Anselm's argument: divine necessity
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| Sprache: | English |
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Oxford
Oxford University Press
2022
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xiv, 317 Seiten 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780192896926 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Preface Introduction xiii 1 1. The Metaphysics 1.1 The metaphysics of necessity 1.2 Anselm on possibility 1.2.1 Types of powers 1.2.2 Actuality and possibility 1.3 Anselmian modal logic 1.4 Proper and improper 1.4.1 Proper, improper, and possibility 1.4.2 Proper, improper, and necessity 1.5 An Anselmian metaphysics for some basic modal truths 1.5.1 Reverse direction 1.5.2 The necessary and the impossible 1.6 Possible worlds 13 14 18 20 21 22 24 25 26 28 30 31 32 2. The Applications 2.1 The fixity of the past 2.1.1 Is God’s will otiose? 2.1.2 The necessity challenge 2.1.3 Back to the main line 2.1.4 Anselm’s story 2.1.5 God’s reasons 2.2 God’s veracity 2.3 Justice and immortality 2.4 A charity argument 2.5 An indeterminate modal concept? 33 33 34 35 37 41 42 43 46 47 48 3. The Problems 3.1 Are some possibilities missing? 3.1.1 The Darkworld argument 3.1.2 History arguments 3.1.3 Bad necessities 3.1.4 Omnipotence 3.1.5 More bad necessities 3.1.6 The will problem 3.2 Problems about divine necessity 3.2.1 Bad necessities 3.2.2 Barnes’ problem 3.2.3 Extrinsic necessities 50 50 50 51 54 57 58 58 59 59 60 61
viii CONTENTS 3.2.4 Direction of explanation 3.2.5 A dilemma 3.3 The argument fromperfection 62 63 65 4. The Argument 4.1 Anselm’s argument 4.2 The first three premises 4.3 The Meinongian premise 4.4 The missing premise 4.5 The possibility premise 66 66 67 68 69 71 5. Brouwer 5.1 Modal logic and accessibility 5.2 If and only if Brouwer 5.3 An intuition 5.4 Modal difference 5.5 Content and status 5.6 Modal epistemology 73 73 74 76 76 77 79 6. Hume 6.1 Identity 6.2 Metaphysics 6.3 Supervenience 6.4 Color exclusion 6.5 Conceivability 6.6 Swinburne’s update 81 82 83 84 84 89 91 7. Kant 7.1 The overall plan 7.1.1 Real vs. nominal definition 7.2 Why propositions? 7.2.1 Kant may have it backwards 7.2.2 An argument against Kant 7.3 Kant’s argument 7.4 Kant’s account of analyticity 7.4.1 Kant’s necessary and sufficient conditions 7.4.2 Further necessary conditions 7.4.3 Idle wheel? 7.4.4 Kant’s definition 7.5 It has to be analytic 7.6 Why analyticity matters 7.6.1 It is not that bad. Really. 7.6.2 And now to (6) 7.6.3 An act of charity 7.6.4 A last go-round 7.6.5 So are there necessary existentials? 7.7 Kant’s dilemma 7.8 The thesis about existence 92 92 93 94 95 96 98 102 102 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 114 115 117
CONTENTS ІХ 8. Swinburne 8.1 Modal intuitions 8.2 Hume and Kant redux 8.3 Are there no good arguments? 8.4 Modal metaphysics 8.5 Modal epistemology 8.6 The cosmological argumentgambit 118 118 121 122 124 127 129 9. The Parallel Argument 9.1 Why believe in physically empty worlds? 9.1.1 The question argument 9.1.2 God 9.1.3 Subtraction 9.1.4 A physical necessary being? 9.1.5 Candidates 9.1.6 Against natural powers theories 9.1.7 A confidence argument 9.1.8 Other options 9.2 Arguing the parallel 9.2.1 The argument from sharpenings 9.2.2 Conceivability 9.2.3 Other considerations 9.2.4 The parallel by parallels 130 130 131 131 132 134 135 138 139 141 143 143 151 152 153 10. Imagining Nothing 10.1 Ordinary sensory imagination 10.2 OSI and evidence for possibility 10.3 No imagining no concreta 10.4 The disappearance story 10.4.1 What is and is not shown 10.4.2 Prompting unreflective belief 10.4.3 Not favored either 10.4.4 Not even an illustration 10.4.5 A reasonable interpretation? 10.4.6 Epistemological consequences 10.4.7 The conjunction counter-argument 10.4.8 A reply 10.4.9 Another reply 10.5 The backdrop 10.5.1 If the backdrop represents empty space 10.5.2 Being concrete and being physical 10.5.3 Concreteness conditions 10.5.4 One moral 10.5.5 A second moral 10.5.6 The backdrop as an absence 10.6 Schrader’s marble 10.7 Mystical imagination? 10.8 Sensory models 156 157 158 160 161 162 164 164 165 165 166 166 168 170 170 171 171 173 174 175 175 176 179 181
X CONTENTS 11. Thinking of Nothing 11.1 The Way of Necessity 11.1.1 TheWayof Entailment 11.1.2 The Way of Brutality 11.1.3 The Way of Limitation 11.2 Combinations 11.3 Similarity to the possible 11.4 Similarity and subtraction 11.5 Conceiving 11.6 Possibilism 11.6.1 Meinong 11.6.2 In-between status 11.6.3 Lewis 11.6.4 Platonism, and the moral 11.7 Modal intuition 183 183 183 185 186 187 189 191 193 194 194 196 196 200 200 12. Five More Objections 12.1 Findlay 12.2 Findlay generalized 12.3 Uniqueness problems 12.4 Schrader rebooted 12.5 Modality and evil 204 204 204 206 207 210 13. Perfect Being Contingency? 13.1 Impossible 13.2 The Prior option 13.3 What makes possible is in Absent 13.4 Necessary aseity 13.5 The compatibility claim 13.6 Stronger aseity 13.7 Combinatorialism 13.8 Conventionalism 13.8.1 The fictional kind argument 13.9 The modal trilemma 13.9.1 The perfect being, alone and possible 13.9.2 Others’ conventions in an existent future 13.9.3 The rest of the options 13.10 The perfect being, alone and not possible 13.11 The perfect being, never alone 13.12 Modal fictionalism 13.13 Cheap truthmaking 13.14 Lower degrees 13.15 Concrete non-existents: possibilism 212 212 213 215 216 217 218 220 221 222 225 225 227 229 231 232 232 233 234 235
CONTENTS ХІ 14. Essence Options 14.1 A simple theory 14.2 Essence as necessary 14.2.1 A “cost” argument 14.2.2 An arbitrariness argument 14.2.3 A “surd” argument 14.3 Two asymmetries 14.4 Essences as constituents 14.5 Essence not a constituent 14.6 Van Inwagen 14.7 No reverse explanation 14.8 A transitivity problem 14.9 A second transitivity problem 14.10 A reply 14.11 A second reply 14.12 Another reply 14.13 The dependence problem 14.14 The general essence variation 14.15 Back to individual essences 14.16 A general essence variation 14.17 Euthyphro-ish 14.18 Explanatory priority 236 236 237 238 240 240 242 243 245 246 247 247 248 250 250 251 252 252 253 255 256 257 15. Other Non-Concreta 15.1 Explanatory priority and Platonic worlds 15.2 An analogy 15.3 Consider the cases 15.4 The attributes dictate 15.5 Further cases 15.6 The most basic level of reality 15.7 Williamson 258 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 16. Contingency Concluded 16.1 Concrete existents 16.2 Other options 16.3 Nothing at all 16.4 Negative existentials 16.5 Razoring truthmakers 16.6 Supervaluation to the rescue? 16.7 Necessity itself? 16.8 And now to (2) 16.9 Intrinsic possibility 16.10 Analytic possibility? 16.11 The moral 266 266 272 273 274 275 277 278 278 279 280 284
xii CONTENTS 17. The Less-Maker Argument 17.1 The Guarantee 17.2 Its possibility 17.3 Guaranteed by nature 17.4 An omnipotence problem 17.5 Perfect beings generally 17.6 A love problem 17.7 Endings 17.8 The upshot 17.9 Missing it all 17.10 Other opinions 17.11 Luck and aseity 17.12 Missed past 17.13 The moral 285 286 286 287 289 290 292 293 294 294 297 301 302 303 18. Envoi 304 Bibliography Index 305 315
Anselm of Canterbury gave the first modal “ontological” argument for God’s existence. Yet, despite its distinct originality, few philosophers have investigated what modal concepts the argument uses, and whether Anselm’s metaphysics entitles him to use them. Here, Brian Leftow sets out Anselm’s modal meta֊ physics. He argues that Anselm has an “absolute,” “broadly logical”, or “metaphysical” modal concept, and that his metaphysics provides acceptable truthmakers for claims in this modality. He shows that his modal argument is committed (in effect) to the Brouwer system of modal logic, and defends the claim that Brouwer is part of the logic of “absolute” or “metaphysical” modality. He also defends Anselm’s premise that God would exist with absolute necessity against all extant objections, providing new arguments in support of it and ultimately defending all but one premise of Anselm’s best argument for God’s existence.
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| adam_txt |
Contents Preface Introduction xiii 1 1. The Metaphysics 1.1 The metaphysics of necessity 1.2 Anselm on possibility 1.2.1 Types of powers 1.2.2 Actuality and possibility 1.3 Anselmian modal logic 1.4 Proper and improper 1.4.1 Proper, improper, and possibility 1.4.2 Proper, improper, and necessity 1.5 An Anselmian metaphysics for some basic modal truths 1.5.1 Reverse direction 1.5.2 The necessary and the impossible 1.6 Possible worlds 13 14 18 20 21 22 24 25 26 28 30 31 32 2. The Applications 2.1 The fixity of the past 2.1.1 Is God’s will otiose? 2.1.2 The necessity challenge 2.1.3 Back to the main line 2.1.4 Anselm’s story 2.1.5 God’s reasons 2.2 God’s veracity 2.3 Justice and immortality 2.4 A charity argument 2.5 An indeterminate modal concept? 33 33 34 35 37 41 42 43 46 47 48 3. The Problems 3.1 Are some possibilities missing? 3.1.1 The Darkworld argument 3.1.2 History arguments 3.1.3 Bad necessities 3.1.4 Omnipotence 3.1.5 More bad necessities 3.1.6 The will problem 3.2 Problems about divine necessity 3.2.1 Bad necessities 3.2.2 Barnes’ problem 3.2.3 Extrinsic necessities 50 50 50 51 54 57 58 58 59 59 60 61
viii CONTENTS 3.2.4 Direction of explanation 3.2.5 A dilemma 3.3 The argument fromperfection 62 63 65 4. The Argument 4.1 Anselm’s argument 4.2 The first three premises 4.3 The Meinongian premise 4.4 The missing premise 4.5 The possibility premise 66 66 67 68 69 71 5. Brouwer 5.1 Modal logic and accessibility 5.2 If and only if Brouwer 5.3 An intuition 5.4 Modal difference 5.5 Content and status 5.6 Modal epistemology 73 73 74 76 76 77 79 6. Hume 6.1 Identity 6.2 Metaphysics 6.3 Supervenience 6.4 Color exclusion 6.5 Conceivability 6.6 Swinburne’s update 81 82 83 84 84 89 91 7. Kant 7.1 The overall plan 7.1.1 Real vs. nominal definition 7.2 Why propositions? 7.2.1 Kant may have it backwards 7.2.2 An argument against Kant 7.3 Kant’s argument 7.4 Kant’s account of analyticity 7.4.1 Kant’s necessary and sufficient conditions 7.4.2 Further necessary conditions 7.4.3 Idle wheel? 7.4.4 Kant’s definition 7.5 It has to be analytic 7.6 Why analyticity matters 7.6.1 It is not that bad. Really. 7.6.2 And now to (6) 7.6.3 An act of charity 7.6.4 A last go-round 7.6.5 So are there necessary existentials? 7.7 Kant’s dilemma 7.8 The thesis about existence 92 92 93 94 95 96 98 102 102 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 113 114 115 117
CONTENTS ІХ 8. Swinburne 8.1 Modal intuitions 8.2 Hume and Kant redux 8.3 Are there no good arguments? 8.4 Modal metaphysics 8.5 Modal epistemology 8.6 The cosmological argumentgambit 118 118 121 122 124 127 129 9. The Parallel Argument 9.1 Why believe in physically empty worlds? 9.1.1 The question argument 9.1.2 God 9.1.3 Subtraction 9.1.4 A physical necessary being? 9.1.5 Candidates 9.1.6 Against natural powers theories 9.1.7 A confidence argument 9.1.8 Other options 9.2 Arguing the parallel 9.2.1 The argument from sharpenings 9.2.2 Conceivability 9.2.3 Other considerations 9.2.4 The parallel by parallels 130 130 131 131 132 134 135 138 139 141 143 143 151 152 153 10. Imagining Nothing 10.1 Ordinary sensory imagination 10.2 OSI and evidence for possibility 10.3 No imagining no concreta 10.4 The disappearance story 10.4.1 What is and is not shown 10.4.2 Prompting unreflective belief 10.4.3 Not favored either 10.4.4 Not even an illustration 10.4.5 A reasonable interpretation? 10.4.6 Epistemological consequences 10.4.7 The conjunction counter-argument 10.4.8 A reply 10.4.9 Another reply 10.5 The backdrop 10.5.1 If the backdrop represents empty space 10.5.2 Being concrete and being physical 10.5.3 Concreteness conditions 10.5.4 One moral 10.5.5 A second moral 10.5.6 The backdrop as an absence 10.6 Schrader’s marble 10.7 Mystical imagination? 10.8 Sensory models 156 157 158 160 161 162 164 164 165 165 166 166 168 170 170 171 171 173 174 175 175 176 179 181
X CONTENTS 11. Thinking of Nothing 11.1 The Way of Necessity 11.1.1 TheWayof Entailment 11.1.2 The Way of Brutality 11.1.3 The Way of Limitation 11.2 Combinations 11.3 Similarity to the possible 11.4 Similarity and subtraction 11.5 Conceiving 11.6 Possibilism 11.6.1 Meinong 11.6.2 In-between status 11.6.3 Lewis 11.6.4 Platonism, and the moral 11.7 Modal intuition 183 183 183 185 186 187 189 191 193 194 194 196 196 200 200 12. Five More Objections 12.1 Findlay 12.2 Findlay generalized 12.3 Uniqueness problems 12.4 Schrader rebooted 12.5 Modality and evil 204 204 204 206 207 210 13. Perfect Being Contingency? 13.1 Impossible 13.2 The Prior option 13.3 What makes possible is in Absent 13.4 Necessary aseity 13.5 The compatibility claim 13.6 Stronger aseity 13.7 Combinatorialism 13.8 Conventionalism 13.8.1 The fictional kind argument 13.9 The modal trilemma 13.9.1 The perfect being, alone and possible 13.9.2 Others’ conventions in an existent future 13.9.3 The rest of the options 13.10 The perfect being, alone and not possible 13.11 The perfect being, never alone 13.12 Modal fictionalism 13.13 Cheap truthmaking 13.14 Lower degrees 13.15 Concrete non-existents: possibilism 212 212 213 215 216 217 218 220 221 222 225 225 227 229 231 232 232 233 234 235
CONTENTS ХІ 14. Essence Options 14.1 A simple theory 14.2 Essence as necessary 14.2.1 A “cost” argument 14.2.2 An arbitrariness argument 14.2.3 A “surd” argument 14.3 Two asymmetries 14.4 Essences as constituents 14.5 Essence not a constituent 14.6 Van Inwagen 14.7 No reverse explanation 14.8 A transitivity problem 14.9 A second transitivity problem 14.10 A reply 14.11 A second reply 14.12 Another reply 14.13 The dependence problem 14.14 The general essence variation 14.15 Back to individual essences 14.16 A general essence variation 14.17 Euthyphro-ish 14.18 Explanatory priority 236 236 237 238 240 240 242 243 245 246 247 247 248 250 250 251 252 252 253 255 256 257 15. Other Non-Concreta 15.1 Explanatory priority and Platonic worlds 15.2 An analogy 15.3 Consider the cases 15.4 The attributes dictate 15.5 Further cases 15.6 The most basic level of reality 15.7 Williamson 258 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 16. Contingency Concluded 16.1 Concrete existents 16.2 Other options 16.3 Nothing at all 16.4 Negative existentials 16.5 Razoring truthmakers 16.6 Supervaluation to the rescue? 16.7 Necessity itself? 16.8 And now to (2) 16.9 Intrinsic possibility 16.10 Analytic possibility? 16.11 The moral 266 266 272 273 274 275 277 278 278 279 280 284
xii CONTENTS 17. The Less-Maker Argument 17.1 The Guarantee 17.2 Its possibility 17.3 Guaranteed by nature 17.4 An omnipotence problem 17.5 Perfect beings generally 17.6 A love problem 17.7 Endings 17.8 The upshot 17.9 Missing it all 17.10 Other opinions 17.11 Luck and aseity 17.12 Missed past 17.13 The moral 285 286 286 287 289 290 292 293 294 294 297 301 302 303 18. Envoi 304 Bibliography Index 305 315
Anselm of Canterbury gave the first modal “ontological” argument for God’s existence. Yet, despite its distinct originality, few philosophers have investigated what modal concepts the argument uses, and whether Anselm’s metaphysics entitles him to use them. Here, Brian Leftow sets out Anselm’s modal meta֊ physics. He argues that Anselm has an “absolute,” “broadly logical”, or “metaphysical” modal concept, and that his metaphysics provides acceptable truthmakers for claims in this modality. He shows that his modal argument is committed (in effect) to the Brouwer system of modal logic, and defends the claim that Brouwer is part of the logic of “absolute” or “metaphysical” modality. He also defends Anselm’s premise that God would exist with absolute necessity against all extant objections, providing new arguments in support of it and ultimately defending all but one premise of Anselm’s best argument for God’s existence. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Leftow, Brian 1956- |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1293474412 (DE-599)KXP1787091252 |
| dewey-full | 189.4 |
| dewey-hundreds | 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
| dewey-ones | 189 - Medieval western philosophy |
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| dewey-search | 189.4 |
| dewey-sort | 3189.4 |
| dewey-tens | 180 - Ancient, medieval, eastern philosophy |
| discipline | Philosophie Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Philosophie Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
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| id | DE-604.BV047903538 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:29:22Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:24:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780192896926 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033285432 |
| oclc_num | 1293474412 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-824 DE-384 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-M468 |
| owner_facet | DE-824 DE-384 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-M468 |
| physical | xiv, 317 Seiten 24 cm |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20221025 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Leftow, Brian 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)174164017 aut Anselm's argument divine necessity Brian Leftow Oxford Oxford University Press 2022 xiv, 317 Seiten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Anselm Canterbury, Erzbischof, Heiliger 1033-1109 (DE-588)118503278 gnd rswk-swf Ontologischer Gottesbeweis (DE-588)4139857-9 gnd rswk-swf Metaphysik (DE-588)4038936-4 gnd rswk-swf Anselm / Saint, Archbishop of Canterbury / 1033-1109 Anselm Metaphysics Anselm Canterbury, Erzbischof, Heiliger 1033-1109 (DE-588)118503278 p Ontologischer Gottesbeweis (DE-588)4139857-9 s DE-604 Metaphysik (DE-588)4038936-4 s Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebook 978-0-19-265088-7 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033285432&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033285432&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Leftow, Brian 1956- Anselm's argument divine necessity Anselm Canterbury, Erzbischof, Heiliger 1033-1109 (DE-588)118503278 gnd Ontologischer Gottesbeweis (DE-588)4139857-9 gnd Metaphysik (DE-588)4038936-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118503278 (DE-588)4139857-9 (DE-588)4038936-4 |
| title | Anselm's argument divine necessity |
| title_auth | Anselm's argument divine necessity |
| title_exact_search | Anselm's argument divine necessity |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Anselm's argument divine necessity |
| title_full | Anselm's argument divine necessity Brian Leftow |
| title_fullStr | Anselm's argument divine necessity Brian Leftow |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anselm's argument divine necessity Brian Leftow |
| title_short | Anselm's argument |
| title_sort | anselm s argument divine necessity |
| title_sub | divine necessity |
| topic | Anselm Canterbury, Erzbischof, Heiliger 1033-1109 (DE-588)118503278 gnd Ontologischer Gottesbeweis (DE-588)4139857-9 gnd Metaphysik (DE-588)4038936-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Anselm Canterbury, Erzbischof, Heiliger 1033-1109 Ontologischer Gottesbeweis Metaphysik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033285432&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033285432&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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