Crossroads of competition: China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East
"Although U.S. strategic competition with China and Russia is largely focused on efforts in Asia and Europe, this competition will play out in other regions, including in the Middle East. This report details the political, economic, and military interests and activities of China and Russia in t...
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Santa Monica, Calif.
RAND Corporation
[2022]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Although U.S. strategic competition with China and Russia is largely focused on efforts in Asia and Europe, this competition will play out in other regions, including in the Middle East. This report details the political, economic, and military interests and activities of China and Russia in the Middle East, and identifies where those efforts contest, intersect, or complement U.S. interests and activities. The authors systematically identify the dimensions and locations in which strategic competition is occurring, where it is most likely to take place in the future, and where and how it is most likely to threaten U.S. interests. They provide recommendations for the steps that U.S. policymakers might take to maintain an advantageous position in the region and in strategic competition with China and Russia."--Publisher's description |
| Beschreibung: | xv, 103 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 28 cm |
| ISBN: | 9781977406170 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV047898147 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20240408 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 220328s2022 a||| b||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9781977406170 |9 978-1-977406-17-0 | ||
| 024 | 7 | |a 10.7249/RR-A325-1 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1369568001 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV047898147 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-706 | ||
| 084 | |a OST |q DE-12 |2 fid | ||
| 088 | |a RAND/RR-A325-1 | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Wasser, Becca |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)113825746X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Crossroads of competition |b China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East |c Becca Wasser, Howard J. Shatz, John J. Drennan, Andrew Scobell, Brian G. Carlson, Yvonne K. Crane |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East |
| 246 | 1 | 0 | |a China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East |
| 264 | 1 | |a Santa Monica, Calif. |b RAND Corporation |c [2022] | |
| 300 | |a xv, 103 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Karten |c 28 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 505 | 8 | |a Introduction -- Views of Strategic Competition -- Strategic Competition in the Middle East -- Shaping Strategic Competition in the Middle East in the U.S. Interest | |
| 520 | 3 | |a "Although U.S. strategic competition with China and Russia is largely focused on efforts in Asia and Europe, this competition will play out in other regions, including in the Middle East. This report details the political, economic, and military interests and activities of China and Russia in the Middle East, and identifies where those efforts contest, intersect, or complement U.S. interests and activities. The authors systematically identify the dimensions and locations in which strategic competition is occurring, where it is most likely to take place in the future, and where and how it is most likely to threaten U.S. interests. They provide recommendations for the steps that U.S. policymakers might take to maintain an advantageous position in the region and in strategic competition with China and Russia."--Publisher's description | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Strategie |0 (DE-588)4057952-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Geopolitik |0 (DE-588)4156741-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Internationale Politik |0 (DE-588)4072885-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Regionalentwicklung |0 (DE-588)4076605-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Politischer Prozess |0 (DE-588)4175043-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Naher Osten |0 (DE-588)4068878-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a China |0 (DE-588)4009937-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a USA |0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Russland |0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Mittlerer Osten |0 (DE-588)4039755-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Competition, International | |
| 653 | 2 | |a China / Foreign relations / Middle East | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Middle East / Foreign relations / China | |
| 653 | 2 | |a United States / Foreign relations / Middle East | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Middle East / Foreign relations / United States | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Middle East | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Middle East / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Concurrence internationale | |
| 653 | 2 | |a États-Unis / Relations extérieures / Moyen-Orient | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Moyen-Orient / Relations extérieures / États-Unis | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Moyen-Orient / Relations extérieures / Chine | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Moyen-Orient / Relations extérieures / Russie | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a USA |0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Russland |0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a China |0 (DE-588)4009937-4 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Mittlerer Osten |0 (DE-588)4039755-5 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Naher Osten |0 (DE-588)4068878-1 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 5 | |a Internationale Politik |0 (DE-588)4072885-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 6 | |a Politischer Prozess |0 (DE-588)4175043-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 7 | |a Regionalentwicklung |0 (DE-588)4076605-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 8 | |a Geopolitik |0 (DE-588)4156741-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 9 | |a Strategie |0 (DE-588)4057952-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Shatz, Howard J. |d 1960- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)128513357 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Drennan, John |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1203094132 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Scobell, Andrew |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)143211714 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Carlson, Brian G. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)117037025X |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Crane, Yvonne K. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1164170163 |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033280122&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033280122&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Literaturverzeichnis |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033280122 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 090513 |g 73 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 090513 |g 51 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 090513 |g 5 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 090513 |g 471 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 090513 |g 56 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804183508453687296 |
|---|---|
| adam_txt |
Contents Preface. iii Figures. vii Summary. ix Acknowledgments. xiii Abbreviations. xv CHAPTER ONE Introduction. 1 Strategic Competition in the MiddleEast.2 Report Intent, Organization,and Methodology. 6 CHAPTER TWO Views of Strategic Competition. 9 Chinese Views of Strategic Competition. 10 Russian Views of Strategic
Competition. 13 Regional Views of Strategic Competition. 17 Conclusion. 20 CHAPTER THREE Strategic Competition in the Middle East. 21 Summary of Key Indicators. 21 China in the Middle East. 24 Russia in the Middle East. 46 Conclusion. 66 CHAPTER FOUR Shaping Strategic Competition in the Middle East in the U.S. Interest. 69 Comparing U.S., Chinese, and Russian Diplomatic, Economic, and Military Engagement in the Middle East 71 Areas of Competition Among the United States, China, and Russia. 75 Conclusions and
Recommendations. 82 References. 87 V
References Abdulla, Abdulkhaleq, “The Arab Perspective on Relations with China,” Middle East Insights., April 12, 2012. Aguinaldo, Jennifer, “Chinese Contractor Wins Jizan Port Deal,” MEED, March 6, 2017. As of April 30, 2020: https://www.meed.com/chinese-contractor-wins-jizan-port-deal/ Alterman, Jon, “The Other Side of the World: China, the United States, and the Struggle for Middle East Security,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 4, 2017. Alwan, Mohammed, “China: Is It the Alternative We Want?” Al-Watan, June 23, 2011. American Enterprise Institute and Heritage Foundation, China Global Investment Tracker, undated. As of April 11,2020: https://www.aei.org/china-global-investment-tracker/ Arab Barometer, “Arab Barometer Wave V 2018-2019,” webpage, 2020. As of October 4, 2020: https://www.arabbarometer.org/surveys/arab-barometer-wave-v/ Arghavani Pirsalami, Fariborz, Seyed Javad Salehi, and Hossein Alipour, “Developing Sino-Israeli Relations in the Post-Cold War Era: Analyzing Desecuritization Scenarios for Iran,” MGIMO Review ofInternational Relations, Vol. 13, No. 3, 2020, pp. 205-224. As of September Ιό, 2020: https://vestnik.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/1629?locale=en_US ASDA’A BCW, A Callfor Reform: 11th Annual ASDAA BCWArab Youth Survey 2019, Dubai, 2019. AstraZeneca, “AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 Vaccine Authorised for Emergency Supply in the UK,” press release, December 30, 2020. As of March 11, 2021: https://www.astrazeneca.com/media-centre/press-releases/2020/ astrazenecas-covid-19-vaccine-authorised-in-uk.html Azizi, Hamidreza, “Iran and the Eurasian
Transport Initiatives: Short-Term Challenges, Long-Term Opportunities,” Caucasus International, Vol. 8, No. 2, Winter 2018, pp. 123-135. “Bahrain Says Embassy Work in Syria Continues After UAE Move,” Associated Press, December 28, 2018. Baklanov, Andrei, “Security in the Gulf Area: Russia’s New Initiative,” Valdai Discussion Club, August 6, 2019. As of April 4, 2020: https://valdaiclub.eom/a/highlights/security-in-the-gulf-area-russia-s-new-initiative/ Baldor, Lolita C., “U.S. General Says Troop Surge in Middle East May Not End Soon,” Associated Press, January 23, 2020. Bank of Russia, “Direct Investment in the Russian Federation: Positions by Instrument and Partner County (Asset/Liability Principle),” spreadsheet (dir-inv_in_country_l_e.xlsx), February 28, 2020a. As of May 20, 2020: https://www.cbr.ru/vfs/eng/statistics/credit_statistics/direct_investment/ --------- , “Direct Investment of the Russian Federation Abroad: Positions by Instrument and Partner County (Asset/Liability Principle),” spreadsheet (15e-dir-inv.xlsx), February 28, 2020b. As of May 20, 2020: https://www.cbr.ru/vfs/eng/statistics/credit_statistics/direct_investment/ 87
88 Crossroads of Competition: China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East Barry, Colleen, and Daria Litvinova, “Russia to Make Sputnik V Vaccine in Italy, a First in EU,” Associated Press, March 9, 2021. As of March 11, 2021: https://apnews.com/article/europe-italy-coronavirus-pandemic-russia-lc9bac0105f04e297e51f04859f304a9 Barzegar, Kahyan, “Persia Is Back, but in a Different Form,” Atlantic Council, IranSource, blog post, January 28, 2019. Bekkevold, Jo Inge, “China, Russia, and the Great Power Contest in the Middle East,” in Jo Inge Bekkevold and Bobo Lo, eds., Sino-Russian Relations in the 21st Century, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, pp. 141—166. Benhold, Katrin, and Isabel Kirshner, “Netanyahu to Iran: ‘Do Not Test Israel’s Resolve,’” New York Times, February 18, 2018. Berger, Miriam, “Where U.S. Troops Are in the Middle East and Afghanistan, Visualized,” Washington Post, January 4, 2020. Blanchard, Ben, “China Calls for Harmony as It Welcomes Qatar Emir Amid Gulf Dispute,” Reuters, January 31, 2019. As of April 19, 2020: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-qatar/ china-calls-for-harmony-as-it-welcomes-qatar-emir-amid-gulf-dispute-idUSKCNIPPlEV BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019, 68th ed., London, June 2019. BRICS Policy Center, “The China-Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF),” webpage, May 2016. As of April 10, 2020: http://www.bricspolicycenter.org/en/forum-de-cooperacao-china-paises-arabes/ Brown, L. Carl, International Politics and the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game, London: IB Tauris Publishers, 1984. Burton,
Guy, “Public Opinion in the Middle East Toward China,” Middle East Institute, December 11, 2018. Campbell, John C., “The Soviet Union and the United States in the Middle East,” Annals ofthe American Academy ofPolitical and Social Science, Vol. 401, May 1972, pp. 126—135. Canning, David, and Peter Pedroni, “Infrastructure, Long-Run Economic Growth and Causality Tests for Cointegrated Panels,” The Manchester School, Vol. 76, No. 5, Special Issue, 2008, pp. 504-527. Carroll, Rory, and Joanna Walters, “FBI Investigating San Bernardino Attack as an Act of Terrorism,” The Guardian, December 5, 2015. As of April 1, 2020: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/04/san-bernardino-shooting-tashfeen-malik-isis-connection Carter, Jimmy, “State of the Union Address 1980,” January 23, 1980. As of April 1, 2020: https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/assets/documents/speeches/su80jec.phtml Chang, I-wei Jennifer, “China and Yemen’s Forgotten War,” PeaceBrief241, United States Institute of Peace, January 2018. Charap, Samuel, Elina Treyger, and Edward Geist, Understanding Russia’s Syria Intervention, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, RR-3180-AF, 2019. As of April 20, 2019: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR3180.html Cheney, Clayton, “China’s Digital Silk Road: Strategic Technological Competition and Exporting Political Illiberalism,” Net Politics, Council on Foreign Relations, blogpost, September 26, 2019. As of May 20, 2020: https://www.cfr.org/blog/chinas-digital-silk-road-strategic-technological-competition-and-exporting-political “China and the Arab World: The Great
Well of China,” The Economist, June 18, 2015. “China Holds First Anti-Terrorism Drills with Saudi Arabian Special Forces,” South China Morning Post, October 27, 2016. As of April 12, 2020: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2040590/ china-holds-first-anti-terrorism-drills-saudi-arabian “Chinese Consortium in Talks over Nassiriya Deal,” Iraq Oil Report, July 27, 2017.
References 89 Chipman, John, “China’s Long and Winding Digital Silk Road,” International Institute for Strategic Studies, January 25, 2019. As of May 20, 2020: https://www.iiss.org/blogs/analysis/2019/01/china-digital-silk-road Christensen, Thomas J., “Chinese Realpolitik: Reading Beijing’s World View,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No. 5, September/October 1996, pp. 37—52. “Clashes Between Han and Uighurs in the Streets of Urumqi: The Death Toll Has Reached 156 . . and 1,434 People Arrested,” Al-Riyadh, July 8, 2009. As of October 4, 2020: http://www.alriyadh.com/443002 Cohen, Raphael S., and Andrew Radin, Russia’s Hostile Measures in Europe: Understanding the Threat, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, RR-1793-A, 2019. As of September 9, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1793.html Connable, Ben, An Enduring American Commitment in Iraq: Shaping a Long-Term Strategy with Iraqi Army Partners, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, PE-353-OSD, 2020. As of January 12, 2021: https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE353.html Cornish, Chloe, Asser Khattab, and Henry Foy, “Moscow Collects Its Spoils of War in Assad’s Syria,” Financial Times, September 1, 2019. Cornwell, Alexander, “Bahrain to Use Huawei in 5G Rollout Despite U.S. Warnings,” Reuters, March 26, 2019. “Covid: EU Approves AstraZeneca Vaccine Amid Supply Row,” BBC, January 29, 2021. As of March 11, 2021: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55862233 Debussman, Bernd, Jr., “China’s CSP and Abu Dhabi Ports Launch New Terminal at Khalifa Port,” Arabian Business, December 11, 2018. As of April 30, 2020:
https://www.arabianbusiness.com/transport/ 409521-chinas-csp-abu-dhabi-ports-launch-new-terminal-at-khalifa-port Defense Manpower Data Center, “Military and Civilian Personnel by Service/Agency by State/Country,” Excel spreadsheet via “DoD Personnel, Workforce Reports Publications,” webpage, December 31, 2019. Deng Xiaoping, “Peace and Development Are the Two Outstanding Issues in the World Today, March 4, 1985,” in Selected Works ofDeng Xiaoping, Vol. Ill, (1982-1992), Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1994. Detsch, Jack, “Pentagon Official Says ‘Campaign’ of Iranian Threats Caused US Middle East Surge,” Al-Monitor, June 11, 2019a. --------- , “Pentagon Repeats Warning to Israel on Chinese Port Deal,” Al-Monitor, August 7, 2019b. As of May 19, 2020: https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/pentagon-repeat-warning-israel-china-port-deal.html Diamond, Christopher, “China to Open a Drone Factory in Saudi Arabia,” Defense News, March 28, 2017. As of April 19, 2020: https://www.defensenews.com/air/2017/03/28/china-to-open-a-drone-factory-in-saudi-arabia/ Dobbins, James, Howard J. Shatz, and Ali Wyne, Russia Is a Rogue, Not a Peer; China Is a Peer, Not a Rogue: Different Challenges, Different Responses, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, РЕ-ЗЮ-А, 2019. As of April 3, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE310.html Dorell, Oren, “Russia Offers Egypt No-Strings-Attached Arms Deal,” USA Today, February 13, 2014. Dou, Eva, and Isabelle Khurshudyan, “China and Russia Are Ahead in the Global Coronavirus Vaccine Race, Bending Long-Standing Rules as They Go,”
Washington Post, September 18, 2020. “Dubai’s DP World to Partner with Israeli Firm in Bid for Haifa Port,” Reuters, September 16, 2020. As of September 16, 2020: https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-emirates-shipping-int/israel-shipyards-uaes-dp-world-to-partner-inshipping-port-activities-idUSKBN2670XN
90 Crossroads of Competition: China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East Efron, Shira, Howard J. Shatz, Arthur Chan, Emily Haskel, Lyle J. Morris, and Andrew Scobell, The Evolving Israel-China Relationship, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, RR-2641-RC, 2019. As of April 11, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2641.html “The Encirclement of China,” People’s Daily, February 1, 1966, reprinted in Survival, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1966, pp. 128-129. Erdbrink, Thomas, and Chris Buckley, “China and Iran Conduct Joint Naval Exercises in the Persian Gulf,” New York Times, September 21, 2014. Esfandiary, Dina, and Ariane Μ. Tabatabai, “Will China Undermine Trump’s Iran Strategy?” Foreign Affairs, July 20, 2018. Esper, Mark T., “Remarks by Secretary of Defense Mark T. Esper at the House Armed Services Committee Hearing on Syria and Middle East Policy,” U.S. Department of Defense, December 11, 2019. “Factbox: Asia Region Is Most Dependent on Middle East Crude Oil, LNG Supplies,” Reuters, January 8, 2020. As of April 10, 2020: https://in.reuters.com/article/asia-mideast-oil-factbox/ factbox-asia-region-is-most-dependent-on-middle-east-crude-oil-lng-supplies-idINKBNlZ71VW Al-Faraj, Abdullah bin Abdelmohsin, [^^М'^я0· ёя Ale zäll], “Saudi-Russian Relations from the Past to the Future [Al-Alaqat Al-S‘audiah Al-Rusiah min Al-Madhi ’Ila Al-Mustaqbal; lh^jjJI AAgauall cjUSlUl JwajaII ^11 tall]" Makashafat (Discoveries) Magazine [oli^lS^ У^-«], Vol. 1, March 2017. Faucon, Benoit, “China Pulls Out of Giant Iranian Gas Project,” Wallstreet Journal, October 6, 2019.
Faucon, Benoit, Georgi Kantchev, and Summer Said, “Russia Takes Aim at U.S. Shale Oil Producers,” Wall StreetJournal, March 13, 2020. Fitzpatrick, Catherine A., “How Many Russians Are Fighting for ISIS? A Brief History of the Kremlin’s Arbitrary Numbers,” The Interpreter, December 20, 2016. Foltynova, Kristyna, “Sputnik V: The Story of Russia’s Controversial COVID-19 Vaccine,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 4, 2021. As of March 11, 2021: https://www.rferl.Org/a/sputnik-v-vaccine/31133608.html Foy, Henry, “Russia Looks to Translate Gulf’s Warm Welcome to Cold Cash,” Financial Times, October 23, 2019. Frater, Patrick, “China Box Office: Operation Red Sea’ Rises to Top Spot,” Variety, March 4, 2018. As of April 12, 2020: https://variety.com/2018/film/asia/china-box-office-operation-red-sea-top-spot-1202717312/ Friedman, Uri, “The New Concept Everyone in Washington Is Talking About,” The Atlantic, August 6, 2019. Frolovskiy, Dmitriy, “Russia’s Involvement in the Middle East: Building Sandcastles and Ignoring the Streets,” Middle East Institute, June 1, 2020. Fulton, Jonathan, China’s Changing Role in the Middle East, Washington, D.C.: Atlantic Council, June 2019. As of April 11,2020: https://atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/china-s-changing-role-in-the-middle-east-2/ El Gamal, Rania, Alex Lawler, and Olesya Astakhova, “OPEC’s Pact with Russia Falls Apart, Sending Oil into a Tailspin,” Reuters, March 6, 2020. As of April 9, 2020: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-opec-meeting/ opecs-pact-with-russia-falls-apart-sending-oil-into-tailspin-idUSKBN20T0Y2
Garamone, Jim, “Turkey Must Drop Russian S-400 to Stay in F-35 Program, DOD Official Says,” U.S. Department of Defense, July 10, 2019. Geranmayeh, Ellie, “A Pragmatic Partnership: Why China and Iran Try to Collaborate,” European Council on Foreign Relations, July 17, 2020. As of September 8, 2020: https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_a_pragmatic_partnership_why_china_and_iran_try_to_collaborate
References 91 Gittleson, Ben, “Biden to Announce US Will Donate $4 Billion for COVID-19 Vaccines for Poor Countries,” ABC News, February 18, 2021. As of March 11, 2021: https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/biden-announce-us-donate-billion-covid-19-vaccines/story?id=75978762 Global Security.org, “Main Intelligence Administration [GRU], Glavnoye Razvedyvatelnoye Upravlenie [GRU],” webpage, undated. As of March 13, 2020: https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/russia/gru.htm Goldkorn, Jeremy, “Trump Official Matt Pottinger Quotes Confucius, in Chinese, to Make Point About Language and Truth,” SupChina, October 1, 2018. Gordon, Michael R., and Mark Landler, “In Crackdown Response, U.S. Temporarily Freezes Some Military Aid to Egypt,” New York Times, October 9, 2013. Halligan, Neil, “Huawei Remains Strong in Middle East Despite US Restrictions,” Arabian Business, September 19, 2019. As of May 20, 2020: https://www.arabianbusiness.com/technology/ 428314-huawei-remains-strong-in-middle-east-despite-us-restrictions Hao, Chan Jia, “All May Not Be Smooth Along China’s Digital Silk Road,” The Interpreter, Lowy Institute, August 20, 2019. As of May 20, 2020: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/all-may-not-be-smooth-along-china-s-digital-silk-road Harrigian, Jeffrey, “Department of Defense Press Briefing by Lieutenant General Harrigian via Teleconference from Al Udeid Airbase, Qatar,” U.S. Department of Defense, February 13, 2018. As of April 1, 2020: https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/1441080/ department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-lieutenant-
general-harrigian-via-teleco/ Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein, “Egyptian Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 56, No. 4, July 1978, pp. 714-727. Hiim, Henrik Stâlhane, and Stig Stenslie, “China’s Realism in the Middle East,” Survival, Vol. 61, No. 6, 2019, pp. 153-166. Hokayem, Emile, and Becca Wasser, “The Gulf States in an Era of American Retrenchment,” in Toby Dodge and Emile Hokayem, eds., Middle Eastern Security, the U.S. Pivot and the Rise ofISIS, London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2014. Huizhong Wu and Kristen Gelineau, “Chinese Vaccines Sweep Much of the World, Despite Concerns,” Associated Press, March 2, 2021. As of March 11, 2021: https://apnews.com/article/china-vaccines-worldwide-0382aefa52c75b834fbaf6d869808f51 International Cyber Policy Center, Mapping China’s Tech Giants database, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2019. As of September 17, 2020: https.7/chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/ f5-5G%20relationship,f5-Cable,f5-Cable%20(leased),f5-Cable%20Terrestrial,f5-Surveillance%20equipment “Iran, China Hold Joint Naval Exercise,” Tehran Times, June 19, 2017. As of April 12, 2020: https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/414393/Iran-China-hold-joint-naval-exercise “Iranian and Chinese Destroyers Hold Joint Drill in Persian Gulf,” Jerusalem Post, June 18, 2017. As of April 12, 2020: https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Iranian-and-Chinese-destroyers-hold-joint-drill-in-Persian-Gulf-497178 Ivanova, Polina, “Russia Establishing Permanent Presence at Its Syrian Bases: RIA,” Reuters, December 26, 2017. As of May 19, 2020: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-
mideast-crisis-syria-russia-bases/ russia-establishing-permanent-presence-at-its-syria-bases-ria-cites-minister-idUSKBNIEKOHD Jabarkhyl, Nawied, “Oman Counts on Chinese Billions to Build Desert Boomtown,” Reuters, September 5, 2017. As of April 30, 2020: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oman-china-investment/ oman-counts-on-chinese-billions-to-build-desert-boomtown-idUSKCNIBGIWJ Al-Jabiri, Jassem, and Samya Kullab, “Iraq Aims to Double Majnoon Output in Two Years,” Iraq Oil Report, January 31, 2018.
92 Crossroads of Competition: China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East Jeffrey, James E, “Briefing on Syria,” U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C., November 14, 2018. Jiyad, Ahmed Mousa, “Comment Analysis: The Economics of Iraq Oil Investment,” Iraq Oil Report, December 9, 2009. Johnston, Alastair Iain, Cultural Realism: Grand Strategy in Chinese History, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995. Jones, Ian, and Polly Roy, “Sputnik V COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Appears Safe and Effective,” The Lancet, Vol. 397, No. 10275, February 2, 2021, pp. 642-643. As of March 11, 2021: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00191-4/fulltext Kampeas, Ron, “US Senate Warns Israel Against Letting China Run Haifa Port,” Times ofIsrael, June 14, 2019. As of April 30, 2020 https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-senate-warns-israel-against-letting-china-run-haifa-port/ Katella, Kathy, “Comparing the COVID-19 Vaccines: How Are They Different?” Yale Medicine, February 27, 2021. As of March 11, 2021: https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison Kausikan, Bilahari, “Dealing with an Ambiguous World, Lecture II: US-China Relations: Groping Toward a New Modus Vivendi” IPS-Nathan Lectures, Institute of Policy Studies, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, February 25, 2016a. As of April 11, 2020: https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/ips/events/details/2015-16-ips-nathan-lectures-lecture-ii-(us-china-relations ) --------- , “Dealing with an Ambiguous World, Lecture III: ASEAN US-China Competition in Southeast
Asia,” IPS-Nathan Lectures, Institute of Policy Studies, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, March 30, 2016b. As of April 11, 2020: https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/ips/events/details/2015-16-ips-nathan-lectures-lecture-iii-(southeast-asia-and-asean) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Vision 2030, Riyadh, 2016. Kirby, John, “Daily Press Briefing—October 7, 2015,” U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C., October 7, 2015. As of April 1,2020: https://2009-2017.state.gOv/r/pa/prs/dpb/2015/10/248005.htm Kirkpatrick, David D., and Eric Schmitt, “Arab Nations Strike in Libya, Surprising U.S.,” New York Times, July 26, 2014. Kitson, Andrew, and Kenny Liew, “China Doubles Down on Its Digital Silk Road,” Reconnecting Asia, Center for Strategic and International Studies, November 14, 2019. As of May 20, 2020: https://reconnectingasia.csis.org/analysis/entries/china-doubles-down-its-digital-silk-road/ Kozhanov, Nikolay, “Russian Foreign Policy in the Middle East: New Challenges for Western Interests?” in Stefan Meister and Daniel Hamilton, eds., The Russia File: Russia and the West in an Unordered World, Washington, D.C.: Center for Transatlantic Relations, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, and German Council on Foreign Relations/Deutsche Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik, 2017. Krauss, Clifford, “Oil Nations, Prodded by Trump, Reach Deal to Slash Production,” New York Times, April 12, 2020. “Kremlin Announces Imperial Nature of the U.S. National Security Strategy [V Kremle zayavili ob imperskom kharaktere
strategii natsbezopasnosti SShA, В Кремле заявили об имперском характере стратегии нацбезопасности США],” RIA Novosti, December 19, 2017. As of February 14, 2020: https://ria.ru/20171219/15H239430.html?referrer_block=index_archive_5 Kremlin, Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation [Voyennaya doktrina Rossiskoi Federatsii, Военная доктрина Российской Федерации], December 30, 2014. --------- , Order of the President of the Russian Federation, On the Strategy ofNational Security ofthe Russian Federation [O Strategii natsional’noi hezopasnosti Rossiiskoi Federatsii, О Стратегии национальной безопасности Российской Федерации], No. 683, Moscow, Russia, December 31, 2015.
References 93 --------- , “Expanded Meeting of the Defense Ministry Board [Rasshirennoe zasedanie kollegii Ministerstva oborony, Расширенное заседание коллегии Министерства обороны],” December 22, 2017. As of February 13, 2020: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/56472 Kullab, Samya, “ZhenHua Expands China’s Role in Iraq’s Oil Sector,” Iraq Oil Report, March 13, 2018a. --------- , “Discovered Fields Win the Day in Fifth Bidding Round,” Iraq Oil Report, April 26, 2018b. Kuznetsov, Alexey, Anna Chetverikova, and Natalia Toganova, “Investment from Russia Stabilizes After the Global Crisis,” Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO) of Russian Academy of Sciences and Vale Columbia Center on Sustainable International Investment, June 23, 2011. Lamrani, Omar, “Naval Update Map: Jan. 23, 2020,” Stratfor, January 23, 2020. Lando, Ben, “KRG Crude Now Exported Independently to Turkey,” Iraq Oil Report, January 9, 2013. --------- , “Iraq Approves All 5th Bidding Round Deals, Aims to Boost Gas Supply,” Iraq Oil Report, January 24, 2020. Lavrov, Sergey, The World at a Crossroads and the System ofInternational Relations in the Future \Mir napereput'e i sistema mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenii v budushchem, Мир на перепутье и система международных отношений в будущем], Russian International Affairs Council, November 6, 2019. As of February 13, 2020: https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/comments/ mir-na-perepute-i-sistema-mezhdunarodnykh-otnosheniy-v-budushchem/?sphrase_id=34441909 Lavrov, Sergey, and Abdullah Al Nahyan, “Russian Foreign Minister Sergey
Lavrov’s Remarks and Answers to Media Questions at Joint Press Conference with UAE Foreign Minister Abdullah Al Nahyan After First Ministerial Meeting of the Strategic Dialogue Between Russia and the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, Abu Dhabi, November 1, 2011,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, news release, November 2, 2011. As of April 9, 2020: https://www.mid.rU/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/186758 Leung, Guy С. K., Raymond Li, and Melissa Low, “Transitions in China’s Oil Economy, 1990-2010,” Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 52, No. 4, 2011, pp. 483-500. Li Weijian [^М^Ж], “The Middle East’s Importance in China’s Strategy and Bilateral Relations [Zhongdong Zai Zhongguo Zhanlue Zhong De Zhongyaoxing Ji Shuangbian Guanxi, ФЖЙФВЙ§Я§Ф[ЙЖ^ЙЙ7Х Й^Ж],” West Asia and Africa [XiYa Feizhou, iSïEX^'ÿl'lL No. 6, 2004, pp. 18-22. --------- , “The Evolution of the International System from the Perspective of the Changing Situation in the Middle East [Cong Zhongdong bianju toushi guoji zhixu de yanbian, М*зл»ЕЙРбЗ, West Asia and Africa \XiYa Feizhou, ИЗЙ^’Н], Vol. 9, 2011. --------- , “China-Arab Strategic Partnership Relations: The Foundation, the Present Situation, and Trends [ZhongA zhanlue huoban guanxi: jichu, xianzhuang yu qushi, ФИЙВМЛЖ^Ж: ЙЙ *5л," West Asia and Africa \XiYa Feizhou, ЩЯЙкЖ1] No. 4, 2018a. --------- , “From Overall Detachment to Positive Involvement: China’s Diplomacy Toward the Middle East Since the Reform and Opening-Up [Cong zhongti chaotuo dao jiji youwei: Gaige kaifang yilai
de Zhongguo Zhongdong waijiao, Мл*рлеуынХ: ЙЖЯ'ЖУ^ЙФВФЖ^ЬЙ,” Arab World Studies [Alabo shijieyanjiu, H-Ë'ÎÉItÎiî/'F'îÎffiÂJ, No. 5, September 2018b, pp. 3-13, 118. Linnell, Bruce R., Dao De Jing by Lao Zi: A Minimalist Translation, Project Gutenberg eBook, 2015. As of April 3, 2020: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/49965 Lons, Camille, Jonathan Fulton, Degang Sun, and Naser al-Tamimi, China's Great Game $/+ European Council on Foreign Relations, Policy Brief, October 2019. As of April 12, 2020: https://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/china_great_game_middle_east Lopez, C. Todd, “Esper: Operation Sentinel Prevents Escalation of Middle East Waterways Conflict,” U.S. Department of Defense, July 24, 2019. As of April 1, 2020: https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/1915650/ esper-operation-sentinel-prevents-escalation-of-middle-east-waterways-conflict/
94 Crossroads of Competition: China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East Makieh, Kinda, Amina Ismail, Tom Perry, Ellen Francis, Asma Alsharif, Aziz El Yaakoubi, Suleiman al-Khalidi, and Jonathan Landay, “UAE Reopens Syria Embassy in Boost for Assad,” Reuters, December 27, 2018. “March Oil Revenues Drop Sharply, but Exports Steady,” Iraq Oil Report·, April 2, 2020. Maugeri, Leonardo, The Age of Oil: The Mythology, History, and Future ofthe World’s Most Controversial Resource, Westport, Conn., and London: Praeger, 2006. Mazarr, Michael J., “This Is Not a Great-Power Competition,” Foreign Affairs, May 29, 2019. As of September 9, 2020: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2019-05-29/not-great-power-competition --------- , “Toward a New Theory of Power Projection,” War on the Rocks, April 15, 2020. As of September 9, 2020: https://warontherocks.com/2020/04/toward-a-new-theory-of-power-projection/ Mazarr, Michael J., Jonathan S. Blake, Abigail Casey, Tim McDonald, Stephanie Pezard, and Michael Spirtas, Understanding the Emerging Era ofInternational Competition: Theoretical and Historical Perspectives, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-2726-AF, 2018. As of November 12, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2726.html McKernan, Bethan, and Martin Chulov, “Arab League Set to Readmit Syria Eight Years After Expulsion,” The Guardian, December 26, 2018. Meyer, Henry, and Iliya Arkhipov, “Russia Strikes First Bahrain Arms Deal After U.K., French Bans,” Bloomberg, August 25, 2011. Middle East Institute, “CENTCOM and the Shifting Sands of the Middle
East: A Conversation with CENTCOM Commander Gen. Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr.,” transcript, June 10, 2020. Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation [Ministerstvo oborony Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Министерство обороны Российской Федерации], “Joint Russian-Egyptian Counterterrorism Exercise ‘Defenders of
Friendship 2016’ [Sovmestnoe rossiisko-egipetskoe antiterroristicheskoe uchenie ‘Zashchitniki druzhby-2016,’ Совместное российско-египетское антитеррористическое учение ‘Защитники дружбы-2016,’],” press release, undated-a. As of April 10, 2020:
https://structure.mil.ru/mission/practice/all/more.htm?id=12098828@egNews --------- , “Main Administration of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation [Glavnoe upravlenie Generabnogo shtaba Vooruzhennykh Sil Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Главное управление Генерального штаба
Вооруженных Сил Российской Федерации], webpage, undated-b. As of March 13, 2020: https://structure.mil.ru/structure/ministry_of_defence/details.htm?id=9711@egOrganization --------- , “At the Port of Alexandria, Preparations Are Underway for the Russian-Egyptian Naval Exercise ‘Bridge of
Friendship—2015’ [V portu Aleksandriya zavershaetsya podgotovka k provedeniyu rossiisko-egipetskogo voenno-morskogo ucheniya ‘Most druzhby—2015,’ В порту Александрия завершается подготовка к проведению российско-египетского военно-морского учения ‘Мост дружбы—2015’],” Department of Information and
Mass Communications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation [Departament informatsii i massovykh kommunikatsii Ministerstva oborony Rossiiskoi Federatsii,
Департамент информации и массовых коммуникаций Министерства обороны Российской Федерации], June 9, 2015а. As of April 10, 2020: https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12040966@egNews --------- , “Ships of the Caspian Flotilla Return to Astrakhan After Record-Breaking Military Service [Korabli Kaspiiskoi flotilii vernulis’ v Astrakhan’ posle rekordnoi po prodolzhitel’nosti boevoi sluzhby, Корабли Каспийской флотилии вернулись в Астрахань после рекордной по продолжительности боевой службы],” Press Service of the Southern Military District [Press-sluzhba Yuzhnogo voennogo okruga, Пресс-служба Южного военного округа], August 24, 2015b. As of April 10, 2020: https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12053594@egNews
References 95 --------- , “A Joint Exercise with the Ships of the Russian Black Sea Fleet and the Turkish Navy Took Place in the Black Sea [V Chernom more proshlo sovmestnoe uchenie s korablyami ChF Rossii i VMS Turtsii, В Черном море прошло совместное учение с кораблями ЧФ России и ВМС Турции],”
Press Service of the Southern Military District [Press-sluzhba Yuzhnogo voennogo okruga, Пресс-служба Южного военного округа], April 5, 2017а. As of April 10, 2020: https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?idM2117438@egNews --------- , “At the Joint Exercise ‘Defenders of Friendship 2017,’
Egyptian Paratroopers Will Carry Out Combat Training Tasks with the ‘Warrior’ Russian Military Equipment [Na sovmestnom uchenii ‘Zashchitniki druzhby-2017’ egipetskie desantniki budut vypolnyat’ uchebno-boevye zadachi v rossiiskoi boevoi ekipirovke ‘Ratnik,’ На совместном учении «Защитники
дружбы-2017» египетские десантники будут выполнять учебно-боевые задачи в российской боевой экипировке ‘Ратник,’],” Department of Information and Mass Communications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation [Departament informatsii i massovykh kommunikatsii Ministerstva oborony
Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Департамент информации и массовых коммуникаций Министерства обороны Российской Федерации], September 8, 2017b. As of April 10, 2020: https://structure.mil.rU/structure/forces/airborne/news/more.htmlidM2141368@egNews --------- , “Russian Paratroopers Arrived in Egypt to
Participate in the Joint Counterterrorism Exercise ‘Defenders of Friendship 2018’ [Rossiiskie desantniki pribyli v Egipet dlya
uchastiya v sovmestnom antiterroristicheskom uchenii ‘Zashchitniki Druzhby 2018,’ Российские десантники прибыли в Египет для участия в совместном антитеррористическом учении ‘Защитники Дружбы -2018’],” Department of Information and Mass Communications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian
Federation [Departament informatsii i massovykh kommunikatsii Ministerstva oborony Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Департамент информации и массовых коммуникаций Министерства обороны Российской Федерации], October 14, 2018. As of April 10, 2020:
https://function.mil.rU/news_page/country/more.htmlidM2199799@egNews Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, “China-Arab States Cooperation Forum Holds Ninth Ministerial Conference,” July 6, 2020. As of September 8, 2020:
https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/tl795754.shtml Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, “Foreign Minister S. Lavrov’s Interview with the ‘Russia Today’ TV Channel, New York,” September 29, 2015. As of April 9, 2021: https://rusemb.org.uk/fnapr/5229 --------- , “Foreign
Policy Concept of the Russian Federation,” November 30, 2016. As of April 13, 2020: https://www.mid.rU/en/foreign_policy/official_documents/-/asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/ id/2542248 --------- , “Commentary by the Information and Press Department of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs on
the New U.S. National Security Strategy [Kommentarii Departamenta informatsii i pechati MID Rossii v svyazi s novoi Strategiei natsional’noi bezopasnosti SShA, Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России в связи с
новой Стратегией национальной безопасности США],” December 19, 2017. As of February 13, 2020: https://www.mid.rU/web/guest/kommentarii_predstavitelya/-/asset_publisher/MCZ7HQuMdqBY/content/ id/2996962 --------- , “Russia’s Security Concept for the Gulf Area,” July 23, 2019. As of August 24, 2020: https://www.mid.rU/ru/foreign_policy/international_safety/conflicts/-/asset_publisher/xIEMTQ3OvzcA/ content/id/3733575 Mizokami, Kyle, “Turns Out Buying a Chinese Knock-off Predator Drone Is a Bad Idea,” Popular Mechanics, June 12, 2019. Mueller, Karl P., Becca Wasser, Jeffrey Martini, and Stephen Watts, U.S. Strategic Interests in the Middle East and Implicationsfor the Army, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, PE-265-A, 2017. As of November 12, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE265.html Mustafa, Awad, “USS Rushmore Docking at Port Khalifa a Symbol of Strong US-UAE Ties, Says Ambassador,” The National, January 28, 2013. As of May 19, 2020: https://www.thenational.ae/uae/ uss-rushmore-docking-at-port-khalifa-a-symbol-of-strong-us-uae-ties-says-ambassador-1.253148
96 Crossroads of Competition: China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East Nathan, Andrew J., and Andrew Scobell, “How China Sees America: The Sum of Beijing’s Fears,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 5, September/October 2012, pp. 32-47. National Development and Reform Commission, Vision andActions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road [Tuidong gongjian sichou zhilujingji dai he 21 shiji haishang sichou zhilu deyuanjingyu xingdong, ^^^^^^^ё^И'^[:^^П21'Ш1^1'№-Ь^^2(^0\1^^:-^^:Т^Ь], Beijing: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, with State Council Authorization, March 28, 2015. National Security Council, “Analytical Summary of IG Response to NSSM 66,” Washington, D.C., June 4, 1970. As of April 1,2020: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frusl969-76v24/d82 “Netanyahu and Putin Discuss ‘Further Coordination’ on Iran, Syria,” Times ofIsrael, July 8, 2019. As of April 4, 2020: https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-and-putin-discuss-further-coordination-on-iran-syria/ “New Russia-Syria Accord Allows Up to 11 Warships in Tartus Port Simultaneously,” Deutsche Welle, January 20, 2017. As of April 9, 2020: https://www.dw.com/en/ new-russia-syria-accord-allows-up-to-ll-warships-in-tartus-port-simultaneously/a-37212976 Obama, Barack, and Xi Jinping, “Remarks by President Obama and President Xi Jinping of the People’s Republic of China Before Bilateral Meeting,” Sunnylands Retreat, Palm Springs, California, June 7, 2013. “Obama Tells UN: Syria’s Assad must go,” BBC, September 28,
2015. As of May 19, 2020: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-34385354/obama-tells-un-syria-s-assad-must-go Office of the Leading Group for Promoting the Belt and Road Initiative [Tuîjin “yïdài yïlù ” jiànshè göngzuo llngdäo xiäozü bàngôngshi, *i “—‘^—^" ЯЕМЫеМха, Jointly Constructing the “Belt and Road” Initiative: Progress, Contributions, and Prospects [Gongjian “Yidaiyilu” changyi: jinzhan, gongxianyu zhanwang, Ä^ “—^—Ж” {|i5t: ЙЙ. Янйа, Xinhua, April 22, 2019. As of April 12, 2020: http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-04/22/c_1124400071.htm (Chinese version) https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/zchj/qwfb/86739.htm (English version) Office of the Secretary of Defense, Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2019, U.S. Department of Defense, 2019. Oliker, Olga, Keith Crane, Lowell H. Schwartz, and Catherine Yusupov, Russian Foreign Policy: Sources and Implications, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MG-768-AF, 2009. As of March 8, 2021: https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG768.html Olson, Parmy, “U.S. Would Rethink Intelligence Ties If Allies Use Huawei Technology,” Wall StreetJournal, April 29, 2019. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Coronavirus (COVID-19): Living with Uncertainty, OECD Economic Outlook, Interim Report, September 2020. As of October 4, 2020: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-economic-outlook/volume-2020/ issue-l_34ffc900-en;jsessionid=ylt_2fnVMEoo3MhU41G2uiRI.ip-10-240-5-49 O’Rourke, Ronald, Renewed Great Power Competition: Implicationsfor Defense—Issues for
Congress, Congressional Research Service, Washington, D.C., R43838, March 12, 2020. Osgood, Patrick, and Rawaz Tahir, “Taq Taq Decline Highlights Kurdistan Oil Woes,” Iraq Oil Report, February 1, 2017. Al Otaiba, Yousef, “The Asia Pivot Needs a Firm Footing in the Middle East,” Foreign Policy, March 26, 2014. Pawlyk, Oriana, “Russia Deploys More S-400 Missile Systems to Syria,” Military.com, January 26, 2018. People’s Republic of China, Document on China’s Policy Toward the Arab Countries [Zhongguo dui Alabo guoji zhengzi wenjian, ЕХТЖЁЕхях, via Xinhua [*#F4H*±], January 13, 2016 (available in English as People’s Republic of China, China’s Arab Policy Paper, China.org.cn, January 14, 2016). As of April 10, 2020: http://www.xinhuanet.eom//world/2016-01/13/c_1117766388.htm
References 97 Pezard, Stephanie, and Ashley L. Rhoades, What Provokes Putin’s Russia? Deterring Without Unintended Consequences, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, PE-338-A, January 2020. As of September 9, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE338.html Phillips, Macon, “President Obama: ‘The Future of Syria Must Be Determined by Its People, but President Bashar al-Assad Is Standing in Their Way,’” White House, blog post, August 18, 2011. As of April 1, 2020: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/08/18/ president-obama-future-syria-must-be-determined-its-people-president-bashar-al-assad Pompeo, Michael R., “A Force for Good: America Reinvigorated in the Middle East,” Cairo, Egypt, Secretary of State speech at the American University in Cairo, January 10, 2019. Putin, Vladimir, Speech Delivered to the 70th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, New York, September 28, 2015. As of April 4, 2020: http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/50385 “Qatar Free Zones Authority Signs MoUs with Leading Entities in China,” Qatar Tribune, January 31, 2019. As of September 22, 2020, https://www.qatar-tribune.com/Latest-News/ArtMID/423/ArticleID/22380/ Qatar-Free-Zones-Authority-Signs-MoUs-with-Leading-Entities-in-China “Rogozin: VKS Actions in Syria Led to an Increase in the Number of Arms Contracts [Rogozin: deistviya VKS V Sirii povlekli rost chisla kontraktov na vooruzheniya, Рогозин: действия BKC в Сирии повлекли рост числа контрактов на вооружения],” RIA Novosti, July 3, 2017. As of April 13, 2020: https://ria.ru/20170703/1497717893.html Rolland,
Nadège, China’s Vision for a New World Order, Seattle, Wash.: National Bureau of Asian Research, Special Report No. 83, January 2020. As of February 10, 2020: https://www.nbr.org/publication/chinas-vision-for-a-new-world-order/ Royal United Services Institute, “A Conversation with the US Secretary of Defense,” London, September 6, 2019. As of February 10, 2020: https://rusi.org/event/conversation-us-secretary-defense Rumer, Eugene, “Russia, the Indispensable Nation in the Middle East,” Foreign Affairs, October 31, 2019. “Russia Prepared to Work with U.S., Despite Its National Security Strategy [Rossiya gotova rabotat’s SShA, nesmotrya na ikh strategiyu natsbezopasnosti, Россия готова работать с США, несмотря на их стратегию нацбезопасности],” RIA Novosti, December 30, 2017. As of February 14, 2020: https://ria.ru/20171230/1512001721.html “Russia, Saudi Arabia Hold Additional Consultations on S-400 Supplies-Rosoboronexport," TASS, February 17, 2019. Russian Direct Investment Fund, “RDIF Partnerships,” webpage, undated. As of May 20, 2020: https://rdif.ru/Eng_Partnership/ --------- , “Russian Direct Investment Fund and Mubadala Establish Со-Investment Fund,” press release, June 20, 2013. As of May 20, 2020: https://rdif.ru/Eng_fullNews/253/ --------- , “RDIF Mumtalakat to Strengthen Economic and Investment Cooperation Between Bahrain and Russia, Mumtalakat CEO to Join International Advisory Board of RDIF,” press release, April 29, 2014a. As of May 20, 2020: https://rdif.ru/Eng_fullNews/928/ --------- , “Qatar Fund Commits $2 Billion Investment to Russia: RDIF CEO,” press
release, May 23, 2014b. As of May 20, 2020: https://rdif.ru/Eng_fullNews/1038/ --------- , “RDIF and Renaissance Holding to Jointly Develop Projects Across Russia’s Regions,” press release, December 1, 2014c. As of May 20, 2020: https://rdif.ru/Eng_fullNews/1187/ Bayerische Steatebitttothek München
98 Crossroads of Competition: China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East --------- , “Russian Direct Investment Fund and Egyptian Ministry of Investment to Develop Investment Collaboration,” press release, February 10, 2015a. As of May 20, 2020: https://rdif.ru/Eng_fullNews/1249/ --------- , “RDIF Attracts Major Investment from Middle East in the Russian Economy: Saudi Arabia’s Sovereign Wealth Fund to Commit USD 10 Bn,” press release, July 7, 2015b. As of May 20, 2020: https://rdif.ru/Eng_fullNews/1489/ --------- , “Kuwait’s Sovereign Wealth Fund Doubles Its Investment with RDIF to $1 Billion,” press release, November 10, 2015c. As of May 20, 2020: https://rdif.ru/Eng_fullNews/1544/ --------- , “RDIF, Middle Eastern and Asian Co-Investors and Baring Vostok to Acquire an Equity Stake in Pulkovo Airport from VTB Capital,” press release, April 20, 2017. Russian Federation, Concept ofthe Foreign Policy ofthe Russian Federation (approved by President ofthe Russian Federation UK Putin on November 30, 2016) [Kontsepsiya vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii (utverzhdena Prezidentom Rossiiskoi Federatsii V.V. Putinym 30 noyabrya 2016g.), Концепсия внешней политики Российской Федерации (утверждена Президентом Российской Федерации В.В. Путиным 30 ноября 2016 г.)}, 2016. As of April 4, 2020: https://www.mid.rU/en/foreign_policy/official_documents/-/asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/ id/2542248 Satariano, Adam, “U.A.E. to Use Equipment from Huawei Despite American Pressure,” New York Times, February 26, 2019. Al Saud, Mohammed bin Nawaf bin Abdulaziz, “Saudi Arabia
Will Go It Alone,” New York Times, December 17, 2013. “Saudi Arabia Launches Air Strikes in Yemen,” BBC News, March 26, 2015. Saunders, Harold H., “Statement by Assistant Secretary of State for the Middle East Harold H. Saunders,” Review ofDevelopments in the Middle East, 1978, hearing before the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, Ninety-Fifth Congress, Second Session, June 12, 1978. As of April 1, 2020: https://books.google.co.uk/ books?id=YenaEX2dSKoC printsec=frontcover source=gbs_ge_summary_r cad=0#v=onepage q f=false Scheid, Brian, and Eklavya Gupte, “As US Sanctions Increase, China Remains Iran’s Top Crude, Condensate Importer,” S P Global Platts, January 10, 2020. As of April 11, 2020: https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/ 011020-as-us-sanctions-increase-china-remains-irans-top-crude-condensate-importer Schichor, Yitzhak, “Middle Eastern Perceptions of China’s Rise,” University of Nottingham, blog post, May 7, 2013. Schmidt, Fabian, “Coronavirus: How Effective Are the Chinese Vaccines?” DW, February 1, 2021. As of March 11, 2021: https://p.dw.com/p/3oWcU Schmitt, Eric, “Russians Pressure U.S. Forces in Northeast Syria,” New York Times, February 14, 2020. As of May 19, 2020: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/14/world/middleeast/russia-northeast-syria.html Scobell, Andrew, China’s Use ofMilitary Force: Beyond the Great Wall and the Long March, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. --------- , “China’s Search for Security in the Greater Middle East,” in James
Reardon-Anderson, ed., The Red Star and the Crescent: China and the Middle East, London: Hurst Publishers, 2018, pp. 13-35. Scobell, Andrew, Bonny Lin, Howard J. Shatz, Michael Johnson, Larry Hanauer, Michael S. Chase, Astrid Stuth Cevallos, Ivan W. Rasmussen, Arthur Chan, Aaron Strong, Eric Warner, and Logan Ma, At the Dawn of Belt and Road: China in the Developing World, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-2273-A, 2018. As of November 12, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2273.html
References 99 Scobell, Andrew, and Alireza Nader, China in the Middle East: The Wary Dragon, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1229-A, 2016. As of April 10, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1229.html Shariatinia, Mohsen, and Hamidreza Azizi, “Iran-China Cooperation in the Silk Road Economic Belt: From Strategic Understanding to Operational Understanding,” China and the World Economy, Vol. 25, No. 5, 2017, pp. 46-61. --------- , “Iran and the Belt and Road Initiative: Amid Hope and Fear,” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 28, No. 120, 2019, pp. 984-994. Sharma, Alkesh, “Huawei Confident of Middle East Growth Despite US Pressure,” The National, February 19, 2020. As of May 20, 2020: https://www.thenational.ae/business/technology/ huawei-confident-of-middle-east-growth-despite-us-pressure-1.981683 Sharp, Jeremy Μ., Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, RL 33003, November 21, 2019. Shatz, Howard J., “COVID-19 and Economic Competition with China and Russia,” War on the Rocks, August 31, 2020. As of October 4, 2020: https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/covid-19-and-economic-competition-with-china-and-russia/ Shumilin, Alexander, and Inna Shumilina, “Russia as a Gravity Pole of the GCC’s New Foreign Policy Pragmatism,” International Spectator, Vol. 52, No. 2, 2017, pp. 121-122. Silver, Laura, Kat Devlin and Christine Huang, “People Around the Globe Are Divided in Their Opinions of China,” Pew Research Center, December 5, 2019. As of April 12, 2020: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/05/ people-
around-the-globe-are-divided-in-their-opinions-of-china/ SinoVision, “What’s the Future of the China-US Relationship?” YouTube, September 28, 2018. As of November 12, 2020: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oH4jouAnTjY Sladden, James, Becca Wasser, Ben Connable, and Sarah Grand-Clement, Russian Strategy in the Middle East, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, PE-236-RC, 2017. As of November 12, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE236.html Sly, Liz, “In the Middle East, Russia Is Back,” Washington Post, December 5, 2018. Soldatkin, Vladimir, “Russia and Qatar Discuss S-400 Missile Systems Deal TASS,” Reuters, July 21, 2018. State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China, China’s National Defense, Beijing, July 1, 1998. As of February 10, 2020: https://china.usc.edu/prc-state-council-chinas-national-defense-1998 --------- , China’s Military Strategy, Beijing: Xinhua, May 27, 2015. As of February 10, 2020: http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2015/05/27/content_281475115610833.htm --------- , China’s National Defense in the New Era, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, July 2019a. As of February 10, 2020: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/24/c_138253389.htm --------- , China and the World in the New Era, Beijing, September 2019b. As of February 10, 2020: http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/201909/27/content_WS5d8d80f9c6d0bcf8c4cl42ef.html Stein, Aaron, “Erdogan Doesn’t Want Nukes, He Wants to Blow Up the System,” War on the Rocks, September 12, 2019. As of September 8, 2020: https://warontherocks.com/2019/09/erdogan-doesnt-
want-nukes-he-wants-to-blow-up-the-system/ Stenslie, Stig, China Debates Its Future Role in the Middle East, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre, executive summary, May 2014. Stewart, Phil, “U.S. General Slams Russia’s Deployment of S-300 Missiles in Syria,” Reuters, October 4, 2018.
100 Crossroads of Competition: China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East --------- , “With an Eye on Iran, U.S. Clinches Strategic Port Deal with Oman,” Reuters, March 24, 2019. As of April 30, 2020: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-oman-military/ with-an-eye-on-iran-u-s-clinches-strategic-port-deal-with-oman-idUSKCNlR50JD Stewart, Phil, Idrees Ali, and Lin Noueihed, “Exclusive: Russia Appears to Deploy Forces in Egypt, Eyes on Libya Role—Sources,” Reuters, March 14, 2017. As of May 19, 2020: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-libya-exclusive/ exclusive-russia-appears-to-deploy-forces-in-egypt-eyes-on-libya-role-sources-idUSKBN16K2RY Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, March 11, 2019. As of February 18, 2020: https://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers Submarine Cable Networks, “SEA-ME-WE 5,” webpage, undated. As of May 20, 2020: https://www.submarinenetworks.com/systems/asia-europe-africa/smw5 Al-Sudairi, Mohammed Turki, China in the Eyes ofthe Saudi Media, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Gulf Research Center, GRC Gulf Papers, February 2013. --------- , “Some Observations on the Significance of President Xi Jinping’s Visit and the Problem of the Sino-Saudi Relationship,” King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, September 13, 2017. Sun Degang [?/|ЧШйО], On China’s Partnership Diplomacy Toward Middle Eastern Countries in the 21st Century [Lun 21 shiji Zhongguo dui Zhongdong guojia de huoban waijiao, JÊ21 НЁяЕяКЕях #**, World Economics and Politics [Shijie jingji yu zhengzhi, #5#FETX*], No. 7,
2019, pp. 106—130. Tabatabai, Ariane, Jeffrey Martini, and Becca Wasser, The Iran Threat Network (ITN): Four Models ofIrans Nonstate Client Relationships, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, RR-4231-A, forthcoming. Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy, China’s Role in Egypt’s Economy, Washington, D.C., November 21, 2019. Talib, Hamoud Abu, “The Political Relationship Is Not a Catholic Marriage,” Okaz, October 16, 2019. As of October 4, 2020: https://www.okaz.com.sa/articles/na/1751476 Telhami, Shibley, “2011 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey,” College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, October 2011. Thépaut, Charles, “The Astana Process: A Flexible but Fragile Showcase for Russia,” Policywatch 3308, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, April 28, 2020. As of August 24, 2020: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/ the-astana-process-a-flexible-but-fragile-showcase-for-russia Thomas, Clayton, U.S. Killing of Qassem Soleimani: Frequently Asked Questions, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, R46148, January 13, 2020. Tol, Gönül, “The Middle Kingdom and the Middle Corridor: Prospects for China-Turkey Ties,” Middle East Institute, May 29, 2020. As of September 8, 2020: https://www.mei.edu/publications/middle-kingdom-and-middle-corridor-prospects-china-turkey-ties Trenin, Dmitri, What Is Russia up to in the Middle East? MeAiotà, Mass.: Polity Press, 2018. Turak, Natasha, “Pentagon Is Scrambling as China ‘Sells the Hell’ out of Armed Drones to US Allies,” CNBC, February 21, 2019. As of April 19, 2020: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/21/
pentagon-is-scrambling-as-china-sells-the-hell-out-of-armed-drones-to-americas-allies.html “Turkey Defies US as Russian S-400 Missile Defence Arrives,” BBC News, July 12, 2019. United Arab Emirates and State of Israel, “Abraham Accords Peace Agreement: Treaty of Peace, Diplomatic Relations and Full Normalization Between the United Arab Emirates and the State of Israel,” White House, September 15, 2020. United Nations, World Economic Situation and Prospects 2020, New York, 2020.
References 101 United Nations Comtrade Database, undated. As of November 12, 2020: https://comtrade.un.org U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Table 6. U.S. Direct Investment Position Abroad on a Historical-Cost Basis, Country by Industry of Foreign Affiliate, 2019,” Excel spreadsheet, downloaded from “Direct Investment by Country and Industry,” webpage, July 24, 2019a. As of May 20, 2020: https://www.bea.gov/data/intl-trade-investment/direct-investment-country-and-industry --------- , “Table 10. Foreign Direct Investment Position in the United States on a Historical-Cost Basis, Country by Industry of U.S. Affiliate, 2019,” Excel spreadsheet, downloaded from “Direct Investment by Country and Industry,” webpage, July 24, 2019b. As of May 20, 2020: https://www.bea.gov/data/intl-trade-investment/direct-investment-country-and-industry --------- , “U.S. Trade in Goods and Services by Selected Countries and Areas, 1999-Present,” Excel spreadsheet, September 3, 2020. U.S. Department of Defense, The National Defense Strategy ofthe United States ofAmerica, March 2005. --------- , National Defense Strategy, June 2008. --------- , Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense, Defense Strategic Guidance, January 2012. --------- , Summary ofthe 2018 National Defense Strategy ofthe United States ofAmerica: Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge, January 20, 2018. --------- , Indo-Pacific Strategy Report: Preparedness, Partnerships, and Promoting a Networked Region, June 1, 2019a. --------- , “DOD Statement on Deployment of Additional U.S. Forces and
Equipment to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,” press release October 11, 2019b. --------- , “Department of Defense Statement on Unified Command Plan Change,” Washington, D.C., January 15, 2021. As of April 8, 2021: https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2473648/ department-of-defense-statement-on-unified-command-plan-change/ U.S. Department of State, “U.S. Security Cooperation with Kuwait,” fact sheet, March 20, 2020. U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of the Interior, and U.S. Department of Justice, Report to the National Security Council by the Departments ofState, Defense, the Interior, andJustice, Washington, D.C., NSC 138/1, January 6, 1953. As of April 1, 2020: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frusl952-54v01p2/dl59 U.S. Embassy in Oman, “U.S. Statement on the Signing of the Strategic Framework Agreement,” March 24, 2019. As of April 30, 2020: https://om.usembassy.gov/u-s-statement-on-the-signing-of-the-strategic-framework-agreement/ U.S. Naval Forces Central Command, “Truman Begins Operations in the U.S. Fifth Fleet,” December 30, 2019. Van Heuvelen, Ben, and Ben Lando, “Iraq Finishes 2018 with Record-Breaking Exports,” Iraq Oil Report, January 3, 2019. “Vladimir Putin Addresses Russia’s Intentions in Syria,” CBS News, September 24, 2015. As of April 9, 2020: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vladimir-putin-addresses-russias-intentions-in-syria/ Wald, Ellen, Saudi, Inc.: The Arabian Kingdom’s Pursuit ofProfit and Power, New York: Pegasus Books, 2018. Wang Bo and Yao Quan [ÏEfe ^^], “Research on the Formation of
China’s Middle East Diplomatic Thinking in the New Era [Xin shiqi Zhongguo Zhongdong waijiao sixiang goujian yanjiu, ^/тВТ^ФИФ ^^ЙЖШЙЙЙЯ'Й],” Arab World Studies [Alabo shijie yanjiu, SeJSBzAtH 5T%t], No. 2, 2019, pp. 76-90, 119-120. Wang Jisi [ϊέ§®], ‘“Marching Westwards,’ The Rebalancing of China’s Geopolitical Strategy [‘Xi jin’, Zhongguo diyuan zhanlue de zai pingheng, “ЙЙ” , ФНЙк^^И Й^ЖТ^],” Global Times \Huanqiu Shibao, 3T WM October 17, 2012.
102 Crossroads of Competition: China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East Wang Jisi and Hu Ran, “From Cooperative Partnership to Strategic Competition: A Review of China-U.S. Relations, 2009-2019,” China International Strategic Review, July 2019. Wang, Yuan, and James Evans, “Infographic: China’s Economic Governance,” Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies, Harvard University, December 12, 2018. As of April 22, 2020: https://fairbank.fas.harvard.edu/infographic-chinas-economic-governance/ Wasser, Becca, The Limits ofRussian Strategy in the Middle East, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, PE-340-RC, 2019. As of November 12, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE340.html Wehrey, Frederic, Dalia Dassa Kaye, Jessica Watkins, Jeffrey Martini, and Robert A. Guffey, The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, MG-892-AF, 2010. As of November 12, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG892.html Wheelbarger, Kathryn, “Russia’s Resurgence in the Middle East: How Does US Policy Meet the Challenge?” keynote address, Atlantic Council, Washington, D.C., May 30, 2019. As of April 1, 2020: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/event/ russias-resurgence-in-the-middle-east-how-does-us-policy-meet-the-challenge/ White House, The National Security Strategy ofthe United States ofAmerica, Washington, D.C., September 2002. --------- , “Fact Sheet: President Bush Calls for a ‘Forward Strategy of Freedom’ to Promote Democracy in the Middle East,” Office of the Press Secretary, Washington, D.C., November 6, 2003. As of April 1,
2020: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gOv/news/releases/2003/ll/20031106-ll.html --------- , National Security Strategy, Washington, D.C., May 2010. --------- , National Security Strategy ofthe United States ofAmerica, Washington, D.C., December 2017. --------- , “Executive Order on Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain,” May 15, 2019a. --------- , “Text of a Letter from the President to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate,” June 11, 2019b. --------- , “Statement from the Press Secretary on Unmanned Aerial Systems Exports,” July 24, 2020a. --------- , “Joint Statement of the United States, the State of Israel, and the United Arab Emirates,” August 13, 2020b. --------- , “Remarks by President Trump on the Announcement of Normalization of Relations Between Israel and the Kingdom of Bahrain,” September 11, 2020c. --------- , “The Abraham Accords Declaration,” September 15, 2020d. --------- , Abraham Accords: Declaration of Peace, Cooperation, and Constructive Diplomatic and Friendly Relations,” September 15, 2020e. --------- , “President Donald J. Trump Is Promoting Peace and Stability in the Middle East,” September 15, 2020f. --------- , “Interim National Security Strategic Guidance,” Washington, D.C., March 2021. Williams, Aime, “Pentagon Warns of China’s Growing Influence in the Middle East,” Financial Times, August 21, 2019. Williams, Katie Bo, “What’s Great Power Competition? No One Really Knows,” Defense One, May 13, 2019. Wolf, Jim, “U.S. Delays Bahrain Arms Sale
Pending Rights Probe,” Reuters, October 19, 2011. World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI) database, undated. World Nuclear Association, Nuclear Power in Russia, London, April 2020. As of April 9, 2020: https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profdes/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-power.aspx
References 103 World Trade Organization, Regional Trade Agreements Database, March 10, 2020. As of March 13, 2020: http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx Wormuth, Christine, Russia and China in the Middle East: Implications for the United States in an Era of Strategic Competition, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, CT-511, 2019. As of April 22, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT511.html Xi Jinping [AJiT—F], “Full Text of Xi’s Speech on China-US Relations in Seattle,” Xinhua, September 24, 2015. As of April 10, 2020: http://www.china.org.cn/xivisitus2015/2015-09/24/content_36666620.htm --------- , “Jointly Founding a Beautiful Future for China-Arab Relations [Gongtong kaichuang ZhongA guanxi de meihao weilai, ^|з]Я:'Ё|]ФИ^ ЖЁ1^Й:^у(5],”Реор/ег Daily [Renmin rihao, ЛЕЕЯ January 22, 2016. --------- , Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strivefor the Great Success ofSocialism with Chinese Characteristicsfor a New Era [Juéshèng quânmiàn jiànchéng xiäokäng shèhul duôqü xîn shfdài zhôngguô tèsè shèhui zhüyi wéidà shèngli, ФНХЯЕННЕКа* report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, October 18, 2017. As of February 10, 2020: http://jhsjk.people.cn/article/29613458iisindexM (Chinese version) https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/19thcpcnationalcongress/2017-ll/04/content_34115212.htm (English version) Yuan, Jingdong, “The Arab Spring and China’s Evolving Middle East Policy,” World Politics Review, December 20, 2011. Zargham, Mohammad, Warren Strobel, and Yara Bayoumy, “U.S. Lifts
Restrictions on $195 Million in Military Aid for Egypt: Official,” Reuters, July 25, 2018. As of May 19, 2020: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-egypt-aid/ u-s-lifts-restrictions-on-195-million-in-military-aid-for-egypt-official-idUSKBNlKF2UU Zhang, Feng, “The Xi Jinping Doctrine of China’s International Relations,” Asia Policy, Vol. 14, No. 3, July 2019, pp. 7-23. Zhao, Minghao, “Is a New Cold War Inevitable? Chinese Perspectives on US-China Strategic Competition,” Chinese Journal ofInternational Politics, Vol. 12, No. 3, Autumn 2019, pp. 371-394. Zhen, Summer, “Chinese Consortium to Invest in Turkey’s No 3 Container Terminal,” South China Morning Post, September 17, 2015. As of September 29, 2020: https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/1858962/ chinese-consortium-invest-turkeys-no-3-container-terminal Zviagelskaya, Irina D., and Nikolay Yu. Surkov [Звягельская, Ирина. Д., и Николай. Ю. Сурков], Russian Policy in the Middle East: Dividends and Costs ofthe Big Game [Rossiiskaya politika na blizhnem vostoke: dividendy i izderzhki bol’shoi igry, Российская политика на Ближнем Востоке: дивиденды и издержки большой игры], Moscow: Russian International Affairs Council [Российский Совет по Международным Делам], Working Paper No. 51, 2019. As of April 9, 2020: https://russiancouncil.ru/en/activity/workingpapers/ russian-policy-in-the-middle-east-dividends-and-costs-of-the-big-game/ (English) https://russiancouncil.ru/activity/workingpapers/ rossiyskaya-politika-na-blizhnem-vostoke-dividendy-i-izderzhki-bolshoy-igry/ (Russian) Bayerische I StMtÄW I München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Wasser, Becca Shatz, Howard J. 1960- Drennan, John Scobell, Andrew Carlson, Brian G. Crane, Yvonne K. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)113825746X (DE-588)128513357 (DE-588)1203094132 (DE-588)143211714 (DE-588)117037025X (DE-588)1164170163 |
| author_facet | Wasser, Becca Shatz, Howard J. 1960- Drennan, John Scobell, Andrew Carlson, Brian G. Crane, Yvonne K. |
| author_role | aut aut aut aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Wasser, Becca |
| author_variant | b w bw h j s hj hjs j d jd a s as b g c bg bgc y k c yk ykc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047898147 |
| contents | Introduction -- Views of Strategic Competition -- Strategic Competition in the Middle East -- Shaping Strategic Competition in the Middle East in the U.S. Interest |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1369568001 (DE-599)BVBBV047898147 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>05215nam a2200889 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV047898147</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20240408 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">220328s2022 a||| b||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781977406170</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-977406-17-0</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.7249/RR-A325-1</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1369568001</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV047898147</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-706</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="088" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RAND/RR-A325-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Wasser, Becca</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)113825746X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Crossroads of competition</subfield><subfield code="b">China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East</subfield><subfield code="c">Becca Wasser, Howard J. Shatz, John J. Drennan, Andrew Scobell, Brian G. Carlson, Yvonne K. Crane</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Santa Monica, Calif.</subfield><subfield code="b">RAND Corporation</subfield><subfield code="c">[2022]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xv, 103 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten</subfield><subfield code="c">28 cm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Introduction -- Views of Strategic Competition -- Strategic Competition in the Middle East -- Shaping Strategic Competition in the Middle East in the U.S. Interest</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"Although U.S. strategic competition with China and Russia is largely focused on efforts in Asia and Europe, this competition will play out in other regions, including in the Middle East. This report details the political, economic, and military interests and activities of China and Russia in the Middle East, and identifies where those efforts contest, intersect, or complement U.S. interests and activities. The authors systematically identify the dimensions and locations in which strategic competition is occurring, where it is most likely to take place in the future, and where and how it is most likely to threaten U.S. interests. They provide recommendations for the steps that U.S. policymakers might take to maintain an advantageous position in the region and in strategic competition with China and Russia."--Publisher's description</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Strategie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4057952-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geopolitik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4156741-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Internationale Politik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4072885-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Regionalentwicklung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076605-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Politischer Prozess</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4175043-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Naher Osten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4068878-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">China</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4009937-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">USA</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4078704-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Mittlerer Osten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039755-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Competition, International</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">China / Foreign relations / Middle East</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Middle East / Foreign relations / China</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">United States / Foreign relations / Middle East</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Middle East / Foreign relations / United States</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Middle East</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Middle East / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Concurrence internationale</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">États-Unis / Relations extérieures / Moyen-Orient</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Moyen-Orient / Relations extérieures / États-Unis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Moyen-Orient / Relations extérieures / Chine</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Moyen-Orient / Relations extérieures / Russie</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">USA</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4078704-7</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">China</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4009937-4</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Mittlerer Osten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4039755-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Naher Osten</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4068878-1</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="5"><subfield code="a">Internationale Politik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4072885-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="6"><subfield code="a">Politischer Prozess</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4175043-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Regionalentwicklung</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076605-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="a">Geopolitik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4156741-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="9"><subfield code="a">Strategie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4057952-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Shatz, Howard J.</subfield><subfield code="d">1960-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)128513357</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Drennan, John</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1203094132</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Scobell, Andrew</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)143211714</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Carlson, Brian G.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)117037025X</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Crane, Yvonne K.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1164170163</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033280122&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033280122&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Literaturverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033280122</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090513</subfield><subfield code="g">73</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090513</subfield><subfield code="g">51</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090513</subfield><subfield code="g">5</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090513</subfield><subfield code="g">471</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">090513</subfield><subfield code="g">56</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 gnd China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Mittlerer Osten (DE-588)4039755-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Naher Osten China USA Russland Mittlerer Osten |
| id | DE-604.BV047898147 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:28:12Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:24:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781977406170 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033280122 |
| oclc_num | 1369568001 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-706 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-706 |
| physical | xv, 103 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 28 cm |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | RAND Corporation |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Wasser, Becca Verfasser (DE-588)113825746X aut Crossroads of competition China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East Becca Wasser, Howard J. Shatz, John J. Drennan, Andrew Scobell, Brian G. Carlson, Yvonne K. Crane China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East Santa Monica, Calif. RAND Corporation [2022] xv, 103 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten 28 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Introduction -- Views of Strategic Competition -- Strategic Competition in the Middle East -- Shaping Strategic Competition in the Middle East in the U.S. Interest "Although U.S. strategic competition with China and Russia is largely focused on efforts in Asia and Europe, this competition will play out in other regions, including in the Middle East. This report details the political, economic, and military interests and activities of China and Russia in the Middle East, and identifies where those efforts contest, intersect, or complement U.S. interests and activities. The authors systematically identify the dimensions and locations in which strategic competition is occurring, where it is most likely to take place in the future, and where and how it is most likely to threaten U.S. interests. They provide recommendations for the steps that U.S. policymakers might take to maintain an advantageous position in the region and in strategic competition with China and Russia."--Publisher's description Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd rswk-swf Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd rswk-swf Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 gnd rswk-swf Politischer Prozess (DE-588)4175043-3 gnd rswk-swf Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Mittlerer Osten (DE-588)4039755-5 gnd rswk-swf Competition, International China / Foreign relations / Middle East Middle East / Foreign relations / China United States / Foreign relations / Middle East Middle East / Foreign relations / United States Russia (Federation) / Foreign relations / Middle East Middle East / Foreign relations / Russia (Federation) Concurrence internationale États-Unis / Relations extérieures / Moyen-Orient Moyen-Orient / Relations extérieures / États-Unis Moyen-Orient / Relations extérieures / Chine Moyen-Orient / Relations extérieures / Russie USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Mittlerer Osten (DE-588)4039755-5 g Naher Osten (DE-588)4068878-1 g Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Politischer Prozess (DE-588)4175043-3 s Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 s Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 s Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 s DE-604 Shatz, Howard J. 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)128513357 aut Drennan, John Verfasser (DE-588)1203094132 aut Scobell, Andrew Verfasser (DE-588)143211714 aut Carlson, Brian G. Verfasser (DE-588)117037025X aut Crane, Yvonne K. Verfasser (DE-588)1164170163 aut Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033280122&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033280122&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wasser, Becca Shatz, Howard J. 1960- Drennan, John Scobell, Andrew Carlson, Brian G. Crane, Yvonne K. Crossroads of competition China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East Introduction -- Views of Strategic Competition -- Strategic Competition in the Middle East -- Shaping Strategic Competition in the Middle East in the U.S. Interest Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 gnd Politischer Prozess (DE-588)4175043-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4057952-9 (DE-588)4156741-9 (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4076605-6 (DE-588)4175043-3 (DE-588)4068878-1 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4039755-5 |
| title | Crossroads of competition China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East |
| title_alt | China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East |
| title_auth | Crossroads of competition China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East |
| title_exact_search | Crossroads of competition China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Crossroads of competition China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East |
| title_full | Crossroads of competition China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East Becca Wasser, Howard J. Shatz, John J. Drennan, Andrew Scobell, Brian G. Carlson, Yvonne K. Crane |
| title_fullStr | Crossroads of competition China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East Becca Wasser, Howard J. Shatz, John J. Drennan, Andrew Scobell, Brian G. Carlson, Yvonne K. Crane |
| title_full_unstemmed | Crossroads of competition China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East Becca Wasser, Howard J. Shatz, John J. Drennan, Andrew Scobell, Brian G. Carlson, Yvonne K. Crane |
| title_short | Crossroads of competition |
| title_sort | crossroads of competition china russia and the united states in the middle east |
| title_sub | China, Russia, and the United States in the Middle East |
| topic | Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd Geopolitik (DE-588)4156741-9 gnd Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Regionalentwicklung (DE-588)4076605-6 gnd Politischer Prozess (DE-588)4175043-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Strategie Geopolitik Internationale Politik Regionalentwicklung Politischer Prozess Naher Osten China USA Russland Mittlerer Osten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033280122&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033280122&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wasserbecca crossroadsofcompetitionchinarussiaandtheunitedstatesinthemiddleeast AT shatzhowardj crossroadsofcompetitionchinarussiaandtheunitedstatesinthemiddleeast AT drennanjohn crossroadsofcompetitionchinarussiaandtheunitedstatesinthemiddleeast AT scobellandrew crossroadsofcompetitionchinarussiaandtheunitedstatesinthemiddleeast AT carlsonbriang crossroadsofcompetitionchinarussiaandtheunitedstatesinthemiddleeast AT craneyvonnek crossroadsofcompetitionchinarussiaandtheunitedstatesinthemiddleeast AT wasserbecca chinarussiaandtheunitedstatesinthemiddleeast AT shatzhowardj chinarussiaandtheunitedstatesinthemiddleeast AT drennanjohn chinarussiaandtheunitedstatesinthemiddleeast AT scobellandrew chinarussiaandtheunitedstatesinthemiddleeast AT carlsonbriang chinarussiaandtheunitedstatesinthemiddleeast AT craneyvonnek chinarussiaandtheunitedstatesinthemiddleeast |