 independence, declarations of 26, 28, 62, 63, 65, 70-71, 72, 77-8, 79, 83-6, 88 Baltic states 115-16,149-50 existing Soviet-style territorial autonomies 75, 76 Soviet-era elite 82 state language 90-91 India 3 indigenous peoples: Russia 48, 57 Indonesia 105
265 Index inner empire, meaning of 4-5 internal sovereignty 2, 8,13-14, 165-77, 192, 223, 230-32 constitutional design and 14 inner empire 69-78 analysis 77-8 commodities 70-71 control over territory 74-6 ecological sovereignty 73 first steps: federation to confederation 70-71 foreign trade 70-71 full economic sovereignty 71-2, 78 full military sovereignty 72-3 internal centre-periphery relations 74-6 Kompetenz-Kompetenz 70 land 70-71 public service, eligibility for 76-7 socialism 71 outer empire 71, 165, 230-32 compulsory public property 169-71 control over territory 173-7, 231 full economic sovereignty 168-73, 230-31 full military sovereignty 167-8 internal centre-periphery relations 173-7, 231-2 land 171-3 public service, eligibility for 165-7 Russia 45-9 international law 2, 77, 239, 242 Armenia 65, 67 Azerbaijan 65 Baltic states 114-16, 134-5, 137, 140-44, 173, 198, 203, 242 Belarus 66, 101 customary 58, 151-2 former colonial centre and 16 genocide 198 Hungary 219 inner empire 64-7 Kazakhstan 65, 66 Kyrgyzstan 65 Moldova 66 outer empire 140-46, 151-3 personality in see separate entry post-authoritarian function of 152 post-colonial function of 152-3 relationship between domestic law and 13, 137 Russia 33, 36, 37-8, 39-45, 55, 245-6 reorganising colonial space 58-60, 69 self-defence 73 Soviet Union 37, 58, 114-16 regional customary international law 58 statehood 207, 210 Turkmenistan 66 Ukraine 66 uti possidetis principle 66, 67 international organisations 13, 33, 42, 68-9,157,160 see also individual organisations Ireland 8, 153 isolationism 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 77, 246
Italy 152, 162, 185-6, 187, 223 ius cogens 151, 152 Juncker, J-C 234 Kampuchea 6 Karimov, Islam 82, 102, 103, 104—5 Kazakhstan 5, 27-8, 59, 60 external sovereignty 65, 66 nation-building 83, 84, 86-7, 88, 90,91 state-building 80 Kebich, Vyacheslav 96 Khasbulatov, Ruslan 25 Kompetenz-Kompetenz 28, 70, 164, 223 Kosovo 29,144 Kravchuk, Leonid 94 Kumarasingham, H 12 Kyrgyzstan 5, 27, 59, 60, 134, 244 case study 107-10 citizenship 76, 88 external sovereignty 65, 69 internal sovereignty 76 nation-building 83, 88, 90, 92, 93, 107,109-10 public service, eligibility for 76
266 The post-Soviet as post-colonial state-building 107-9, 110, 241 laissez-faire capitalism 13 language(s) 3, 15,197-8,240 Baltic republics 21,90 Latvian referendum 197 local languages 199 Belarus 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96-7,100 co-linguai groups abroad 204 legal 90 narod՛, nation and people in Slavonic 190, 192-3 public service, eligibility for 77, 92 Russia 47, 48-9, 55, 244 Russian speakers outside country 57 Russian in inner empire 63, 86, 88, 89-92 Armenia 77, 88, 91-2 Belarus 91, 92,94, 96-7, 100 Moldova 77, 84-5, 90, 91, 92 Ukraine 21, 85, 90,91 Uzbekistan 91, 102, 105, 106 Russian as language of inter-ethnic communication 91, 92 Russian in Latvia 197 Russian in Romania 130-31 Russian/Soviet empire 21, 86, 89-90, 94, 199 tautas՛, nation and people in Latvian 190,192-3 tests for naturalisation 211 Uzbekistan 91, 102, 105, 106 Laos 6 Latin America 12, 13, 91, 107 Latvia 5, 58, 241,242, 247 external sovereignty 140-41, 142-4, 146,147, 151 EUmembership 156, 160-61, 173 international law 152 territorial issues 149-50, 151 internal sovereignty 166, 170, 173, 176 nation-building 190, 192-3,194-5, 197, 198-203, 205, 207-11, 218 remembering the past 133-9 restoration of statehood 26, 114—16 state-building 182, 185 legal systems 79 legal language 90 Libya 6 life expectancy 196 Lithuania 5, 27, 58, 241, 242, 247 external sovereignty 140-41, 143-4, 146, 147 EU membership 156, 173 territorial issues 150, 151 internal sovereignty 166,167,168, 173 nation-building 197, 198-203, 207-11,218 remembering the past 133-9 restoration of statehood 26, 114-16 state-building 179,182, 185
Lukashenko, Aleksandr 28, 64, 96-101, 236 lustration 10, 82 Macedonia 29 Malta 156 market economy 78, 79, 112, 126, 169, 178, 187 marriage 194-5, 203—4, 243 Mečiar, Vladimir 123, 145 migration 21, 77, 128, 196, 198, 200, 204, 205, 207, 223-4, 225 military bases 9, 72, 127, 168 Miloševič, Slobodan 28 Moldova 5, 27, 59, 60, 153, 247 external sovereignty 66, 68 Gagauzia 74, 75,177 internal sovereignty 72, 74, 75, 77 interpreting the past 62 language 77, 84-5, 90, 91, 92 nation-building 64, 83, 84-5, 90, 91, 92-3 public service, eligibility for 77 state-building 81, 241 Transnistria 62, 74, 75, 78, 241, 244 Molotov, Vyacheslav 19 Mongolia 5, 111-12, 241, 242, 247 external sovereignty 133, 140, 146-7, 154, 242 internal sovereignty 167, 172, 176 nation-building 196,197, 198 remembering the past 117-18, 132-3, 137-9 state-building 178, 179, 182, 185
Index 267 Montenegro 28,29 Montevideo Convention 207 Moore, D C 8-9 Mozambique 6 multi-layered statehood 155 Netherlands 153 Nicaragua 6 North Korea 6 nostalgia, imperial 16, 30, 33, 42, 57, 245, 246 nation-building 2, 3, 8, 9, 14-15, 31-2, 41,47, 125 former colonial centre 16 inner empire 63M, 83-93, 240-41, 246-7 citizenship 87-8 Kyrgyzstan 83, 88, 90, 92, 93, 107, 109-10 legacy and self-identification 83-7 national culture 88-9 national and state symbols 92-3 state language 89-92 Uzbekistan 64, 83, 91, 93, 102-3, 106 outer empire 190, 220-22, 230 citizenship 204—11 extreme post-coloniality 198-203 nation in the constitutions of 191-8 traditional ethno-nation 191-204 Russia 55-7 national identity 2, 8, 11,14, 35,192, 193-5, 198, 199-200, 201-2, 203, 239, 241 Belarus 99-100,101 Central Asian states 32 Kyrgyzstan 110 Uzbekistan 102,106 diversity 3 European Union 222 historical narratives 2, 9, 79, 83^1 Hungary 193-5, 200, 221-2, 223-5, 234, 243 Slovakia 124 ‘Westernness’ 81 nationalisation 10, 14 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 69, 147, 154, 155, 168, 173 Nazarbayev, Nursultan 28, 87 neoliberalism 13 occupation, illegal 5, 61-2, 111, 115-16, 133-5,140, 143 4, 202, 208 oil and gas 22,169 Orbán, Viktor 212-13, 215, 224-6, 235, 236, 243 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 68,211,242 Otunbaeva, Roza 108 outer empire, meaning of 5 parliamentarisation 168,173, 179, 181-2, 184-5, 187, 205 paternalism 9,19, 73, 104 perestroika (restructuring) 24 personality in international law 9, 13, 26 inner empire 64—5 outer empire 112,140 Baltic states 134,
140-44, 200 Czechoslovakia and successor states 144-6 Russia 39 Poland 5, 95, 111-14, 150, 241-2, 247 external sovereignty 140,146,147 EU membership 153, 155, 156, 160,162-3, 164, 170, 224, 234 internal sovereignty 167,170, 172, 174, 175 nation-building 190, 192-3,197, 198 remembering the past 117-21, 124, 126, 136, 138-9, 219 Solidarność (Solidarity) movement 23 Soviet army 21-2 Soviet Union 179 state-building 178, 182-3,184, 185, 188 Tsarist times: Central 17 populism 118,128,155,157, 164,176, 225, 240 authoritarian 116, 138, 240
268 The post-Soviet as post-colonial right-wing 138-9, 243 Portugal 154, 204 post-authoritarian lens and post-colonial lens 1-4 post-colonialism 7-10, 238 constitutional change and 10-11 former colonial power 15-16 formerly colonised territories 11-15 definition 7 forms of colonial dominance 7-8 recurrence of post-colonial rhetoric 13 tensions 8-9 president see crown-presidential design public service, eligibility for 76-7, 165-7, 219-20 Putin, Vladimir 42, 45, 48, 245, 246 queer rights 194, 195, 196 racism 18 referenda 191 Belarus 26, 94, 96-7, 98, 99-100 Bulgaria 156, 184 Croatia 156, 195 Czech Republic 156 Estonia 142, 156 European Union and 156, 158-9, 160,161 Kyrgyzstan 107,109 Latvia 142, 143, 156, 160, 197 Poland 156,184 Russia 46 Soviet Union (1991) 25-6, 94, 102 United Kingdom 158 Uzbekistan 102, 105 refugees/asylum-seekers 161,196, 223^1, 234 religion 89, 92, 103, 106, 193 4, 195, 203-4,213,215-16, 221,234, 243 remembering the past see historical narratives Roma 196, 207, 243 Romania 5, 24, 32, 111-12, 241-2, 247 external sovereignty 140, 146 EU membership 156, 160 internal sovereignty 165-6, 167, 177 nation-building 192,195,198 remembering the past 117-18, 128-31, 137-9 state-building 178, 179,180,182, 183, 184, 189 rule of law 112, 126, 146, 164, 178, 180, 187,213,216, 234 Ruskola, T 35 Russia 4, 27, 28, 36-60, 78, 101, 133, 139, 147,211,241,242, 243-6 1993 Constitution 33, 36, 37-8, 39-42, 46-7, 51-3, 55-6, 243, 244, 245, 246 President 38, 51-2 2020 amendments to Constitution 38-9, 42-5, 48-9, 56-7, 77, 243, 245, 246 President 43, 44, 49, 53—4 Chechnya 46,
47,51,56,244 Constitutional Court 43, 45, 46, 48, 54 removal ofjudges 53 Crimea, annexation of 43, 246 dual citizenship 38, 41-2, 77 Duma 38, 51-2, 53, 54 engagement discourse 36-7, 39-40, 46, 55 exceptionalism 37, 38-9, 42, 44, 46-7, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56-7, 246 external sovereignty 39-45, 55 Federation Council 52, 54 foreign citizenship and public office 38-9, 44-5 internal sovereignty unitary federalism 45-9 international law 33, 36, 37-8, 39-45, 55, 245-6 constitutional and 58-60, 69 nation-building 55-7, 194—5, 225 Paks nuclear power plant 233 President 38,43, 44, 50-51, 244 crown-presidential design see below under state-building remembering the past 36-9 state-building 47-8, 239 crown-presidential design 49, 51-4, 78, 107,174-5, 188, 243, 245, 246
Index executive centralism 49-54 procuracy 52-3, 54 Tatarstan 26, 46, 47, 51, 56, 244 tax revenue 48, 49 Tsarist 5, 8, 17, 37, 39, 47, 52, 55, 56-7,61, 62, 134, 149, 192 see also Soviet Union Rutskoi, Alexander 40 secularisation 194 self-defence, right to 73, 137 self-determination 65, 84, 188, 189, 222 Armenia 62 Baltic states 114,134, 135 Hungary 128, 216, 219, 221 Mongolia 147 Nagorno-Karabakh 67 Russia 37, 48, 57 Slovakia 144, 145 Ukraine 63 separation of powers 31, 49, 50, 51, 80, 181,183,213,245 Serbia 28-9, 240 sexual minorities 195 see also queer rights Shushkevich, Stanislav 94, 95, 99 Slovakia 32,112-13, 241-2 external sovereignty 140, 144-6 EUmembership 155, 156, 159, 160, 224 internal sovereignty 171, 177 nation-building 190, 192-3, 198, 203, 207 nationality law 221 remembering the past 122-3, 124-5, 137-9, 219 state-building 177, 180, 181-2, 185 Slovenia 28-9, 115, 152, 156, 171, 198 social security benefits 196, 197 soft power 6,18 Somalia 6 South Korea 105 South Yemen 6 sovereignty 2, 8, 9, 111-12, 239 EU: transfer of 69, 155-7,160 constitutional safeguards 157-64 external see separate entry internal see separate entry 269 Soviet Union in 1989 and 1990: declarations of 24—5, 36, 63, 65, 70-71, 73, 77-8, 79, 82, 83-4, 90-91,94, 115 Yugoslavia: declarations of 28 Soviet Union 1,4-6, 8, 16-17, 39, 49-50, 55, 58, 184, 238 codification of law 90 Communist Party 21, 23, 24, 26, 30, 33^1, 50, 65, 79, 90 Constitution (1977) 25, 83 decolonisation 23-33, 111-12 dissolution: four steps 24—9 post-colonial challenges 30-33 qualification of process 29-30 sui generis
implosion scenario 30 economic interdependence 22 Europe’s last empire 83, 86, 89-90, 198-9 centre and periphery 18-19 colonial quality of Russian dominance 17-19 decolonisation of 23-33 pillars of 19-23 failed coup (August 1991) 26 inter-ethnic relations 20 internal passports and ethnicity 20, 46 language 21, 86, 89-90 Molotov-Ribbentrop-Agreement 62, 114, 135, 152 pillars of Russian/Soviet empire 19-23 army 21-2 Communist Party 21 dominance of Russian people 19-21, 192, 199 language and culture 21 resident permit system (propiska) 21 Russia and 56-7 international law and 41, 43^1 Spain 154,162, 185,187 Sri Lanka 6 Stalin, J 19, 120, 184 state-building 2-3, 8, 12-13, 14, 31, 32, 221, 225-30, 239-41 inner empire 63, 74, 78-82, 84, 235-6, 240-41, 246-7 Belarus 28, 82, 97-9, 100-101
270 The post-Soviet as post-colonial elected national president 80 hybrid presidentialparliamentary systems 81,85,241 Kyrgyzstan 107-9, 110, 241 Soviet-era elite 82 Uzbekistan 80, 82, 102,103-5, 106 outer empire 177-8, 240, 247 decentralisation of power 181-6, 187-8, 189,214 dismantling party state 178-81 judicial review 181,185 judiciary 180, 185-6 local and regional autonomy 183 parliamentarisation 168,173, 179, 181-2, 184-5, 187, 205 parliamentary-presidential 182-3 post-authoritarian and post-colonial overlap 181, 187-9 Russia 47-8, 49-54, 78, 239 statelessness 41 student grants 196 subsidies 18 Switzerland 153 Tajikistan 5, 27 Declaration of Independence 63, 65 dual citizenship 42 external sovereignty 65 Gorno-Badakhshan 75 internal sovereignty 75, 77 interpreting the past 63 nation-building 83, 92 public service, eligibility for 77 Tanzania 6 taxation 48, 49, 72 terminology: inner and outer empires 4-5 Tiso, Jozef 125 traditional or conservative values 194-7, 203-4, 243 Tsygankov, A 54 Turkey 88 Turkmenistan 5, 27, 42, 66, 83 Ukraine 5,27, 28, 58, 241, 246, 247 armed forces 73 colonial past: silence 62-3 Crimea 43, 74, 75, 177 ecological sovereignty 73 external sovereignty 66, 68, 69 internal sovereignty 73, 74, 75 international legal personality 64-5 nation-building 83, 84, 85, 88, 93 language 85, 90, 91 Russian/Soviet empire 19, 20, 21 state-building 81, 84, 85,241 United Kingdom 8, 11-12, 59, 158 United Nations 41, 64, 68,140 definition of post-colonialism 7 United States 1, 107, 114 university education 199 Uzbekistan 27, 60 case study 102-6 internal sovereignty
75 Karakalpakstan 75, 105 nation-building 64, 83, 93, 102-3, 106 official language 91, 102 state-building 80, 82, 102, 103-5, 106 values, Asian 105, 106 vanguardism 18, 19-20, 30 velvet revolutions 23-4, 112 Venice Commission 99, 107 Vietnam 6 Vincze, A 235 Wałęsa, Lech 182-3 Warsaw Pact 18, 22, 160, 167 water resources 171 Wedde, R 43 women 195, 196, 243 xenophobia 196, 243 Yeltsin, Boris 24, 30,47, 50, 51, 60, 94, 244, 245, 246 Yugoslavia6,28-9, 111, 115, 174 Zedelashvili, D 82 Zhaparov, Sadyr 108-9 Zimbabwe 236 |
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Contents Preface List of abbreviations vi viii Introduction: understanding East European and Eurasian constitutions through the post-colonial lens 1 1 Post-colonialism and post-socialist constitutional change 2 Russian constitution-making: convergence or continued exceptionalism in the former imperial centre? 36 An unexpected independence: the constitutions of the states of the ‘inner empire’ 61 3 7 4 Case studies from the inner empire 5 Factual decolonisation: the constitutions of the states of the ‘outer empire’ 111 6 Case study from the outer empire . 94 212 Conclusions: the shadows of the past and the overlaps between the post-authoritarian and the post-colonial 238 Bibliography Index 248 260
THE POST-SOVIET AS POSTCOLONIAL 'This daring book reconceptualises post-Soviet transitions as exercises in post colonial constitution-making. The result of this reframing is a wealth of insight, including a deepened understanding of the understudied polities that were formerly part of the USSR and fresh perspectives on the authoritarian turn taken in some parts of Eastern Europe.’ David Landau, Florida State University College of Law, USA This book takes a new approach to post-socialist constitutional change in Europe and Eurasia. It views these constitutions as the products of the collapse of Europe's last empire, the Soviet Union. This book therefore seeks to understand these constitutions as more than just post-authoritarian texts, but abo as post-colonial ones. This post-colonial paradigm provides a new set of toob for understanding constitutional dynamics in key countries within the European Union as well as the former Soviet republics to the East. In particular, it helps explain democratic backsliding in Central Europe (such as Hungary and Poland), authoritarian resilience in many of the former Soviet republics (including Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan) as well as ongoing struggles about national identity in places like Ukraine and Moldova. Partlett and Küpper's application of the post-colonial paradigm to the former Soviet world contributes to our understanding of post-colonial constitutionalism. This insightful book therefore appeals to the comparative constitutional academic community as well as the broader academic community interested in post-colonialism. It
will also be of interest to a general audience interested in better understanding the former socialist bloc countries. William Partlett is Associate Professor of Law in Melbourne Law School at the University of Melbourne, Australia and Herbert Küpper is Managing Director in the Institute for East European Law in the Research Centre for Eastern and South Eastern Europe, Regensburg, Germany.
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Index Abashin, S 63 -4 abortion 195 Adamkus, Valdas 166,167 Africa 12, 91, 106 aggression, prohibition of 66 Albania 6,114, 189 Alekseev, Sergei 50 Algeria 8, 15 anti-Semitism 196, 217, 232, 243 anti-Tsiganism 196 Armenia 5, 27, 60, 241,244, 247 citizenship 77, 87-8 external sovereignty 65, 67, 68 internal sovereignty 75, 76, 77 interpreting the past 62 Nagorno-Karabakh 67, 75, 76 nation-building 83, 87-8, 91-2 public service, eligibility for 77, 92 Asia 11-12, 91, 105, 106 Pacific 12 South 12, 78 asylum-seekers/refugees 161, 196, 223^1, 234 Australia 45 Austria 115 authoritarian developmentalism 105 populism 116, 138, 240 resilience 4, 247 Avril, P 15 Azerbaijan 5, 27, 73, 244 external sovereignty 65, 68 internal sovereignty 75, 76-7, 78 interpreting the past 61-2 Nagorno-Karabakh 67, 75, 76 Nakhichevan 75 nation-building 64, 83, 84, 88, 91, 92-3 public service, eligibility for 76-7 Soviet debts 68 Bakiev, Kurmanbek 108 Baltic states 3, 17, 24, 27, 28, 111,112, 113, 154, 155,173,218, 239 citizenship 87, 166, 167, 200-201, 205, 206-11, 242 Estonia see separate entry language 21, 90, 197, 199 Latvia see separate entry Lithuania see separate entry restoration of statehood 26, 114-16 transformative constitutionalism 34 banks 72, 79, 186, 227 Basescu, Traian 130 Belarus 4, 5, 27, 58, 59, 60, 247 case study 94-101, 236 denationalisation of history 96-7 presidential centralism 97-9, 100, 101 state flag 95, 97, 101 colonial past: silence 63 Constitutional Court 97-8 ecological sovereignty 73 external sovereignty 66 internal sovereignty 73 international legal personality 64—5
nation-building 83, 90, 91, 92 re-embraced Soviet history and identity 64 Russian/Soviet empire 19, 20, 24, 26 state-building 28, 82, 100-101 presidential centralism 97-9, 100, 101 birth rates 196, 225 Bosnia-Herzegovina 29 brain drain 196 Brexit 158 Brezhnev doctrine 111 British Empire 8, 11-12 Bulgaria 5, 111-13, 241-2 external sovereignty 140, 146 EU membership 156 260
Index internal sovereignty 166-7, 176 nation-building 190,192-3, 198 remembering the past 117-18, 131-2,137-9 state-building 178, 181, 182, 184, 185 capitalism free market 34 laissez-faire 13 case studies Belarus 94-101, 236 Hungary 212-37 Kyrgyzstan 107-10 Uzbekistan 102-6 Caucasian republics 5, 32, 59, 90, 246 Armenia see separate entry Azerbaijan see separate entry Georgia see separate entry Ceauşescu, N 129, 130, 178 Central Asian republics 4, 5, 8, 24, 26, 27, 29, 32, 59, 61, 90, 246 colonial past: silence 63 ecological disasters 73 Kazakhstan see separate entry Kyrgyzstan see separate entry Tajikistan see separate entry Turkmenistan see separate entry Uzbekistan see separate entry centralisation 3-4, 12, 34 by former colonial power 15-16 inner empire 80-81,174-5, 239-40, 241 Belarus 28, 97-9, 100, 101, 236 Kyrgyzstan 107-9, 110 Uzbekistan 80, 103-5, 106 outer empire 173-5, 181,183-4, 240 Hungary 181, 184, 229, 230, 231,232, 240 Russia 38, 174-5,188, 243, 245 executive centralism 49-54 unitary federalism 45-9 Soviet Union: Communist Party 21, 30-31 Yugoslavia 29 challenges, post-colonial 2, 30-33 Chernobyl disaster 73 China 6, 133,139, 147,242 citizenship 261 dual Baltic states 166, 208, 211 inner empire 42, 76-7, 87-8 Romania 165-6 Russia 38, 41-2, 77 Slovakia 221 inner empire 76-7, 87-8 outer empire 204-5 Baltic states 87, 166, 167, 200-201,205, 206-11, 242 Bulgaria 166-7 co-ethnic persons outside country 205 Hungary 148, 205, 220-21 Mongolia 167 naturalisation 148, 205, 206, 208,210-11,221,242 post-authoritarian elements 205-6, 208 post-colonial elements 206-11
remote naturalisation 148, 205, 221 Romania 165-6 Slovakia 221 Cold War 1 COMECON 18, 22, 153, 160, 168, 169 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 27, 33, 58-60, 69 Congo-Brazzaville, PR 6 conservative or traditional values 194-7, 203^1,243 Council of Europe 42, 68-9 criminal law, political 112, 218 Croatia 28-9, 115, 156, 195 crown-presidential design inner empire 80-81, 85, 174-5, 240 Belarus 97-9, 100 Kyrgyzstan 107-8, 109 Uzbekistan 80, 103-5, 106 Russia 49, 51-4, 78, 107, 174-5, 188, 243, 245, 246 Cuba 6 culture 35 inner empire 86, 96, 100, 105 within and beyond borders 88-9 outer empire 124, 137, 150,192, 197, 201, 202 beyond borders 198
262 The post-Soviet as post-colonial Russia 39, 47, 48, 57 Russian/Soviet empire 21 Czech Republic 112-13, 241-2 external sovereignty 140, 144, 145, 146 EUmembership 155, 156, 160, 162, 164, 224 territorial issues 148, 150 internal sovereignty 172 nation-building 190, 192-3, 195, 198, 203, 207 remembering the past 122-4, 137-9, 219 state-building 177, 180, 181-2, 184-5 Czechoslovakia 5, 24, 111-13, 159, 167, 173, 198,203 dissolution 113, 123, 144-6, 173 external sovereignty 140, 144—5 remembering the past 117-18, 122-5, 137-9 Soviet army 22 state-building 178, 180, 181-2, 184, 186 de Gaulle, Charles 15 decentralisation 4, 173-5, 176, 181-6, 187-8, 189, 214, 230 democracy 1,2, 3-4, 12, 24, 34, 238, 247 inner empire 4, 34, 77, 78-9, 80, 86, 238, 241 Belarus 4, 94, 101 Kyrgyzstan 107-8, 241 Uzbekistan 104—5, 106 outer empire 34,178, 180-81, 184, 186, 187, 188, 240,241,243, 247 Baltic states 3, 34, 134,141, 160 elite continuity 117-18 Hungary 4, 126, 128, 213, 214, 216, 226, 234,240 international law 151 international organisations 160, 164 Latvia 160 legitimacy from first free elections 113 ‘nation’ and ‘people’ 204—5 Romania 129-30 self-responsibility 139 Russia 4, 36, 37, 39-40,46, 49, 50, 55, 57, 245, 246 see also elections, free; referenda demography 196-7, 199-200, 201, 204, 225, 243 deportations, mass 21, 199 diaspora communities 87, 88,166, 198, 204 diplomatic protection 202, 206 divide and conquer 9, 14 dual citizenship see under citizenship ecological sovereignty 73 economic exploitation 22, 169 economic sovereignty 70-72, 78, 168-73, 230-31 education, university 199
elections, free 112, 113,129,131, 184, 191,216,218, 235 partially 24 elite change 134, 137 elite continuity 11, 239 inner empire 29-30, 33, 62-3, 82, 102 outer empire 24, 33-4, 112, 117-18, 126-7, 128, 129, 131, 132, 137, 139, 235 emancipation 9, 12, 89 equal (formal) sovereignty of all states 66, 152 Estonia 5, 58, 241, 242, 247 external sovereignty 140-41, 142, 143^1, 146, 147, 153 EU membership 156, 159-61, 173 territorial issues 149, 151 internal sovereignty 166, 173 nation-building 197-203, 207-11, 218 remembering the past 133-9 restoration of statehood 26, 114-16 state-building 179, 182, 185, 189 Ethiopia 6 ethnicity 3, 31-2, 123 autonomous ethnic territories 75 Baltic states 137, 166, 167, 197-201,210-11 citizenship and ethno-nation 205, 220-21
Index ethnic engineering 14, 106 socio-ethnic 100 ethnic lustration 82 ethnic minorities 3,15, 57, 86, 87, 91, 191-2 co-ethnic groups abroad 88, 89, 198, 204 co-ethnic groups within Soviet bloc 204 Estonia 197-8, 201 Hungary 197-8, 220-21, 225, 233 linguistic rights 197 Lithuania 198 Moldova 77 Romania 177 Slovakia 177 Slovenia 198 Hungary 193, 196-8, 204, 213, 220-21,225, 233,243 Kazakhstan 86-7, 88 Moldova 77, 84-5 nation-building 2, 83-7, 88, 191, 192, 193, 196-201,210 Romania 178, 192 Russia 56, 57, 244 ethnically determined ‘Republics’ in 47 Russian/Soviet empire 192, 198-9, 200,210,211 hiérarchisation 19-21, 46 Uzbekistan 106 Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) 60, 69 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 40-41, 185, 239 European Court of Human rights (ECtHR) 41,42, 43, 68-9, 194 European Union 59, 69, 114, 147, 153-64, 170, 172-3, 190, 239 asylum-seekers 196 Court of Justice of 161-2, 163, 164, 224, 227 Hungary 242-3 external sovereignty 153-4, 155-6,159, 161, 162, 222-5, 233-4 internal sovereignty 230-31 national identities 222 priority of EU law 161, 163 qualified majority voting 158 263 rule of law and EU payments 234 exceptionalism 78-9,107 Russia 37, 38-9, 42, 44, 46-7, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56-7, 246 external sovereignty 2, 8,13, 139-64, 239 constitutional design and 14 domestic law and international law 13 former colonial centre 16 inner empire 64 international legal personality 64-5 international organisations 68-9 position of international law 66-7 Soviet debts 68 outer empire 133, 139-40, 242 constitutional principles 146-7 Euro-Atlantic integration 153-64
international legal personality 112, 134, 140-46, 200 position of international law 151-3 territorial issues 148-51 Russia 39-45, 55 federalism in Russia, unitary 45-9 Fidesz 126,150, 162, 212-13, 214, 215, 224, 225-30, 231-2, 233-6 Finland 17 France 8, 15-16, 59,183, 204 Fukuyama, F 1 gender 194, 196 genocide 198-9, 200, 202, 211 Georgia 5,27, 58, 247 Abkhazia 73,75, 78, 241,244 Ajaría 75 external sovereignty 68, 69 internal sovereignty 73, 75-6, 77, 78 interpreting the past 62 nation-building 64, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92 public service, eligibility for 77 South Ossetia 73, 75, 78, 241,244 state-building 82
264 The post-Soviet as post-colonial German Democratic Republic (GDR) 5, 24, 111-12,116,178,205 remembering the past 117-18 Soviet army 21-2 Germany 114-15, 122, 125, 187, 199, 217-18, 233 co-ethnic groups abroad 204 Federal Constitutional Court 162, 164 Molotov-Ribbentrop-Agreement 62, 114, 135, 152 Weimar Constitution 16 West 129, 152, 205 Glendon, MA 35 Go, J 12 Gorbachev, Mikhail 23, 24, 65 Greece 152,153,154, 223 Grenada 6 Guinea 6 Hassell, G 12 heteronormative role model 243 see also queer rights historical narratives 2, 9, 14, 83-4, 238-9 inner empire 614, 79 Belarus 94-7, 99-100, 236 outer empire 117-39, 144, 172,219 Hungary 117-18, 125-8, 137-9, 193, 214-19, 232-3, 236, 239 Russia 36-9 Hosking, G 55 human rights 2, 26, 66, 239 ECHR 40-41, 185, 239 ECtHR 41,42, 43, 68-9, 194 Georgia 86 Kyrgyzstan 109 outer empire 112, 118, 119, 120, 122, 132, 133, 138, 151, 178, 180-81, 184, 185, 187,213, 214, 223, 242 citizenship 211 Russia 37, 40-41, 42, 43, 243 Uzbekistan 105 Hungary 4, 5,13, 32,111-14, 212-14, 219-20, 241-3, 247 case study 212-32 analysis 232-7 centralisation 181, 184, 229, 230, 231,232, 240 Constitutional Court 162, 212, 214-15, 223, 226, 227 external sovereignty 140, 146 EU membership 153-4, 155-6, 159, 161, 162, 222-5, 233-4 territorial issues 148,150-51 gap: law in books and law in action 230-31 ideological values 213-14 instrumentalisation of colonial past 221,225,233,236 internal sovereignty 167, 230-32 anti-Budapest rhetoric 232 EU membership 230-31 nation-building 193, 194—5, 196-8, 200,204, 220-22, 230, 240 sustainability 196-7 National Bank 227
remembering the past 117-18, 125-8, 137-9,193, 214-19, 232-3, 236, 239 Soviet army 22 state-building 178, 179, 181,182, 184, 185, 188, 225-30,240 constituencies 229-30 executive-dominated parliament 228-9 prime minister’s chancellery 229 pro-winner bias in parliament 228 weakness of opposition 230 ideology 103 Marxist-Leninist 5-6, 18, 20, 33, 34, 55, 117, 238 nationalist-populist 128 of return 93 independence, declarations of 26, 28, 62, 63, 65, 70-71, 72, 77-8, 79, 83-6, 88 Baltic states 115-16,149-50 existing Soviet-style territorial autonomies 75, 76 Soviet-era elite 82 state language 90-91 India 3 indigenous peoples: Russia 48, 57 Indonesia 105
265 Index inner empire, meaning of 4-5 internal sovereignty 2, 8,13-14, 165-77, 192, 223, 230-32 constitutional design and 14 inner empire 69-78 analysis 77-8 commodities 70-71 control over territory 74-6 ecological sovereignty 73 first steps: federation to confederation 70-71 foreign trade 70-71 full economic sovereignty 71-2, 78 full military sovereignty 72-3 internal centre-periphery relations 74-6 Kompetenz-Kompetenz 70 land 70-71 public service, eligibility for 76-7 socialism 71 outer empire 71, 165, 230-32 compulsory public property 169-71 control over territory 173-7, 231 full economic sovereignty 168-73, 230-31 full military sovereignty 167-8 internal centre-periphery relations 173-7, 231-2 land 171-3 public service, eligibility for 165-7 Russia 45-9 international law 2, 77, 239, 242 Armenia 65, 67 Azerbaijan 65 Baltic states 114-16, 134-5, 137, 140-44, 173, 198, 203, 242 Belarus 66, 101 customary 58, 151-2 former colonial centre and 16 genocide 198 Hungary 219 inner empire 64-7 Kazakhstan 65, 66 Kyrgyzstan 65 Moldova 66 outer empire 140-46, 151-3 personality in see separate entry post-authoritarian function of 152 post-colonial function of 152-3 relationship between domestic law and 13, 137 Russia 33, 36, 37-8, 39-45, 55, 245-6 reorganising colonial space 58-60, 69 self-defence 73 Soviet Union 37, 58, 114-16 regional customary international law 58 statehood 207, 210 Turkmenistan 66 Ukraine 66 uti possidetis principle 66, 67 international organisations 13, 33, 42, 68-9,157,160 see also individual organisations Ireland 8, 153 isolationism 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 77, 246
Italy 152, 162, 185-6, 187, 223 ius cogens 151, 152 Juncker, J-C 234 Kampuchea 6 Karimov, Islam 82, 102, 103, 104—5 Kazakhstan 5, 27-8, 59, 60 external sovereignty 65, 66 nation-building 83, 84, 86-7, 88, 90,91 state-building 80 Kebich, Vyacheslav 96 Khasbulatov, Ruslan 25 Kompetenz-Kompetenz 28, 70, 164, 223 Kosovo 29,144 Kravchuk, Leonid 94 Kumarasingham, H 12 Kyrgyzstan 5, 27, 59, 60, 134, 244 case study 107-10 citizenship 76, 88 external sovereignty 65, 69 internal sovereignty 76 nation-building 83, 88, 90, 92, 93, 107,109-10 public service, eligibility for 76
266 The post-Soviet as post-colonial state-building 107-9, 110, 241 laissez-faire capitalism 13 language(s) 3, 15,197-8,240 Baltic republics 21,90 Latvian referendum 197 local languages 199 Belarus 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96-7,100 co-linguai groups abroad 204 legal 90 narod՛, nation and people in Slavonic 190, 192-3 public service, eligibility for 77, 92 Russia 47, 48-9, 55, 244 Russian speakers outside country 57 Russian in inner empire 63, 86, 88, 89-92 Armenia 77, 88, 91-2 Belarus 91, 92,94, 96-7, 100 Moldova 77, 84-5, 90, 91, 92 Ukraine 21, 85, 90,91 Uzbekistan 91, 102, 105, 106 Russian as language of inter-ethnic communication 91, 92 Russian in Latvia 197 Russian in Romania 130-31 Russian/Soviet empire 21, 86, 89-90, 94, 199 tautas՛, nation and people in Latvian 190,192-3 tests for naturalisation 211 Uzbekistan 91, 102, 105, 106 Laos 6 Latin America 12, 13, 91, 107 Latvia 5, 58, 241,242, 247 external sovereignty 140-41, 142-4, 146,147, 151 EUmembership 156, 160-61, 173 international law 152 territorial issues 149-50, 151 internal sovereignty 166, 170, 173, 176 nation-building 190, 192-3,194-5, 197, 198-203, 205, 207-11, 218 remembering the past 133-9 restoration of statehood 26, 114—16 state-building 182, 185 legal systems 79 legal language 90 Libya 6 life expectancy 196 Lithuania 5, 27, 58, 241, 242, 247 external sovereignty 140-41, 143-4, 146, 147 EU membership 156, 173 territorial issues 150, 151 internal sovereignty 166,167,168, 173 nation-building 197, 198-203, 207-11,218 remembering the past 133-9 restoration of statehood 26, 114-16 state-building 179,182, 185
Lukashenko, Aleksandr 28, 64, 96-101, 236 lustration 10, 82 Macedonia 29 Malta 156 market economy 78, 79, 112, 126, 169, 178, 187 marriage 194-5, 203—4, 243 Mečiar, Vladimir 123, 145 migration 21, 77, 128, 196, 198, 200, 204, 205, 207, 223-4, 225 military bases 9, 72, 127, 168 Miloševič, Slobodan 28 Moldova 5, 27, 59, 60, 153, 247 external sovereignty 66, 68 Gagauzia 74, 75,177 internal sovereignty 72, 74, 75, 77 interpreting the past 62 language 77, 84-5, 90, 91, 92 nation-building 64, 83, 84-5, 90, 91, 92-3 public service, eligibility for 77 state-building 81, 241 Transnistria 62, 74, 75, 78, 241, 244 Molotov, Vyacheslav 19 Mongolia 5, 111-12, 241, 242, 247 external sovereignty 133, 140, 146-7, 154, 242 internal sovereignty 167, 172, 176 nation-building 196,197, 198 remembering the past 117-18, 132-3, 137-9 state-building 178, 179, 182, 185
Index 267 Montenegro 28,29 Montevideo Convention 207 Moore, D C 8-9 Mozambique 6 multi-layered statehood 155 Netherlands 153 Nicaragua 6 North Korea 6 nostalgia, imperial 16, 30, 33, 42, 57, 245, 246 nation-building 2, 3, 8, 9, 14-15, 31-2, 41,47, 125 former colonial centre 16 inner empire 63M, 83-93, 240-41, 246-7 citizenship 87-8 Kyrgyzstan 83, 88, 90, 92, 93, 107, 109-10 legacy and self-identification 83-7 national culture 88-9 national and state symbols 92-3 state language 89-92 Uzbekistan 64, 83, 91, 93, 102-3, 106 outer empire 190, 220-22, 230 citizenship 204—11 extreme post-coloniality 198-203 nation in the constitutions of 191-8 traditional ethno-nation 191-204 Russia 55-7 national identity 2, 8, 11,14, 35,192, 193-5, 198, 199-200, 201-2, 203, 239, 241 Belarus 99-100,101 Central Asian states 32 Kyrgyzstan 110 Uzbekistan 102,106 diversity 3 European Union 222 historical narratives 2, 9, 79, 83^1 Hungary 193-5, 200, 221-2, 223-5, 234, 243 Slovakia 124 ‘Westernness’ 81 nationalisation 10, 14 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 69, 147, 154, 155, 168, 173 Nazarbayev, Nursultan 28, 87 neoliberalism 13 occupation, illegal 5, 61-2, 111, 115-16, 133-5,140, 143 4, 202, 208 oil and gas 22,169 Orbán, Viktor 212-13, 215, 224-6, 235, 236, 243 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 68,211,242 Otunbaeva, Roza 108 outer empire, meaning of 5 parliamentarisation 168,173, 179, 181-2, 184-5, 187, 205 paternalism 9,19, 73, 104 perestroika (restructuring) 24 personality in international law 9, 13, 26 inner empire 64—5 outer empire 112,140 Baltic states 134,
140-44, 200 Czechoslovakia and successor states 144-6 Russia 39 Poland 5, 95, 111-14, 150, 241-2, 247 external sovereignty 140,146,147 EU membership 153, 155, 156, 160,162-3, 164, 170, 224, 234 internal sovereignty 167,170, 172, 174, 175 nation-building 190, 192-3,197, 198 remembering the past 117-21, 124, 126, 136, 138-9, 219 Solidarność (Solidarity) movement 23 Soviet army 21-2 Soviet Union 179 state-building 178, 182-3,184, 185, 188 Tsarist times: Central 17 populism 118,128,155,157, 164,176, 225, 240 authoritarian 116, 138, 240
268 The post-Soviet as post-colonial right-wing 138-9, 243 Portugal 154, 204 post-authoritarian lens and post-colonial lens 1-4 post-colonialism 7-10, 238 constitutional change and 10-11 former colonial power 15-16 formerly colonised territories 11-15 definition 7 forms of colonial dominance 7-8 recurrence of post-colonial rhetoric 13 tensions 8-9 president see crown-presidential design public service, eligibility for 76-7, 165-7, 219-20 Putin, Vladimir 42, 45, 48, 245, 246 queer rights 194, 195, 196 racism 18 referenda 191 Belarus 26, 94, 96-7, 98, 99-100 Bulgaria 156, 184 Croatia 156, 195 Czech Republic 156 Estonia 142, 156 European Union and 156, 158-9, 160,161 Kyrgyzstan 107,109 Latvia 142, 143, 156, 160, 197 Poland 156,184 Russia 46 Soviet Union (1991) 25-6, 94, 102 United Kingdom 158 Uzbekistan 102, 105 refugees/asylum-seekers 161,196, 223^1, 234 religion 89, 92, 103, 106, 193 4, 195, 203-4,213,215-16, 221,234, 243 remembering the past see historical narratives Roma 196, 207, 243 Romania 5, 24, 32, 111-12, 241-2, 247 external sovereignty 140, 146 EU membership 156, 160 internal sovereignty 165-6, 167, 177 nation-building 192,195,198 remembering the past 117-18, 128-31, 137-9 state-building 178, 179,180,182, 183, 184, 189 rule of law 112, 126, 146, 164, 178, 180, 187,213,216, 234 Ruskola, T 35 Russia 4, 27, 28, 36-60, 78, 101, 133, 139, 147,211,241,242, 243-6 1993 Constitution 33, 36, 37-8, 39-42, 46-7, 51-3, 55-6, 243, 244, 245, 246 President 38, 51-2 2020 amendments to Constitution 38-9, 42-5, 48-9, 56-7, 77, 243, 245, 246 President 43, 44, 49, 53—4 Chechnya 46,
47,51,56,244 Constitutional Court 43, 45, 46, 48, 54 removal ofjudges 53 Crimea, annexation of 43, 246 dual citizenship 38, 41-2, 77 Duma 38, 51-2, 53, 54 engagement discourse 36-7, 39-40, 46, 55 exceptionalism 37, 38-9, 42, 44, 46-7, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56-7, 246 external sovereignty 39-45, 55 Federation Council 52, 54 foreign citizenship and public office 38-9, 44-5 internal sovereignty unitary federalism 45-9 international law 33, 36, 37-8, 39-45, 55, 245-6 constitutional and 58-60, 69 nation-building 55-7, 194—5, 225 Paks nuclear power plant 233 President 38,43, 44, 50-51, 244 crown-presidential design see below under state-building remembering the past 36-9 state-building 47-8, 239 crown-presidential design 49, 51-4, 78, 107,174-5, 188, 243, 245, 246
Index executive centralism 49-54 procuracy 52-3, 54 Tatarstan 26, 46, 47, 51, 56, 244 tax revenue 48, 49 Tsarist 5, 8, 17, 37, 39, 47, 52, 55, 56-7,61, 62, 134, 149, 192 see also Soviet Union Rutskoi, Alexander 40 secularisation 194 self-defence, right to 73, 137 self-determination 65, 84, 188, 189, 222 Armenia 62 Baltic states 114,134, 135 Hungary 128, 216, 219, 221 Mongolia 147 Nagorno-Karabakh 67 Russia 37, 48, 57 Slovakia 144, 145 Ukraine 63 separation of powers 31, 49, 50, 51, 80, 181,183,213,245 Serbia 28-9, 240 sexual minorities 195 see also queer rights Shushkevich, Stanislav 94, 95, 99 Slovakia 32,112-13, 241-2 external sovereignty 140, 144-6 EUmembership 155, 156, 159, 160, 224 internal sovereignty 171, 177 nation-building 190, 192-3, 198, 203, 207 nationality law 221 remembering the past 122-3, 124-5, 137-9, 219 state-building 177, 180, 181-2, 185 Slovenia 28-9, 115, 152, 156, 171, 198 social security benefits 196, 197 soft power 6,18 Somalia 6 South Korea 105 South Yemen 6 sovereignty 2, 8, 9, 111-12, 239 EU: transfer of 69, 155-7,160 constitutional safeguards 157-64 external see separate entry internal see separate entry 269 Soviet Union in 1989 and 1990: declarations of 24—5, 36, 63, 65, 70-71, 73, 77-8, 79, 82, 83-4, 90-91,94, 115 Yugoslavia: declarations of 28 Soviet Union 1,4-6, 8, 16-17, 39, 49-50, 55, 58, 184, 238 codification of law 90 Communist Party 21, 23, 24, 26, 30, 33^1, 50, 65, 79, 90 Constitution (1977) 25, 83 decolonisation 23-33, 111-12 dissolution: four steps 24—9 post-colonial challenges 30-33 qualification of process 29-30 sui generis
implosion scenario 30 economic interdependence 22 Europe’s last empire 83, 86, 89-90, 198-9 centre and periphery 18-19 colonial quality of Russian dominance 17-19 decolonisation of 23-33 pillars of 19-23 failed coup (August 1991) 26 inter-ethnic relations 20 internal passports and ethnicity 20, 46 language 21, 86, 89-90 Molotov-Ribbentrop-Agreement 62, 114, 135, 152 pillars of Russian/Soviet empire 19-23 army 21-2 Communist Party 21 dominance of Russian people 19-21, 192, 199 language and culture 21 resident permit system (propiska) 21 Russia and 56-7 international law and 41, 43^1 Spain 154,162, 185,187 Sri Lanka 6 Stalin, J 19, 120, 184 state-building 2-3, 8, 12-13, 14, 31, 32, 221, 225-30, 239-41 inner empire 63, 74, 78-82, 84, 235-6, 240-41, 246-7 Belarus 28, 82, 97-9, 100-101
270 The post-Soviet as post-colonial elected national president 80 hybrid presidentialparliamentary systems 81,85,241 Kyrgyzstan 107-9, 110, 241 Soviet-era elite 82 Uzbekistan 80, 82, 102,103-5, 106 outer empire 177-8, 240, 247 decentralisation of power 181-6, 187-8, 189,214 dismantling party state 178-81 judicial review 181,185 judiciary 180, 185-6 local and regional autonomy 183 parliamentarisation 168,173, 179, 181-2, 184-5, 187, 205 parliamentary-presidential 182-3 post-authoritarian and post-colonial overlap 181, 187-9 Russia 47-8, 49-54, 78, 239 statelessness 41 student grants 196 subsidies 18 Switzerland 153 Tajikistan 5, 27 Declaration of Independence 63, 65 dual citizenship 42 external sovereignty 65 Gorno-Badakhshan 75 internal sovereignty 75, 77 interpreting the past 63 nation-building 83, 92 public service, eligibility for 77 Tanzania 6 taxation 48, 49, 72 terminology: inner and outer empires 4-5 Tiso, Jozef 125 traditional or conservative values 194-7, 203-4, 243 Tsygankov, A 54 Turkey 88 Turkmenistan 5, 27, 42, 66, 83 Ukraine 5,27, 28, 58, 241, 246, 247 armed forces 73 colonial past: silence 62-3 Crimea 43, 74, 75, 177 ecological sovereignty 73 external sovereignty 66, 68, 69 internal sovereignty 73, 74, 75 international legal personality 64-5 nation-building 83, 84, 85, 88, 93 language 85, 90, 91 Russian/Soviet empire 19, 20, 21 state-building 81, 84, 85,241 United Kingdom 8, 11-12, 59, 158 United Nations 41, 64, 68,140 definition of post-colonialism 7 United States 1, 107, 114 university education 199 Uzbekistan 27, 60 case study 102-6 internal sovereignty
75 Karakalpakstan 75, 105 nation-building 64, 83, 93, 102-3, 106 official language 91, 102 state-building 80, 82, 102, 103-5, 106 values, Asian 105, 106 vanguardism 18, 19-20, 30 velvet revolutions 23-4, 112 Venice Commission 99, 107 Vietnam 6 Vincze, A 235 Wałęsa, Lech 182-3 Warsaw Pact 18, 22, 160, 167 water resources 171 Wedde, R 43 women 195, 196, 243 xenophobia 196, 243 Yeltsin, Boris 24, 30,47, 50, 51, 60, 94, 244, 245, 246 Yugoslavia6,28-9, 111, 115, 174 Zedelashvili, D 82 Zhaparov, Sadyr 108-9 Zimbabwe 236 |
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| author | Partlett, William Küpper, Herbert 1964- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1164508725 (DE-588)12916321X |
| author_facet | Partlett, William Küpper, Herbert 1964- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Partlett, William |
| author_variant | w p wp h k hk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047940780 |
| classification_rvk | PC 1615 PL 723 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1334025550 (DE-599)KXP1798285940 |
| dewey-full | 342.47 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 342 - Constitutional and administrative law |
| dewey-raw | 342.47 |
| dewey-search | 342.47 |
| dewey-sort | 3342.47 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| era | Geschichte 1990- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1990- |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ostblock Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV047940780 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:35:15Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T05:55:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781802209433 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033322263 |
| oclc_num | 1334025550 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M492 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-M492 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-188 |
| physical | xii, 270 Seiten 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220810 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Edward Elgar Publishing |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Elgar monographs in constitutional and administrative law |
| spelling | Partlett, William Verfasser (DE-588)1164508725 aut The post-Soviet as post-colonial a new paradigm for understanding constitutional dynamics in the former Soviet Empire William Partlett (associate professor of law, Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Australia), Herbert Küpper (managing director, Institute for East European Law in the Research Centre for Eastern and South Eastern Europe, Regensburg, Germany) Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, USA Edward Elgar Publishing [2022] © 2022 xii, 270 Seiten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Elgar monographs in constitutional and administrative law Geschichte 1990- gnd rswk-swf Postkolonialismus (DE-588)4566658-1 gnd rswk-swf Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd rswk-swf Verfassung (DE-588)4062787-1 gnd rswk-swf Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Constitutional law / Former Soviet republics Decolonization / Former Soviet republics Law and socialism Former Soviet republics / Foreign relations Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 s Verfassung (DE-588)4062787-1 s Postkolonialismus (DE-588)4566658-1 s Geschichte 1990- z DE-604 Küpper, Herbert 1964- Verfasser (DE-588)12916321X aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-80220-944-0 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033322263&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033322263&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033322263&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033322263&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Partlett, William Küpper, Herbert 1964- The post-Soviet as post-colonial a new paradigm for understanding constitutional dynamics in the former Soviet Empire Postkolonialismus (DE-588)4566658-1 gnd Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd Verfassung (DE-588)4062787-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4566658-1 (DE-588)4328855-8 (DE-588)4062787-1 (DE-588)4075730-4 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | The post-Soviet as post-colonial a new paradigm for understanding constitutional dynamics in the former Soviet Empire |
| title_auth | The post-Soviet as post-colonial a new paradigm for understanding constitutional dynamics in the former Soviet Empire |
| title_exact_search | The post-Soviet as post-colonial a new paradigm for understanding constitutional dynamics in the former Soviet Empire |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The post-Soviet as post-colonial a new paradigm for understanding constitutional dynamics in the former Soviet Empire |
| title_full | The post-Soviet as post-colonial a new paradigm for understanding constitutional dynamics in the former Soviet Empire William Partlett (associate professor of law, Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Australia), Herbert Küpper (managing director, Institute for East European Law in the Research Centre for Eastern and South Eastern Europe, Regensburg, Germany) |
| title_fullStr | The post-Soviet as post-colonial a new paradigm for understanding constitutional dynamics in the former Soviet Empire William Partlett (associate professor of law, Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Australia), Herbert Küpper (managing director, Institute for East European Law in the Research Centre for Eastern and South Eastern Europe, Regensburg, Germany) |
| title_full_unstemmed | The post-Soviet as post-colonial a new paradigm for understanding constitutional dynamics in the former Soviet Empire William Partlett (associate professor of law, Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Australia), Herbert Küpper (managing director, Institute for East European Law in the Research Centre for Eastern and South Eastern Europe, Regensburg, Germany) |
| title_short | The post-Soviet as post-colonial |
| title_sort | the post soviet as post colonial a new paradigm for understanding constitutional dynamics in the former soviet empire |
| title_sub | a new paradigm for understanding constitutional dynamics in the former Soviet Empire |
| topic | Postkolonialismus (DE-588)4566658-1 gnd Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd Verfassung (DE-588)4062787-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Postkolonialismus Nachfolgestaaten Verfassung Ostblock Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033322263&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033322263&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033322263&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033322263&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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