Athens: city of wisdom
"Even on the most smog-bound of days, the rocky outcrop on which the Acropolis stands is visible above the sprawling roof-scape of the Greek capital. Athens presents one of the most recognizable and symbolically potent panoramas of any of the world's cities: the pillars and pediments of th...
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Pegasus Books
2022
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| Ausgabe: | First Pegasus Books cloth edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Even on the most smog-bound of days, the rocky outcrop on which the Acropolis stands is visible above the sprawling roof-scape of the Greek capital. Athens presents one of the most recognizable and symbolically potent panoramas of any of the world's cities: the pillars and pediments of the Parthenon--the temple dedicated to Athena, goddess of wisdom, that crowns the Acropolis--dominate a city whose name is synonymous for many with civilization itself."-- |
| Beschreibung: | "Few places have enjoyed a history so rich in artistic creativity and the making of ideas as Athens; or one so curiously patterned by alternating cycles of turbulence and peace. Writing with scholarly rigor and undisguised affection, Bruce Clark brings three thousand years of Athenian history vividly to life." -frontispiece |
| Beschreibung: | 614 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781643138756 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a "Even on the most smog-bound of days, the rocky outcrop on which the Acropolis stands is visible above the sprawling roof-scape of the Greek capital. Athens presents one of the most recognizable and symbolically potent panoramas of any of the world's cities: the pillars and pediments of the Parthenon--the temple dedicated to Athena, goddess of wisdom, that crowns the Acropolis--dominate a city whose name is synonymous for many with civilization itself."-- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS introduction: rocks that matter.................................. 1 1 The Beginnings of Greatness, 600—500 BCE .... 17 2 Victories of Brilliance, 500-480 BCE........................ 37 3 Golden Years, 479-432 BCE..........................................56 4 Pride and a Fall, 432-421 BCE...................................... 82 5 A Blazing Twilight, 421—405 BCE............................. 103 6 A Chastened Democracy, 405-362 BCE................. 125 7 A Dance of Death with Macedonia, 362-239 BCE . 150 8 Other People’s Empires, 239 BCE-137 CE............... 173 9 Polytheists and Barbarians, 138-560 CE.................. 200 10 A Christian Millennium.............................................. 224 11 Latin and Greek: the Late Middle Ages, 1216-1460 244 12 Before and After the Bombardment, 1460-1700 . .268 13 Stones of Contention, 1697-1820 ........................... .295 14 A Poet Dreams on a Rock, 1809—33 ......................... 320 15 Hellenism and Its Expanding Hub, 1833-96 . . . .346 16 Racing to War, 1896-1919...........................................374 17 Of Loss and Consolidation, 1919-36. ...... .405 18 The Darkest Decade, 1940—50....................................431
19 A Wedding and Four Funerals,1960-2000.................. 457 20 Pride, a Fall and an Open Future, 2000-18................ 489 21 And Greece Travels Onwards............................................514 NOTES ON SOURCES............................................................536 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . .....................................598 IMAGE CREDITS .......................................................................600 INDEX.............................................. ....................................... 601 LIST OF MAPS Athens and Modern Greece............................................... viii-ix Classical Athens..................................................................... i8 The Athenian Empire before the Peloponnesian War . . 58-9 Roman Athens, c.150 CE................................................... 175 Athens and the Latin Empire in the early thirteenth century............................. ......................... 246-7 The Ottoman Empire, c.1550........................................... 270-1 Greek Territorial Changes, 1832-1947............... ... .347 Greater Athens..................................................................... 458-9
Index Abydos, Battle of 118 Academy ofAthens 360-1 see also under Plato Acarnania 176 Acciaiuoli, Antonio 259-60 Acciaiuoli, Antonio II 261 Acciaiuoli, Francesca 256—7 Acciaiuoli, Franco 264—5, 266-7 Acciaiuoli, Nerio 253, 254-6, 257 Acciaiuoli, Nerio II 260-1, 264 Acciaiuoli, Niccolò 252-3 Achaemenid dynasty 24-5 The Achamians (Aristophanes) 94, IOO-I Acropolis 1—2, 2-5 and barbarian raids 205-6 Byrons visit 322—3, 370 caves 4, 6-7 Cyclopean walls 5 Elgin s removal of sculptures 313-19, 367-8 Florence Nightingale’s visit 369-70 Frankish Tower 340, 357 and the Greek War of Independence 332-6, 338-9» Յ40-Յ Hill of the Nymphs 399 inscriptions in the Christian era 227-8 and the Latin Empire 254-5 the Mycenaean spring 6 nineteenth-century transformation of 356-60 and Ottoman Athens 268 Persian destruction of 49-50, 76 the Rock 3-7,14,19, 49 shrine of Athena 19, 28, 35 Roman monuments 187-8 temples Dionysus 30 the Erechtheion 119, 120 Poseidon 163 theatre of Dionysus 162 wartime British occupation 447 see aho the Parthenon Acropolis Museum, Athens 80 Adair, Sir Robert 318 Aegean Sea 8,10, 272 Aegeus, mythical king 8-9, 290 Aegina 48, 72 Aegospotami, Batde of 122,140 Aelius Aristides 204-5 Aeschylus 123-4,146,162-3 The Persians 52-3, 54 Africa 535 Agamemnon 141 Agathias 220-1 Agesiliaus, king of Sparta 141,143,146 Agis, king of Sparta 116 Aglaurus 7 Agora Church of the Holy Apostles 228-30 Roman era 361 temple of Hephaestus 229 Agora of Athens 173-4, 178,182 Roman 187 Agrippa, Marcus 187 Aigaleo (district) 523,594 Aigaleo, Mount 52, 207,· Aiges 150-1,152,157 palace of 348 airport
494-5,497,529 Akathist (Orthodox hymn) 236 Akerhjelm, Anna 282—3 Alans 248 Alaric, Gothic warrior 214-16, 232, 329 Albania 252,432, 436, 440 Alcibiades 104-6,107,109, іи-13,114—15,116-19, 120-1,122-4 accusations of blasphemy 114-15,120,130 in Aristophanes’ The Frogs 123-4 and Byron 325 death 122 personality 104—5 in Plato’s Symposium IIO-II and Socrates 132,134-5, 212 Alexander the Great 150, 158,159,160-1,166, 167,173,178,183,185, 202, 290
бог Alexander, king of Greece 40г, 410-П Alexandri, Georgia 528 Alfred, Prince 371 Ali Pasha 321,331, 333, 338, 339. 350. 373 Alice, Princess 398 Alkmeonid clan 19, 27,32, 34-5,104 Amalia, Queen of Greece 348 Amazons 164 American Civil War 87 American Revolution 84 American School of Classical Studies 4Ч-5 Amphictyonie League 155 Amphipolis 99,154,157 Ampurias 250 Anali islet 346, 349 Anafiotika neighbourhood 346-8,349 Anatolia 34, 38,46, 411 refiigees from 405-9,413, 414-18,441, 533 , Anaxagoras 70 Andrew, Prince of Greece 412 Androniķos II, Byzantine emperor 248 Androutsos, Odysseas 338-40, 341 Angelopoulos, Panagiotis 455 Anne-Marie of Denmark, Queen of Greece 466-7 Antetokounmpo, Giannis 523 anti-Semitism 364 Antigonids 171 Antigenus Gonatas 171-2 Antigonus Monophthalmos 166,168,169,170,171 Antiochus ofAshkelon 182, 184,195 Antiochus Epiphanes 195 Antipater 1Ć2 antiquarians 300-3 The Antiquities ofAthens (Stuart and Revett) 303 Antoninus, Emperor 204 Antoninus Pius 201 INDEX Antony, Mark 185-6 Anytus 135 Aphrodite, goddess 7 Apollo, god 6,40, 95, 156,158 Apostolou Pavlou 530 Appián 179-80 Apsities 210 aqueduct 194, 419, 533 Aragon, kingdom of 244-5, 253~4 Aratus 191—2 Arcadian League 145 archaeological excavations 424-5 archaeological finds drinking cup of Pericles 71-2 the ‘Hockey Players’ 61 mass burials 20 ostraka 64—5 the Royal Stoa 128-30 shipsheds 47r-8 Syntagma 494 warriors’ grave 528 Archelaus 180,181 Archidamian War 92 architecture nineteenth-century 348-9, 352.-4, 355. 377-9 twentieth-century 418—19 archons 18-19,180 ‘king archon 129,174 Solon 20-7 war archon
42 Ardenos 397 Areopagus 18,49,63,189, 190, 219,269, 281,369 Ares, god 12 Arginusai islands 121 Argos іи, 240 Arianism 211 Ariphron 72 Aristagoras 39 Aristides 65, 66 Aristides, Aelius 202 Aristion 180-1 Aristogeiton 30-1, 350, 527 Ariston 184 Aristophanes 94,129,132, 146,423, 527, 528 The Acharnions 94, іоо-і The Clouds 108-9, Ч1 The Frogs 123-4 Lysistrata 123,486 Aristotle 29,158, 258 Arrephoroi 434 Arsenis, Kriton 532 Anabazus 154 Artaphernes 40 Artaxerxes II of Persia 139, 140,142,154 Artemis (goddess) 40,45, 306 Artemisia, queen of Halicarnassus 54-5 Artemisium, Battle of 46-7,48 artists 26-7 Aspasia 91,100-1 asylum seekers 517-18 Athena, goddess 11-16,19, 28,49,170,187, 235 and Athenian democracy 86 and Kng Odio 351-2 Nike temple 119 olive tree 12—13,49, u9 492 olive-wood effigy of (the xoana) 119 Panathenaic festival in honour of 29, 80-1, 84,163,170, 376 and the Parthenon 78, 86, 262 statues of 76,162,179, 188, 232 temples 45, 76,232, 280, 281, 283, 318,319, 357, 360 Athenian League see Delian League; Second Athenian League Athénion 180 Athens International Airport (Eleftherios Venizelos) 494,495, 529 Athens Tower 460 Athinas Avenue 353 Adantis 23-4 atoms 166 Atossa, Persian queen 52 Attalid dynasty 175 Attālos I, king of Pergamon 176 Attālos II, king of Pergamon 175
INDEX Attica 6, ю, 29, 35,102 Solons rule 20-7 Atticus (Titus Pomponius) 183 Augustus, Roman Emperor 185-8,192 Aulis 141 Aulus Gellius 203 austerity crisis 499-513 Averoff, George 372-3, 377, 381, 397 The Babylonians (Aristophanes) 94 Bakoyannis, Kostas 516, 532-3 Baldwin, Count 241 Balkan Wars (1912-13) 388-93» 394 Balkan wars (1990s) 331, 498 Bank of Crete 482 Baptista Vretos 307 barbarian raids 203-7, 214-16, 232 Basil of Caesarea 210-11, 212, 213, 222 Basil II, Byzantine emperor 230-1 Bausch, Pina 493 Beaton, Roderick 376, 390 Becket, Maria 438 beekeeping 289,295 Bekir 307 Bellos 307 Benakis, Emmanuel 401 Benizelos, Ionnes 299 Black Death 93, 95, Blake, Arthur 375 Boeotia 30, 75,105-6,141, 143, 207, 253 book-burning 422 Bourns, Charalambos 216 Bourchier, James David 380-1, 387-9 bouzouki 425, 519, 529 Brasidas 99 Brenne, Stefan 66-7 Breton, André 451 Britain and the Acropolis monuments 318 and the Balkan Wars 390-1 603 British politics and Kleisthenic democracy 36 and the Crimean War 366, 368-9 and the First World War 393» 395» 397 and the Greek War of Independence 344 and the kingdom of Greece 361, 363, 364-6 liberation of Athens (1944) 442,443-50, 461 and the United States 183 British Commonwealth 198 British Empire 113 Bronze Age 5 Brutus, Marcus Iunius 184, 185.186 building works illegal building in greater Athens 481-2 nineteenth-century transformation of the Acropolis 356-60 Pericles’ building of the Parthenon 119-20 polykatoikia 458—60 Roman Athens 194-7, 200, 201, 217 see aho houses Bulgaria 384, 385, 388-9, 392» 395» 4°a Burns, A. R. 145 Bush, George W. n, 88
Byron, George Gordon, Lord 321-5, 326-30, 338, 363» 368, 370, 525 Byzantine Athens and the Catalan Company 248 Christianity 224-43 Byzantium 154,158, 208, 395 Caesar, Julius 184,185, 186.187 Callimachus 42 Caltabellotta, Peace of 245 Cambyses 40 capital city, Athens as choice of 350-1 Carlyle, Joseph 315 Carras, Lydia 526 Carrey, Jacques 287 Carthage 176 the Caryatids 119,187,188 Cassius Dio 188 Catalan Company 245—52, 253-4 Catholicism the Church and the Latin Empire 250-1, 254-5, 255-6 Frankish rule in Athens 242-3 and the Parthenon 293 Çelebi, Evliya 291-4, 297, 319 Centeno, Mario 512-13 Cephalonia 256-7, 328, 484, 488 ceramics 23, 240 Chaeronea, Battle of 150, 158,160,162 Chaerophon 132 Chalkidike peninsula 156 Chalkis 158,177, 269 Ottoman rule in 269, 272 Chalkokondyles, George 260 Chares 154 Charlemagne, king of the Franks 226 Charles king of Sicily 244 China 521-2, 535 Chios 154, 332 Chioti, Lambrini 205, 206, 216 Choiseul-Gouffier, Comte de 309-11 Choniates, Michael, Greek archbishop of Athens 234-6, 238-9, 240, 241-2, 293, 295, 359 Choniates, Nikitas 241-2 Chosroes, king of Persia 220-1 Christian Bible Acts of the Apostles 188-91,198-9 and the Christian Parthenon 236 Christianity 207, 210-14, 217 Arianism 211, 216 Byzantine Athens 224-43
6 0Ą and Constantinople 208-9 and Frankish Athens 241-2 Greek Christians and the War of Independence 333, 335, 337 and Greek mythology 15 the Holy Shroud 242-3 iconoclasts 225 and neo-Platonism 219-23 the Orthodox Church and the Greek state 482 Orthodox festivals 460-1 Orthodox funerals 462-3 in Ottoman Athens 268, 269 and the Parthenon 226-8, 229, 231-6, 237, 238, 241, 254, 258, 262, 359 Paul the Apostle in Athens 188-92 and Roman Athens 188-92, 2°7 208-14 see aho Virgin Mary Christoulas, Dimitris 499-500 Church of the Holy Apostles 228-30 Church, Sir Richard 344 Churchill, Winston 87-8, 410, 442,443, 444, 447-50, 463 Cicero 182—4, 186 cinema 470 citizens in ancient Athens 22 city walls 61-2, 66,122-3, 239, 305-6 city-states 9—π civil war (1946-9) 340, 455, 458 Clarke, Edward 315, 317 Clarke, Edward Daniel 320-1 Cleombrotus, king of Sparta 144 Cleopatra 185-6 climate change 535 The Clouds (Aristophanes) 108-9,131 Cold Wir 60,471 INDEX the colonels 466,473,477, 482,488,491, 493, 501,520 communism see EAM (National Liberation Front) Connelly, Joan Breton 81, 232, 289,292 Constans II, Byzantine emperor 225 Constantine the Great, Emperor 208-9, 212, 290 Constantine I, king of Greece 391-2, 411,412 as Crown Prince 375, 380, 383,389-90 and the First World War 393-4, Յ96,397, Յ98-9,400-1 Constantine II, king of Greece 70,470, 47i-2,472֊3 wedding 466-7,487 Constantine IV, Byzantine emperor 225-6 Constantinople 205, 208-9, 224, 226 and the First World War 402-4 Frankish invasion of 241, coup d’état ofApril 1967 466 see also the colonels Covid pandemic 95,534 Crete 9,12, 24,
278,364, 382-3, 385, 386-7, 396-7 German invasion of , 433-4, 440 cricket 523 Crimean War 366, 368-9, 370,378 Crito 126 Croesus, king of Lydia 24-5,38 ՜ Cromwell, Oliver 156 Crosus Field, Battle of the 156,157 Crusaders 240-1 Crusius, Martin 273-4 Cunaxa, Battle of 139 Cynics 164 Cynoscephalae, Battle of 177 Cyprus 24, 74,117,140, 465-6,470-1,478 Cyriacus of Ancona 261—3, 266 Cyrus the Great, Persian hing 25, 37, 38 Cyzicus, Battle of 118 24Յ and Greek independence 355 Hagia Sophia 227, 228, 298,403-4 Ottoman conquest of 242, 264-6 see also Istanbul Constantinople Organization 385-6, 394constitution 354, 371 Constitution Square see Syntagma Square consumerism 495, 501 Contarini, Bartolommeo 264-5 CorfU 144,371 Corinth 27, 29,72,140, 172, 240, 260 Paul the Apostle in 192 Corinthian war 141 Corsica 38 Coubertin, Pierre de 379 da Martoni, Niccolò 256-8 262, 263 Dalaras, George 417 Damaskinos, Archbishop ՜* 448-9 Damaskios 219, 223 Daphni monastery 230-1, 248, 380,532 Darius, Persian king 39—40 41, 42,139 Dark Age 6 Darrige du Foumet, Admiral Louis 399 Dassin, Jules 477 Datis 40 de Bonon, Alain 165 de la Roche, Guy 248 de la Roche, Otho 241, 243 de Vere, Aubrey 367—8 deities 4, 5, 6-7 Dekemvriana 443—50 Delacroix, Eugène 332 Deleon 105—6
INDEX Delian League 74,144 Deliyannakis, George 209 Deliyannis, Iheodoros 361 Delos 40, 66, 68, 74,180, 185 Delphic oracle 32, 33-4, 48 and Philip of Macedón 150,155-6,157,158 sanctuary of Apollo 156 and Socrates 131,132 and Sparta 155-6 Delta, Penelope 401 Demeter, goddess 320 Demetrius the Besieger 167-70,171, 306 Demetrius of Phaleron 166-7, ։68,169 democracy in ancient Athens 2, 69-70,103, 135-7,166, 505 changing the law 136 degeneration of 180 and foreign domination 174 Kleisthėnic 35-6 and Macedonia 162 ostracism 63-8, 70-1, 72, 74,87,127,130 and Pericles 84-8,90-1 and Socrates 127,130, w, m Democritus 165 Demosthenes, Athenian orator and politician 159-63 Demosthenes, naval commander 98,99 Dexileos 141 memorial to 137-8 Dexippus, historian 206-7 diaspora 371-3, 380-1, 530 DİEM25 party 5x0 Dikaiopolis 95 Dimoulas, Christos 506 Diodotus 93 Diogenes of Babylon 179 Dionysios (Denis the Areopagite) 258, 269 Dionysios, Sicilian tyrant 148 Dionysiou Areopagitou 530 Dionysus, god 30,123,170, 194. Theatre of 162,178, 218 6OJ Disraeli, Benjamin 36,93, ИЗ, 365-6 Doolittle, Hilda 15 Downward, Jeremy 515-16 Doxiadis, Euphrosyne 97 Doxiadis, Constantinos 480,529 Dragouomis, Ion 385 Dramiton 72 Drury, Henry 324-5 Duris of Samos 171 EAM (National Liberation Front) 436, 439, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445.461 earthquakes 498-9 Eastcoart, Sir Giles 287-8 economic development 361-2 economic recovery 513, 514-16,519-22 Eden, Anthony 448 Egypt 23.40, 72. 73-4. 177.285 Florence Nightingale in 369 Ottoman 312,314, 317, 344-5 Ekali 464 ELAS (communist resistance movement) 436,440,442-3,
443-4,446—7, 449-50. 451-4, 476 Eleusian mysteries 114,176, 198,212 Eleusis 84,114,129 X43. 532 barbarian raid on 203-5, 216 Elgin, Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of 312-18, 323, 327, 367-8 Byronon 329-30 See abo under Parthenon Elizabeth II, Queen (Princess Elizabeth) 412 EUiniki Eraireia conservation movement 526 Ellinikon airport 479, 496. 531 Embeirikos, Andreas 450-4 England 233, 303, 314, 318, 319,327,328,369, 421, 456 Enver Bey 385 Epaminondas of Thebes ИЗ, 145-6 Ephesus 38 Ephialtes 70 Epicureans 179,189,191 Epicurus 165-6 Epimenides 191 equality before the law in ancient Athens 22—3 Erechtheion 119,120,187, 238, 310-11, 313, 318, 342,434-5 repairs to 357 Erechtheus, mythological king 6, 7,13-14, 81, 163, 232 Eretria 40,41 Ergotimos, artist 26 Eridanos river 84 Eros, god 7 Esma Sultan 305, 307 Estañol, Berenguer 250 ethnic diversity 498 Euboea 17,40-1,47,75, 158, 249, 269, 333, 334, 339, 348,4SI Euboulos 154 Eumenes I, king of Pergamon 176 Eumenes II, king of Pergamon 177-8,187 the Eumenides (forjes) 369 Eunapius 216 Euripides 81,123,129,146, 162-3 euro crisis 492,496-7, 502-7, 521 see abo financial crisis (from 2009) European Union 383, 479, 481, 483,499 and asylum seekers 517-18 bailouts 500, 502, 503, 509,510, 512 ‘golden visas’ 520—1 Euthyphro (Plato) 128 Evagoras, king of Cyprus 140 Evert, Angelos 439 Exarcheia 4x9, 501, 516, 517
606 expatriate Greeks 371-3 j 380-1 in the Ottoman Empire 383-4 famine 437-8 Farmakis, Nikos 445 fascism 421-3 Fauvel, Louis-FrancoisSebastien ЗЮ-П, 313, 318,323 fifth-century BCE Athens 56-124 see aho Pericles Filothei, Saint 274—7 financial crisis (1843) 354_5 financial crisis (from 2009) ,499-54. 521 see abo euro crisis Finlay, George 345 fires 535 First Peloponnesian War 75 First World War 393-403, 409 Flack, Edwin 375 Flamiriinus, Titus Quinctius 177 flash flooding 532-3 Flodden Field, Battle of 145 Flor, Roger de 245-8 Florakis, Kharilaos 483 Florence Acciainoli dynasty 252-3, . 254-6, 259-61, 264-5 food markets 4I9~2° foustanella 380, 491 Fowden, Elizabeth Key 299 Fowden, Garth 207 France and the First World War 393. 397.400-1 French rule in Sicily 244 and the Greek War of Independence 344 and the kingdom of Greece 361,363—4, 366 and Ottoman Athens 309-12 Frankish invaders 240-2, 248-9 Frantz, Alison 216, 218, 219, 225 Frederica, Queen of Greece 70, 467 INDEX Frederick, king of Sicily 245,249-50 French Revolution 84, ЗП, 325 French visftors to Athens 287-91 ,, Freud, Sigmund 15 The Frogs (Aristophanes) .123-4 Λ Froissart, Jean 256-7 fhnetals 461-6,475-7, 484-5,485-8 itinerary monuments 97 Fyli 321, Fyli landfill 531-2 Gaius Adlius 179 Galatians 172 Gallipoli peninsula 42, Gteco-Ţurkish war (1919-22) 405-6,410,411 Greek Church see Orthodox Church . Greek Enlightenment 325 Greek language 9,10,222, 362-3 Attic dialea 202 Greek Revolution/War of Independence ՅՅ0-45,35° and Byron 328-9 Gregory of Nazianzus (the Theologian) 210-12, 213, 222 Grigoropoulos, Alexis 501
Grivas, Colonel George 444,445 Gülen, Fethullah 521 46,39d Ganas, Evangelos 522-3 Gärtner, Friedrich von 348-9 i .. Gaspari, Monsieur ,310 Gazi distria 528 geography of Greece 9 George I, king of the Hellenes 370, 371, 379, 380,39°, 487 assassination 370, 391 and thè Ottoman war 383 George II, king of Greece 412,421,447,463 as Prince George 375, 382, 387 George IV, British king 333 Germanos, Freddy 432 Gibbon, Edward 193 Giraud, Jean 282-3 Giraud, Nicolo 324,327-8 Gladstone, William 93 Glezos, Manolis 431-9,449 Glezos, Nikos 436 Goebbels, Joseph 491, Golden Age of Athens see fifth-century BCE Athens Golden Dawn movement 508, 522 ‘golden visas’ 520-1 Gounaris, Dimitrios 396 Gouras, Asimo 342—3 Gouras, Ioannis 341-2, 343, 357 Hadji Ibrahim Effèndi 317 Hadrian, Emperor 192-9, 200, 201, 203,206, 258, 290,359 Arch of 197, 263,351 Library 194, 296 Haidari detention centre 442 Hall, Edith 96 Halmyros, Battle of 249 Hansen, Christian 360 Hansen, Theophil 379,404 Harmodius 30-2, 350, 527 Hasan Tahsin Pasha 389 Haseki, Hadji Ali 305-9 Hassan Aga 302 Hatzidakis, Manos 470 Hegeso monument 97 Helen, Saint 258 Hellenism 159, 202,427 and Christianity 235 and Constantinople 394 in European countries 362 and the Greek diaspora 371-2 and nineteenth-century Athens 349,359, 362-3 and the Olympic Games 491 philhellenism 192-3,333 and Sefbris 474,476 Helsey, Edouard 399
INDEX the Hephaesteion 229-30, 262-3, 288, 322, 352 Hephaestus, god 11,13,15 Heracles 229 Herculius 216 Herms, desecration of the П3-14 Herodes Atticus 200-2, 203, 205, 376, 397 Herodotus on the Persian wars 41, 43,44,48-9, 49-50, 54 on Solon 23, 24-5 Herulian raid 205-7, 2°9 215, 216 Himmler, Heinrich 433 Hipparchus 30, 31—2 Hippias 30-1, 32, 34, 41, 44 Hirshon, Renée 415-16 historical writings in Ottoman Greece 296-9 Hobhouse, John 321—2, 323, 325, 326, 338, 370 Homer 5,10, 99,151,167, 342 and Athena 11—12,14,15 on Peisistratus 29 honey-making monasteries 295-6, 309, 328 Hope Simpson, Sir John 4x5-16 houses 418 ancient Athens 107 Byzantine era 239-40 Ottoman Athens 268-9 polykatoikia 460-2 refiigees 414-16,418 Roman Athens 217—19 twentieth-century 377, 418-19 humanism 165 Hume, David 85 Hunt, Philip 313, 315-17 Hymettus, Mount 295 Hyperbolos 112 Iakovos, Metropolitan 280 Iamblichus 213 Ibrahim Pasha 344 Iliad (Homer) n, 14,15 Шсак, Şükrü 333 Illyrians 152 immigrant labour 498 6.O7 Innocent III, Pope 243 International Monetary Fund 508 Ioannides, Dimitrios 478 Ion 6-7 Ionian Greeks 6-7 and the Persian wars 38-9, 44. 5Յ1 55 Iraq 289-90, 486 Irene, Byzantine Empress 225-6 Isagoras 34-5 Islam 291, 293, 294 Muslims and the Balkan Wars 392-3 Muslims and the Greek War of Independence 332·-3 ззб, 337 and Paul the Apostle 191 practice of in greater Athens 523-4 see aho Ottoman Athens Isocrates 147 Istanbul 272, 273, 276, 286, 287, 296, 297, 299, 302,304, 309, 310, 312, 313, 315, 318, 322, ՅՅՆ ЗЗ8,340, 384. 385,402 compared with Athens 372 earthquake near 498 European hinterland of
406 Greek-speaking population of in early twentieth century 383,412,413 Orthodox Christian Patriarch in 273, 299»332 see aho Constantinople Jan Sobieski, king of Poland 278-9 Jerusalem Solomons Temple 298 Temple Mount 1,15,193 Jesus Christ 191 Jews and the Nazi occupation 439 Pacifico affair 364-5, 366, 368,369 and Paul the Aposde 189, 190-1 and Roman emperors 192-3, 2I3 of Thessaloniki 439 Joanna of Châtillon 249 John XXII, Pope 250 judicial system in ancient Athens 62, 72 Julian of Cappadocia 209-10 Julian, Emperor 207, 212-14, 215 jurors 126,136 Justinian, Emperor 219, 220, 221, 224, 290 Kagan, Donald 74 Kaisariani (district) 415, 441, 442, 448, 508 Kaisariani monastery 295, 296, 297, 309 Kaklamanis, Apostólos 463 Kaldellis, Anthony 227, 234, 238 Kallias 74 Kallithea 415, 493 Kaminis, George 516 Kanaris, Constantine 371 Kapnikarea church 358 Kapodistrias, Ioannis 350 Karamanlis, Constantine 464,465, 478 Karamanlis, Kostas 497, 499 Karneades 179 Kassander 166 Kavallares, Theophanes 296 Kazantzakis, Nikos 422 Kea 241-2 Кекгорѕ, mythical tóng 7, 12-13 Kellner, Gyula 375 Kemal, Mustafa 411 Kennedy, John E 183 Kerameikos cemetery 6i 66, 84, 97,182, 354, 527 Khi 444,445 Khremonides 171 Kifisia 74, 203,494 Kimon 68-70, 72, 73, 74, 14г. Н9 Kings Peace 142
6o8 HeanAes, Stamatis 352-3, 354.360 Kleinias 104 Kleisthenes 32, 34, 35,147, 527 KleisAenic democracy 35—6 Klemas, artist 26 Иеше, Leo von 352, 353-4, 358 Иеошепеѕ, Spartan king 33-4.34-5 Юеоп 92, 94,99,109 Knidos 141 Kokkinia 415,416-17, 44։. 533 Kolonaki 419 Königsmarck, Grunt Otto Wilhelm von 279, 282,283 Koniordou, Lydia 491-2 Konon 121,139-40,141-2 Konon Walls 142 Kontares, George 297 Korka, Beni 319 Kõrres, Manolis 216, 232 Kos 154 Koskotas, George 482-3 Koukaki 520 Koumoundourou, Lake 532 Ko un, Karolos 423 Koundouriotis, Admiral Pavios 389 Krannon 162 Kreousa 6 Kritias J32,133,134,135, 166-7 Kritolaus 179 Kritovoulos, Mikhail 265-6 Ktesiphon 262 Kylonian affair 19-20, 27 KyAera 318 Lakhares 169,170 Lamarchus 113 Lambda 531 Lambros, Spyridon 381 Lamían War 162 Latín Empire 244-67 Ae Catalan Company 245-52 law courts in ancient AAens 22-3, 28-9,73,136,147 shipping fraud 147-8,160 Lazarus Parliament 402 INDEX Le Corbusier 418 Le Roy, Julien-David 304 League of Nations 413 Leeper, Rex 446,447 Leo III, Pope 226 Leo IV, Byzantine Emperor “5 Leonidas, king of Sparta 46 Lepanto, Batde of (1571) 273 Lermusiaux, Albin 375 Lesbos 17,131,428 revolt against AAens 92-3 Lesk, Alexandra 311 Leuctra, Battle of 144-5 Lidnius 208,209 Lincoln, Abraham 87 Linear В script 12 living standards 493-4, 515 Lloyd George, David 390, 4H Lluria, Roger de 251-2 Loizos, Manos 479 Londos, Andreas 325,326 Louis, Spyridon 375-6, 379-80 Lotus XIV, king of France 287 Lovejoy, Esther 407-9 Ludwig I, king of Bavaria 348-9.350.353.354. 358 Lusieri, Giovanni Battista 313,314,315,316, 317-18,321,324,327
Lycabettus, Mount 194, 258, 296,486, 532 Lyceum i8r Lydia 24,38 Lykourgos 162-3,376 Lysander 120-1,121-2,132 Lysicrates monument 526 Macedonia 40,149, 250-72, J75 Arges 150-1,152,257 army 153,177 and Ae Balkan Wars З92.393 Lamían War 162 Macedonians compared wiA Athenians 251-2 OlynAos 156 Ottoman 382,384 refugee resetdement in 414 and the Roman Republic 176-7,178 Seleudd dynasty 278 see also Alexander Ae Great; Philip of Macedón McHugh, Sarah 202, 203 Mackenzie, Compton 395 Macmillan, Harold 283 McVeigh, Lincoln 447 Mahmud Efendi 297-9,319 Makarios, Archbishop 466, 470-2,478 Makfi 306-7 Makri, Theodora 322 Makriyanni 520 Makriyannis, Ioannis 34i-2 343 Makronisos, refugees on 407-8 Malalas,John 220 Maniadakis, Konstantinos 422,423 Manos, Stefanos 494-6 Manou, Aspasia 420 Mantinea 222 Batde of 245-6,252 Marathon, Batde of 42, 42-6, 50-2, 57, 60, 68, 264,172,375 Marcus Aurelius, Emperor շօշ, 204 Mardonius 40, 57 maritime fiautT 247-8 maritime power 47-8, 56,57 Massitta 38,248 Mavrokordatos, Alexander 328-9 Mavromichalis, Petrobey 350 Mazower, Mark 439,440 Meder 37 Medici family 255 Megakies 29-20,27, 28, 66,67 Megali Idea 428-9 Megara 22, 72, 75,102,340 Mehmet, Sultan 264, 265—6 Mela, Andromache 420 Mehän Dialogue 522 Mendoni, Lina 528 Menexenus (Plato) 202
INDEX Mercouri, Melina 470, 477, 479-80, 483-4,524 funeral 485-7 Merkel, Angela 441, 503, 516-17 Metaxas, General Ioannis 53, 394, 401-2, 421-2, 423, 425,426, 428, 432,442,491 Metaxourgeio 527-9, 533 Metis, nymph n metro system 494 Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens 404, 484 Michael IX, Byzantine emperor 248 Michailidou, Toula 438, 4Ճ7 Middle East 535 migration 517-18, 522-3 asylum seekers 517-18 Chinese 521-2 golden visas’ 520-1 Greek-Nigerians 522-3, 528-9 Miletus 38-9,100 military dictatorship 457, 466,473,474-5, 477-8, 481 Mill, John Stuart 85 Miller, William 255, 377-8 Miloševič, Slobodan 462 Miltiades 42,43, 46, 465 Minotaur 26 Missolonghi 328 Mithridates VI of Pontus 179-80,182,184 Mitriades 68 Mitsotakis, Constantine 467,483, 484 Mitsotakis, Kyriakos 516, . 517, 521, 531 monasteries, honey-making 295-6, 309, 328 Monastiraki 520,533 Montona, Matteo de 257 Morgenthau, Henry 413-14 Morosini, Francesco 278-9, 280, 281, 284-5, 293 mosques 358 Mounichia 168 Murad, Turkish sultan 261 Muses, Hill of the 170, 263, 280 museums 609 Acropolis Museum 232, 233 530 Benaki Museum 353, 401 Epigraphical Museum of Athens 144 Greek Numismatic Museum 378 Museum of the City of Athens 287 National Archaeological Museum 144 music 425, 476-7, 478-9, 519, 529 Mussolini, Benito 422, 432 Mycenaean civilization 5-6 Mycenaean spring 434, 435 mythology of ancient Athens 6-9, ii—16, 29-30 Mytilineou, Catherina 490 Nansen, Fridtjof 413 Naples 255-6 Napoleon Bonaparte 325 National Gardens 206 National Library of Greece 360-1, 530-1 National Society 381-2 National Theatre 527 NATO 75, 472, 479, 498
Nauplion 255 and Greek independence 339» 345» 350-1 naval power and warfare 47-8, 90, 92, 98,118, 140,141-2,158-9 Navarre, Company of 252, 253 Naxos 39 Nea Smyrni 415, 450 Neezer, Christopher 356 Nemea river, Battle of the 137 neo-PIatonism 219—23 neoclassical architecture 378-9 Neolithic era 5 Nestorios 212 Netanyahu, Binyamin 517 Never on Sunday (film) 470 New Democracy Party 482, 507,509-10,516-17 Niarchos complex see Stavros Niarchos Foundation Nightingale, Florence 368—70 Nikias 99, in, 112,113 Nikochares 129 Noemvriana events 398, 443 Obama, Barack 2, 503 Ober, Joseph 98 Octavian (later Augustus) 185-7 Odeion 184, 205 Odysseus 428 Odyssey (Homer) 11-12,15 Oedipus Rex (Sophocles) 93֊4 Olier, Charles-François, Marquis de Noimei 287 olive oil 13, 23, 29 Olympia 77 Olympic Games ancient Greece 10,19, 201, 376 (1896) 374-7.379-81 (2004) 194,289-93,497, 529 Olympiodorus 221 Olynthos 156 Omar, son of Tourakhan 265 Omer Bey of Euboea 333, 334 339. 340 Omer Vrioni 333-4, 339 Omonia Square 353, 429, 522 Onassis, Aristotle 530 Onesippus 129 opera 534 Orthodox Church 248, 249, 250, 253, 255, 261, 264, 265, 369,422, 482, 524 calendar 416, 460 development of worship 227-8 festivals 460-1 funerals 462-3 and the Greek state 482 monasteries 295 music 476 and the Parthenon 266, 293, 367 Patriarchate/Patriarchs 255» 273» 275» 276 , 286, 298, 308, 332, 403, 413
біо and Russia 363 in sixteenth-century Athens 268-9, 273, 279, 286, 289, 291 Orwell, George 83 ostracism 63-8, 70-1, 72, 74, 87,127,130 ostraka 64—8, 70,71 Otho, king of Greece 348, 35°, 351-2, 354—5, 364, 365, 533 manifesto 358-9 removal from power З70-1 Ottoman Athens 265-7, 268-319 antiquarians in 300-2 and Byron 326-7 government of 269-72, 304 Greek Christians in 268, 269, 272, 274-7,279, 290-1 Hasekis rule 305-9 honey-making monasteries 296 segregation of communities 524-5 seventeenth-century visitors to 286-94 Venetian-Ottoman War 277-86, 296, 357 Ottoman Empire and the Balkan Wars 388-92,392-3 conquest of Constantinople 242, 264 and Crete 382-3 and the First World War 393, 402-4 Greco-Turkish war (1897) 382-3 Greek community 372, 383- 6, 412-13 and the Greek War of Independence 328-9, 330-45 and nineteenth-century Greece 363-4 Orlov revolt 309—10 the Sublime Porte 312, 313 Young Turks 385-6, 390 see aho Turkey INDEX Pacifico, David 364-5,366, 368, 369 Painted Stoa (Stoa Peikite) 163-4, 239 Paleologos, Constantine 260 . Palmerston, Lord 365-6 Pan (god) 7,44.45 Panathenaic festival 29, 80-1, 84,170,182,376 stadium 162 Pángalos, Seraphim 275 Pángalos, Theodoras 418 Pangrati 473 Panhellenism 149,196-8 papacy and the Catalan Company 250-1 Papadiamantis, Alexandras 422 Papadopoulos, George 48t Papaioannou, Dmitris 490-1,492-3 Papandreou, Andreas 470, 472- 477,484, 5°3, JIO-II, 516 funeral of 462-6 as prime minister 478-81, 482, 485,496 Papandreou, Dimitra 462, 464 Papandreou, George (senior) 418, 449, 463, 464-5 as prime minister 443—4, 446,465^6,470,471 Papandreou,
George (son of Andreas) 500-1, 502, 503-4,505-7 Papandreou, Margaret 464 Papdemos, Lõukas 506 Papoulias, Karolos 502 Paris Peace Conference 409-10 Paros 68 Parren, Kalliini 426 Parthenon 3,119-20, 298 and barbarian raids 215-16 bombardment of (1687) 277-84, 285 Christian 226-8, 229, 231-6, 237,238, 241, 254,258,262,359 current restoration project 79 Elgin’s removal of sculptures 313-19,323 Florence Nightingales visit 370 frieze 79, 80-1,232-4, 262, 289,311,368 and the ‘golden’ mean 86 and the Latin Empire 255,256 marbles 3x9,356,480 mosque 358 and Ottoman rule 266 pediments 234 presentation of Athena and Poseidon 86 rebuilding of (447 BCE) 76-81 seventeenth-century visitors to 293-4 statues of Athena 76,163, Г69,232 temple of Athena 45,78, 280, 281, 318,319, 360 Paruyr (Prohaeresius) 209, 210, 212 PASOK (PanheUenic Socialist Movement) 478,482-3,485,495, 500, 503 Patriarchate/Patriarchs see uruier Orthodox Church Paul the Aposde 188-92, 217, 366,369 Paul, king of Greece 463, 466 Pausanias 196-7, 527 Pedro IV, king of Aragon 253. 253-4 Peisistratus, tyrant 27-30, 34.41.195 Pella 157 Peloponnesian War 82, 92, 97,103,105, ui, 112, 115-19,120-22,147, 357. 389. 528 pensions 502 Pentelikon, Mount 137,328, 348, 375 Percy, Thomas 302 Pergamon 175-8
INDEX Pericles 70-2, 73-6, 79, 81, 93, 94,-101,104,132, 190, 298 achievements of 146-7 and Alcibiades 104, 109, III and Aspasia 91, ioo-i building of the Parthenon 119-20 and Demosthenes 160 funeral oration for the war dead 82, 83-8, 95-8, 100,422 grave of 97 legacy of the Periclean age 359 and Plato 149 Pericles the younger 121 Peripatetics 179 Peristeri 452 Persephone, goddess 532 Persia Achaemenid dynasty 24-5 and Alcibiades 116 and the Peloponnesian War 120,122,142,144 wars with Greece 37-55, 56-7, 60-1, 75,135, 138-40,141 Petraki monastery 296 Petrakis, Dionysios 308 Phaedo (Plato) 126,127 Pharnabazus 122 Pheidias, sculptor 77, 80, 262 Pheidippides 43,44, 375 Philip of Macedón 150, 152-9,160,162 Demosthenes’ speech on 161 and the oracle of Delphi 155-6 Philip V, king of Macedonia 176,177 Philippides, Chiysanthos 439 Philokies 177 Phiiopappos mausoleum 263 philosophy 147,148-9, 163—6,178-9 neo-Platonism 219-23 see abo Plato; Socrates Phoenicians 52, 55 6ll Phokians 156,157-8 Phormio 92 photography 423-4 Piano, Renzo 530 Piraeus 48, 73,181, 521 Konon Walls 142 and maritime fraud 147-8 refUgee community 417 and Shia Muslims 524 Pittakis, Kyriakos 356-7 plague in ancient Athens 88-90, 91» 92 93֊4 95» 97 in Ottoman Athens 306 Plaka 107, 277, 283, 360, 429, 434, 475, 482, 525-6 Piastiras, Nikolaos 421, 449 Plataea, Battle of 56-7, 60, 209 Plato 148-9, 218, 369 Academy 69,148-9,158, 165,176,179,181,182, 219, 526 on Alcibiades 135 Apology 130-1 Euthyphro 128 First Alcibiades no-11 Menexemts ιοί neo-Platonism 218, 219-23 Phaedo 126,127 Phaedrus 202 Symposium іоб-іі, 131, 212
Pleistoanax, Spartan king 75 Plutarch 60, 65, 68,180 on Alcibiades 104,105 on Cicero 182—3 on Demetrius the Besieger 168,170,171 on Pericles 70, 71, 77-8 Pnyx (hill) 3, 94,128,174, 280 political rallies 461 politics in ancient Athens constraints on power 62-3 ostracism 63-8 Pollini, John 232, 233-4 pollution 480-1,531-2 Polytechnic 477 Pompeion 182 Pompey 184-5 population 522 growth 272, 352,377 Poros 162 Poseidon, sea-god 7, 8,12, 13,14, 49, 85,119, 311 and Athenian democracy 86 temple to 162 Posidonius 180 Potidaea 105 pottery и, 13, 49, 240 the François vase 26-7 Produs 217-19, 221, 222 Prohaeresius (Paruyr) 209, 210, 212 Protagoras 70 Protestants 289, 293, 294 Protimo, Niccolò 265 Prytaneion 197 Psirri district 322 Ptolemy 166 Ptolemy XIII of Egypt 185 public-private divide and Athenian democracy 86 Pydna 154 Pylos 99 Pythagoras 369 Rallis, Dimitrios 386 Randolph, Bernard 288 rap music 528, 534 refugees Anatolian 405-9, 413, 414-18, 533 see abo migration religion Ancient Greek 4,114-15, 130 and the Olympic Games 10 polytheists 190, 219-20, 221-3 see abo Catholicism; Christianity; deities; Orthodox Church; Protestants rembetika (type of urban music) 425,427, 476, 529 Rendi, Maria 256 Rendis, Dimitrios 253—4 Reshid Mehmed Pasha 339» 344 restaurants 519, 534
612 Revett, Nicholas 8o, 300-2, 303-4 Rhodes 134,167 riots (2008) 523 Roberts, Jennifer T. 93,93 Rodenwaldt, Gerhard 233 Rogers, Dylan 181 Rogge, Jacques 289 Roman Athens 186-99, 200-23, 29° barbarian raids 203—7 building programmes 194-7, 2°°. 201, 217 and Christianity 188-92 Roman Republic 176,177, 178-88 Sulla’s siege of Athens 179- 82,184,185,193 Romania 299,392 Royal Palace 348-9, 354, 397. 398 Royal Stoa 128-30 Rumeli 351 Russia 179, 535 and the Crimean War 366, 368-9,370 and the Greek War of Independence 331, 332 and the kingdom of Greece 361, 363-4 women and the Chechnya war 96 Russia and the Greek War of Independence 344 Rust, Bernhard 426 Sacred Band 443 Sacred Way 532 Sakellaropoulou, Katerina 528 Salamis 21,48, 285 Battle of 50-5, 36, 57, 60, 61, 65,142, 207 and the Greek War of Independence 335, ՅՅ6 Salamis (Cyprus) 74 Salem (super-tanker) 148 Samaras, Antonis 507, 509-10 Samos xoo, И7-18,158 Santas, Lakis 43 Santorini 24,310 INDEX Sardis (city) 25, 39,40, 41,141 Sari Mouselimi 302 Sarkozy, Nicolas 303 Schauberr, Eduard 332-3, 354. 360 Schinkel,. Karl Friedrich 354 Schliemann, Heinrich 378, 420 Scobie, General Ronald 444 445-6,447~8 449 Scodand 145 sculpture memorial to Dexileos 137-8 Severe Style 31 Scythians 42 Second Athenian League *44 Second Sophistic 201-2 Second World War Batde of Britain 87-8 Nazi occupation of Athens 6, 46,431-45, 515 Seferiades, George (Seferis) 428,429-30, 450, 473-7.478,491-2 funeral 475-7,488 Segesta 112 Sępolia 522,523, Տ33 Seraidari, Elli 423-4 Setton, Kenneth 251 Sèvres, Treaty of 410 Sfikas, George 438,450 Sgouros, Leo 240, 241
ship-building 47-8, 62,1Ć0 shipping ftaud 147-8,160 Sibilla, queen of Aragon 254 Sicily 17,112-13,115-16 Sicilian Vespers 244—5 Syracuse 112,115,148 Sicinnus 51, 55 Sigeum 34 Skouzes, Panagis 307,308 Skyros 69 Slavs 2Z4-5, 230, 384 Sligo, Lord 326-7 Smyrna 372, 383,406, 409-10,411 snakes 7 Sobiewolsky, Lieutenant 281-2 social classes in ancient Athens 22 Socrates 104-6,125-35, ։47. 166,187,323 and Alcibiades 132,134—5, 212 in Aristophanes’ The Clouds 108-9 death of 125-32,149 and Demosthenes 160 in Plato’s dialogues 101—2, 126,127,130-1 Symposium 108,109-10, Ці trial of Í09,127-35 and Zeno 164 Solon 20-7,34, 38,147, 191,297 Sophocles 93-4,123,129, 146,162-3 Soteres, Gregorios 296 Souliotis-Nikolaides, Athanasios 385 South Stoa 182 Soviet Union 471,479 Sparta 12, 32-5,39, 60-1, 68, 69,74,155 and Athenian democracy 138 Battle ofTanagra 73 defeat at Mantinea 143-6, 152 and the Delphic oracle 155-6 helots 33, 69 and Macedonia 155, 157.171 Pericles’ rimerai oration for war dead 82,83—8 Persian wars 39,40,44, 45.57 wars with Athens 58-9, 73,92,94,98-100, 105-6, Ш-16,118, 120-3,135,137,138, 140-6,514 women 33 see also Peloponnesian War Sphakteria 99 Sphodrias 143,144 Spon, Jacob 287-90, 297 Stalin, Joseph 442,443, 450 Stathakopoulos, Dionysios 257
INDEX Stavros Niarchos Foundation 530, 534 Stead, William 494 Stegi (Roof) 530 Stoa ofAttālos 174—5, 178,182 Stoa of Eumenes 205 Stoa Poikile (Painted Stoa) 163-4 Stoics 164,165,179,189,191 Strangford, Viscount 333 Stratokies 169 Stratou, Danae 511 Stuart, James 80, 300-4, ^ 306, 314 Sulks siege ofAthens 179-82,184,185,195 Symposium (Plato) 106-11, 131 Syngrou Avenue 417, 486, 5*4» 530 Syntagma Square 348,353, 419. 494 Syracuse 112,115,148 Syria 168 Syriza 507, 516-17 Tamerlane 259 Tanagra, Battle of 73 taxes 155 technology sector 497—8 territorial expansion nineteenth-century Greece 362 terrorism 489-90 Thackeray, William 355-6 Thasos 142 theatre 30 theatres 146,152 Dionysus 162,178 Herodes Atticus 201 Thebes and Macedonia 153,160-1 the Sacred Band 158 and the Spartan wars 75, 140,141,143-6,152 Themistoclean wall 526 Themistocles 47,48, 50-1, 55, 61, 65, 66, 71,147, 210 ostracism of 65, 66, 67 Theodorakis, Mikis 470, 476-7 Theodore of Epirus 243 Theodore of Tarsus 226 613 Theotokis, George 386 Theotokos mosaic 228 Thermopylae 156,157 Theseus, mythical king 8-9, її, 26, 29, 69,164, 197, 201, 229-30 Thessaloniki 224, 308, 389, 39° Յ96, 401,439. 440,495» 498 Thessaly 156,162 Thirty Tyrants 132,149 Thrace 40,46, 68—9,142 Thrasyboulos 142, 527,531 Thucydides 31, 60—1, 83, 88, 92, 99, 202, 438, 528, 534 on Alcibiades 113 on Athenian democracy 89,90-1 on the Athenian plague 88-90 on the Dimosion Sema 526-7 on the Sicilian expedition 115-16 Tissaphernes 116,117 Titus Pomponius (Atticus) 183 Tocco, Carlo 256 Tolias, George 273 Toimides 75 tourism 423, 519-20 Tower of the Winds 263,
288,303,304, 526 trade in ancient Athens 23 Trajan, Emperor 193—4, *98 transport 494-5, 497 travellers, seventeenthcentury 286-94 tribes of Athens 35,171,197 Trikoupis, Charilaos 361-2, 379 Tripolitsa 332 triremes 47-8, 72,140, 273 Tritsis, Antonis 480-2, 484, 488 funeral of 484-5 Trojan War 141, 258 Trump, Donald 2, 517 Tsakolotos, General Thrasyvoulos 340 Tsaldaris, Panagis 420-1 Tsalikis, Father Iakovos 462 Tsarouchis, Yannis 493 Tsiodras, Sotiris 534 Tsipras, Alexis 507-8, 509, 510-11, 517 Tsolakoglou, George 439 Turkey and Cyprus 471, 478 Greco-Turkish war (191922) 405-6, 410, 411 and the migrant crisis 517» 518 modern Greek relations with 498-9, 517 Turks in Athens 521 see also Ottoman Empire Turks 252 the Karasids 248 and the Venetians 259-60 see also Ottoman Empire Turner, J. M. W. 313 twentieth-century dictatorship 117 tyranny 18, 28-32,41,132, *49 Ulen, Henry 419 United States 364 and Athenian democracy 87, 88 and Britain 183 and Cyprus 471 post-ColdWar 73 Reagan administration 479 relations with Greece 464 Supreme Court 136 University of Athens 360-1, 370, 381,4^5-7 Valerian, Emperor 206 Valerian wall 206 Vamvakaris, Markos 425 Vangelis 589 Varoufakis, George 455-6 Varouiakis, Yanis 507-9, 510, 511-12 vases 26-7, 29, 48 Vasiliki 272 Vassos, Timoleon 382 Velestinlis, Rigas 325-6 Venetians in Athens 257-9 and the Catalans 251 and the Ottomans 269 sack of Constantinople 243
614 Venetian-Ottoman War 277-86,296, 357 Venezis, Ilias 428 Venizelos, Eleftherios 424-5, 429,448 and the Balkan Wars 387-9, 390-1, 392, 393 and Bourchier 381, 387-8 and the First World War 393. 393-7. 401-2. 403, 404,409 , inrerwar government 411, 412,419,420-1 and the Paris Peace Conference 409-10 ree аДе Athens ; International Airport Venizelos, Evangelos 504 Vernon, Francis 287-9, Versailles, Treaty of 409-10 Victoria, Queen 113,371 Vidal. Gore 212, 213 Virgin Mary 296 Akathist hymn to 236-7 in the Parthenon 227, 228,230,233,234,235. 236, 237, 254, 258 Visigoths 214-16 visitors to Athens American 380 nineteenth-century 367-70 seventeenth-century 286-94 ■ INDEX iff ako Byron, George Gordon, Lord Vratsanos 519 Waddington, George 334, 335-6,337-8,339 Walter V of Brienne, duke , of Athens 248-9 Walter VI of Brienne 251 Warsaw Pact 487 water supply 419, 532 Waugh, Evelyn m weddings 466-9,487 Wheler, George 287, 289-91, 293,294, 297 Wilson, Sir David 480 women Aspasia 91, .100-1 and Athenian democracy 87 funerals and ceremonial lamentation 96 in funerary monuments ՛■■■■■ .97 ՛ ՛ .՝ houses in ancient Athens ·, Ī07 : ■՛ :/ ■ and Plato’s Academy 149 St Filothei 274-7 in Sparta 33 Wyse, Edward 368 Xanthippos 70-1,465 Xenophon 122,139,164 on the trial of Socrates 133-4 Xerxes, Persian king 46, 49, 52,55,57.207,523 Xi Jinping 521 Yerakaris, Limberakis 285—6 Yinka, hfanolis 528-9 Young Turk movement 385-6, 390 Yourcenar; Marguerite 450 Ypsilantis. Alexander 331 Zagan Pasha 267 ՛ Zappas, Evangelos 372-3, 37« Zappeion Palace 373, 397, 398,400-1 Zay, Jean 426-7 Zeno of Elea 70 Zeno
of Kition 150,164-5, - 172 Zeus, god 7,10, n, 13,15, 191,193, 201» 214 temple of 77.195-6, 258, 263,291,407 Ziller, Ernst 378-9,407, 527 Zorba the Greek (film) 470 Zorzi, Chiara 264 Zosimus 214-15 Zygomalas, Theodosius 273 About the Author Bruce Clark wntes on culture and religion for The Economist. He has been diplomatic correspondent of the Financial Times, Moscow correspondent for The Times and Athens correspondent for Reuters. He is the author of Empire’s New Clothes, an exploration of the rise of nationalism in post-Soviet Russia in the 1990s, and Twice a Stranger: How Mass Expulsion ForgedModern Greece and Turkey, a history of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey which took place in the early 1920s following the Treaty ofLausanne. Twice a Stranger won the Runciman Award in 2007. Հ-----------------N Bayerisch« Staatsbibliothek Mönchen
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CONTENTS introduction: rocks that matter. 1 1 The Beginnings of Greatness, 600—500 BCE . 17 2 Victories of Brilliance, 500-480 BCE. 37 3 Golden Years, 479-432 BCE.56 4 Pride and a Fall, 432-421 BCE. 82 5 A Blazing Twilight, 421—405 BCE. 103 6 A Chastened Democracy, 405-362 BCE. 125 7 A Dance of Death with Macedonia, 362-239 BCE . 150 8 Other People’s Empires, 239 BCE-137 CE. 173 9 Polytheists and Barbarians, 138-560 CE. 200 10 A Christian Millennium. 224 11 Latin and Greek: the Late Middle Ages, 1216-1460 244 12 Before and After the Bombardment, 1460-1700 . .268 13 Stones of Contention, 1697-1820 . .295 14 A Poet Dreams on a Rock, 1809—33 . 320 15 Hellenism and Its Expanding Hub, 1833-96 . . . .346 16 Racing to War, 1896-1919.374 17 Of Loss and Consolidation, 1919-36. . .405 18 The Darkest Decade, 1940—50.431
19 A Wedding and Four Funerals,1960-2000. 457 20 Pride, a Fall and an Open Future, 2000-18. 489 21 And Greece Travels Onwards.514 NOTES ON SOURCES.536 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. . . . . . .598 IMAGE CREDITS .600 INDEX. . 601 LIST OF MAPS Athens and Modern Greece. viii-ix Classical Athens. i8 The Athenian Empire before the Peloponnesian War . . 58-9 Roman Athens, c.150 CE. 175 Athens and the Latin Empire in the early thirteenth century. . 246-7 The Ottoman Empire, c.1550. 270-1 Greek Territorial Changes, 1832-1947. . .347 Greater Athens. 458-9
Index Abydos, Battle of 118 Academy ofAthens 360-1 see also under Plato Acarnania 176 Acciaiuoli, Antonio 259-60 Acciaiuoli, Antonio II 261 Acciaiuoli, Francesca 256—7 Acciaiuoli, Franco 264—5, 266-7 Acciaiuoli, Nerio 253, 254-6, 257 Acciaiuoli, Nerio II 260-1, 264 Acciaiuoli, Niccolò 252-3 Achaemenid dynasty 24-5 The Achamians (Aristophanes) 94, IOO-I Acropolis 1—2, 2-5 and barbarian raids 205-6 Byrons visit 322—3, 370 caves 4, 6-7 Cyclopean walls 5 Elgin's removal of sculptures 313-19, 367-8 Florence Nightingale’s visit 369-70 Frankish Tower 340, 357 and the Greek War of Independence 332-6, 338-9» Յ40-Յ Hill of the Nymphs 399 inscriptions in the Christian era 227-8 and the Latin Empire 254-5 the Mycenaean spring 6 nineteenth-century transformation of 356-60 and Ottoman Athens 268 Persian destruction of 49-50, 76 the Rock 3-7,14,19, 49 shrine of Athena 19, 28, 35 Roman monuments 187-8 temples Dionysus 30 the Erechtheion 119, 120 Poseidon 163 theatre of Dionysus 162 wartime British occupation 447 see aho the Parthenon Acropolis Museum, Athens 80 Adair, Sir Robert 318 Aegean Sea 8,10, 272 Aegeus, mythical king 8-9, 290 Aegina 48, 72 Aegospotami, Batde of 122,140 Aelius Aristides 204-5 Aeschylus 123-4,146,162-3 The Persians 52-3, 54 Africa 535 Agamemnon 141 Agathias 220-1 Agesiliaus, king of Sparta 141,143,146 Agis, king of Sparta 116 Aglaurus 7 Agora Church of the Holy Apostles 228-30 Roman era 361 temple of Hephaestus 229 Agora of Athens 173-4, 178,182 Roman 187 Agrippa, Marcus 187 Aigaleo (district) 523,594 Aigaleo, Mount 52, 207,· Aiges 150-1,152,157 palace of 348 airport
494-5,497,529 Akathist (Orthodox hymn) 236 Akerhjelm, Anna 282—3 Alans 248 Alaric, Gothic warrior 214-16, 232, 329 Albania 252,432, 436, 440 Alcibiades 104-6,107,109, іи-13,114—15,116-19, 120-1,122-4 accusations of blasphemy 114-15,120,130 in Aristophanes’ The Frogs 123-4 and Byron 325 death 122 personality 104—5 in Plato’s Symposium IIO-II and Socrates 132,134-5, 212 Alexander the Great 150, 158,159,160-1,166, 167,173,178,183,185, 202, 290
бог Alexander, king of Greece 40г, 410-П Alexandri, Georgia 528 Alfred, Prince 371 Ali Pasha 321,331, 333, 338, 339. 350. 373 Alice, Princess 398 Alkmeonid clan 19, 27,32, 34-5,104 Amalia, Queen of Greece 348 Amazons 164 American Civil War 87 American Revolution 84 American School of Classical Studies 4Ч-5 Amphictyonie League 155 Amphipolis 99,154,157 Ampurias 250 Anali islet 346, 349 Anafiotika neighbourhood 346-8,349 Anatolia 34, 38,46, 411 refiigees from 405-9,413, 414-18,441, 533 , Anaxagoras 70 Andrew, Prince of Greece 412 Androniķos II, Byzantine emperor 248 Androutsos, Odysseas 338-40, 341 Angelopoulos, Panagiotis 455 Anne-Marie of Denmark, Queen of Greece 466-7 Antetokounmpo, Giannis 523 anti-Semitism 364 Antigonids 171 Antigenus Gonatas 171-2 Antigonus Monophthalmos 166,168,169,170,171 Antiochus ofAshkelon 182, 184,195 Antiochus Epiphanes 195 Antipater 1Ć2 antiquarians 300-3 The Antiquities ofAthens (Stuart and Revett) 303 Antoninus, Emperor 204 Antoninus Pius 201 INDEX Antony, Mark 185-6 Anytus 135 Aphrodite, goddess 7 Apollo, god 6,40, 95, 156,158 Apostolou Pavlou 530 Appián 179-80 Apsities 210 aqueduct 194, 419, 533 Aragon, kingdom of 244-5, 253~4 Aratus 191—2 Arcadian League 145 archaeological excavations 424-5 archaeological finds drinking cup of Pericles 71-2 the ‘Hockey Players’ 61 mass burials 20 ostraka 64—5 the Royal Stoa 128-30 shipsheds 47r-8 Syntagma 494 warriors’ grave 528 Archelaus 180,181 Archidamian War 92 architecture nineteenth-century 348-9, 352.-4, 355. 377-9 twentieth-century 418—19 archons 18-19,180 ‘king archon 129,174 Solon 20-7 war archon
42 Ardenos 397 Areopagus 18,49,63,189, 190, 219,269, 281,369 Ares, god 12 Arginusai islands 121 Argos іи, 240 Arianism 211 Ariphron 72 Aristagoras 39 Aristides 65, 66 Aristides, Aelius 202 Aristion 180-1 Aristogeiton 30-1, 350, 527 Ariston 184 Aristophanes 94,129,132, 146,423, 527, 528 The Acharnions 94, іоо-і The Clouds 108-9, Ч1 The Frogs 123-4 Lysistrata 123,486 Aristotle 29,158, 258 Arrephoroi 434 Arsenis, Kriton 532 Anabazus 154 Artaphernes 40 Artaxerxes II of Persia 139, 140,142,154 Artemis (goddess) 40,45, 306 Artemisia, queen of Halicarnassus 54-5 Artemisium, Battle of 46-7,48 artists 26-7 Aspasia 91,100-1 asylum seekers 517-18 Athena, goddess 11-16,19, 28,49,170,187, 235 and Athenian democracy 86 and Kng Odio 351-2 Nike temple 119 olive tree 12—13,49, u9 492 olive-wood effigy of (the xoana) 119 Panathenaic festival in honour of 29, 80-1, 84,163,170, 376 and the Parthenon 78, 86, 262 statues of 76,162,179, 188, 232 temples 45, 76,232, 280, 281, 283, 318,319, 357, 360 Athenian League see Delian League; Second Athenian League Athénion 180 Athens International Airport (Eleftherios Venizelos) 494,495, 529 Athens Tower 460 Athinas Avenue 353 Adantis 23-4 atoms 166 Atossa, Persian queen 52 Attalid dynasty 175 Attālos I, king of Pergamon 176 Attālos II, king of Pergamon 175
INDEX Attica 6, ю, 29, 35,102 Solons rule 20-7 Atticus (Titus Pomponius) 183 Augustus, Roman Emperor 185-8,192 Aulis 141 Aulus Gellius 203 austerity crisis 499-513 Averoff, George 372-3, 377, 381, 397 The Babylonians (Aristophanes) 94 Bakoyannis, Kostas 516, 532-3 Baldwin, Count 241 Balkan Wars (1912-13) 388-93» 394 Balkan wars (1990s) 331, 498 Bank of Crete 482 Baptista Vretos 307 barbarian raids 203-7, 214-16, 232 Basil of Caesarea 210-11, 212, 213, 222 Basil II, Byzantine emperor 230-1 Bausch, Pina 493 Beaton, Roderick 376, 390 Becket, Maria 438 beekeeping 289,295 Bekir 307 Bellos 307 Benakis, Emmanuel 401 Benizelos, Ionnes 299 Black Death 93, 95, Blake, Arthur 375 Boeotia 30, 75,105-6,141, 143, 207, 253 book-burning 422 Bourns, Charalambos 216 Bourchier, James David 380-1, 387-9 bouzouki 425, 519, 529 Brasidas 99 Brenne, Stefan 66-7 Breton, André 451 Britain and the Acropolis monuments 318 and the Balkan Wars 390-1 603 British politics and Kleisthenic democracy 36 and the Crimean War 366, 368-9 and the First World War 393» 395» 397 and the Greek War of Independence 344 and the kingdom of Greece 361, 363, 364-6 liberation of Athens (1944) 442,443-50, 461 and the United States 183 British Commonwealth 198 British Empire 113 Bronze Age 5 Brutus, Marcus Iunius 184, 185.186 building works illegal building in greater Athens 481-2 nineteenth-century transformation of the Acropolis 356-60 Pericles’ building of the Parthenon 119-20 polykatoikia 458—60 Roman Athens 194-7, 200, 201, 217 see aho houses Bulgaria 384, 385, 388-9, 392» 395» 4°a Burns, A. R. 145 Bush, George W. n, 88
Byron, George Gordon, Lord 321-5, 326-30, 338, 363» 368, 370, 525 Byzantine Athens and the Catalan Company 248 Christianity 224-43 Byzantium 154,158, 208, 395 Caesar, Julius 184,185, 186.187 Callimachus 42 Caltabellotta, Peace of 245 Cambyses 40 capital city, Athens as choice of 350-1 Carlyle, Joseph 315 Carras, Lydia 526 Carrey, Jacques 287 Carthage 176 the Caryatids 119,187,188 Cassius Dio 188 Catalan Company 245—52, 253-4 Catholicism the Church and the Latin Empire 250-1, 254-5, 255-6 Frankish rule in Athens 242-3 and the Parthenon 293 Çelebi, Evliya 291-4, 297, 319 Centeno, Mario 512-13 Cephalonia 256-7, 328, 484, 488 ceramics 23, 240 Chaeronea, Battle of 150, 158,160,162 Chaerophon 132 Chalkidike peninsula 156 Chalkis 158,177, 269 Ottoman rule in 269, 272 Chalkokondyles, George 260 Chares 154 Charlemagne, king of the Franks 226 Charles king of Sicily 244 China 521-2, 535 Chios 154, 332 Chioti, Lambrini 205, 206, 216 Choiseul-Gouffier, Comte de 309-11 Choniates, Michael, Greek archbishop of Athens 234-6, 238-9, 240, 241-2, 293, 295, 359 Choniates, Nikitas 241-2 Chosroes, king of Persia 220-1 Christian Bible Acts of the Apostles 188-91,198-9 and the Christian Parthenon 236 Christianity 207, 210-14, 217 Arianism 211, 216 Byzantine Athens 224-43
6 0Ą and Constantinople 208-9 and Frankish Athens 241-2 Greek Christians and the War of Independence 333, 335, 337 and Greek mythology 15 the Holy Shroud 242-3 iconoclasts 225 and neo-Platonism 219-23 the Orthodox Church and the Greek state 482 Orthodox festivals 460-1 Orthodox funerals 462-3 in Ottoman Athens 268, 269 and the Parthenon 226-8, 229, 231-6, 237, 238, 241, 254, 258, 262, 359 Paul the Apostle in Athens 188-92 and Roman Athens 188-92, 2°7 208-14 see aho Virgin Mary Christoulas, Dimitris 499-500 Church of the Holy Apostles 228-30 Church, Sir Richard 344 Churchill, Winston 87-8, 410, 442,443, 444, 447-50, 463 Cicero 182—4, 186 cinema 470 citizens in ancient Athens 22 city walls 61-2, 66,122-3, 239, 305-6 city-states 9—π civil war (1946-9) 340, 455, 458 Clarke, Edward 315, 317 Clarke, Edward Daniel ' 320-1 Cleombrotus, king of Sparta 144 Cleopatra 185-6 climate change 535 The Clouds (Aristophanes) 108-9,131 Cold Wir 60,471 INDEX the colonels 466,473,477, 482,488,491, 493, 501,520 communism see EAM (National Liberation Front) Connelly, Joan Breton 81, 232, 289,292 Constans II, Byzantine emperor 225 Constantine the Great, Emperor 208-9, 212, 290 Constantine I, king of Greece 391-2, 411,412 as Crown Prince 375, 380, 383,389-90 and the First World War 393-4, Յ96,397, Յ98-9,400-1 Constantine II, king of Greece 70,470, 47i-2,472֊3 wedding 466-7,487 Constantine IV, Byzantine emperor 225-6 Constantinople 205, 208-9, 224, 226 and the First World War 402-4 Frankish invasion of 241, coup d’état ofApril 1967 466 see also the colonels Covid pandemic 95,534 Crete 9,12, 24,
278,364, 382-3, 385, 386-7, 396-7 German invasion of , 433-4, 440 cricket 523 Crimean War 366, 368-9, 370,378 Crito 126 Croesus, king of Lydia 24-5,38 ՜ Cromwell, Oliver 156 Crosus Field, Battle of the 156,157 Crusaders 240-1 Crusius, Martin 273-4 Cunaxa, Battle of 139 Cynics 164 Cynoscephalae, Battle of 177 Cyprus 24, 74,117,140, 465-6,470-1,478 Cyriacus of Ancona 261—3, 266 Cyrus the Great, Persian hing 25, 37, 38 Cyzicus, Battle of 118 24Յ and Greek independence 355 Hagia Sophia 227, 228, 298,403-4 Ottoman conquest of 242, 264-6 see also Istanbul Constantinople Organization 385-6, 394constitution 354, 371 Constitution Square see Syntagma Square consumerism 495, 501 Contarini, Bartolommeo 264-5 CorfU 144,371 Corinth 27, 29,72,140, 172, 240, 260 Paul the Apostle in 192 Corinthian war 141 Corsica 38 Coubertin, Pierre de 379 da Martoni, Niccolò 256-8 262, 263 Dalaras, George 417 Damaskinos, Archbishop ՜* 448-9 Damaskios 219, 223 Daphni monastery 230-1, 248, 380,532 Darius, Persian king 39—40 41, 42,139 Dark Age 6 Darrige du Foumet, Admiral Louis 399 Dassin, Jules 477 Datis 40 de Bonon, Alain 165 de la Roche, Guy 248 de la Roche, Otho 241, 243 de Vere, Aubrey 367—8 deities 4, 5, 6-7 Dekemvriana 443—50 Delacroix, Eugène 332 Deleon 105—6
INDEX Delian League 74,144 Deliyannakis, George 209 Deliyannis, "Iheodoros 361 Delos 40, 66, 68, 74,180, 185 Delphic oracle 32, 33-4, 48 and Philip of Macedón 150,155-6,157,158 sanctuary of Apollo 156 and Socrates 131,132 and Sparta 155-6 Delta, Penelope 401 Demeter, goddess 320 Demetrius the Besieger 167-70,171, 306 Demetrius of Phaleron 166-7, ։68,169 democracy in ancient Athens 2, 69-70,103, 135-7,166, 505 changing the law 136 degeneration of 180 and foreign domination 174 Kleisthėnic 35-6 and Macedonia 162 ostracism 63-8, 70-1, 72, 74,87,127,130 and Pericles 84-8,90-1 and Socrates 127,130, w, m Democritus 165 Demosthenes, Athenian orator and politician 159-63 Demosthenes, naval commander 98,99 Dexileos 141 memorial to 137-8 Dexippus, historian 206-7 diaspora 371-3, 380-1, 530 DİEM25 party 5x0 Dikaiopolis 95 Dimoulas, Christos 506 Diodotus 93 Diogenes of Babylon 179 Dionysios (Denis the Areopagite) 258, 269 Dionysios, Sicilian tyrant 148 Dionysiou Areopagitou 530 Dionysus, god 30,123,170, 194. Theatre of 162,178, 218 6OJ Disraeli, Benjamin 36,93, ИЗ, 365-6 Doolittle, Hilda 15 Downward, Jeremy 515-16 Doxiadis, Euphrosyne 97 Doxiadis, Constantinos 480,529 Dragouomis, Ion 385 Dramiton 72 Drury, Henry 324-5 Duris of Samos 171 EAM (National Liberation Front) 436, 439, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445.461 earthquakes 498-9 Eastcoart, Sir Giles 287-8 economic development 361-2 economic recovery 513, 514-16,519-22 Eden, Anthony 448 Egypt 23.40, 72. 73-4. 177.285 Florence Nightingale in 369 Ottoman 312,314, 317, 344-5 Ekali 464 ELAS (communist resistance movement) 436,440,442-3,
443-4,446—7, 449-50. 451-4, 476 Eleusian mysteries 114,176, 198,212 Eleusis 84,114,129 X43. 532 barbarian raid on 203-5, 216 Elgin, Thomas Bruce, seventh Earl of 312-18, 323, 327, 367-8 Byronon 329-30 See abo under Parthenon Elizabeth II, Queen (Princess Elizabeth) 412 EUiniki Eraireia conservation movement 526 Ellinikon airport 479, 496. 531 Embeirikos, Andreas 450-4 England 233, 303, 314, 318, 319,327,328,369, 421, 456 Enver Bey 385 Epaminondas of Thebes ИЗ, 145-6 Ephesus 38 Ephialtes 70 Epicureans 179,189,191 Epicurus 165-6 Epimenides 191 equality before the law in ancient Athens 22—3 Erechtheion 119,120,187, 238, 310-11, 313, 318, 342,434-5 repairs to 357 Erechtheus, mythological king 6, 7,13-14, 81, 163, 232 Eretria 40,41 Ergotimos, artist 26 Eridanos river 84 Eros, god 7 Esma Sultan 305, 307 Estañol, Berenguer 250 ethnic diversity 498 Euboea 17,40-1,47,75, 158, 249, 269, 333, 334, 339, 348,4SI Euboulos 154 Eumenes I, king of Pergamon 176 Eumenes II, king of Pergamon 177-8,187 the Eumenides (forjes) 369 Eunapius 216 Euripides 81,123,129,146, 162-3 euro crisis 492,496-7, 502-7, 521 see abo financial crisis (from 2009) European Union 383, 479, 481, 483,499 and asylum seekers 517-18 bailouts 500, 502, 503, 509,510, 512 ‘golden visas’ 520—1 Euthyphro (Plato) 128 Evagoras, king of Cyprus 140 Evert, Angelos 439 Exarcheia 4x9, 501, 516, 517
606 expatriate Greeks 371-3 j 380-1 in the Ottoman Empire 383-4 famine 437-8 Farmakis, Nikos 445 fascism 421-3 Fauvel, Louis-FrancoisSebastien ЗЮ-П, 313, 318,323 fifth-century BCE Athens 56-124 see aho Pericles Filothei, Saint 274—7 financial crisis (1843) 354_5 financial crisis (from 2009) ,499-54. 521 see abo euro crisis Finlay, George 345 fires 535 First Peloponnesian War 75 First World War 393-403, 409 Flack, Edwin 375 Flamiriinus, Titus Quinctius 177 flash flooding 532-3 Flodden Field, Battle of 145 Flor, Roger de 245-8 Florakis, Kharilaos 483 Florence Acciainoli dynasty 252-3, . 254-6, 259-61, 264-5 food markets 4I9~2° foustanella 380, 491 Fowden, Elizabeth Key 299 Fowden, Garth 207 France and the First World War 393. 397.400-1 French rule in Sicily 244 and the Greek War of Independence 344 and the kingdom of Greece 361,363—4, 366 and Ottoman Athens 309-12 Frankish invaders 240-2, 248-9 Frantz, Alison 216, 218, 219, 225 Frederica, Queen of Greece 70, 467 INDEX Frederick, king of Sicily 245,249-50 French Revolution 84, ЗП, 325 French visftors to Athens 287-91 ,, Freud, Sigmund 15 The Frogs (Aristophanes) .123-4 Λ Froissart, Jean 256-7 fhnetals 461-6,475-7, 484-5,485-8 itinerary monuments 97 Fyli 321, Fyli landfill 531-2 Gaius Adlius 179 Galatians 172 Gallipoli peninsula 42, Gteco-Ţurkish war (1919-22) 405-6,410,411 Greek Church see Orthodox Church . Greek Enlightenment 325 Greek language 9,10,222, 362-3 Attic dialea 202 Greek Revolution/War of Independence ՅՅ0-45,35° and Byron 328-9 Gregory of Nazianzus (the Theologian) 210-12, 213, 222 Grigoropoulos, Alexis 501
Grivas, Colonel George 444,445 Gülen, Fethullah 521 46,39d Ganas, Evangelos 522-3 Gärtner, Friedrich von 348-9 'i . Gaspari, Monsieur ,310 Gazi distria 528 geography of Greece 9 George I, king of the Hellenes 370, 371, 379, 380,39°, 487 assassination 370, 391 and thè Ottoman war 383 George II, king of Greece 412,421,447,463 as Prince George 375, 382, 387 George IV, British king 333 Germanos, Freddy 432 Gibbon, Edward 193 Giraud, Jean 282-3 Giraud, Nicolo 324,327-8 Gladstone, William 93 Glezos, Manolis 431-9,449 Glezos, Nikos 436 Goebbels, Joseph 491, Golden Age of Athens see fifth-century BCE Athens Golden Dawn movement 508, 522 ‘golden visas’ 520-1 Gounaris, Dimitrios 396 Gouras, Asimo 342—3 Gouras, Ioannis 341-2, 343, 357 Hadji Ibrahim Effèndi 317 Hadrian, Emperor 192-9, 200, 201, 203,206, 258, 290,359 Arch of 197, 263,351 Library 194, 296 Haidari detention centre 442 Hall, Edith 96 Halmyros, Battle of 249 Hansen, Christian 360 Hansen, Theophil 379,404 Harmodius 30-2, 350, 527 Hasan Tahsin Pasha 389 Haseki, Hadji Ali 305-9 Hassan Aga 302 Hatzidakis, Manos 470 Hegeso monument 97 Helen, Saint 258 Hellenism 159, 202,427 and Christianity 235 and Constantinople 394 in European countries 362 and the Greek diaspora 371-2 and nineteenth-century Athens 349,359, 362-3 and the Olympic Games 491 philhellenism 192-3,333 and Sefbris 474,476 Helsey, Edouard 399
INDEX the Hephaesteion 229-30, 262-3, 288, 322, 352 Hephaestus, god 11,13,15 Heracles 229 Herculius 216 Herms, desecration of the П3-14 Herodes Atticus 200-2, 203, 205, 376, 397 Herodotus on the Persian wars 41, 43,44,48-9, 49-50, 54 on Solon 23, 24-5 Herulian raid 205-7, 2°9 215, 216 Himmler, Heinrich 433 Hipparchus 30, 31—2 Hippias 30-1, 32, 34, 41, 44 Hirshon, Renée 415-16 historical writings in Ottoman Greece 296-9 Hobhouse, John 321—2, 323, 325, 326, 338, 370 Homer 5,10, 99,151,167, 342 and Athena 11—12,14,15 on Peisistratus 29 honey-making monasteries 295-6, 309, 328 Hope Simpson, Sir John 4x5-16 houses 418 ancient Athens 107 Byzantine era 239-40 Ottoman Athens 268-9 polykatoikia 460-2 refiigees 414-16,418 Roman Athens 217—19 twentieth-century 377, 418-19 humanism 165 Hume, David 85 Hunt, Philip 313, 315-17 Hymettus, Mount 295 Hyperbolos 112 Iakovos, Metropolitan 280 Iamblichus 213 Ibrahim Pasha 344 Iliad (Homer) n, 14,15 Шсак, Şükrü 333 Illyrians 152 immigrant labour 498 6.O7 Innocent III, Pope 243 International Monetary Fund 508 Ioannides, Dimitrios 478 Ion 6-7 Ionian Greeks 6-7 and the Persian wars 38-9, 44. 5Յ1 55 Iraq 289-90, 486 Irene, Byzantine Empress 225-6 Isagoras 34-5 Islam 291, 293, 294 Muslims and the Balkan Wars 392-3 Muslims and the Greek War of Independence 332·-3 ззб, 337 and Paul the Apostle 191 practice of in greater Athens 523-4 see aho Ottoman Athens Isocrates 147 Istanbul 272, 273, 276, 286, 287, 296, 297, 299, 302,304, 309, 310, 312, 313, 315, 318, 322, ՅՅՆ ЗЗ8,340, 384. 385,402 compared with Athens 372 earthquake near 498 European hinterland of
406 Greek-speaking population of in early twentieth century 383,412,413 Orthodox Christian Patriarch in 273, 299»332 see aho Constantinople Jan Sobieski, king of Poland 278-9 Jerusalem Solomons Temple 298 Temple Mount 1,15,193 Jesus Christ 191 Jews and the Nazi occupation 439 Pacifico affair 364-5, 366, 368,369 and Paul the Aposde 189, 190-1 and Roman emperors 192-3, 2I3 of Thessaloniki 439 Joanna of Châtillon 249 John XXII, Pope 250 judicial system in ancient Athens 62, 72 Julian of Cappadocia 209-10 Julian, Emperor 207, 212-14, 215 jurors 126,136 Justinian, Emperor 219, 220, 221, 224, 290 Kagan, Donald 74 Kaisariani (district) 415, 441, 442, 448, 508 Kaisariani monastery 295, 296, 297, 309 Kaklamanis, Apostólos 463 Kaldellis, Anthony 227, 234, 238 Kallias 74 Kallithea 415, 493 Kaminis, George 516 Kanaris, Constantine 371 Kapnikarea church 358 Kapodistrias, Ioannis 350 Karamanlis, Constantine 464,465, 478 Karamanlis, Kostas 497, 499 Karneades 179 Kassander 166 Kavallares, Theophanes 296 Kazantzakis, Nikos 422 Kea 241-2 Кекгорѕ, mythical tóng 7, 12-13 Kellner, Gyula 375 Kemal, Mustafa 411 Kennedy, John E 183 Kerameikos cemetery 6i 66, 84, 97,182, 354, 527 Khi 444,445 Khremonides 171 Kifisia 74, 203,494 Kimon 68-70, 72, 73, 74, 14г. Н9 Kings Peace 142
6o8 HeanAes, Stamatis 352-3, 354.360 Kleinias 104 Kleisthenes 32, 34, 35,147, 527 KleisAenic democracy 35—6 Klemas, artist 26 Иеше, Leo von 352, 353-4, 358 Иеошепеѕ, Spartan king 33-4.34-5 Юеоп 92, 94,99,109 Knidos 141 Kokkinia 415,416-17, 44։. 533 Kolonaki 419 Königsmarck, Grunt Otto Wilhelm von 279, 282,283 Koniordou, Lydia 491-2 Konon 121,139-40,141-2 Konon Walls 142 Kontares, George 297 Korka, Beni 319 Kõrres, Manolis 216, 232 Kos 154 Koskotas, George 482-3 Koukaki 520 Koumoundourou, Lake 532 Ko un, Karolos 423 Koundouriotis, Admiral Pavios 389 Krannon 162 Kreousa 6 Kritias J32,133,134,135, 166-7 Kritolaus 179 Kritovoulos, Mikhail 265-6 Ktesiphon 262 Kylonian affair 19-20, 27 KyAera 318 Lakhares 169,170 Lamarchus 113 Lambda 531 Lambros, Spyridon 381 Lamían War 162 Latín Empire 244-67 Ae Catalan Company 245-52 law courts in ancient AAens 22-3, 28-9,73,136,147 shipping fraud 147-8,160 Lazarus Parliament 402 INDEX Le Corbusier 418 Le Roy, Julien-David 304 League of Nations 413 Leeper, Rex 446,447 Leo III, Pope 226 Leo IV, Byzantine Emperor “5 Leonidas, king of Sparta 46 Lepanto, Batde of (1571) 273 Lermusiaux, Albin 375 Lesbos 17,131,428 revolt against AAens 92-3 Lesk, Alexandra 311 Leuctra, Battle of 144-5 Lidnius 208,209 Lincoln, Abraham 87 Linear В script 12 living standards 493-4, 515 Lloyd George, David 390, 4H Lluria, Roger de 251-2 Loizos, Manos 479 Londos, Andreas 325,326 Louis, Spyridon 375-6, 379-80 Lotus XIV, king of France 287 Lovejoy, Esther 407-9 Ludwig I, king of Bavaria 348-9.350.353.354. 358 Lusieri, Giovanni Battista 313,314,315,316, 317-18,321,324,327
Lycabettus, Mount 194, 258, 296,486, 532 Lyceum i8r Lydia 24,38 Lykourgos 162-3,376 Lysander 120-1,121-2,132 Lysicrates monument 526 Macedonia 40,149, 250-72, J75 Arges 150-1,152,257 army 153,177 and Ae Balkan Wars З92.393 Lamían War 162 Macedonians compared wiA Athenians 251-2 OlynAos 156 Ottoman 382,384 refugee resetdement in 414 and the Roman Republic 176-7,178 Seleudd dynasty 278 see also Alexander Ae Great; Philip of Macedón McHugh, Sarah 202, 203 Mackenzie, Compton 395 Macmillan, Harold 283 McVeigh, Lincoln 447 Mahmud Efendi 297-9,319 Makarios, Archbishop 466, 470-2,478 Makfi 306-7 Makri, Theodora 322 Makriyanni 520 Makriyannis, Ioannis 34i-2 343 Makronisos, refugees on 407-8 Malalas,John 220 Maniadakis, Konstantinos 422,423 Manos, Stefanos 494-6 Manou, Aspasia 420 Mantinea 222 Batde of 245-6,252 Marathon, Batde of 42, 42-6, 50-2, 57, 60, 68, 264,172,375 Marcus Aurelius, Emperor շօշ, 204 Mardonius 40, 57 maritime fiautT 247-8 maritime power 47-8, 56,57 Massitta 38,248 Mavrokordatos, Alexander 328-9 Mavromichalis, Petrobey 350 Mazower, Mark 439,440 Meder 37 Medici family 255 Megakies 29-20,27, 28, 66,67 Megali Idea 428-9 Megara 22, 72, 75,102,340 Mehmet, Sultan 264, 265—6 Mela, Andromache 420 Mehän Dialogue 522 Mendoni, Lina 528 Menexenus (Plato) 202
INDEX Mercouri, Melina 470, 477, 479-80, 483-4,524 funeral 485-7 Merkel, Angela 441, 503, 516-17 Metaxas, General Ioannis 53, 394, 401-2, 421-2, 423, 425,426, 428, 432,442,491 Metaxourgeio 527-9, 533 Metis, nymph n metro system 494 Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens 404, 484 Michael IX, Byzantine emperor 248 Michailidou, Toula 438, 4Ճ7 Middle East 535 migration 517-18, 522-3 asylum seekers 517-18 Chinese 521-2 golden visas’ 520-1 Greek-Nigerians 522-3, 528-9 Miletus 38-9,100 military dictatorship 457, 466,473,474-5, 477-8, 481 Mill, John Stuart 85 Miller, William 255, 377-8 Miloševič, Slobodan 462 Miltiades 42,43, 46, 465 Minotaur 26 Missolonghi 328 Mithridates VI of Pontus 179-80,182,184 Mitriades 68 Mitsotakis, Constantine 467,483, 484 Mitsotakis, Kyriakos 516, . 517, 521, 531 monasteries, honey-making 295-6, 309, 328 Monastiraki 520,533 Montona, Matteo de 257 Morgenthau, Henry 413-14 Morosini, Francesco 278-9, 280, 281, 284-5, 293 mosques 358 Mounichia 168 Murad, Turkish sultan 261 Muses, Hill of the 170, 263, 280 museums 609 Acropolis Museum 232, 233 530 Benaki Museum 353, 401 Epigraphical Museum of Athens 144 Greek Numismatic Museum 378 Museum of the City of Athens 287 National Archaeological Museum 144 music 425, 476-7, 478-9, 519, 529 Mussolini, Benito 422, 432 Mycenaean civilization 5-6 Mycenaean spring 434, 435 mythology of ancient Athens 6-9, ii—16, 29-30 Mytilineou, Catherina 490 Nansen, Fridtjof 413 Naples 255-6 Napoleon Bonaparte 325 National Gardens 206 National Library of Greece 360-1, 530-1 National Society 381-2 National Theatre 527 NATO 75, 472, 479, 498
Nauplion 255 and Greek independence 339» 345» 350-1 naval power and warfare 47-8, 90, 92, 98,118, 140,141-2,158-9 Navarre, Company of 252, 253 Naxos 39 Nea Smyrni 415, 450 Neezer, Christopher 356 Nemea river, Battle of the 137 neo-PIatonism 219—23 neoclassical architecture 378-9 Neolithic era 5 Nestorios 212 Netanyahu, Binyamin 517 Never on Sunday (film) 470 New Democracy Party 482, 507,509-10,516-17 Niarchos complex see Stavros Niarchos Foundation Nightingale, Florence 368—70 Nikias 99, in, 112,113 Nikochares 129 Noemvriana events 398, 443 Obama, Barack 2, 503 Ober, Joseph 98 Octavian (later Augustus) 185-7 Odeion 184, 205 Odysseus 428 Odyssey (Homer) 11-12,15 Oedipus Rex (Sophocles) 93֊4 Olier, Charles-François, Marquis de Noimei 287 olive oil 13, 23, 29 Olympia 77 Olympic Games ancient Greece 10,19, 201, 376 (1896) 374-7.379-81 (2004) 194,289-93,497, 529 Olympiodorus 221 Olynthos 156 Omar, son of Tourakhan 265 Omer Bey of Euboea 333, 334 339. 340 Omer Vrioni 333-4, 339 Omonia Square 353, 429, 522 Onassis, Aristotle 530 Onesippus 129 opera 534 Orthodox Church 248, 249, 250, 253, 255, 261, 264, 265, 369,422, 482, 524 calendar 416, 460 development of worship 227-8 festivals 460-1 funerals 462-3 and the Greek state 482 monasteries 295 music 476 and the Parthenon 266, 293, 367 Patriarchate/Patriarchs 255» 273» 275» 276 , 286, 298, 308, 332, 403, 413
біо and Russia 363 in sixteenth-century Athens 268-9, 273, 279, 286, 289, 291 Orwell, George 83 ostracism 63-8, 70-1, 72, 74, 87,127,130 ostraka 64—8, 70,71 Otho, king of Greece 348, 35°, 351-2, 354—5, 364, 365, 533 manifesto 358-9 removal from power З70-1 Ottoman Athens 265-7, 268-319 antiquarians in 300-2 and Byron 326-7 government of 269-72, 304 Greek Christians in 268, 269, 272, 274-7,279, 290-1 Hasekis rule 305-9 honey-making monasteries 296 segregation of communities 524-5 seventeenth-century visitors to 286-94 Venetian-Ottoman War 277-86, 296, 357 Ottoman Empire and the Balkan Wars 388-92,392-3 conquest of Constantinople 242, 264 and Crete 382-3 and the First World War 393, 402-4 Greco-Turkish war (1897) 382-3 Greek community 372, 383- 6, 412-13 and the Greek War of Independence 328-9, 330-45 and nineteenth-century Greece 363-4 Orlov revolt 309—10 the Sublime Porte 312, 313 Young Turks 385-6, 390 see aho Turkey INDEX Pacifico, David 364-5,366, 368, 369 Painted Stoa (Stoa Peikite) 163-4, 239 Paleologos, Constantine 260 . Palmerston, Lord 365-6 Pan (god) 7,44.45 Panathenaic festival 29, 80-1, 84,170,182,376 stadium 162 Pángalos, Seraphim 275 Pángalos, Theodoras 418 Pangrati 473 Panhellenism 149,196-8 papacy and the Catalan Company 250-1 Papadiamantis, Alexandras 422 Papadopoulos, George 48t Papaioannou, Dmitris 490-1,492-3 Papandreou, Andreas 470, 472- 477,484, 5°3, JIO-II, 516 funeral of 462-6 as prime minister 478-81, 482, 485,496 Papandreou, Dimitra 462, 464' Papandreou, George (senior) 418, 449, 463, 464-5 as prime minister 443—4, 446,465^6,470,471 Papandreou,
George (son of Andreas) 500-1, 502, 503-4,505-7 Papandreou, Margaret 464 Papdemos, Lõukas 506 Papoulias, Karolos 502 Paris Peace Conference 409-10 Paros 68 Parren, Kalliini 426 Parthenon 3,119-20, 298 and barbarian raids 215-16 bombardment of (1687) 277-84, 285 Christian 226-8, 229, 231-6, 237,238, 241, 254,258,262,359 current restoration project 79 Elgin’s removal of sculptures 313-19,323 Florence Nightingales visit 370 frieze 79, 80-1,232-4, 262, 289,311,368 and the ‘golden’ mean 86 and the Latin Empire 255,256 marbles 3x9,356,480 mosque 358 and Ottoman rule 266 pediments 234 presentation of Athena and Poseidon 86 rebuilding of (447 BCE) 76-81 seventeenth-century visitors to 293-4 statues of Athena 76,163, Г69,232 temple of Athena 45,78, 280, 281, 318,319, 360 Paruyr (Prohaeresius) 209, 210, 212 PASOK (PanheUenic Socialist Movement) 478,482-3,485,495, 500, 503 Patriarchate/Patriarchs see uruier Orthodox Church Paul the Aposde 188-92, 217, 366,369 Paul, king of Greece 463, 466 Pausanias 196-7, 527 Pedro IV, king of Aragon 253. 253-4 Peisistratus, tyrant 27-30, 34.41.195 Pella 157 Peloponnesian War 82, 92, 97,103,105, ui, 112, 115-19,120-22,147, 357. 389. 528 pensions 502 Pentelikon, Mount 137,328, 348, 375 Percy, Thomas 302 Pergamon 175-8
INDEX Pericles 70-2, 73-6, 79, 81, 93, 94,-101,104,132, 190, 298 achievements of 146-7 and Alcibiades 104, 109, III and Aspasia 91, ioo-i building of the Parthenon 119-20 and Demosthenes 160 funeral oration for the war dead 82, 83-8, 95-8, 100,422 grave of 97 legacy of the Periclean age 359 and Plato 149 Pericles the younger 121 Peripatetics 179 Peristeri 452 Persephone, goddess 532 Persia Achaemenid dynasty 24-5 and Alcibiades 116 and the Peloponnesian War 120,122,142,144 wars with Greece 37-55, 56-7, 60-1, 75,135, 138-40,141 Petraki monastery 296 Petrakis, Dionysios 308 Phaedo (Plato) 126,127 Pharnabazus 122 Pheidias, sculptor 77, 80, 262 Pheidippides 43,44, 375 Philip of Macedón 150, 152-9,160,162 Demosthenes’ speech on 161 and the oracle of Delphi 155-6 Philip V, king of Macedonia 176,177 Philippides, Chiysanthos 439 Philokies 177 Phiiopappos mausoleum 263 philosophy 147,148-9, 163—6,178-9 neo-Platonism 219-23 see abo Plato; Socrates Phoenicians 52, 55 6ll Phokians 156,157-8 Phormio 92 photography 423-4 Piano, Renzo 530 Piraeus 48, 73,181, 521 Konon Walls 142 and maritime fraud 147-8 refUgee community 417 and Shia Muslims 524 Pittakis, Kyriakos 356-7 plague in ancient Athens 88-90, 91» 92 93֊4 95» 97 in Ottoman Athens 306 Plaka 107, 277, 283, 360, 429, 434, 475, 482, 525-6 Piastiras, Nikolaos 421, 449 Plataea, Battle of 56-7, 60, 209 Plato 148-9, 218, 369 Academy 69,148-9,158, 165,176,179,181,182, 219, 526 on Alcibiades 135 Apology 130-1 Euthyphro 128 First Alcibiades no-11 Menexemts ιοί neo-Platonism 218, 219-23 Phaedo 126,127 Phaedrus 202 Symposium іоб-іі, 131, 212
Pleistoanax, Spartan king 75 Plutarch 60, 65, 68,180 on Alcibiades 104,105 on Cicero 182—3 on Demetrius the Besieger 168,170,171 on Pericles 70, 71, 77-8 Pnyx (hill) 3, 94,128,174, 280 political rallies 461 politics in ancient Athens constraints on power 62-3 ostracism 63-8 Pollini, John 232, 233-4 pollution 480-1,531-2 Polytechnic 477 Pompeion 182 Pompey 184-5 population 522 growth 272, 352,377 Poros 162 Poseidon, sea-god 7, 8,12, 13,14, 49, 85,119, 311 and Athenian democracy 86 temple to 162 Posidonius 180 Potidaea 105 pottery и, 13, 49, 240 the François vase 26-7 Produs 217-19, 221, 222 Prohaeresius (Paruyr) 209, 210, 212 Protagoras 70 Protestants 289, 293, 294 Protimo, Niccolò 265 Prytaneion 197 Psirri district 322 Ptolemy 166 Ptolemy XIII of Egypt 185 public-private divide and Athenian democracy 86 Pydna 154 Pylos 99 Pythagoras 369 Rallis, Dimitrios 386 Randolph, Bernard 288 rap music 528, 534 refugees Anatolian 405-9, 413, 414-18, 533 see abo migration religion Ancient Greek 4,114-15, 130 and the Olympic Games 10 polytheists 190, 219-20, 221-3 see abo Catholicism; Christianity; deities; Orthodox Church; Protestants rembetika (type of urban music) 425,427, 476, 529 Rendi, Maria 256 Rendis, Dimitrios 253—4 Reshid Mehmed Pasha 339» 344 restaurants 519, 534
612 Revett, Nicholas 8o, 300-2, 303-4 Rhodes 134,167 riots (2008) 523 Roberts, Jennifer T. 93,93 Rodenwaldt, Gerhard 233 Rogers, Dylan 181 Rogge, Jacques 289 Roman Athens 186-99, 200-23, 29° barbarian raids 203—7 building programmes 194-7, 2°°. 201, 217 and Christianity 188-92 Roman Republic 176,177, 178-88 Sulla’s siege of Athens 179- 82,184,185,193 Romania 299,392 Royal Palace 348-9, 354, 397. 398 Royal Stoa 128-30 Rumeli 351 Russia 179, 535 and the Crimean War 366, 368-9,370 and the Greek War of Independence 331, 332 and the kingdom of Greece 361, 363-4 women and the Chechnya war 96 Russia and the Greek War of Independence 344 Rust, Bernhard 426 Sacred Band 443 Sacred Way 532 Sakellaropoulou, Katerina 528 Salamis 21,48, 285 Battle of 50-5, 36, 57, 60, 61, 65,142, 207 and the Greek War of Independence 335, ՅՅ6 Salamis (Cyprus) 74 Salem (super-tanker) 148 Samaras, Antonis 507, 509-10 Samos xoo, И7-18,158 Santas, Lakis 43 Santorini 24,310 INDEX Sardis (city) 25, 39,40, 41,141 Sari Mouselimi 302 Sarkozy, Nicolas 303 Schauberr, Eduard 332-3, 354. 360 Schinkel,. Karl Friedrich 354 Schliemann, Heinrich 378, 420 Scobie, General Ronald 444 445-6,447~8 449 Scodand 145 sculpture memorial to Dexileos 137-8 Severe Style 31 Scythians 42 Second Athenian League *44 Second Sophistic 201-2 Second World War Batde of Britain 87-8 Nazi occupation of Athens 6, 46,431-45, 515 Seferiades, George (Seferis) 428,429-30, 450, 473-7.478,491-2 funeral 475-7,488 Segesta 112 Sępolia 522,523, Տ33 Seraidari, Elli 423-4 Setton, Kenneth 251 Sèvres, Treaty of 410 Sfikas, George 438,450 Sgouros, Leo 240, 241
ship-building 47-8, 62,1Ć0 shipping ftaud 147-8,160 Sibilla, queen of Aragon 254 Sicily 17,112-13,115-16 Sicilian Vespers 244—5 Syracuse 112,115,148 Sicinnus 51, 55 Sigeum 34 Skouzes, Panagis 307,308 Skyros 69 Slavs 2Z4-5, 230, 384 Sligo, Lord 326-7 Smyrna 372, 383,406, 409-10,411 snakes 7 Sobiewolsky, Lieutenant 281-2 social classes in ancient Athens 22 Socrates 104-6,125-35, ։47. 166,187,323 and Alcibiades 132,134—5, 212 in Aristophanes’ The Clouds 108-9 death of 125-32,149 and Demosthenes 160 in Plato’s dialogues 101—2, 126,127,130-1 Symposium 108,109-10, Ці trial of Í09,127-35 and Zeno 164 Solon 20-7,34, 38,147, 191,297 Sophocles 93-4,123,129, 146,162-3 Soteres, Gregorios 296 Souliotis-Nikolaides, Athanasios 385 South Stoa 182 Soviet Union 471,479 Sparta 12, 32-5,39, 60-1, 68, 69,74,155 and Athenian democracy 138 Battle ofTanagra 73 defeat at Mantinea 143-6, 152 and the Delphic oracle 155-6 helots 33, 69 and Macedonia 155, 157.171 Pericles’ rimerai oration for war dead 82,83—8 Persian wars 39,40,44, 45.57 wars with Athens 58-9, 73,92,94,98-100, 105-6, Ш-16,118, 120-3,135,137,138, 140-6,514 women 33 see also Peloponnesian War Sphakteria 99 Sphodrias 143,144 Spon, Jacob 287-90, 297 Stalin, Joseph 442,443, 450 Stathakopoulos, Dionysios 257
INDEX Stavros Niarchos Foundation 530, 534 Stead, William 494 Stegi (Roof) 530 Stoa ofAttālos 174—5, 178,182 Stoa of Eumenes 205 Stoa Poikile (Painted Stoa) 163-4 Stoics 164,165,179,189,191 Strangford, Viscount 333 Stratokies 169 Stratou, Danae 511 Stuart, James 80, 300-4, ^ 306, 314 Sulks siege ofAthens 179-82,184,185,195 Symposium (Plato) 106-11, 131 Syngrou Avenue 417, 486, 5*4» 530 Syntagma Square 348,353, 419. 494 Syracuse 112,115,148 Syria 168 Syriza 507, 516-17 Tamerlane 259 Tanagra, Battle of 73 taxes 155 technology sector 497—8 territorial expansion nineteenth-century Greece 362 terrorism 489-90 Thackeray, William 355-6 Thasos 142 theatre 30 theatres 146,152 Dionysus 162,178 Herodes Atticus 201 Thebes and Macedonia 153,160-1 the Sacred Band 158 and the Spartan wars 75, 140,141,143-6,152 Themistoclean wall 526 Themistocles 47,48, 50-1, 55, 61, 65, 66, 71,147, 210 ostracism of 65, 66, 67 Theodorakis, Mikis 470, 476-7 Theodore of Epirus 243 Theodore of Tarsus 226 613 Theotokis, George 386 Theotokos mosaic 228 Thermopylae 156,157 Theseus, mythical king 8-9, її, 26, 29, 69,164, 197, 201, 229-30 Thessaloniki 224, 308, 389, 39° Յ96, 401,439. 440,495» 498 Thessaly 156,162 Thirty Tyrants 132,149 Thrace 40,46, 68—9,142 Thrasyboulos 142, 527,531 Thucydides 31, 60—1, 83, 88, 92, 99, 202, 438, 528, 534 on Alcibiades 113 on Athenian democracy 89,90-1 on the Athenian plague 88-90 on the Dimosion Sema 526-7 on the Sicilian expedition 115-16 Tissaphernes 116,117 Titus Pomponius (Atticus) 183 Tocco, Carlo 256 Tolias, George 273 Toimides 75 tourism 423, 519-20 Tower of the Winds 263,
288,303,304, 526 trade in ancient Athens 23 Trajan, Emperor 193—4, *98 transport 494-5, 497 travellers, seventeenthcentury 286-94 tribes of Athens 35,171,197 Trikoupis, Charilaos 361-2, 379 Tripolitsa 332 triremes 47-8, 72,140, 273 Tritsis, Antonis 480-2, 484, 488 funeral of 484-5 Trojan War 141, 258 Trump, Donald 2, 517 Tsakolotos, General Thrasyvoulos 340 Tsaldaris, Panagis 420-1 Tsalikis, Father Iakovos 462 Tsarouchis, Yannis 493 Tsiodras, Sotiris 534 Tsipras, Alexis 507-8, 509, 510-11, 517 Tsolakoglou, George 439 Turkey and Cyprus 471, 478 Greco-Turkish war (191922) 405-6, 410, 411 and the migrant crisis 517» 518 modern Greek relations with 498-9, 517 Turks in Athens 521 see also Ottoman Empire Turks 252 the Karasids 248 and the Venetians 259-60 see also Ottoman Empire Turner, J. M. W. 313 twentieth-century dictatorship 117 tyranny 18, 28-32,41,132, *49 Ulen, Henry 419 United States 364 and Athenian democracy 87, 88 and Britain 183 and Cyprus 471 post-ColdWar 73 Reagan administration 479 relations with Greece 464 Supreme Court 136 University of Athens 360-1, 370, 381,4^5-7 Valerian, Emperor 206 Valerian wall 206 Vamvakaris, Markos 425 Vangelis 589 Varoufakis, George 455-6 Varouiakis, Yanis 507-9, 510, 511-12 vases 26-7, 29, 48 Vasiliki 272 Vassos, Timoleon 382 Velestinlis, Rigas 325-6 Venetians in Athens 257-9 and the Catalans 251 and the Ottomans 269 sack of Constantinople 243
614 Venetian-Ottoman War 277-86,296, 357 Venezis, Ilias 428 Venizelos, Eleftherios 424-5, 429,448 and the Balkan Wars 387-9, 390-1, 392, 393 and Bourchier 381, 387-8 and the First World War 393. 393-7. 401-2. 403, 404,409 , inrerwar government 411, 412,419,420-1 and the Paris Peace Conference 409-10 ree аДе Athens ; International Airport Venizelos, Evangelos 504 Vernon, Francis 287-9, Versailles, Treaty of 409-10 Victoria, Queen 113,371 Vidal. Gore 212, 213 Virgin Mary 296 Akathist hymn to 236-7 in the Parthenon 227, 228,230,233,234,235. 236, 237, 254, 258 Visigoths 214-16 visitors to Athens American 380 nineteenth-century 367-70 seventeenth-century 286-94 ■ INDEX iff ako Byron, George Gordon, Lord Vratsanos 519 Waddington, George 334, 335-6,337-8,339 ' Walter V of Brienne,'duke , of Athens 248-9 Walter VI of Brienne 251 Warsaw Pact 487 water supply 419, 532 Waugh, Evelyn m weddings 466-9,487 Wheler, George 287, 289-91, 293,294, 297 Wilson, Sir David 480 women Aspasia 91, .100-1 and Athenian democracy 87 funerals and ceremonial lamentation 96 in funerary monuments ՛■■■■■ .97 ՛ ՛ .՝ houses in ancient Athens ·, Ī07 : ■՛':/ ■ and Plato’s Academy 149 St Filothei 274-7 in Sparta 33 Wyse, Edward 368 Xanthippos 70-1,465 Xenophon 122,139,164 on the trial of Socrates 133-4 Xerxes, Persian king 46, 49, 52,55,57.207,523 Xi Jinping 521 Yerakaris, Limberakis 285—6 Yinka, hfanolis 528-9 Young Turk movement 385-6, 390 Yourcenar; Marguerite 450 Ypsilantis. Alexander 331 Zagan Pasha 267 ՛ Zappas, Evangelos 372-3, 37« Zappeion Palace 373, 397, 398,400-1 Zay, Jean 426-7 Zeno of Elea 70 Zeno
of Kition 150,164-5, - 172 Zeus, god 7,10, n, 13,15, 191,193, 201» 214 temple of 77.195-6, 258, 263,291,407 Ziller, Ernst 378-9,407, 527 Zorba the Greek (film) 470 Zorzi, Chiara 264 Zosimus 214-15 Zygomalas, Theodosius 273 About the Author Bruce Clark'wntes on culture and religion for The Economist. He has been diplomatic correspondent of the Financial Times, Moscow correspondent for The Times and Athens correspondent for Reuters. He is the author of Empire’s New Clothes, an exploration of the rise of nationalism in post-Soviet Russia in the 1990s, and Twice a Stranger: How Mass Expulsion ForgedModern Greece and Turkey, a history of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey which took place in the early 1920s following the Treaty ofLausanne. Twice a Stranger won the Runciman Award in 2007. Հ-----------------N Bayerisch« Staatsbibliothek Mönchen |
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| format | Book |
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| geographic | Athen (DE-588)4003366-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Athen |
| id | DE-604.BV047879848 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:22:23Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:24:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781643138756 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033262211 |
| oclc_num | 1310762151 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 614 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220427 gbd_4_2205 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Pegasus Books |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Clark, Bruce 1958- Verfasser (DE-588)135602157 aut Athens city of wisdom Bruce Clark City of wisdom First Pegasus Books cloth edition New York Pegasus Books 2022 614 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Few places have enjoyed a history so rich in artistic creativity and the making of ideas as Athens; or one so curiously patterned by alternating cycles of turbulence and peace. Writing with scholarly rigor and undisguised affection, Bruce Clark brings three thousand years of Athenian history vividly to life." -frontispiece "Even on the most smog-bound of days, the rocky outcrop on which the Acropolis stands is visible above the sprawling roof-scape of the Greek capital. Athens presents one of the most recognizable and symbolically potent panoramas of any of the world's cities: the pillars and pediments of the Parthenon--the temple dedicated to Athena, goddess of wisdom, that crowns the Acropolis--dominate a city whose name is synonymous for many with civilization itself."-- Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Athen (DE-588)4003366-1 gnd rswk-swf Athens (Greece) / History Athens (Greece) / Civilization Civilization Greece / Athens History Athen [59 B3] (DE-2581)TH000009580 gbd Griechische Geschichte (DE-2581)TH000003492 gbd Allgemeine Darstellungen, griechische Geschichte (DE-2581)TH000003493 gbd Athen (DE-588)4003366-1 g Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033262211&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033262211&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Clark, Bruce 1958- Athens city of wisdom |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003366-1 |
| title | Athens city of wisdom |
| title_alt | City of wisdom |
| title_auth | Athens city of wisdom |
| title_exact_search | Athens city of wisdom |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Athens city of wisdom |
| title_full | Athens city of wisdom Bruce Clark |
| title_fullStr | Athens city of wisdom Bruce Clark |
| title_full_unstemmed | Athens city of wisdom Bruce Clark |
| title_short | Athens |
| title_sort | athens city of wisdom |
| title_sub | city of wisdom |
| topic_facet | Athen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033262211&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033262211&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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