Islam, Christianity, and secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe: the last half century
"Is there a "return to the religious" in post-Communist Eastern Europe that differs from religious trends in the West and the Middle East? Looking beyond immediate events, this book situates public talk about religion and religious practice in the longue durée of the two entangled pas...
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Leiden ; Boston
Brill
[2022]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East
volume 129 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Is there a "return to the religious" in post-Communist Eastern Europe that differs from religious trends in the West and the Middle East? Looking beyond immediate events, this book situates public talk about religion and religious practice in the longue durée of the two entangled pasts -Byzantine and Ottoman-that implicitly underpin contemporary politics. Islam, Christianity, and Secularism situates Bulgaria in its wider region, indicating ongoing Middle Eastern, Russian, and other European influences shaping patterns of religious identity. The chapters point to overlapping and complementary views of ethno-religious belonging and communal practices among Orthodox Christians and Muslims throughout the region. Contributors are Dale F. Eickelman, Simeon Evstatiev, Kristen Ghodsee, Galina Evstatieva, Ilia Iliev, Daniela Kalkandjieva, Plamen Makariev, Momchil Metodiev, Daria Oreshina, Ivan Zabaev and Angeliki Ziaka" |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 292 Seiten 4 Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9789004511552 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents Note on Transliteration vu List of Figures vni Notes on Contributors ix Introduction On the Eastern Edge ofEurope: Christianity, Islam, and the Bulgarian Political Imagination i Dale F. EickeIman and Simeon Evstatiev PART 1 Secularism in Bulgaria and Its Region i Byzantine and Ottoman Pasts, Modern Politics Religious Belongings and Balkan Secularities 27 Simeon Evstatiev and Dale E Eickelman 2 Regulating Religious Freedoms in the 21st Century Nationality, Religion, and Symphonic Secularism 49 Kristen Ghodsee 3 Salafism Is Coming “Balkan”versus “Arab"Islam in Bulgaria under Midetic Secularism Simeon Evstatiev 74 PART 2 Christian and Muslim Men and Women under State Atheism and Postsocialist Secularism 4 5 Symbols and Identity in Bulgaria Parallels between Communist Atheism and Western Secularism Momchil Metodiev Caesar and God in the Public Sphere Religious and Secular Discourse in Post-Atheist Bulgaria Daniela Kalkand/'ieva 134 115
VI CONTENTS 6 The Hijab in Contemporary Bulgaria Muslim Views on Veiling 161 Galina Evstatieva 7 Fasting and Aging in a Bulgarian Muslim Community Ilialliev 187 PART 3 Religion, Publicity, and Concealment in Orthodox-Majority Societies 8 9 10 Parallel Paths Christian-Muslim Symbiosis and Religious Education in Greece Angeliki Žiaka The Russian Orthodox Church Federal Visibility Versus Local-Level Concealment Ivan Zabaev and Daria Oreshina 227 Religion and the Challenges of Public Legitimization The Bulgarian Orthodox Church 249 Plamen Makariev Index 279 201
Index Abdülmecíd i (Ottoman sultan) 146 Abdurrahman, Ahmed 91 abortion, Russian Orthodox activism on prevention of 232-247 adoption of children, by gay couples 262 advertising, pro-life 236,238Ո23 Africa, inequality in opportunities in 203Ո2 agency 38,39 Ahmed, Shahab 40-41 Ahmed, Vedat 172,178,183 Ahmedov, Ahmed 100 Albania, nationalism in 34 Alexander 11 (Russian emperor) 140 Alternate Orthodox Synod (ao s ) 66,67-69, 136,137 Anderson, Benedict 11-12,27 antidemocratic ideologies 99Ո92 Antonova, Tsvetomira 251Ո4, 262-263 Arab Islam 13-14,74,77-78,79 see also Salafism Arab Studies, in Bulgaria 93-94 Arendt, Hannah 205 argumentative communication 258,261262,266,269,270,272 arife (food donations in honour of the dead) 193 Aristotle 205 Aristotle University (Thessaloniki) 216-217 Aron, Raymond 29 Asad, Talal 51-52,196 assimilationist policies, for Pomak and Turkish minorities in Bulgaria 86, 167,168 Ataka (Bulgarian political party) 150-151 atheism, Communist 15-16,115,117,120 in Bulgaria 29,30-31,53-55, Ա8-129, 138-139.148 restitution of religious properties after collapse of 16,134,135-138 and Western secularism 115-118,129130,131 authority erosion/fragmentation of 28 political 15 awareness actions, pro-life al-Azmeh, Aziz 40 236 Baba Vanga 30 Bachkovo monastery 148 Balkans Byzantine heritage of 1-2,32 de-Ottomanization in 4 identities in 28,32-33,35,37 Muslim 35-36,44 religion-based 1,5,6,10,35,37, 42,44,80 Muslims in 3-4, 7,38,44 and Turkey 219-220 Western perceptions of 6 nationalism in 82-83 Ottoman legacy in 3-4, 83 religion in 1,28 and ethnicity 6 identities based on
1,5, 6,10,35,37, 42,44,80 Islam 6,36,38,42,75-76,79-80 Turkish missionary activities 102 Orthodox Christianity 2,38,42,43 and politics 13 secularism/secularities in 11,14,27, 33.43-44 state-building in 4-5 see also Western Balkans Bartholomew (ecumenical patriarch of Orthodox Church) 69,71 Berger, Maurits 207Ո13 Berger, Peter 10,106 Between Facts and Norms (Habermas) 252 Bevir, Mark 39Ո61 Bishoprics, of Bulgarian Orthodox Church 257,260-261 blogs Muslim 88Ո56,169 Orthodox Christian on homosexuality 262-263,264 on religious education 210-211Ո21, 270-272 on reproductive technologies 267
INDEX 280 bookkeeping, by Bulgarian Orthodox Church 156 Boris i (king of Bulgaria, 852-889) 2 Borissov, Boyko 80-81 Bosnia, veiling by women in 167ms Bouyeri, Mohammed 92 Boyana Church (near Sofia) 139,146 Breznitsa 189 Broun, Janice 66 Bulgaria 2,7,10 church-state relations in 49,53-55,6667, 71-72,143 ECtHR jurisprudence on 50,52,6266,68-71 post-Communist 55-58,150, 154-155 symphoneia doctrine on 49,50-51, 52,55.196 Communist regime in 4,7 atheist policies of 29,30-31,53-55, 118-129,138-139,148 end of 16,134,135-138 desecularization in 31-32,106,119 economic and political instability in 57,61-62 family law in 172 Muslims in 3-4,7,39-40,137Ո8,162,187, 188-189,196 ethnographic research on 77, 79, 85-90,161,163,167-168,169-170,175, 189-196 fasting at Ramadan by 17-18,187-188, 190-196 identities of 104,162,188 influence of international Islamic foundations on 274 leadership of 14,55,76 conflicts over 58-65 and Salafism 91,100-101,102-103 veiling by women 16-17, ιθι, 162-163, 166-170,175,184 public opinion on 176-183 see also Pomaks; Roma nation-building/national identity in 3, 80, 81,119-120,122 Ottoman rule of 2,5 millet system legacy of 31,33-34 religion in 29,30,30-31,31 Christian-Muslim relations 4,17- 18,155 Communist suppression of 29,30-31, 53-55,118-129,138-139,148 freedom of 56,63-66,68-71,143,155 identities based on 82,188 Islam 13-14,104-105,161,195 Arab Islam/Salafism 74,77-78,79, 103-104 traditional Islam 80 traditional versus non-traditional dichotomy in 76-79,87-90, 105,106 case against 13 imams on 79, 90101,104,164 and Muftiship 91,100-101,102-103 Turkish
missionary activities 102 Orthodox Christianity 2,7, 8,36-37, 53,80,130-131,137Ո8,250 see also Bulgarian Orthodox Church and politics 58-59,62-67 religious cultural heritage in, post Communist management of 134-135, 139-140,146,148,149-150,151-153 religious properties in Communist nationalization of 122, 138-139,148 ownership of 140-141,142-143, 144-148 controversies over 149-156 post-Communist restitution of 16, 134,135-138,147 secularism/secularities in 14,29,33,81, 118-129 milletle 74, 80,82,104,105,106 symphonic 81-82 state-building in 5-6 Turkish minority in, assimilation policies for 86,166,168 Bulgarian Academy of Science, on ownership of religious properties 152-153 Bulgarian Empire, First (681-1018) and Second (1185-1396) 2 Bulgarian Orthodox Church 5,53-54 bookkeeping by 156 in Communist era 118,120,121-129 icons of 122,153
INDEX leadership of 54,55 conflicts over 66-71,136-137 ownership of religious properties by 140-141,144-148 controversies over 149-150,151, 153-154 in post-Communist era, restitution of properties to 135,147 in post-Ottoman era 119 in public sphere 19,249,255,274-275 condemnation of homosexuality 260-262 condemnation of reproductive technologies 264-267 on religious education 267-272 Bulgarian Socialist Party ( в s p ) 58,59, 66,136 Byzantine heritage, of Balkans 1-2,32 Casanova, José 19,227,228-230,231-232 Catholic Church, in Bulgaria 155 charitable donations, Muslim 193-195 Chief Muftiship/Muftiship in Bulgaria 14,55,76 conflicts over 58,59-62 periodicals published by 161,163 see akoMyusyulmani/ Müslümaníar and restitution of religious properties 137 and Salafism 91,100-101,102-103 views of on Muslim identities 162 on veiling by women 166,177178,180 in Thrace 221 child naming rituals 125 Chobanov, Todor 153 Christian-Muslim relations in Bulgaria 4,17-18,155 in Greece 201,218,221 Christianity sin and sinner differentiation in 262-263 see also Orthodox Christianity Chrysostomos (metropolitan bishop of Messenia) 212 church-state relations in Bulgaria 49- 53՜55 66-67,71՜72 ИЗ 281 ECtHR jurisprudence on 50,52,6266,68-71 post-Communist 55-58,150,154-155 in Orthodox Christianity 13,49 symphoneia doctrine 49,50-51,52, 55, 196 in Russia 232 churches abandoned 118 in Bulgaria 121-122 in Eastern Europe 122,130 in Western Europe 130 in Bulgaria abandoned 121-122 EU funding for reconstruction of 142,154 ownership of 140-141,144-148 controversies over 149-150, 153-154 destruction of,
by Communists 138 stavropegial status of 140Ո21 Çiçek, Yakub 76-77 civil rituals, replacement of religious rituals for 122-126 civil society 228Ո2 participation by religious organizations in 227,228,230 of Bulgarian Orthodox Church 19 of Russian Orthodox Church 18,19, 229,232-247 see also public sphere classrooms crucifixes in 116 veiling by Muslim girls in 176-177 clinics, in Russia, pro-life counselling at 240-243 Cold War, Bulgaria in 7 communication argumentative 258,261-262,266,269, 270,272 public 253-254,257-258,273 Communism atheism of 15-16,115,117,120 and Western secularism 115-118, 129-130,131 in Bulgaria 4, 7 atheist policies of 29,30-31,53-55, 118-129,138-139,148
282 Communism (cont) restitution of religious properties after collapse of 16,134, 135-138 as secular/political religion 29-30 communities, imagined n-12,27 ‘Conception of the Holy Synod Concerning the Status of the Subject ‘Religion’ at the Bulgarian School' 268-270 conflicts over leadership of Bulgarian Muslims 58-65 of Bulgarian Orthodox Church 6671,136-137 religion-based 1 in Balkans 6 Constantinople Patriarchate, ownership of religious properties by 148 contested concepts 275-276 Council of Europe, on interreligious dialogue 202 counselling, pro-life, in Russia 239-243,245 counterpublics 254 crucifixes in classrooms, ECtHR case on 116 cultural co-operation, European 203m cultural hegemony 254 cultural heritage, religious, Bulgarian post Communist management of 134-135, 139-140,146,148,149-150.15!-153 curing of homosexuality, Christian Orthodox ideas on 262-263 curricula in Bulgaria 267-268 in Greece 210,213-214 Dachkov, Yavor 271 Dalacoura, Katerina 215Ո32 Davie, Grace 17,37-38,2061110 Day of Slavonic Culture and Education 127 de-Islamization, in Balkans 75 de-Ottomanization, in Balkans 4, 75 democratic citizenship, education for 202-203Ո1 democratic societies, secularization in 120 deprivatization, and desecularization 227, 228-230,231-232 desacralization of icons 122 INDEX of religious holidays 127 desecularization 10,227,250 in Bulgaria 31-32,106, Ц9 as deprivatization of religion 227,228230,231-232 in Russia 247 Dimitrov, Georgi 125 discourses see public discourses discursive resources 253,254 diversity, religious, acceptance of 201,202, 214,221-223 Diyanet
(Turkish Presidency of Religious Affairs), missionary activities in Bulgaria by 102 Doğan, Ahmed 59 dost (Democrats for Responsibility, Freedom and Tolerance ) 181,182 dress codes for Muslim women, in Bulgaria 167-168,175-176 Dubov, Nedzhmi 90 Dveri na Pravoslavieto (Gates of Orthodoxy, web portal) 257,262-263,267, 27°՜ 272, 273 Dyolgerov, Ivan д6 Eastern Europe 8-9 abandoned churches in 122,130 Bulgaria as part of 10 Muslims in 34-35 Orthodox Christianity in 10,35 visibility of religious symbols in 130 Eastern Orthodoxy see Orthodox Christianity economic crises, in Bulgaria 57 education for democratic citizenship 202-203Ո1 see also religious education Eickelman, Dale F. ix, 11,206Ո9 Eisenstadt, Shmuel 33 El-Ariss, Tarek 28 Elbasani, Arolda 6,39 equal opportunities 203Ո2 ethnicity in Balkans, and religion 6 ethnographic research, on Muslims in Bulgaria 77,79,85-90,189-196 women 161,163-164,167-168,169170,175 EU (European Union)
283 INDEX Bulgarian membership of 7 Charter of Fundamental Rights of, Bulgarian implementation of 143,145 funding for reconstruction of Bulgarian churches by 142,154 guidelines on religious tolerance of, and Bulgarian religious education 18 Eurasia 6 Europe Islam in 208Ո14 Islamization of 206mi Muslims in 206-207 see also Eastern Europe; Western Europe European Convention on Human Rights (echh), on freedom of religion (art. 9) 50 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), jurisprudence on secularism/churchstate relations 13,15,49,50,52,6266, 68-71,115,116-117,129-130 Evstatiev, Simeon xi, 11,13-14,20,96 Evstatieva, Galina x, 16-17 expert witnesses at court cases, role of 9193,95-99 extremism, prevention of 204Ո3 Fabbe, Kristin 222 Faik, Dzhalal 180 families, Muslim duty of building of 171 family law, Bulgarian 172 feredzhe (traditional black dress of Bulgarian Muslim women) 167,169,182,183 Filis, Nikos 213 fitre/fitri (charitable food donations at Ramadan) 193-195 folk religion, study of 30 food donations, at Ramadan 193-195 France, religious education in 207208П13,215 Fraser, Nancy 253 freedom of religion in Bulgaria 56,143,155 ECtHR jurisprudence on 6366,68-71 in post-Communist countries 50 frescoes, of St. Marina Church, destruction of 153 full-face veils, banning in Bulgaria of 179-183 functional differentiation 205 funerals, in Bulgaria 124,126 Funk, Julianne 165 Gallie, Walter 17, 275 Garabedyan, Agop 99Ո92 Gates of Orthodoxy (Dveri na Pravosiavieto, web portal) 257,262-263,267,270-272,273 gay parades, Bulgarian Orthodox condemnation of 260-264 Geertz, Clifford 33,40
gender roles, in Islam 171-173,174 gender separation, in Islam 165 Gendzhev, Nedim 55,58,59-62,63-64,65 Ghodsee, Kristen ix-x, 13,31-32,37,77, 81, 174,181Ո69,196 Giddens, Antony 38 Gramsci, Antonio 254 grave markers, in Bulgaria 124 Great Schism (Roman Catholic Church Orthodox Church, 1054) 71 Greece Christian-Muslim relations in 201,218,221 and Eastern Europe 9 Islamic Studies in 210-211Ո21 Muslims in 77, 83,204,217 leadership of 221 Thrace 221-222 training of imams 216-217 Turkish identities of 220 religion in 209 acceptance of diversity in 214, 221-222 religious education in 18,201,204,210, 213-214 critical 202 Greek Orthodox opposition to 18, 210-213 intercultural 216-219 Islamic 204,216-217,219 and politics 215 religious identities in 215,220 tensions with Turkey over Thrace 219 Greek Orthodox Church շոշ criticism on religious education in Greece by 210-213
284 Griffel, Frank 41 Gülen, Fethullah 18 Gurdai, Nezmj 87,88 Gyunov, Evgeni 270 Habermas, Jürgen 19,28-29,206,230231,250,251,252-253,254,259-260, 272-273 Hadzhi, Mustafa Alish 62,100,102-103, 172-173,177 Hafuzov, Hussein 152,177-178,182-183 Hagen, William 42 haristikia 146 Hasan, Fikri Sali 60,61,62,63,65 Hasanand Chaush v. Bulgaria case (ECtHR) 63 Hasanov, Sefer 96-98,100 Henry viii (king of England) 52 hij ab see veiling by women Hilarion (Alfeyev) (Metropolitan Bishop of Volokolamsk) 115-116,117 history, of longue durée 11 Hizmet movement (Turkey) 18-19 Hodzha, Hussein 87-88 holidays, religious, replacement by civil holidays of 126-127 Holy Synod of Bulgarian Orthodox Church 257 conflict with AO s 66-71,136-137 on homosexuality 260 on ownership of religious properties 149-150 on religious education reform 268-270 on reproductive technologies 264-265 of Greek Orthodox Church, criticism of Greek religious education program by 212 Holy Synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church {Metropolitan Inokentiy) v. Bulgaria case (ECtHR) 68-71 homosexuality, Orthodox Christian condemnation of 260-264 Hopkins, James 36-37 hotlines, for pro-life consultations 239-240 Hovorun, Cyril 82 Hoxha, Enver 34 INDEX human rights EU Charter of, Bulgarian implementation of 143,14S freedom of religion in Bulgaria 56,143,155 ECtHR jurisprudence on 6366,68-71 in post-Communist countries 50 Western perceptions of universalism of 13,49-50 Huntington, Samuel 52 Ibrahim, Hatidje Ali 175 icons, desacralization of 122,153 The Idea ofPublic Reason Revisited (Rawls) 259 identities in Balkans 28,32-33,35,37
religion-based 1,5,6,10,35,37, 42,44,80 national, in Bulgaria 80,81,119-120,122 religious 229 in Bulgaria 82,188 in Greece 215,220 see also Mushm identities ideology, and religion 96,97, 99 leronymos li (archbishop of Athens and Greece) 213 Iliev, Iha x, 17-18 imagined communities 11-12,27 imams, in Greece, training of 216-217 imperialism, Russian 1-2 in-vitro fertilization, Bulgarian Orthodox condemnation of 264-267 intercultural religious education, in Greece 216-219 International Festival of Social Technologies in Defense of Family Values “Pro Life” 234,235 Iron Church of St. Stefan (Istanbul) 146 Islam 40-41 in Balkans 6,36,38,42,75-76 traditional versus non-traditional dichotomy 74,75,79-80 Turkish missionary activities 102 Western perceptions of 6 in Bulgaria 13-14,104-105,161,195 Arab Islam/Salafism 74,77-78,79, 103-104
285 INDEX traditional Islam 8o traditional versus non-traditional dichotomy in 76-79, 87-90, 105,106 case against 13 imams on 79, 90101,104,164 and Muftiship 91, loo-ioi, 102-103 in Europe 2081114 localized 39,41,104,105 revivalist 78 in Bulgaria 170,173-174 in Russia 75 teachings of on gender roles 171-173,174 on veiling by women 164-165,178 traditional 105-106 traditional versus non-traditional dichotomy in 74,75,77mi Western othering of 52 women’s rights in 170-171 Islamic education, in Greece 204,216217,219 Islamic law 15 application of, in Bulgaria 3-4 localized views of 97-98 Islamic Studies, in Greece 210-211Ո21 Islamism in Bulgaria 14 see also Arab Islam; Salafism Islamization of Europe 2o6nu see also de-Islamization; re-Islamization Ismail, Hatije 171 Italy, crucifixes in schools in, ECtHR case on 116 Ivanova, Evgeniya 87,166Ո9 judges, as unsuitable profession for Muslim women 174Ո45 Juncker, Jean-Claude 101 Kalkandjieva, Daniela x-xi, 16 Kamber, Muhammed 91,100-101,163,164, 167-168,178Ո59,183-184 Kant, Immanuel 250,252 Kardzhali 59 Karpov, Vyacheslav 10,106 Kazak, Chetin 180 Koning, Martijn de 92 Kosovo, veiling by women in 167Ո15 Kyrill (Russian Orthodox patriarch) 237 Kyuchukov, Mihael 129Ո17 land, restitution to religious institutions of 135 Lautsi, Soile 116 Lautsi case (ECtHR) 115, n6,129-130 leadership of Bulgarian Orthodox Church 54,55 conflicts over 66-71,136-137 of Muslim communities in Bulgaria 14, 55,76 conflicts over 58-65,136 on Muslim identities 162 and Salafism 91,100-101,102-103 in Greece 221 legitimization, public of norms and policies
252,255,258-259 by religious institutions 250,255 ‘A Letter Concerning Toleration’ (Locke) 52 Lévi-Strauss, Claude 28 liberalism 90 localized Islam 39,41,104,105 Locke, John 52 longue durée history 11 Lory, Bernard 33-34 Macedonia, liberation of 151Ո65 Madan, ethnographic research on 74,77, 79,86-90 Makariev, Plamen xi, 19 manipulation, of argumentative communication 258Ո21 Markov, Smilen 271 marriages, in Bulgaria 123-124,126 Marx, Karl 120 Maxim (patriarch of Bulgarian Orthodox Church) 55, 66, 67, 68,69,70, 136,137 media campaigns, pro-life 238 medical facilities, in Russia, pro-life counselling at 240-243 Mehmed, Selim 76 Mesarič, Andreja 167Ո15 Metodiev, Momchil xi, 15-16 Michalik, Jozef, (metropolitan bishop) 237
286 migration, of Bulgarian Turkish minority to Turkey 86 militant secularism 117 millet system/milletism 5,82 legacy of, in Bulgaria/Balkans 31,33-34,83 milletic secularism Balkan model of 14,27,32-33,43- 44,79,8° in Bulgaria 74,80, 82,104,105,106 minorities Muslim see Muslims Turkish, in Bulgaria 86,166 Mishkova, Diana 32 missionary activities in Bulgaria 57-58 Islamic 102 modem polity 228Ո2 modernity, desecularization in 231-232 modernization, and secularization 119, 120-121 modesty, female, Islamic duty of 165 Mohammed, Aydin 173 monasteries in Bulgaria Communist nationalization of 122, 138-139 ownership of 148 stavropegial status of 140Ո21 Moscow, pro-life activism in 240 mosques in Bulgaria charitable donations to 194 destruction of 138 ownership of 148,151,152 prayer at 88-89 Moussa, Ahmed 91,98,99,101-103,179 Movement for Rights and Freedoms (mrf, political party, Bulgaria) 58-59, 62, 136,180,181-182 Muftiship see Chief Muftiship/Muftiship multiple secularities 33 Museum of Religions (Stara Zagora) 153 museums contested ownership of 139-140,151-153 monasteries turned into 122,139 Muslim identities 39,41-42,44 in Balkans 35-36,44 in Bulgaria 104,162,188 transnational 35-36,44,74, 83 INDEX Muslim institutions, Bulgarian, post Communist ownership of 135,137, 144,151,152 Muslim world 40 Mushmabg.com (blog) 88Ո56,169 Muslims in Balkans 3,7,38,44 and Turkey 219-220 Western perceptions of 6 in Bulgaria 3-4,7,39-40,137Ո8,162,187, 188-189,196 ethnographic research on 77,79, 85-90,161,163,167-168,169-170,175, 189-196 influence of international Islamic foundations on 274
leadership of 14,55,76 conflicts over 58-65,136 and Muslim identities 162 and Salafism 91,100-101,102-103 Roma 102-103,162,179,180-181,194 veiling by women 16-17, 161,162-163, 166-170,175,184 public opinion on 176-183 in Eastern Europe 34-35 in Europe 206-207 in Greece 77,83,204,217 leadership of 221 Thrace 221-222 training of imams 216-217 Turkish identities of 220 see also Christian-Muslim relations; Islam Mutlu, Said 91, 93,99 ‘My First Hijab’ (memoir, Tiber) 169-170 Myusyulmani/Müslümanlar (Muslims, Bulgarian-Turkish bilingual newspaper/magazine) on Islamic gender roles 171-173,174 on Muslim identities in Bulgaria 162,164 on Muslim women 161,163 choice of husband 174-175 dress codes for 175-176 rights of 170-171 veiling by 168,169,177-178 names, forcible changing of, for Bulgarian Muslims 168
287 INDEX naming of child rituals 125 nation-building, in Bulgaria 3 National Archaeological Museum (Sofia) 151,152 national identities, Bulgarian 80,81 and Bulgarian Orthodox Church 119120,122 National Movement for Simeon the Second (nmss, political party, Bulgaria) 66 nationalism Albanian 34 Balkan 82-83 nationalization, of Bulgarian religious properties by Communists 122,138139.148 post-Communist restitution of 16,134, 135-138,147 Near East 9-10 neo-millet patterns 83 see alsomilletic secularism Neophyte (patriarch of Bulgarian Orthodox Church) 149-150 Neuburger, Mary 166 NGOs Muslim, influence in Bulgaria of 274 pro-life 239 Nikolay (metropolitan bishop of Plovdiv) 144,260-261,266 Nirenberg, David 40Ո71 Non-traditional Islam see Arab Islam norms, public legitimization of 252,255, 258-259 objectification 15,18 Obolenksy, Dimitri 32 Olson, Laura 39-40 Oreshina, Daria xi, 18-19 Orthodox Christianity in Balkans 2,38,42,43 in Bulgaria 2, 7,8,36-37,53,80,130-131, 137Ո8,250 church-state relations in 13,49 ECtHR jurisprudence on 50,52, 68-71 symphoneia doctrine 49,50-51,52, 55 196 in Eastern Europe 10,35 in Greece, criticism of state religious education program by 18,210-213 perceived undemocratic nature of 49 in public sphere/civil society 227 in Russia 232 Western othering of 52 see also Bulgarian Orthodox Church; Greek Orthodox Church; Russian Orthodox Church Orthodoxy.bg (Pravoslavie.bg, web portal) 257,264,267,273 othering, of Islam and Christian orthodoxy by West 52 Ottoman Empire in Balkans/Bulgaria 1,2,5 legacy of 3-4,82,83 millet system 31,33-34 Roma in 103 Ottoman
studies 30 Pamporov, Alexey 95 Papageorgiou, Niki 205Ո6 patriarchs of Bulgarian Orthodox Church 55, 66, 67-71 of Russian Orthodox Church 237 Pazardzhik, full-face veils banned in 179 Pazardzhik case (case against the 13 imams) 79,90-101,104,164 Peev, Yordan 98,99 Pekonen, Kyösti 12 periodicals of Bulgarian Chief Muftiship see Myusyulmani/Müslümanlar Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (Kant) 252 Peters, Rudolph 92 Petheol Blog 2Ш121 piety, veiling by women as marker of 165 piety movement, among Pomaks 170, 175 181 Plovdiv, gay film festival in 260-261 pluralism, religious, acceptance of 214 Poland, Solidarity movement in 206Ո9 policies, public legitimization of 252,255, 258-259 political authority 15 politics 12,27 in Bulgaria, instability in 57,61-62 deliberative 272-273Ո72 and religion 205
288 politics (cont.) in Balkans 13 in Bulgaria 58-59,62-67 in Europe 206 in Greece 2Ш122,213 Pomaks (Slavic Muslims) 17,34,162,166Ո9, 188,220 Bulgarian assimilationist policies towards 167,168 ethnographic research on 85-90,87,175, 189-196 piety movement among 170,175,181 and Salafism 103 Popova, Nedyalka 96Ո82,99,101 Popovié, Alexandre 79 Pouton, Hugh 42 Pravoslavie.bg (Orthodoxy.bg, web portal) 257,264,267,273 prayer, Muslim, in Bulgaria 88-89 prenatal care clinics, in Russia, pro-life counselling in 240-243 priests, Communist repression of 127-129 primordialism 39 private sphere, religion relegated to 51-52, 205,206,250 pro-life activism 2321113 by Russian Orthodox Church 232-247 ‘The Process of Overcoming Religion in Bulgaria’ 122-123 professions, deemed unsuitable for Muslim women 174 Protestantism, ECtHR’s conceptions of religion based on 49,51,71 public communication 253-254,257-258 public discourses 251 religious participation in 257,259-260 on homosexuality 260-264 on religious education 268-272 on reproductive technologies 264-267 public opinion 230,251,254 on veiling by women 176-183 Public Religions in the Modern World (Casanova) 227,228 public sphere 28-29,205-206,230-231,250, 251,252-254,275֊27б legitimization of norms and policies in 252,255,258-259 INDEX religion in 205-207,209,227,228-229, 251,256,275 Bulgarian Orthodox Church 19,249, 255,260-262,267-272,274-275 Russian Orthodox Church 233-247 see ako civil society Račius, Egdūnas 34,78 ‘radical’ Islam 94-95 radicalism, and tradition 107 Ramadan, fasting at, in Bulgaria 17-18,187188,190-196 ramazanlii
(people who fast at Ramadan) 17,190-193,195 rationality criterion of argumentation 258-259 Rawls, John 228-229,251,256,259,273 re-Islamization in Balkans 76,79-80 in Bulgaria 161,162,184 reason, public use of 231,258,259 religion 42 in Balkans 1,13,28 and ethnicity 6 identities based on 1,5,6,10,35,37, 42,44, 80 in Bulgaria 29,30-31,56,58-59,62-71, 143, 155 Communist suppression of 29,30-31, 53-55.118-121 identities based on 82,188 Communist views of see atheism freedom of in Bulgaria 56,143,155 ECtHR jurisprudence on 6366,68-71 in post-Communist countries 50 in Greece 209,2Ш122,213 and ideology 96,97,99 and politics 205,206 in Balkans 13 in Bulgaria 58-59,62-67 in Greece 211Ո22,213 private sphere relegation of 51-52,205,206 Protestant conceptions of, of ECtHR 49,51 in public sphere 205-207,209,227,228230,256,275
289 INDEX Bulgarian Orthodox Church 19,249, 255,260-262,267-272,274-275 Russia Orthodox Church 233-247 secular/political, Communism as 29-30 and secularization/desecularization ид, 227,228-230,231-232 vicarious 17,37-38 Western perceptions of 51-52 religious co-existence/tolerance 201,202 religious cultural heritage, Bulgaria post Communist management of 134-135, 139-140,146,148,149-150.151-153 religious education 203-204 in Bulgaria 267-272 in France 207-2081U3,215 in Greece 18,201,202,204,210,213-214 Greek Orthodox opposition to 18, 210-213 intercultural 216-219 and politics 215 in Western Europe 202-204,207-209 see also Islamic education religious extremism, prevention of 204Ո3 religious holidays, replacement by civil holidays of 126-127 religious identities 229 in Bulgaria 82,188 in Greece 215,220 see also Muslim identities religious museums, contested ownership of 139-140 religious properties Communist nationalization of 122,138139.148 ownership of 140-141,142-143,144-148 controversies over 149-156 post-Communist restitution of 16,134, 135-138,147 see also churches; monasteries religious publics 251,257 interventions in public sphere by 250251,256,274 by formal religious public 256-257, 260-262,263,264-266,268-270, 272,274-275 by informal religious public 256,257, 262-264,267,270-274,275 Muslim 274 religious rituals, replacement by civil rituals of 122-126 religious symbols in schools 177 visibility of, in Eastern Europe 130 reproductive technologies, Bulgarian Orthodox condemnation of 264-267 res sacrae status (things dedicated to God) 145,146-147 restitution of
religious properties, in post Communist Bulgaria 16,134,135138,147 revivalist Islam 78 in Bulgaria 170,173-174 Rhodope Mountains 77, 91,181,188-189 Ribnovo 189 ethnographic research on 74,79,86-90, 192-193 rights of women, Muslim 170-171 Rila Monastery, nationalization of 122,139 rituals, religious, substituted by civil rituals 122-126 Rodina (state-supported Pomak movement) 167 Roma, Bulgarian Muslim 102-103, 162 food donations to 194 veiling by women 179,180-181 Romanov, Andrey 264,267 Rosen, Lawrence 91-92 Roy, Olivier 6 Rudozem 77 veiling by women in 181Ո69 Russia abortion rate in 235 church-state relations in 232 imperialism of 1-2 Islam in 75 Orthodox Christianity in 232 pro-life activism by 233-247 secularization/desecularization in 247 Russian Orthodox Church շոշ participation in civil society by 18, 19.229 pro-life activism 232-247 Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) 2 Sadriu, Behar 39,167ms
290 St. Alexander Nevski Patriarchal Cathedral (Sofia) bookkeeping records of 156 ownership of 140-141,144,151,154 St. Marina Church (Plovdiv) 140,153 St. Petka Samardzhiyska Church (Sofia) 146 St Stefan Church (Istanbul) 146 St. Theodor of Patleyna, icon of 153 Saitova, Gyulgyun 170-171,176 Salafism 78,83-85,98 in Bulgaria 14,74,88,89,103-104 case against 13 imams on 79,90-101, 104,164 and Muftiship 91,100-101,102-103 see also Arab Islam Salih, Abdullah 99,101 Saudi Arabia training of Bulgarian Muslim spiritual leaders in 88Ո52,89,91 women unfit to become judges in 174Ո45 Saxecoburgotski, Simeon 66, 67, 71,136 scholars, acting as expert witnesses 9193.95-99 schools in Bulgaria, ban headscarves in 176-178 crucifixes in 16 secular policies Communist 15-16,115 of Western Europe 115-118,129-130 secularism/secularities 117,205, շօ6աօ, 227,228 in Balkans 11,14,27,33,43-44 in Bulgaria 14,29,31,33,81 in Communist regime 118-129 Communist 15-16,115,117,120 militant 117 milletic 14,32-33,43-44. 74. 79,80. 82, 104,105,106 multiple 33 symphonic 13,27,31-32,81-82,196 Western 51-52,116,117-118,131 and Communist atheism 115-118, 129-130,131 in ECtHRjurisprudence 13,15,49,50,52 secularization and modernization 11g, 120-121 and privatization of religion 227, 229-230 INDEX in Russia 247 in Western Europe 131 see also desecularization sharia see Islamic law Sheker Bayram 193,194 shelters, for mothers and children, in Russia 238 Sherifov, Khairi 101 Simeon the Great (king of Bulgaria, 893-927) 2 sin and sinner differentiation 262-263 Skrebatno, ethnographic research on 187188,189-196
sobornost concept (togetherness) 196 social advertising, pro-life 236,238Ո23 social cohesion, religion based 1 Social Technologies in Defense of Family Values “Pro Life” network (Russian Orthodox Church) 234,235 Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski Center for the Study of Religions 19-20 Solidarity movement (Poland) 206Ո9 Southeastern Europe see Balkans Soviet Union Bulgaria’s alliance with 7 militant secularism in 117 Spirova, Polina 262,271-272 spouses, choice of 174-175 Stamatova, Klara 95,262 state-building in Balkans 4-5 in Bulgaria 5-6 states and church see church-state relations totalitarian, irrational policies of 118119.129 stavropeglal stams of churches/ monasteries 140Ո21 Stefan (exarch of Bulgarian Orthodox Church) 54 stereotypes, avoidance of 42 Stoyanov, Ivaylo 270 strangers, food donations to 194 Structural Transformation (Habermas) 252 structuration 38 surrogate motherhood, Bulgarian Orthodox condemnation of 264-267 symbols, religious
291 INDEX in schools 177 visibility of, in Eastern Europe 130 symphoneia doctrine of Orthodox Christianity 49,50-51,52,55,196 symphonic secularism 13,27,31-32,8182,196 Tajfel, Henri 256-257 Taji-Farouki, Suha 42 tax exemptions, for Bulgarian religious institutions 144-145,154,155 Taylor, Charles 42,231 Thrace 83 Christian-Muslim relations in 221 Muslims in 221-222 religious education in 18,201,216-219 tensions with Turkey over 219 Thriskeftika. blogspot 210Ո21 Tiber, Hatije 163,164,167,169-170,175-176, 183-184 Tihanov, Galin 10,28 Todorova, Maria 82 Tošie, Jelena 39 totalitarian states, irrational policies of 118119,129 tradition, and radicalism 107 traditional Islam 105-106 in Bulgaria 80, 93,95 traditional versus non-traditional dichotomy in Islam 74,75,77mi in Bulgaria 76-79,87-90,105,106 case against 13 imams on 79, 90-101, 104,164 and Muftiship 91,100-101,102-103 training of imams/Muslim spiritual leaders in Greece 216-217 in Saudi Arabia 88Ո52,89,91 of pro-life activists 237 transnational identities, Muslim 35-36, 44, 74, 83 Tsankov, Stefan 119 Tsatsarov, Sotir 101 Tsekov, Borislav 150 Tsitselikis, Konstantinos 77 Turkey and Balkan Muslims 219-220 Hizmet movement in 18-19 Islamic missionary activities by 102 migration of Turkish minority from Bulgaria to 86 tensions with Greece over Thrace 219 Turkish minority in Bulgaria, assimilationist policies for 86,166,168 Turner, John 256-257 Tumovo 2 Union of Democratic Forces (udf, political party, Bulgaria) 58-59,62,66,136,139 Union for Islamic Development and Culture 176-177 universal accessibility criterion of
argumentation 259,269,270 universalism of human rights, Western perceptions of 13,49-50,51 unveiling, forced, in Bulgaria 166,167,168, 169,183 Ushev, Bayram 89,90 Vallianatos, Angelos 214 Van Gogh, Theo 92 Vanga see Baba Vanga Vama Bishopric, on gay parades 261-262 Vasilev, Vasil 98-99 Vassileva, Yordanka 270 veiling by women in Bosnia 167Ո15 in Bulgaria 16-17,161,162-163,166-170, 175,184 public opinion on 176-183 Islamic teachings on 164-165,178 in Kosovo 167Ո15 vicarious religion 17,37-38 VMRO (Bulgarian political party) 151,180 Vodenicharov, Stefan 152-153 vuzrazhdane (Bulgarian national renaissance) 5 Wagschal, David 145 Wahhabism 84, 93, 97 Russian rejection of 75 see also Arab Islam; Salafism al-Waqf al-Islāmī (Saudi Arabia), court case against Bulgarian branch of 79,90101,104 Waqft, in Bulgaria 137Ո12
292 INDEX web portals, Bulgarian Orthodox 257, 272-274 on homosexuality 262-263,2θ4 on religious education 270-272 on reproductive technologies 267 Weber, Max 15,107 West othering of Islam and Christian Orthodoxy by 52 perceptions of of Balkan Muslims 6 of universalism of human rights 13, 49֊50,51 secularism of 51-52,116,117-118,131 and Communist atheism 115-118, 129-130,131 in ECtHR jurisprudence 13,15, Yanakiev, Kalin 267 Yangazoglou, Stavros 210 Yugoslavia, disintegration of 1 49,50,52 Western Balkans ini Western Europe religious education in 202-204,207-209 secularism in 116,117-118,129-130,131 Wikipedia 206mi Zabaev, Ivan xi, 18-19,228m zakat (Muslim charity) 194-195 el-Zein, Abdul Hamid 40 Zhivkov, Todor 55,125,134,135 Ziaka, Angeliki xii, 18 Wiktorowicz, Quintan 85 women, Muslim ideals 175 rights of 170-171 veiling by in Bosnia 167Ո15 in Bulgaria 16-17, ιθι, 162-163,166170,175,184 public opinion on 176-183 Islamic teachings on 164-165 in Kosovo 167ms Wroclaw Declaration (Council of Europe, 2004) 203m |
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Contents Note on Transliteration vu List of Figures vni Notes on Contributors ix Introduction On the Eastern Edge ofEurope: Christianity, Islam, and the Bulgarian Political Imagination i Dale F. EickeIman and Simeon Evstatiev PART 1 Secularism in Bulgaria and Its Region i Byzantine and Ottoman Pasts, Modern Politics Religious Belongings and Balkan Secularities 27 Simeon Evstatiev and Dale E Eickelman 2 Regulating Religious Freedoms in the 21st Century Nationality, Religion, and Symphonic Secularism 49 Kristen Ghodsee 3 Salafism Is Coming “Balkan”versus “Arab"Islam in Bulgaria under Midetic Secularism Simeon Evstatiev 74 PART 2 Christian and Muslim Men and Women under State Atheism and Postsocialist Secularism 4 5 Symbols and Identity in Bulgaria Parallels between Communist Atheism and Western Secularism Momchil Metodiev Caesar and God in the Public Sphere Religious and Secular Discourse in Post-Atheist Bulgaria Daniela Kalkand/'ieva 134 115
VI CONTENTS 6 The Hijab in Contemporary Bulgaria Muslim Views on Veiling 161 Galina Evstatieva 7 Fasting and Aging in a Bulgarian Muslim Community Ilialliev 187 PART 3 Religion, Publicity, and Concealment in Orthodox-Majority Societies 8 9 10 Parallel Paths Christian-Muslim Symbiosis and Religious Education in Greece Angeliki Žiaka The Russian Orthodox Church Federal Visibility Versus Local-Level Concealment Ivan Zabaev and Daria Oreshina 227 Religion and the Challenges of Public Legitimization The Bulgarian Orthodox Church 249 Plamen Makariev Index 279 201
Index Abdülmecíd i (Ottoman sultan) 146 Abdurrahman, Ahmed 91 abortion, Russian Orthodox activism on prevention of 232-247 adoption of children, by gay couples 262 advertising, pro-life 236,238Ո23 Africa, inequality in opportunities in 203Ո2 agency 38,39 Ahmed, Shahab 40-41 Ahmed, Vedat 172,178,183 Ahmedov, Ahmed 100 Albania, nationalism in 34 Alexander 11 (Russian emperor) 140 Alternate Orthodox Synod (ao s ) 66,67-69, 136,137 Anderson, Benedict 11-12,27 antidemocratic ideologies 99Ո92 Antonova, Tsvetomira 251Ո4, 262-263 Arab Islam 13-14,74,77-78,79 see also Salafism Arab Studies, in Bulgaria 93-94 Arendt, Hannah 205 argumentative communication 258,261262,266,269,270,272 arife (food donations in honour of the dead) 193 Aristotle 205 Aristotle University (Thessaloniki) 216-217 Aron, Raymond 29 Asad, Talal 51-52,196 assimilationist policies, for Pomak and Turkish minorities in Bulgaria 86, 167,168 Ataka (Bulgarian political party) 150-151 atheism, Communist 15-16,115,117,120 in Bulgaria 29,30-31,53-55, Ա8-129, 138-139.148 restitution of religious properties after collapse of 16,134,135-138 and Western secularism 115-118,129130,131 authority erosion/fragmentation of 28 political 15 awareness actions, pro-life al-Azmeh, Aziz 40 236 Baba Vanga 30 Bachkovo monastery 148 Balkans Byzantine heritage of 1-2,32 de-Ottomanization in 4 identities in 28,32-33,35,37 Muslim 35-36,44 religion-based 1,5,6,10,35,37, 42,44,80 Muslims in 3-4, 7,38,44 and Turkey 219-220 Western perceptions of 6 nationalism in 82-83 Ottoman legacy in 3-4, 83 religion in 1,28 and ethnicity 6 identities based on
1,5, 6,10,35,37, 42,44,80 Islam 6,36,38,42,75-76,79-80 Turkish missionary activities 102 Orthodox Christianity 2,38,42,43 and politics 13 secularism/secularities in 11,14,27, 33.43-44 state-building in 4-5 see also Western Balkans Bartholomew (ecumenical patriarch of Orthodox Church) 69,71 Berger, Maurits 207Ո13 Berger, Peter 10,106 Between Facts and Norms (Habermas) 252 Bevir, Mark 39Ո61 Bishoprics, of Bulgarian Orthodox Church 257,260-261 blogs Muslim 88Ո56,169 Orthodox Christian on homosexuality 262-263,264 on religious education 210-211Ո21, 270-272 on reproductive technologies 267
INDEX 280 bookkeeping, by Bulgarian Orthodox Church 156 Boris i (king of Bulgaria, 852-889) 2 Borissov, Boyko 80-81 Bosnia, veiling by women in 167ms Bouyeri, Mohammed 92 Boyana Church (near Sofia) 139,146 Breznitsa 189 Broun, Janice 66 Bulgaria 2,7,10 church-state relations in 49,53-55,6667, 71-72,143 ECtHR jurisprudence on 50,52,6266,68-71 post-Communist 55-58,150, 154-155 symphoneia doctrine on 49,50-51, 52,55.196 Communist regime in 4,7 atheist policies of 29,30-31,53-55, 118-129,138-139,148 end of 16,134,135-138 desecularization in 31-32,106,119 economic and political instability in 57,61-62 family law in 172 Muslims in 3-4,7,39-40,137Ո8,162,187, 188-189,196 ethnographic research on 77, 79, 85-90,161,163,167-168,169-170,175, 189-196 fasting at Ramadan by 17-18,187-188, 190-196 identities of 104,162,188 influence of international Islamic foundations on 274 leadership of 14,55,76 conflicts over 58-65 and Salafism 91,100-101,102-103 veiling by women 16-17, ιθι, 162-163, 166-170,175,184 public opinion on 176-183 see also Pomaks; Roma nation-building/national identity in 3, 80, 81,119-120,122 Ottoman rule of 2,5 millet system legacy of 31,33-34 religion in 29,30,30-31,31 Christian-Muslim relations 4,17- 18,155 Communist suppression of 29,30-31, 53-55,118-129,138-139,148 freedom of 56,63-66,68-71,143,155 identities based on 82,188 Islam 13-14,104-105,161,195 Arab Islam/Salafism 74,77-78,79, 103-104 traditional Islam 80 traditional versus non-traditional dichotomy in 76-79,87-90, 105,106 case against 13 imams on 79, 90101,104,164 and Muftiship 91,100-101,102-103 Turkish
missionary activities 102 Orthodox Christianity 2,7, 8,36-37, 53,80,130-131,137Ո8,250 see also Bulgarian Orthodox Church and politics 58-59,62-67 religious cultural heritage in, post Communist management of 134-135, 139-140,146,148,149-150,151-153 religious properties in Communist nationalization of 122, 138-139,148 ownership of 140-141,142-143, 144-148 controversies over 149-156 post-Communist restitution of 16, 134,135-138,147 secularism/secularities in 14,29,33,81, 118-129 milletle 74, 80,82,104,105,106 symphonic 81-82 state-building in 5-6 Turkish minority in, assimilation policies for 86,166,168 Bulgarian Academy of Science, on ownership of religious properties 152-153 Bulgarian Empire, First (681-1018) and Second (1185-1396) 2 Bulgarian Orthodox Church 5,53-54 bookkeeping by 156 in Communist era 118,120,121-129 icons of 122,153
INDEX leadership of 54,55 conflicts over 66-71,136-137 ownership of religious properties by 140-141,144-148 controversies over 149-150,151, 153-154 in post-Communist era, restitution of properties to 135,147 in post-Ottoman era 119 in public sphere 19,249,255,274-275 condemnation of homosexuality 260-262 condemnation of reproductive technologies 264-267 on religious education 267-272 Bulgarian Socialist Party ( в s p ) 58,59, 66,136 Byzantine heritage, of Balkans 1-2,32 Casanova, José 19,227,228-230,231-232 Catholic Church, in Bulgaria 155 charitable donations, Muslim 193-195 Chief Muftiship/Muftiship in Bulgaria 14,55,76 conflicts over 58,59-62 periodicals published by 161,163 see akoMyusyulmani/ Müslümaníar and restitution of religious properties 137 and Salafism 91,100-101,102-103 views of on Muslim identities 162 on veiling by women 166,177178,180 in Thrace 221 child naming rituals 125 Chobanov, Todor 153 Christian-Muslim relations in Bulgaria 4,17-18,155 in Greece 201,218,221 Christianity sin and sinner differentiation in 262-263 see also Orthodox Christianity Chrysostomos (metropolitan bishop of Messenia) 212 church-state relations in Bulgaria 49- 53՜55 66-67,71՜72 ИЗ 281 ECtHR jurisprudence on 50,52,6266,68-71 post-Communist 55-58,150,154-155 in Orthodox Christianity 13,49 symphoneia doctrine 49,50-51,52, 55, 196 in Russia 232 churches abandoned 118 in Bulgaria 121-122 in Eastern Europe 122,130 in Western Europe 130 in Bulgaria abandoned 121-122 EU funding for reconstruction of 142,154 ownership of 140-141,144-148 controversies over 149-150, 153-154 destruction of,
by Communists 138 stavropegial status of 140Ո21 Çiçek, Yakub 76-77 civil rituals, replacement of religious rituals for 122-126 civil society 228Ո2 participation by religious organizations in 227,228,230 of Bulgarian Orthodox Church 19 of Russian Orthodox Church 18,19, 229,232-247 see also public sphere classrooms crucifixes in 116 veiling by Muslim girls in 176-177 clinics, in Russia, pro-life counselling at 240-243 Cold War, Bulgaria in 7 communication argumentative 258,261-262,266,269, 270,272 public 253-254,257-258,273 Communism atheism of 15-16,115,117,120 and Western secularism 115-118, 129-130,131 in Bulgaria 4, 7 atheist policies of 29,30-31,53-55, 118-129,138-139,148
282 Communism (cont) restitution of religious properties after collapse of 16,134, 135-138 as secular/political religion 29-30 communities, imagined n-12,27 ‘Conception of the Holy Synod Concerning the Status of the Subject ‘Religion’ at the Bulgarian School' 268-270 conflicts over leadership of Bulgarian Muslims 58-65 of Bulgarian Orthodox Church 6671,136-137 religion-based 1 in Balkans 6 Constantinople Patriarchate, ownership of religious properties by 148 contested concepts 275-276 Council of Europe, on interreligious dialogue 202 counselling, pro-life, in Russia 239-243,245 counterpublics 254 crucifixes in classrooms, ECtHR case on 116 cultural co-operation, European 203m cultural hegemony 254 cultural heritage, religious, Bulgarian post Communist management of 134-135, 139-140,146,148,149-150.15!-153 curing of homosexuality, Christian Orthodox ideas on 262-263 curricula in Bulgaria 267-268 in Greece 210,213-214 Dachkov, Yavor 271 Dalacoura, Katerina 215Ո32 Davie, Grace 17,37-38,2061110 Day of Slavonic Culture and Education 127 de-Islamization, in Balkans 75 de-Ottomanization, in Balkans 4, 75 democratic citizenship, education for 202-203Ո1 democratic societies, secularization in 120 deprivatization, and desecularization 227, 228-230,231-232 desacralization of icons 122 INDEX of religious holidays 127 desecularization 10,227,250 in Bulgaria 31-32,106, Ц9 as deprivatization of religion 227,228230,231-232 in Russia 247 Dimitrov, Georgi 125 discourses see public discourses discursive resources 253,254 diversity, religious, acceptance of 201,202, 214,221-223 Diyanet
(Turkish Presidency of Religious Affairs), missionary activities in Bulgaria by 102 Doğan, Ahmed 59 dost (Democrats for Responsibility, Freedom and Tolerance ) 181,182 dress codes for Muslim women, in Bulgaria 167-168,175-176 Dubov, Nedzhmi 90 Dveri na Pravoslavieto (Gates of Orthodoxy, web portal) 257,262-263,267, 27°՜ 272, 273 Dyolgerov, Ivan д6 Eastern Europe 8-9 abandoned churches in 122,130 Bulgaria as part of 10 Muslims in 34-35 Orthodox Christianity in 10,35 visibility of religious symbols in 130 Eastern Orthodoxy see Orthodox Christianity economic crises, in Bulgaria 57 education for democratic citizenship 202-203Ո1 see also religious education Eickelman, Dale F. ix, 11,206Ո9 Eisenstadt, Shmuel 33 El-Ariss, Tarek 28 Elbasani, Arolda 6,39 equal opportunities 203Ո2 ethnicity in Balkans, and religion 6 ethnographic research, on Muslims in Bulgaria 77,79,85-90,189-196 women 161,163-164,167-168,169170,175 EU (European Union)
283 INDEX Bulgarian membership of 7 Charter of Fundamental Rights of, Bulgarian implementation of 143,145 funding for reconstruction of Bulgarian churches by 142,154 guidelines on religious tolerance of, and Bulgarian religious education 18 Eurasia 6 Europe Islam in 208Ո14 Islamization of 206mi Muslims in 206-207 see also Eastern Europe; Western Europe European Convention on Human Rights (echh), on freedom of religion (art. 9) 50 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), jurisprudence on secularism/churchstate relations 13,15,49,50,52,6266, 68-71,115,116-117,129-130 Evstatiev, Simeon xi, 11,13-14,20,96 Evstatieva, Galina x, 16-17 expert witnesses at court cases, role of 9193,95-99 extremism, prevention of 204Ո3 Fabbe, Kristin 222 Faik, Dzhalal 180 families, Muslim duty of building of 171 family law, Bulgarian 172 feredzhe (traditional black dress of Bulgarian Muslim women) 167,169,182,183 Filis, Nikos 213 fitre/fitri (charitable food donations at Ramadan) 193-195 folk religion, study of 30 food donations, at Ramadan 193-195 France, religious education in 207208П13,215 Fraser, Nancy 253 freedom of religion in Bulgaria 56,143,155 ECtHR jurisprudence on 6366,68-71 in post-Communist countries 50 frescoes, of St. Marina Church, destruction of 153 full-face veils, banning in Bulgaria of 179-183 functional differentiation 205 funerals, in Bulgaria 124,126 Funk, Julianne 165 Gallie, Walter 17, 275 Garabedyan, Agop 99Ո92 Gates of Orthodoxy (Dveri na Pravosiavieto, web portal) 257,262-263,267,270-272,273 gay parades, Bulgarian Orthodox condemnation of 260-264 Geertz, Clifford 33,40
gender roles, in Islam 171-173,174 gender separation, in Islam 165 Gendzhev, Nedim 55,58,59-62,63-64,65 Ghodsee, Kristen ix-x, 13,31-32,37,77, 81, 174,181Ո69,196 Giddens, Antony 38 Gramsci, Antonio 254 grave markers, in Bulgaria 124 Great Schism (Roman Catholic Church Orthodox Church, 1054) 71 Greece Christian-Muslim relations in 201,218,221 and Eastern Europe 9 Islamic Studies in 210-211Ո21 Muslims in 77, 83,204,217 leadership of 221 Thrace 221-222 training of imams 216-217 Turkish identities of 220 religion in 209 acceptance of diversity in 214, 221-222 religious education in 18,201,204,210, 213-214 critical 202 Greek Orthodox opposition to 18, 210-213 intercultural 216-219 Islamic 204,216-217,219 and politics 215 religious identities in 215,220 tensions with Turkey over Thrace 219 Greek Orthodox Church շոշ criticism on religious education in Greece by 210-213
284 Griffel, Frank 41 Gülen, Fethullah 18 Gurdai, Nezmj 87,88 Gyunov, Evgeni 270 Habermas, Jürgen 19,28-29,206,230231,250,251,252-253,254,259-260, 272-273 Hadzhi, Mustafa Alish 62,100,102-103, 172-173,177 Hafuzov, Hussein 152,177-178,182-183 Hagen, William 42 haristikia 146 Hasan, Fikri Sali 60,61,62,63,65 Hasanand Chaush v. Bulgaria case (ECtHR) 63 Hasanov, Sefer 96-98,100 Henry viii (king of England) 52 hij ab see veiling by women Hilarion (Alfeyev) (Metropolitan Bishop of Volokolamsk) 115-116,117 history, of longue durée 11 Hizmet movement (Turkey) 18-19 Hodzha, Hussein 87-88 holidays, religious, replacement by civil holidays of 126-127 Holy Synod of Bulgarian Orthodox Church 257 conflict with AO s 66-71,136-137 on homosexuality 260 on ownership of religious properties 149-150 on religious education reform 268-270 on reproductive technologies 264-265 of Greek Orthodox Church, criticism of Greek religious education program by 212 Holy Synod of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church {Metropolitan Inokentiy) v. Bulgaria case (ECtHR) 68-71 homosexuality, Orthodox Christian condemnation of 260-264 Hopkins, James 36-37 hotlines, for pro-life consultations 239-240 Hovorun, Cyril 82 Hoxha, Enver 34 INDEX human rights EU Charter of, Bulgarian implementation of 143,14S freedom of religion in Bulgaria 56,143,155 ECtHR jurisprudence on 6366,68-71 in post-Communist countries 50 Western perceptions of universalism of 13,49-50 Huntington, Samuel 52 Ibrahim, Hatidje Ali 175 icons, desacralization of 122,153 The Idea ofPublic Reason Revisited (Rawls) 259 identities in Balkans 28,32-33,35,37
religion-based 1,5,6,10,35,37, 42,44,80 national, in Bulgaria 80,81,119-120,122 religious 229 in Bulgaria 82,188 in Greece 215,220 see also Mushm identities ideology, and religion 96,97, 99 leronymos li (archbishop of Athens and Greece) 213 Iliev, Iha x, 17-18 imagined communities 11-12,27 imams, in Greece, training of 216-217 imperialism, Russian 1-2 in-vitro fertilization, Bulgarian Orthodox condemnation of 264-267 intercultural religious education, in Greece 216-219 International Festival of Social Technologies in Defense of Family Values “Pro Life” 234,235 Iron Church of St. Stefan (Istanbul) 146 Islam 40-41 in Balkans 6,36,38,42,75-76 traditional versus non-traditional dichotomy 74,75,79-80 Turkish missionary activities 102 Western perceptions of 6 in Bulgaria 13-14,104-105,161,195 Arab Islam/Salafism 74,77-78,79, 103-104
285 INDEX traditional Islam 8o traditional versus non-traditional dichotomy in 76-79, 87-90, 105,106 case against 13 imams on 79, 90101,104,164 and Muftiship 91, loo-ioi, 102-103 in Europe 2081114 localized 39,41,104,105 revivalist 78 in Bulgaria 170,173-174 in Russia 75 teachings of on gender roles 171-173,174 on veiling by women 164-165,178 traditional 105-106 traditional versus non-traditional dichotomy in 74,75,77mi Western othering of 52 women’s rights in 170-171 Islamic education, in Greece 204,216217,219 Islamic law 15 application of, in Bulgaria 3-4 localized views of 97-98 Islamic Studies, in Greece 210-211Ո21 Islamism in Bulgaria 14 see also Arab Islam; Salafism Islamization of Europe 2o6nu see also de-Islamization; re-Islamization Ismail, Hatije 171 Italy, crucifixes in schools in, ECtHR case on 116 Ivanova, Evgeniya 87,166Ո9 judges, as unsuitable profession for Muslim women 174Ո45 Juncker, Jean-Claude 101 Kalkandjieva, Daniela x-xi, 16 Kamber, Muhammed 91,100-101,163,164, 167-168,178Ո59,183-184 Kant, Immanuel 250,252 Kardzhali 59 Karpov, Vyacheslav 10,106 Kazak, Chetin 180 Koning, Martijn de 92 Kosovo, veiling by women in 167Ո15 Kyrill (Russian Orthodox patriarch) 237 Kyuchukov, Mihael 129Ո17 land, restitution to religious institutions of 135 Lautsi, Soile 116 Lautsi case (ECtHR) 115, n6,129-130 leadership of Bulgarian Orthodox Church 54,55 conflicts over 66-71,136-137 of Muslim communities in Bulgaria 14, 55,76 conflicts over 58-65,136 on Muslim identities 162 and Salafism 91,100-101,102-103 in Greece 221 legitimization, public of norms and policies
252,255,258-259 by religious institutions 250,255 ‘A Letter Concerning Toleration’ (Locke) 52 Lévi-Strauss, Claude 28 liberalism 90 localized Islam 39,41,104,105 Locke, John 52 longue durée history 11 Lory, Bernard 33-34 Macedonia, liberation of 151Ո65 Madan, ethnographic research on 74,77, 79,86-90 Makariev, Plamen xi, 19 manipulation, of argumentative communication 258Ո21 Markov, Smilen 271 marriages, in Bulgaria 123-124,126 Marx, Karl 120 Maxim (patriarch of Bulgarian Orthodox Church) 55, 66, 67, 68,69,70, 136,137 media campaigns, pro-life 238 medical facilities, in Russia, pro-life counselling at 240-243 Mehmed, Selim 76 Mesarič, Andreja 167Ո15 Metodiev, Momchil xi, 15-16 Michalik, Jozef, (metropolitan bishop) 237
286 migration, of Bulgarian Turkish minority to Turkey 86 militant secularism 117 millet system/milletism 5,82 legacy of, in Bulgaria/Balkans 31,33-34,83 milletic secularism Balkan model of 14,27,32-33,43- 44,79,8° in Bulgaria 74,80, 82,104,105,106 minorities Muslim see Muslims Turkish, in Bulgaria 86,166 Mishkova, Diana 32 missionary activities in Bulgaria 57-58 Islamic 102 modem polity 228Ո2 modernity, desecularization in 231-232 modernization, and secularization 119, 120-121 modesty, female, Islamic duty of 165 Mohammed, Aydin 173 monasteries in Bulgaria Communist nationalization of 122, 138-139 ownership of 148 stavropegial status of 140Ո21 Moscow, pro-life activism in 240 mosques in Bulgaria charitable donations to 194 destruction of 138 ownership of 148,151,152 prayer at 88-89 Moussa, Ahmed 91,98,99,101-103,179 Movement for Rights and Freedoms (mrf, political party, Bulgaria) 58-59, 62, 136,180,181-182 Muftiship see Chief Muftiship/Muftiship multiple secularities 33 Museum of Religions (Stara Zagora) 153 museums contested ownership of 139-140,151-153 monasteries turned into 122,139 Muslim identities 39,41-42,44 in Balkans 35-36,44 in Bulgaria 104,162,188 transnational 35-36,44,74, 83 INDEX Muslim institutions, Bulgarian, post Communist ownership of 135,137, 144,151,152 Muslim world 40 Mushmabg.com (blog) 88Ո56,169 Muslims in Balkans 3,7,38,44 and Turkey 219-220 Western perceptions of 6 in Bulgaria 3-4,7,39-40,137Ո8,162,187, 188-189,196 ethnographic research on 77,79, 85-90,161,163,167-168,169-170,175, 189-196 influence of international Islamic foundations on 274
leadership of 14,55,76 conflicts over 58-65,136 and Muslim identities 162 and Salafism 91,100-101,102-103 Roma 102-103,162,179,180-181,194 veiling by women 16-17, 161,162-163, 166-170,175,184 public opinion on 176-183 in Eastern Europe 34-35 in Europe 206-207 in Greece 77,83,204,217 leadership of 221 Thrace 221-222 training of imams 216-217 Turkish identities of 220 see also Christian-Muslim relations; Islam Mutlu, Said 91, 93,99 ‘My First Hijab’ (memoir, Tiber) 169-170 Myusyulmani/Müslümanlar (Muslims, Bulgarian-Turkish bilingual newspaper/magazine) on Islamic gender roles 171-173,174 on Muslim identities in Bulgaria 162,164 on Muslim women 161,163 choice of husband 174-175 dress codes for 175-176 rights of 170-171 veiling by 168,169,177-178 names, forcible changing of, for Bulgarian Muslims 168
287 INDEX naming of child rituals 125 nation-building, in Bulgaria 3 National Archaeological Museum (Sofia) 151,152 national identities, Bulgarian 80,81 and Bulgarian Orthodox Church 119120,122 National Movement for Simeon the Second (nmss, political party, Bulgaria) 66 nationalism Albanian 34 Balkan 82-83 nationalization, of Bulgarian religious properties by Communists 122,138139.148 post-Communist restitution of 16,134, 135-138,147 Near East 9-10 neo-millet patterns 83 see alsomilletic secularism Neophyte (patriarch of Bulgarian Orthodox Church) 149-150 Neuburger, Mary 166 NGOs Muslim, influence in Bulgaria of 274 pro-life 239 Nikolay (metropolitan bishop of Plovdiv) 144,260-261,266 Nirenberg, David 40Ո71 Non-traditional Islam see Arab Islam norms, public legitimization of 252,255, 258-259 objectification 15,18 Obolenksy, Dimitri 32 Olson, Laura 39-40 Oreshina, Daria xi, 18-19 Orthodox Christianity in Balkans 2,38,42,43 in Bulgaria 2, 7,8,36-37,53,80,130-131, 137Ո8,250 church-state relations in 13,49 ECtHR jurisprudence on 50,52, 68-71 symphoneia doctrine 49,50-51,52, 55 196 in Eastern Europe 10,35 in Greece, criticism of state religious education program by 18,210-213 perceived undemocratic nature of 49 in public sphere/civil society 227 in Russia 232 Western othering of 52 see also Bulgarian Orthodox Church; Greek Orthodox Church; Russian Orthodox Church Orthodoxy.bg (Pravoslavie.bg, web portal) 257,264,267,273 othering, of Islam and Christian orthodoxy by West 52 Ottoman Empire in Balkans/Bulgaria 1,2,5 legacy of 3-4,82,83 millet system 31,33-34 Roma in 103 Ottoman
studies 30 Pamporov, Alexey 95 Papageorgiou, Niki 205Ո6 patriarchs of Bulgarian Orthodox Church 55, 66, 67-71 of Russian Orthodox Church 237 Pazardzhik, full-face veils banned in 179 Pazardzhik case (case against the 13 imams) 79,90-101,104,164 Peev, Yordan 98,99 Pekonen, Kyösti 12 periodicals of Bulgarian Chief Muftiship see Myusyulmani/Müslümanlar Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (Kant) 252 Peters, Rudolph 92 Petheol Blog 2Ш121 piety, veiling by women as marker of 165 piety movement, among Pomaks 170, 175 181 Plovdiv, gay film festival in 260-261 pluralism, religious, acceptance of 214 Poland, Solidarity movement in 206Ո9 policies, public legitimization of 252,255, 258-259 political authority 15 politics 12,27 in Bulgaria, instability in 57,61-62 deliberative 272-273Ո72 and religion 205
288 politics (cont.) in Balkans 13 in Bulgaria 58-59,62-67 in Europe 206 in Greece 2Ш122,213 Pomaks (Slavic Muslims) 17,34,162,166Ո9, 188,220 Bulgarian assimilationist policies towards 167,168 ethnographic research on 85-90,87,175, 189-196 piety movement among 170,175,181 and Salafism 103 Popova, Nedyalka 96Ո82,99,101 Popovié, Alexandre 79 Pouton, Hugh 42 Pravoslavie.bg (Orthodoxy.bg, web portal) 257,264,267,273 prayer, Muslim, in Bulgaria 88-89 prenatal care clinics, in Russia, pro-life counselling in 240-243 priests, Communist repression of 127-129 primordialism 39 private sphere, religion relegated to 51-52, 205,206,250 pro-life activism 2321113 by Russian Orthodox Church 232-247 ‘The Process of Overcoming Religion in Bulgaria’ 122-123 professions, deemed unsuitable for Muslim women 174 Protestantism, ECtHR’s conceptions of religion based on 49,51,71 public communication 253-254,257-258 public discourses 251 religious participation in 257,259-260 on homosexuality 260-264 on religious education 268-272 on reproductive technologies 264-267 public opinion 230,251,254 on veiling by women 176-183 Public Religions in the Modern World (Casanova) 227,228 public sphere 28-29,205-206,230-231,250, 251,252-254,275֊27б legitimization of norms and policies in 252,255,258-259 INDEX religion in 205-207,209,227,228-229, 251,256,275 Bulgarian Orthodox Church 19,249, 255,260-262,267-272,274-275 Russian Orthodox Church 233-247 see ako civil society Račius, Egdūnas 34,78 ‘radical’ Islam 94-95 radicalism, and tradition 107 Ramadan, fasting at, in Bulgaria 17-18,187188,190-196 ramazanlii
(people who fast at Ramadan) 17,190-193,195 rationality criterion of argumentation 258-259 Rawls, John 228-229,251,256,259,273 re-Islamization in Balkans 76,79-80 in Bulgaria 161,162,184 reason, public use of 231,258,259 religion 42 in Balkans 1,13,28 and ethnicity 6 identities based on 1,5,6,10,35,37, 42,44, 80 in Bulgaria 29,30-31,56,58-59,62-71, 143, 155 Communist suppression of 29,30-31, 53-55.118-121 identities based on 82,188 Communist views of see atheism freedom of in Bulgaria 56,143,155 ECtHR jurisprudence on 6366,68-71 in post-Communist countries 50 in Greece 209,2Ш122,213 and ideology 96,97,99 and politics 205,206 in Balkans 13 in Bulgaria 58-59,62-67 in Greece 211Ո22,213 private sphere relegation of 51-52,205,206 Protestant conceptions of, of ECtHR 49,51 in public sphere 205-207,209,227,228230,256,275
289 INDEX Bulgarian Orthodox Church 19,249, 255,260-262,267-272,274-275 Russia Orthodox Church 233-247 secular/political, Communism as 29-30 and secularization/desecularization ид, 227,228-230,231-232 vicarious 17,37-38 Western perceptions of 51-52 religious co-existence/tolerance 201,202 religious cultural heritage, Bulgaria post Communist management of 134-135, 139-140,146,148,149-150.151-153 religious education 203-204 in Bulgaria 267-272 in France 207-2081U3,215 in Greece 18,201,202,204,210,213-214 Greek Orthodox opposition to 18, 210-213 intercultural 216-219 and politics 215 in Western Europe 202-204,207-209 see also Islamic education religious extremism, prevention of 204Ո3 religious holidays, replacement by civil holidays of 126-127 religious identities 229 in Bulgaria 82,188 in Greece 215,220 see also Muslim identities religious museums, contested ownership of 139-140 religious properties Communist nationalization of 122,138139.148 ownership of 140-141,142-143,144-148 controversies over 149-156 post-Communist restitution of 16,134, 135-138,147 see also churches; monasteries religious publics 251,257 interventions in public sphere by 250251,256,274 by formal religious public 256-257, 260-262,263,264-266,268-270, 272,274-275 by informal religious public 256,257, 262-264,267,270-274,275 Muslim 274 religious rituals, replacement by civil rituals of 122-126 religious symbols in schools 177 visibility of, in Eastern Europe 130 reproductive technologies, Bulgarian Orthodox condemnation of 264-267 res sacrae status (things dedicated to God) 145,146-147 restitution of
religious properties, in post Communist Bulgaria 16,134,135138,147 revivalist Islam 78 in Bulgaria 170,173-174 Rhodope Mountains 77, 91,181,188-189 Ribnovo 189 ethnographic research on 74,79,86-90, 192-193 rights of women, Muslim 170-171 Rila Monastery, nationalization of 122,139 rituals, religious, substituted by civil rituals 122-126 Rodina (state-supported Pomak movement) 167 Roma, Bulgarian Muslim 102-103, 162 food donations to 194 veiling by women 179,180-181 Romanov, Andrey 264,267 Rosen, Lawrence 91-92 Roy, Olivier 6 Rudozem 77 veiling by women in 181Ո69 Russia abortion rate in 235 church-state relations in 232 imperialism of 1-2 Islam in 75 Orthodox Christianity in 232 pro-life activism by 233-247 secularization/desecularization in 247 Russian Orthodox Church շոշ participation in civil society by 18, 19.229 pro-life activism 232-247 Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) 2 Sadriu, Behar 39,167ms
290 St. Alexander Nevski Patriarchal Cathedral (Sofia) bookkeeping records of 156 ownership of 140-141,144,151,154 St. Marina Church (Plovdiv) 140,153 St. Petka Samardzhiyska Church (Sofia) 146 St Stefan Church (Istanbul) 146 St. Theodor of Patleyna, icon of 153 Saitova, Gyulgyun 170-171,176 Salafism 78,83-85,98 in Bulgaria 14,74,88,89,103-104 case against 13 imams on 79,90-101, 104,164 and Muftiship 91,100-101,102-103 see also Arab Islam Salih, Abdullah 99,101 Saudi Arabia training of Bulgarian Muslim spiritual leaders in 88Ո52,89,91 women unfit to become judges in 174Ո45 Saxecoburgotski, Simeon 66, 67, 71,136 scholars, acting as expert witnesses 9193.95-99 schools in Bulgaria, ban headscarves in 176-178 crucifixes in 16 secular policies Communist 15-16,115 of Western Europe 115-118,129-130 secularism/secularities 117,205, շօ6աօ, 227,228 in Balkans 11,14,27,33,43-44 in Bulgaria 14,29,31,33,81 in Communist regime 118-129 Communist 15-16,115,117,120 militant 117 milletic 14,32-33,43-44. 74. 79,80. 82, 104,105,106 multiple 33 symphonic 13,27,31-32,81-82,196 Western 51-52,116,117-118,131 and Communist atheism 115-118, 129-130,131 in ECtHRjurisprudence 13,15,49,50,52 secularization and modernization 11g, 120-121 and privatization of religion 227, 229-230 INDEX in Russia 247 in Western Europe 131 see also desecularization sharia see Islamic law Sheker Bayram 193,194 shelters, for mothers and children, in Russia 238 Sherifov, Khairi 101 Simeon the Great (king of Bulgaria, 893-927) 2 sin and sinner differentiation 262-263 Skrebatno, ethnographic research on 187188,189-196
sobornost concept (togetherness) 196 social advertising, pro-life 236,238Ո23 social cohesion, religion based 1 Social Technologies in Defense of Family Values “Pro Life” network (Russian Orthodox Church) 234,235 Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski Center for the Study of Religions 19-20 Solidarity movement (Poland) 206Ո9 Southeastern Europe see Balkans Soviet Union Bulgaria’s alliance with 7 militant secularism in 117 Spirova, Polina 262,271-272 spouses, choice of 174-175 Stamatova, Klara 95,262 state-building in Balkans 4-5 in Bulgaria 5-6 states and church see church-state relations totalitarian, irrational policies of 118119.129 stavropeglal stams of churches/ monasteries 140Ո21 Stefan (exarch of Bulgarian Orthodox Church) 54 stereotypes, avoidance of 42 Stoyanov, Ivaylo 270 strangers, food donations to 194 Structural Transformation (Habermas) 252 structuration 38 surrogate motherhood, Bulgarian Orthodox condemnation of 264-267 symbols, religious
291 INDEX in schools 177 visibility of, in Eastern Europe 130 symphoneia doctrine of Orthodox Christianity 49,50-51,52,55,196 symphonic secularism 13,27,31-32,8182,196 Tajfel, Henri 256-257 Taji-Farouki, Suha 42 tax exemptions, for Bulgarian religious institutions 144-145,154,155 Taylor, Charles 42,231 Thrace 83 Christian-Muslim relations in 221 Muslims in 221-222 religious education in 18,201,216-219 tensions with Turkey over 219 Thriskeftika. blogspot 210Ո21 Tiber, Hatije 163,164,167,169-170,175-176, 183-184 Tihanov, Galin 10,28 Todorova, Maria 82 Tošie, Jelena 39 totalitarian states, irrational policies of 118119,129 tradition, and radicalism 107 traditional Islam 105-106 in Bulgaria 80, 93,95 traditional versus non-traditional dichotomy in Islam 74,75,77mi in Bulgaria 76-79,87-90,105,106 case against 13 imams on 79, 90-101, 104,164 and Muftiship 91,100-101,102-103 training of imams/Muslim spiritual leaders in Greece 216-217 in Saudi Arabia 88Ո52,89,91 of pro-life activists 237 transnational identities, Muslim 35-36, 44, 74, 83 Tsankov, Stefan 119 Tsatsarov, Sotir 101 Tsekov, Borislav 150 Tsitselikis, Konstantinos 77 Turkey and Balkan Muslims 219-220 Hizmet movement in 18-19 Islamic missionary activities by 102 migration of Turkish minority from Bulgaria to 86 tensions with Greece over Thrace 219 Turkish minority in Bulgaria, assimilationist policies for 86,166,168 Turner, John 256-257 Tumovo 2 Union of Democratic Forces (udf, political party, Bulgaria) 58-59,62,66,136,139 Union for Islamic Development and Culture 176-177 universal accessibility criterion of
argumentation 259,269,270 universalism of human rights, Western perceptions of 13,49-50,51 unveiling, forced, in Bulgaria 166,167,168, 169,183 Ushev, Bayram 89,90 Vallianatos, Angelos 214 Van Gogh, Theo 92 Vanga see Baba Vanga Vama Bishopric, on gay parades 261-262 Vasilev, Vasil 98-99 Vassileva, Yordanka 270 veiling by women in Bosnia 167Ո15 in Bulgaria 16-17,161,162-163,166-170, 175,184 public opinion on 176-183 Islamic teachings on 164-165,178 in Kosovo 167Ո15 vicarious religion 17,37-38 VMRO (Bulgarian political party) 151,180 Vodenicharov, Stefan 152-153 vuzrazhdane (Bulgarian national renaissance) 5 Wagschal, David 145 Wahhabism 84, 93, 97 Russian rejection of 75 see also Arab Islam; Salafism al-Waqf al-Islāmī (Saudi Arabia), court case against Bulgarian branch of 79,90101,104 Waqft, in Bulgaria 137Ո12
292 INDEX web portals, Bulgarian Orthodox 257, 272-274 on homosexuality 262-263,2θ4 on religious education 270-272 on reproductive technologies 267 Weber, Max 15,107 West othering of Islam and Christian Orthodoxy by 52 perceptions of of Balkan Muslims 6 of universalism of human rights 13, 49֊50,51 secularism of 51-52,116,117-118,131 and Communist atheism 115-118, 129-130,131 in ECtHR jurisprudence 13,15, Yanakiev, Kalin 267 Yangazoglou, Stavros 210 Yugoslavia, disintegration of 1 49,50,52 Western Balkans ini Western Europe religious education in 202-204,207-209 secularism in 116,117-118,129-130,131 Wikipedia 206mi Zabaev, Ivan xi, 18-19,228m zakat (Muslim charity) 194-195 el-Zein, Abdul Hamid 40 Zhivkov, Todor 55,125,134,135 Ziaka, Angeliki xii, 18 Wiktorowicz, Quintan 85 women, Muslim ideals 175 rights of 170-171 veiling by in Bosnia 167Ո15 in Bulgaria 16-17, ιθι, 162-163,166170,175,184 public opinion on 176-183 Islamic teachings on 164-165 in Kosovo 167ms Wroclaw Declaration (Council of Europe, 2004) 203m |
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| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nam a2200000 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV047895028</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20220725</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">220324s2022 a||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789004511552</subfield><subfield code="q">hbk</subfield><subfield code="9">978-90-04-51155-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1319623835</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV047895028</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-Re13</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Islam, Christianity, and secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe</subfield><subfield code="b">the last half century</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Simeon Evstatiev and Dale F. Eickelman</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Leiden ; Boston</subfield><subfield code="b">Brill</subfield><subfield code="c">[2022]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2022</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XII, 292 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">4 Illustrationen</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East</subfield><subfield code="v">volume 129</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"Is there a "return to the religious" in post-Communist Eastern Europe that differs from religious trends in the West and the Middle East? Looking beyond immediate events, this book situates public talk about religion and religious practice in the longue durée of the two entangled pasts -Byzantine and Ottoman-that implicitly underpin contemporary politics. Islam, Christianity, and Secularism situates Bulgaria in its wider region, indicating ongoing Middle Eastern, Russian, and other European influences shaping patterns of religious identity. The chapters point to overlapping and complementary views of ethno-religious belonging and communal practices among Orthodox Christians and Muslims throughout the region. Contributors are Dale F. 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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV047895028 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:27:18Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:13:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789004511552 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033277054 |
| oclc_num | 1319623835 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-29 DE-12 |
| physical | XII, 292 Seiten 4 Illustrationen |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220725 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Brill |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East |
| series2 | Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East |
| spelling | Islam, Christianity, and secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe the last half century edited by Simeon Evstatiev and Dale F. Eickelman Leiden ; Boston Brill [2022] © 2022 XII, 292 Seiten 4 Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East volume 129 "Is there a "return to the religious" in post-Communist Eastern Europe that differs from religious trends in the West and the Middle East? Looking beyond immediate events, this book situates public talk about religion and religious practice in the longue durée of the two entangled pasts -Byzantine and Ottoman-that implicitly underpin contemporary politics. Islam, Christianity, and Secularism situates Bulgaria in its wider region, indicating ongoing Middle Eastern, Russian, and other European influences shaping patterns of religious identity. The chapters point to overlapping and complementary views of ethno-religious belonging and communal practices among Orthodox Christians and Muslims throughout the region. Contributors are Dale F. Eickelman, Simeon Evstatiev, Kristen Ghodsee, Galina Evstatieva, Ilia Iliev, Daniela Kalkandjieva, Plamen Makariev, Momchil Metodiev, Daria Oreshina, Ivan Zabaev and Angeliki Ziaka" Geschichte 1990-2020 gnd rswk-swf Säkularismus (DE-588)4463409-2 gnd rswk-swf Religiöse Identität (DE-588)4354651-1 gnd rswk-swf Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Religion and politics / Bulgaria Secularism / Bulgaria Bulgaria / Religion / 21st century Bulgaria / Religious life and customs Religion et politique / Bulgarie Religion Religion and politics Secularism Bulgaria 2000-2099 (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Säkularismus (DE-588)4463409-2 s Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 s Religiöse Identität (DE-588)4354651-1 s Geschichte 1990-2020 z DE-604 Evstatiev, Simeon (DE-588)1257916467 edt Eickelman, Dale F. 1942- (DE-588)129320641 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-90-04-51156-9 Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East volume 129 (DE-604)BV000001030 129 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033277054&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033277054&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Islam, Christianity, and secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe the last half century Social, economic and political studies of the Middle East Säkularismus (DE-588)4463409-2 gnd Religiöse Identität (DE-588)4354651-1 gnd Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4463409-2 (DE-588)4354651-1 (DE-588)4049396-9 (DE-588)4008866-2 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Islam, Christianity, and secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe the last half century |
| title_auth | Islam, Christianity, and secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe the last half century |
| title_exact_search | Islam, Christianity, and secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe the last half century |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Islam, Christianity, and secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe the last half century |
| title_full | Islam, Christianity, and secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe the last half century edited by Simeon Evstatiev and Dale F. Eickelman |
| title_fullStr | Islam, Christianity, and secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe the last half century edited by Simeon Evstatiev and Dale F. Eickelman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Islam, Christianity, and secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe the last half century edited by Simeon Evstatiev and Dale F. Eickelman |
| title_short | Islam, Christianity, and secularism in Bulgaria and Eastern Europe |
| title_sort | islam christianity and secularism in bulgaria and eastern europe the last half century |
| title_sub | the last half century |
| topic | Säkularismus (DE-588)4463409-2 gnd Religiöse Identität (DE-588)4354651-1 gnd Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Säkularismus Religiöse Identität Religion Bulgarien Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033277054&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033277054&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000001030 |
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