Weaponizing cyberspace: inside Russia's hostile activities
"This title explores the Russian proclivity, particularly in the 21st century, for using cyberspace as an environment in which to launch technical attacks and disinformation campaigns that sow chaos and distraction in ways that provide short-term advantage to autocrats in the Kremlin"--
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Santa Barbara, California ; Denver, Colorado
ABC-CLIO, LLC
[2022]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Praeger security international
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "This title explores the Russian proclivity, particularly in the 21st century, for using cyberspace as an environment in which to launch technical attacks and disinformation campaigns that sow chaos and distraction in ways that provide short-term advantage to autocrats in the Kremlin"-- |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 268 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781440876912 9798765119563 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. The Cyber Bear ix xiii 1 2. Modem Russia, RegimeSensitivity, and Its Implications 17 3. Domestic Control 39 4. Crime, Attribution, andPersistence 55 5. The Near Abroad 71 6. Foreign Hand, Distant Land 97 7. Crescendo into Chaos 117 8. Maple Street, USA 139 9. Kafka s Paradise 157 10. Conclusions 173 Notes 185 Bibliography 229 Index 261
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Index Abkhazia, 80, 81 Aceves, William ƒ., 5 Active measures, 1-5; cyberespionage, 15,22-23,65-70,80,157-161; definition of, 3, 21; destabilization, 5,12,23,163; history of, 3,21-22; manipulation of political groups, 98; military deception as distinct from, 5; Senate Intelligence Committee s 2019 report on Russian, 174. See also Assassinations and assassination attempts; Disinformation Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), 67,92,157-161; APT28 (Fancy Bear), 67,69, 86, 99,107-108,126,161; APT29 (Cozy Bear), 67, 69,145,161 AIDS/HIV, 21,22,121,146 Amazon Web Services (AWS), 166-167 Andrew, Christopher, 4,23 Andropov, Yuri, 4 Antifa, 133,143 APT28 (Fancy Bear), 67,69,86, 99, 107-108,126,161 APT29 (Cozy Bear), 67,69,145,161 Arab Spring, 27-28,31 ARPANET, 22,57 Assad, Bashar, 12-13,109 Assange, Julian, 42-43 Assassinations and assassination attempts: Kennedy, John F., 20; by KGB, 50; Navalny, Alexei, 49-50, 195 n.50; Nemtsov, Boris, 46; by poison, 50, 70, 84; Skripal, Sergei, 50, 70; Yushchenko, Viktor, 50, 84 Atlantic, The, 105,113-114,169-170 Atlantic Council, 66,175,182 Attribution, 63-65,91-92,102,109; bureaucratic competition and, 67; definition of, 63; false flag operations and, 64r-65; forestalling, 64; major powers and, 65-67; misidentification, 180; Mueller investigation and, 135; name-andshame approach, 64,65-66,180; SolarWinds and, 159-161,163 Badin, Dmitri, 99 Baev, Pavel K., 173,174 Baker, Jim, 173 Baratov, Karim, 62 Belan, Alexsey, 62 Bellingcat (cyber analyst), 50 Bergmann, Max, 180 Beria, Lavrentiy, 4 Berlin Airlift, 30
262 Biden, Hunter, 139,150-152,170 Biden, Joseph: administration of, 143, 171; presidential election of 2020, 155,157-158,162-163,169; Ukraine conspiracy theory, 139,150-152 Big Tech: Amazon Web Services (AWS), 166-167; Apple, 166; Google, 26, 48,105,155,166; U.S. presidential election of 2016 and, 162; U.S. presidential election of 2020 and, 155,162-163,183; U.S. presidential transition of 2021,165-167. See also Facebook Bioweapons, 21 Bittman, Ladislav, 3,22 Black Lives Matter movement, 120, 134,142,143,163 Black Sea, 19,24, 71 Blogger s Law, 48 Bolsheviks, 17-19,71-75; February Revolution, 18-19; regime sensitivity and, 17; Russian Civil War and, 2, 19,73 Borogan, Irina, 47,183 Brantly, Aaron, 78 Brexit, 101-103 Britain. See United Kingdom Brooking, Emerson T., 9,87-88,124 Buchanan, Ben, 160-161,168 Budapest Memorandum, 25, 85 Burke, Edmund, 17 Burutin, Alexander, 11, 84 Bush, George W., 80 Capitol riots (January 6,2021), 161-167 Carr, Jeffrey, 91 Charlottesville Unite the Right rally, 132-135 Chechen War, 91 China, 32-33,36-38,56,108,140-141, 144,148,161,169,175,179,182 Citizen journalists, 181 Civil war: in Russia, 2,18-19,20, 71, 73-74,188 n.39; in Syria, 12-13,100, 109; in United States, 34,133 Clift, Eleanor, 150 Clinton, Bill, 10,26,61 Index Clinton, Hillary, 21 n.60,29,117,120, 124,126-132,135,136,162,224 n.45 CNN, 29,43,52,106,114,124,142-143, 170-171,183 Cochrane, Jon, 155 Comey, James, 127,131-132,137 Committee for State Security (KGB), 4, 21,23-24,27-28,47,50 Conspiracy theories, 20-21,128,132, 138,140,146-147,164-167,182-183 Containment policy, 29-30,121
COVID-19 pandemic: deaths from, 92,140-141; disinformation and, 140-141,146-148; in Russia, 144-146; in United States, 140-141; vaccines, 144-146 Cozy Bear (APT29), 67,69,145,161 Crimea, 5,14,24-25,38,85,87,114,121 CrowdStrike, 67 Cuckoo s Egg (cyber espionage case), 22 Cultural heritage, 33 Cyberespionage, 15,22-23,65-70, 80,157-161. See also Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs); Malware Cyberinsurance, 60 Czech Republic, 111 Czechoslovakia, 3, 22,24,107-108 DDoS-Guard, 166 Deibert, Ronald, 83 Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, 77. See also Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks Derkach, Andrii, 169 Disinformation: Biden-Ukraine conspiracy theory and, 150-152; Big Tech and, 165-167; conspiracy theories and, 20-21,128,132,138, 140,146-147,164-167,182-183; continuity and discontinuity of, 5-7; definition of, 1; digital information and, 7-9; distrust and, 138,154-156; domestic control and, 39-54; IRA and, 44-46,123,125-126,142; January 6 Capitol riots and, 163; misinformation as distinct from, 1, 143; neutralization and, 183-184;
Index overseas elections and, 97-115, 117-118,125-126,127,128-132, 138,140; regime sensitivity and, 19-23; Russian history of, 3-5; Russian periphery and, 91-93; Russian policy documents and, 30-34,53; social media and, 9-10; sophistication levels of, 178-181; targeted to conservative audiences, 128,132-133; Ukraine and, 86-90; U.S. partisanship and, 170 Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, 77-78,81,83-85, 87, 91-93, 95,108,166-167 Dobriansky, Paula ƒ., 175 Domain Name Servers (DNS), 77 Dominion Voting Systems, 162 Duma, 24,29 Dutkiewicz, Piotr, 175 Eisenhower, Dwight, 106 Election interference: in Brexit, 102-103; definition of, 169; in France s 2017 elections, 103-105, 107,113,118; in Germany s 2017 elections, 100-101; Intelligence Community Assessment: Foreign Threats to the 2020 LIS Federal Elections, 168-171; Mueller Report, 119-120,126-127,129,135-137,154; in Scotland s 2014 independence referendum, 101; Senate Intelligence report on U.S. 2016 elections, 174; in U.S. 2016 elections, 119-121,126-132, 138,158; in U.S. 2020 elections, 119, 139-156,168-171 Electronic tracking, 85,86 Encryption, 48 England. See United Kingdom English language: amplification of posts by native speakers, 138, 148-149; InfoRos activities in, 147; IRA activities in, 46,123,124,177; RT activities in, 43,121-122; social media posts by non-native speakers, 102,123,177 Epik (webhosting company), 166,167 Epstein, Robert, 162 263 Espionage malware, 15,22-23,65-70, 80,157-161 Estonia, 33,61-62,72, 73, 75,76-79, 83, 91-95,110-111 Evanina, William, 171 Facebook, 90,108,110; Biden-Ukraine
conspiracy theory and, 151; COVID-19 pandemic and, 138; election interference and, 146,149; IRA and, 46,122,125,126,129,142; January 6 Capitol riots and, 167; RT and, 122,130; surveillance and, 48 False flag operations, 64-65,66,103, 109,127,153-154 Fancy Bear (APT28), 67, 69,86,99, 107-108,126,161 Fauci, Anthony, 150 Federal Security Service (FSB), 61,109, 153; GRU and, 67; Navalny and, 50,195 n.50; Putin as head of, 4,27; SORM and, 47-48; Stepashin as head of, 4 Finland, 108 First Amendment, 133 Floyd, George, 141,142,154-155 Foreign Agent Registration Act, 51 Fox News, 119,170-171 France: 2017 elections, 103-105,107, 113,118; Yellow Vest riots, 102, 105-107 Frederick II of Prussia, 34 Friedman, Leni, 73 FSB. See Federal Security Service (FSB) Fukuyama, Francis, 55,99 Gaddafi, Muammar, 31 Galante, Laura, 66 Garrett, Tom, 134 Genocide, 3,30 Gerasimov, Valery, 29 Gerasimov doctrine, 29 Germany: cyberattacks and hostile information operations against, 99-101; Nazi Germany, 2, 3,10, 27, 74-75,82,100,144 Giles, Keir, 4,5,32 Glasnost (openness) policy, 23
264 Goloskokov, Konstantin, 78 Google, 26,48,105,155,166 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 4,22,23-24,26, 35-36 Great Britain. See United Kingdom Great Purge (1936-38), 19-20,198 n.5 Greenberg, Andy, 89,153 Guitton, Clement, 63 Gulag prison system, 19,110 Haines, Avril, 171 Hannigan, Robert, 93-94 Hanson, Victor Davis, 164 Hayes, Chris, 170 Herbst, John, 57 Higgins, Eliot, 95 Hill, Fiona, 176 History Channel, 177 Hitler, Adolf, 10,82,178 Holocaust, 3, 75 Homophily, 55-56 Hungary, 24, 75,94-95 Huntsman, Jon, 12 IBM, 22 Information Security Doctrine, 10-11, 30-31,32,33,41,53,121,176 Intelligence Community Assessment: Foreign Threats to the 2020 US Federal Elections, 168-171 Intermediate Forces Treaty, 13 International Monetary Fund, 25 International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 54 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 53 Internet of Things (loT), 68-69 Internet Research Agency (IRA), 44-46; creation and history, 44-46; Englishlanguage activities, 46,123,124,177; pay by, 46; U.S. presidential election of 2016 and, 125-126; use of social media, 45,46,125-126 Internet service providers (ISPs), 47-48,52 Ioffe, Julia, 40,52,120,130 Iran, 109,146-147,153,164,169,170 Ivanov, Igor, 98 Index Jaitner, Margarita Levin, 173 January 6 Capitol riots, 161-167 Kalb, Marvin, 80,90,176 Kaljulaid, Kersti, 79 Kasparov, Garry, 6,174 Kaspersky Lab, 160 Kelensky, Jakub, 182 Kendall-Taylor, Andrea, 175 Kennedy, John F., 20 Kenney, Carolyn, 180 KGB, 4,21,23-24,27-28,47,50 Khamenei, Ayatollah, 164 Khrushchev, Nikita, 19,20,24 Kilimnik, Konstantin, 169 King, Larry, 43 Kissinger, Henry, 40
Kline, Phil, 162 Knudson, Dean, 162-163 Koffler, Rebekah, 27,120-121 Kofman, Michael, 98 Kolesnikov, Andrei, 49 Koiga, Marcus, 110 Korean Air Lines Flight 007,88 Korean War, 5 Kosovo, 80-81,110 Kotkin, Stephen, 175 Krasovskiy, Igor, 87 Krutskikh, Andrey, 1-2 Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 4,23-24, 26 Kyrgyzstan, 91-92,94 Lacusta, Alex, 149 Lane, Mark, 20 Lange-Ionatamishvili, Elina, 180-181 Latvia, 73,92 Lavrov, Sergey, 81,100 Le Pen, Marine, 104 Lenczowski, John, 120 Lenin, Vladimir, 18-19,74 Libicki, Martin, 87 Libya, 31 Limnell, Jarno, 182 Macron, Emmanuel, 103-106 Maher, Bill, 143 Malaysian Airlines flight MH17,50, 87-88,95,98,114
Index Malware: attribution and, 66; BlackEnergy, 88; DCCC hacks, 126-127; definition of, 59; NotPetya attacks, 69,89-90,93,114; phishing against Macron, 103-104; RBN and, 59; SolarWinds hack, 108,152, 157-158,159-161,163,178; Ukraine and, 86,88,89-90,93 Markov, Sergei, 78 Matze, John, 165,166,167 Maurer, Tim, 61 McCarthyism, 114 McLaughlin, John, 128,131 McMaster, H. R., 6,174-175,179 Medvedev, Dmitry, 49,51 Meister, Stefan, 173-174 Melville, Andrei, 39 Merkel, Angela, 99,100 Metadata, 47,48,104,127 Microsoft, 59,108,159 Military deception, 5,9 Misinformation, 1,143,155,164. See also Disinformation Montenegro, 107 Moonlight Maze, 26,61,69 Mshvidobadze, Khatuna, 65-66,67 MSNBC, 151,170,207-208 n.3 Muehlbauer, Matthew, 158 Mueller, Robert, 126,135 Mueller Report, 119-120,126-127, 129,135-137,154 Multistakeholders, 54 Navalny, Alexei, 49-50,195 n.50 Nazi Germany, 2,3,10, 27, 74-75,82, 100,144 Nemtsov, Boris, 46 Neo-Nazis, 21,133-134 New York Times, 102,133,136,148, 152,155,164,170 Nicholas II, Tsar, 73 Nichols, Tom, 7,27,130,173 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 51,53,108,110,121,181 Non-Proliferation Treaty, 25 Norms-based approach to cyberspace, 11 265 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 23,110-114; Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE), 94, 111; Multinational Cyber Defence Capability Development (MN CD2), 111; Report on Countering Propaganda Attacks against the Euro-Atlantic Community, 181; U.S. investment in, 175-176 North Korea, 5,35 NotPetya attacks, 69, 89-90, 93,114 OANN, 170 Obama, Barack, 35,90,117,122, 130,136,137,139-140,142,158,
175-176 Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria, 167 Okhrana secret police, 3,18 Olympics doping scandal, 28-29 Ossetia, 79-80,81, 83 O Sullivan, David, 174 O Sullivan, Donnie, 142-143,155 Otis, Cindy, 138 Page, Clarence, 154 Palmieri, Jennifer, 131 Panama Papers, 28-29,104 Parler, 165-167,168 PeaceData, 149,155,178 Pelosi, Nancy, 139,140,224 n.45 People s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), 19-20 People s Republic of China (PRC), 32-33,36-38,56,108,140-141,144, 148,161,169,175,179,182 Peters, Benjamin, 184 Philby, Kim, 20 Pilsudski, Jozef, 74 Podesta, John, 126,127 Politburo, 22 Polyakova, Alina, 37,89,137-138 Pomerantsev, Peter, 41,113-115 Pompeo, Mike, 84 Popescu, Albert, 149 Poroshenko, Petro, 89 Portlandia, 55 Pravda, 20
266 Presidential election of 2016 (U.S.), 14; Big Tech and, 162; disinformation and, 128-130; election interference in, 119-121, 126-132,138, 158; IRA and, 125-126; Mueller Report on, 119-120, 126-127, 129, 135-137, 154; Senate Intelligence report on, 174; Senate Intelligence report on Russian active measures, 174; WikiLeaks and, 127,128,131 Presidential election of 2020 (U.S.), 155,157-158,162-163,169; Big Tech and, 155, 162-163,183; election interference in, 119, 139-156, 168-171; Intelligence Community Assessment: Foreign Threats to the 2020 US Federal Elections, 168-171; January 6 Capitol riots, 161-167 Prier, Jarred, 100,124 Primakov, Yevgeny, 4,26 Progress Party, 49 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, 3 Proud Boys, 153 Proxies, cyber, 61-62,169 Putin, Vladimir, 4, 6-7,9,12; COVID-19 pandemic, 144—146; disinformation in Russian periphery, 71, 73, 80,86,90; domestic disinformation, 39-42,44,48-52; domestic support for, 51-52; international disinformation, 101, 104,106; on national sovereignty, 52; on Novorossiya (New Russia), 71; policy documents and, 30, 31, 33; as prime minister, 26,49; regime sensitivity and, 27-30; strategy and risk-taking, 34,35-38,176-177,179; U.S. election interference, 120,122, 128,130-132,134,135-136,147,149, 152,158,159,169-170, 174-175 Qatar, 109 Question More media slogan, 42, 44,122 Race: Black Lives Matter movement, 120,134,142,143,163; race-related violence, 33,142; racial concepts as dangerous influences, 33; U.S. race Index relations as target of disinformation campaigns, 4-5,121,126,129,142, 154,183 Raman, Suhit, 3,123,129
Regime sensitivity, 39; in Bolshevik era, 17-19; in Putin era, 27-30; in Soviet era, 19-22 Reliable information, 40 Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election (Mueller Report), 119-120, 126-127,129,135-137,154 Reserve Fund of Russia, 36 Responsibility to Protect (R2P), 80-81 Rice, Susan, 142 Rid, Thomas, 103,128,151 Rock, Allan, 45 Rogan, Tom, 154 Rogers, Michael S., 103,178 Romanov dynasty, 18, 71-72 Roosevelt, Franklin, 12 Rose Revolution, 80 Rosenzweig, Paul, 55 Russia of the Future (political party), 49 Russia Today (RT), 41-44,45; America s Lawyer, 43; Brexit and, 102; budget, 43; creation and history, 42-43; Cultures of Protest, 130; documentary about Occupy Wall Street movement, 129-130; Englishlanguage activities, 43,121-122; Estonia and, 76; forced to register as foreign entity, 51; influence in Russia, 43-44; international arms of, 43; original purpose, 42,43-44; Putin on purpose of, 122; Question More slogan, 42,122; RT America, 43,122, 136; Spanish-language activities, 110; World Tomorrow (Julian Assange show), 42-43; YouTube channel, 122. See also Sputnik (media outlet) Russian Business Network (RBN), 58-59,62,65, 81, 83,91 Russian Civil War, 2,18-19,20, 71, 73-74,188 n.39 Russian Empire, 3-4,18,30, 35,71-74 Russian National Security Strategy, 13, 31,33 Russo, Bill, 149
Index Russo-Georgian War, 11,14,62,79-84, 91,100,109,110,178 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 80,82,83 Samuel, Terence, 151 Sandberg, Sheryl, 167 Sandworm (hacker team), 88,89 Sanger, David, 3 Sänger, Eugen, 2 Sauter, Van Gordon, 154-155 Schiff, Adam, 139,151 Schneier, Bruce, 138 Schröder, Gerhard, 40,81,100 Serbia, 30,80,110 Sevastopol, 176 Seven Years War, 34 Singer, P. W, 9,71, 87-88,124 Skripal, Sergei, 50,70 Smith, Brad, 108,159 Snowden, Edward, 48-49 Social media. See Facebook; Twitter; YouTube SolarWinds hack, 108,152,157-158, 159-161,163,178 Soldatov, Andrei, 47,183 SORM, 47-49,52; origins and history, 47-48; SORM-1,47; SORM-2,27,41, 47; SORM-3,47-48,49 Sovereignty, 2,98,149; Budapest Memorandum and, 25; cultural, 33; defensive, 52-54,73; information, 33-34 Soviet Union, collapse of, 4,24, 37,40, 56-57, 76 Sputnik (media outlet): Brexit and, 102; creation of, 43; forced to register as foreign entity, 51; on Macron, 104; motto of, 43; Putin on purpose of, 122 Sputnik V (vaccine), 145 Spycraft and spymasters, 4. See also Cyberespionage Stalin, Joseph, 2; birthplace of, 79; death of, 4; disinformation and, 3,6; NaziSoviet partnership, 74—75; paranoia of, 74; revisionist history of, 19 Stent, Angela, 37,137 Stepashin, Sergei, 4,26 Stiglitz, Joseph, 25 267 Stoltenberg, Jens, 97 Svetoka, Sandra, 180-181 Sweden, 108 Swisher, Kara, 165 Syria, 12-13, 35,37,109 Syrian Civil War, 12-13,100,109 System for Operative Investigative Activities (SORM). See SORM Tass (Russian news agency), 156 Telegram (app), 48 The Onion Router (TOR), 64 Third Balkan War, 18 Third-sector organizations (TSOs),
51 Thomas, Timothy L., 80 Tokaev, Grigori, 2 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 73-74 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 25 Trenin, Dmitri, 37 Trolls and trolling: Americans hired as trolls, 148-149; bot accounts and, 126; counter-trolling ( troll the trolls ), 180, 184; definition of, 44-45; deniability of, 66-67,134-135; in hybrid warfare, 179; impact of, 183-184; IRA s use of, 4445,46,51,52,86,124,177,178; Lisa E case, 100; payment for, 90; role in COVID-19 pandemic, 138,146; role in Philando Castile case, 142-143; role in U.S. political campaigns, 120,124, 135; role in U.S. social movements, 120,134-135; taking both sides, 98, 120,134-135,182; troll farms, 52,178, 180; trolling of analysts, 95 Trump, Donald: Access Hollywood tape, 127; administration of, 10;birtherism and, 130; Charlottesville Unite the Right rally and, 132-135; COVID-19 pandemic and, 150; deplatforming of, 164-165; impeachments of, 130,139-140,151,158,164-165; January 6 Capitol riots and, 161-167; media industry and, 154-155, 169-171; Mueller Report and, 119-120,126-127,129,135-137,154; sanctions against Russia, 35. See also Presidential election of 2016 (U.S.); Presidential election of 2020 (U.S.)
268 Index Tsarist Russia (Russian Empire), 3-4, 18,30,35,71-74 Tukachevsky, Mikhail, 20 Twenty-Fifth Amendment, 130 Twitter, 3, 7; actions against disinformation, 148,164; Biden-Ukraine conspiracy theory and, 151; COVID-19 pandemic and, 146; IRA and, 45,46,102,123-126; #MacronGate and #MacronLeaks, 104,105; Trump and, 164,165 Ukraine: anti-Ukraine cyberattackers (CyberBerkut), 86; Biden conspiracy theory, 139, 150-152; cyberattacks against, 69,89-90, 93,114; history of, 24-25; Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 crash, 50,87-88,95, 98,114; Orange Revolution, 84-85; Russian aggression against, 34—35,38,97, 108,114,121,176-177,179 United Kingdom: Brexit, 101-103; Cambridge Five spy ring, 20; Continental System against, 30; COVID-19 pandemic and, 145; Russian information operations against, 14,43 United Nations, 25,54 U.S. Civil War, 34,133 U.S. Democratic National Committee hack, 65,126-127 Useful idiots, 40,41,148 Valenta, Jiri, 73 Venezuela, 35,37,110,170 Viral social media content, 7,45,121 Voice over internet (VoIP) calls, 47 Wahl, Liz, 121,208 n.11 Warner, Mark, 163 Warsaw Pact, 77 Washington Post, 124,133,134,136,151, 152,160 Watts, Clint, 148 Weapons of mass destruction, 2,10 Westby, Jody, 168 What-about-ism, 43,81 WikiLeaks, 42-43,127,128,131 Woodcock, Bill, 81-82 World Anti-Doping Agency data breach, 69 World War 1,18, 35,73,74,188-189 n.2 World War II: celebrations and commemorations, 76,77,92; geopolitical aftermath of, 75-76; Great Patriotic War, 27; Gulag prison system during, 110; Holocaust, 3, 75; Montenegro and, 107; propaganda during, 107; Ukraine and, 86-87; V2
rockets in, 67-68; Western Allies support for Soviet Union, 30 Wray, Christopher, 143 Yahoo data breaches, 69,136 Yanukovych, Viktor, 84-85,86 Yeltsin, Boris, 4,10,24,25-26, 61 YouTube: election misinformation on, 155,162; IRA and, 129,142; Navalny s use of, 49; RT and, 43, 45,122 Yushchenko, Viktor, 50,84 Zeihan, Peter, 37-38,177 Zuckerberg, Mark, 162,167 Bavarisnho
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Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. The Cyber Bear ix xiii 1 2. Modem Russia, RegimeSensitivity, and Its Implications 17 3. Domestic Control 39 4. Crime, Attribution, andPersistence 55 5. The Near Abroad 71 6. Foreign Hand, Distant Land 97 7. Crescendo into Chaos 117 8. Maple Street, USA 139 9. Kafka's Paradise 157 10. Conclusions 173 Notes 185 Bibliography 229 Index 261
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Index Abkhazia, 80, 81 Aceves, William ƒ., 5 Active measures, 1-5; cyberespionage, 15,22-23,65-70,80,157-161; definition of, 3, 21; destabilization, 5,12,23,163; history of, 3,21-22; manipulation of political groups, 98; military deception as distinct from, 5; Senate Intelligence Committee's 2019 report on Russian, 174. See also Assassinations and assassination attempts; Disinformation Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), 67,92,157-161; APT28 (Fancy Bear), 67,69, 86, 99,107-108,126,161; APT29 (Cozy Bear), 67, 69,145,161 AIDS/HIV, 21,22,121,146 Amazon Web Services (AWS), 166-167 Andrew, Christopher, 4,23 Andropov, Yuri, 4 Antifa, 133,143 APT28 (Fancy Bear), 67,69,86, 99, 107-108,126,161 APT29 (Cozy Bear), 67,69,145,161 Arab Spring, 27-28,31 ARPANET, 22,57 Assad, Bashar, 12-13,109 Assange, Julian, 42-43 Assassinations and assassination attempts: Kennedy, John F., 20; by KGB, 50; Navalny, Alexei, 49-50, 195 n.50; Nemtsov, Boris, 46; by poison, 50, 70, 84; Skripal, Sergei, 50, 70; Yushchenko, Viktor, 50, 84 Atlantic, The, 105,113-114,169-170 Atlantic Council, 66,175,182 Attribution, 63-65,91-92,102,109; bureaucratic competition and, 67; definition of, 63; false flag operations and, 64r-65; forestalling, 64; major powers and, 65-67; misidentification, 180; Mueller investigation and, 135; "name-andshame" approach, 64,65-66,180; SolarWinds and, 159-161,163 Badin, Dmitri, 99 Baev, Pavel K., 173,174 Baker, Jim, 173 Baratov, Karim, 62 Belan, Alexsey, 62 Bellingcat (cyber analyst), 50 Bergmann, Max, 180 Beria, Lavrentiy, 4 Berlin Airlift, 30
262 Biden, Hunter, 139,150-152,170 Biden, Joseph: administration of, 143, 171; presidential election of 2020, 155,157-158,162-163,169; Ukraine conspiracy theory, 139,150-152 Big Tech: Amazon Web Services (AWS), 166-167; Apple, 166; Google, 26, 48,105,155,166; U.S. presidential election of 2016 and, 162; U.S. presidential election of 2020 and, 155,162-163,183; U.S. presidential transition of 2021,165-167. See also Facebook Bioweapons, 21 Bittman, Ladislav, 3,22 Black Lives Matter movement, 120, 134,142,143,163 Black Sea, 19,24, 71 Blogger's Law, 48 Bolsheviks, 17-19,71-75; February Revolution, 18-19; regime sensitivity and, 17; Russian Civil War and, 2, 19,73 Borogan, Irina, 47,183 Brantly, Aaron, 78 Brexit, 101-103 Britain. See United Kingdom Brooking, Emerson T., 9,87-88,124 Buchanan, Ben, 160-161,168 Budapest Memorandum, 25, 85 Burke, Edmund, 17 Burutin, Alexander, 11, 84 Bush, George W., 80 Capitol riots (January 6,2021), 161-167 Carr, Jeffrey, 91 Charlottesville Unite the Right rally, 132-135 Chechen War, 91 China, 32-33,36-38,56,108,140-141, 144,148,161,169,175,179,182 Citizen journalists, 181 Civil war: in Russia, 2,18-19,20, 71, 73-74,188 n.39; in Syria, 12-13,100, 109; in United States, 34,133 Clift, Eleanor, 150 Clinton, Bill, 10,26,61 Index Clinton, Hillary, 21 n.60,29,117,120, 124,126-132,135,136,162,224 n.45 CNN, 29,43,52,106,114,124,142-143, 170-171,183 Cochrane, Jon, 155 Comey, James, 127,131-132,137 Committee for State Security (KGB), 4, 21,23-24,27-28,47,50 Conspiracy theories, 20-21,128,132, 138,140,146-147,164-167,182-183 Containment policy, 29-30,121
COVID-19 pandemic: deaths from, 92,140-141; disinformation and, 140-141,146-148; in Russia, 144-146; in United States, 140-141; vaccines, 144-146 Cozy Bear (APT29), 67,69,145,161 Crimea, 5,14,24-25,38,85,87,114,121 CrowdStrike, 67 Cuckoo's Egg (cyber espionage case), 22 Cultural heritage, 33 Cyberespionage, 15,22-23,65-70, 80,157-161. See also Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs); Malware Cyberinsurance, 60 Czech Republic, 111 Czechoslovakia, 3, 22,24,107-108 DDoS-Guard, 166 Deibert, Ronald, 83 Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, 77. See also Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks Derkach, Andrii, 169 Disinformation: Biden-Ukraine conspiracy theory and, 150-152; Big Tech and, 165-167; conspiracy theories and, 20-21,128,132,138, 140,146-147,164-167,182-183; continuity and discontinuity of, 5-7; definition of, 1; digital information and, 7-9; distrust and, 138,154-156; domestic control and, 39-54; IRA and, 44-46,123,125-126,142; January 6 Capitol riots and, 163; misinformation as distinct from, 1, 143; "neutralization" and, 183-184;
Index overseas elections and, 97-115, 117-118,125-126,127,128-132, 138,140; regime sensitivity and, 19-23; Russian history of, 3-5; Russian periphery and, 91-93; Russian policy documents and, 30-34,53; social media and, 9-10; sophistication levels of, 178-181; targeted to conservative audiences, 128,132-133; Ukraine and, 86-90; U.S. partisanship and, 170 Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, 77-78,81,83-85, 87, 91-93, 95,108,166-167 Dobriansky, Paula ƒ., 175 Domain Name Servers (DNS), 77 Dominion Voting Systems, 162 Duma, 24,29 Dutkiewicz, Piotr, 175 Eisenhower, Dwight, 106 Election interference: in Brexit, 102-103; definition of, 169; in France's 2017 elections, 103-105, 107,113,118; in Germany's 2017 elections, 100-101; Intelligence Community Assessment: Foreign Threats to the 2020 LIS Federal Elections, 168-171; Mueller Report, 119-120,126-127,129,135-137,154; in Scotland's 2014 independence referendum, 101; Senate Intelligence report on U.S. 2016 elections, 174; in U.S. 2016 elections, 119-121,126-132, 138,158; in U.S. 2020 elections, 119, 139-156,168-171 Electronic tracking, 85,86 Encryption, 48 England. See United Kingdom English language: amplification of posts by native speakers, 138, 148-149; InfoRos activities in, 147; IRA activities in, 46,123,124,177; RT activities in, 43,121-122; social media posts by non-native speakers, 102,123,177 Epik (webhosting company), 166,167 Epstein, Robert, 162 263 Espionage malware, 15,22-23,65-70, 80,157-161 Estonia, 33,61-62,72, 73, 75,76-79, 83, 91-95,110-111 Evanina, William, 171 Facebook, 90,108,110; Biden-Ukraine
conspiracy theory and, 151; COVID-19 pandemic and, 138; election interference and, 146,149; IRA and, 46,122,125,126,129,142; January 6 Capitol riots and, 167; RT and, 122,130; surveillance and, 48 False flag operations, 64-65,66,103, 109,127,153-154 Fancy Bear (APT28), 67, 69,86,99, 107-108,126,161 Fauci, Anthony, 150 Federal Security Service (FSB), 61,109, 153; GRU and, 67; Navalny and, 50,195 n.50; Putin as head of, 4,27; SORM and, 47-48; Stepashin as head of, 4 Finland, 108 First Amendment, 133 Floyd, George, 141,142,154-155 Foreign Agent Registration Act, 51 Fox News, 119,170-171 France: 2017 elections, 103-105,107, 113,118; Yellow Vest riots, 102, 105-107 Frederick II of Prussia, 34 Friedman, Leni, 73 FSB. See Federal Security Service (FSB) Fukuyama, Francis, 55,99 Gaddafi, Muammar, 31 Galante, Laura, 66 Garrett, Tom, 134 Genocide, 3,30 Gerasimov, Valery, 29 Gerasimov doctrine, 29 Germany: cyberattacks and hostile information operations against, 99-101; Nazi Germany, 2, 3,10, 27, 74-75,82,100,144 Giles, Keir, 4,5,32 Glasnost (openness) policy, 23
264 Goloskokov, Konstantin, 78 Google, 26,48,105,155,166 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 4,22,23-24,26, 35-36 Great Britain. See United Kingdom Great Purge (1936-38), 19-20,198 n.5 Greenberg, Andy, 89,153 Guitton, Clement, 63 Gulag prison system, 19,110 Haines, Avril, 171 Hannigan, Robert, 93-94 Hanson, Victor Davis, 164 Hayes, Chris, 170 Herbst, John, 57 Higgins, Eliot, 95 Hill, Fiona, 176 History Channel, 177 Hitler, Adolf, 10,82,178 Holocaust, 3, 75 Homophily, 55-56 Hungary, 24, 75,94-95 Huntsman, Jon, 12 IBM, 22 Information Security Doctrine, 10-11, 30-31,32,33,41,53,121,176 Intelligence Community Assessment: Foreign Threats to the 2020 US Federal Elections, 168-171 Intermediate Forces Treaty, 13 International Monetary Fund, 25 International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 54 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 53 Internet of Things (loT), 68-69 Internet Research Agency (IRA), 44-46; creation and history, 44-46; Englishlanguage activities, 46,123,124,177; pay by, 46; U.S. presidential election of 2016 and, 125-126; use of social media, 45,46,125-126 Internet service providers (ISPs), 47-48,52 Ioffe, Julia, 40,52,120,130 Iran, 109,146-147,153,164,169,170 Ivanov, Igor, 98 Index Jaitner, Margarita Levin, 173 January 6 Capitol riots, 161-167 Kalb, Marvin, 80,90,176 Kaljulaid, Kersti, 79 Kasparov, Garry, 6,174 Kaspersky Lab, 160 Kelensky, Jakub, 182 Kendall-Taylor, Andrea, 175 Kennedy, John F., 20 Kenney, Carolyn, 180 KGB, 4,21,23-24,27-28,47,50 Khamenei, Ayatollah, 164 Khrushchev, Nikita, 19,20,24 Kilimnik, Konstantin, 169 King, Larry, 43 Kissinger, Henry, 40
Kline, Phil, 162 Knudson, Dean, 162-163 Koffler, Rebekah, 27,120-121 Kofman, Michael, 98 Kolesnikov, Andrei, 49 Koiga, Marcus, 110 Korean Air Lines Flight 007,88 Korean War, 5 Kosovo, 80-81,110 Kotkin, Stephen, 175 Krasovskiy, Igor, 87 Krutskikh, Andrey, 1-2 Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 4,23-24, 26 Kyrgyzstan, 91-92,94 Lacusta, Alex, 149 Lane, Mark, 20 Lange-Ionatamishvili, Elina, 180-181 Latvia, 73,92 Lavrov, Sergey, 81,100 Le Pen, Marine, 104 Lenczowski, John, 120 Lenin, Vladimir, 18-19,74 Libicki, Martin, 87 Libya, 31 Limnell, Jarno, 182 Macron, Emmanuel, 103-106 Maher, Bill, 143 Malaysian Airlines flight MH17,50, 87-88,95,98,114
Index Malware: attribution and, 66; BlackEnergy, 88; DCCC hacks, 126-127; definition of, 59; NotPetya attacks, 69,89-90,93,114; phishing against Macron, 103-104; RBN and, 59; SolarWinds hack, 108,152, 157-158,159-161,163,178; Ukraine and, 86,88,89-90,93 Markov, Sergei, 78 Matze, John, 165,166,167 Maurer, Tim, 61 McCarthyism, 114 McLaughlin, John, 128,131 McMaster, H. R., 6,174-175,179 Medvedev, Dmitry, 49,51 Meister, Stefan, 173-174 Melville, Andrei, 39 Merkel, Angela, 99,100 Metadata, 47,48,104,127 Microsoft, 59,108,159 Military deception, 5,9 Misinformation, 1,143,155,164. See also Disinformation Montenegro, 107 Moonlight Maze, 26,61,69 Mshvidobadze, Khatuna, 65-66,67 MSNBC, 151,170,207-208 n.3 Muehlbauer, Matthew, 158 Mueller, Robert, 126,135 Mueller Report, 119-120,126-127, 129,135-137,154 Multistakeholders, 54 Navalny, Alexei, 49-50,195 n.50 Nazi Germany, 2,3,10, 27, 74-75,82, 100,144 Nemtsov, Boris, 46 Neo-Nazis, 21,133-134 New York Times, 102,133,136,148, 152,155,164,170 Nicholas II, Tsar, 73 Nichols, Tom, 7,27,130,173 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 51,53,108,110,121,181 Non-Proliferation Treaty, 25 Norms-based approach to cyberspace, 11 265 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 23,110-114; Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE), 94, 111; Multinational Cyber Defence Capability Development (MN CD2), 111; Report on Countering Propaganda Attacks against the Euro-Atlantic Community, 181; U.S. investment in, 175-176 North Korea, 5,35 NotPetya attacks, 69, 89-90, 93,114 OANN, 170 Obama, Barack, 35,90,117,122, 130,136,137,139-140,142,158,
175-176 Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria, 167 Okhrana secret police, 3,18 Olympics doping scandal, 28-29 Ossetia, 79-80,81, 83 O'Sullivan, David, 174 O'Sullivan, Donnie, 142-143,155 Otis, Cindy, 138 Page, Clarence, 154 Palmieri, Jennifer, 131 Panama Papers, 28-29,104 Parler, 165-167,168 PeaceData, 149,155,178 Pelosi, Nancy, 139,140,224 n.45 People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), 19-20 People's Republic of China (PRC), 32-33,36-38,56,108,140-141,144, 148,161,169,175,179,182 Peters, Benjamin, 184 Philby, Kim, 20 Pilsudski, Jozef, 74 Podesta, John, 126,127 Politburo, 22 Polyakova, Alina, 37,89,137-138 Pomerantsev, Peter, 41,113-115 Pompeo, Mike, 84 Popescu, Albert, 149 Poroshenko, Petro, 89 Portlandia, 55 Pravda, 20
266 Presidential election of 2016 (U.S.), 14; Big Tech and, 162; disinformation and, 128-130; election interference in, 119-121, 126-132,138, 158; IRA and, 125-126; Mueller Report on, 119-120, 126-127, 129, 135-137, 154; Senate Intelligence report on, 174; Senate Intelligence report on Russian active measures, 174; WikiLeaks and, 127,128,131 Presidential election of 2020 (U.S.), 155,157-158,162-163,169; Big Tech and, 155, 162-163,183; election interference in, 119, 139-156, 168-171; Intelligence Community Assessment: Foreign Threats to the 2020 US Federal Elections, 168-171; January 6 Capitol riots, 161-167 Prier, Jarred, 100,124 Primakov, Yevgeny, 4,26 Progress Party, 49 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The, 3 Proud Boys, 153 Proxies, cyber, 61-62,169 Putin, Vladimir, 4, 6-7,9,12; COVID-19 pandemic, 144—146; disinformation in Russian periphery, 71, 73, 80,86,90; domestic disinformation, 39-42,44,48-52; domestic support for, 51-52; international disinformation, 101, 104,106; on national sovereignty, 52; on "Novorossiya" (New Russia), 71; policy documents and, 30, 31, 33; as prime minister, 26,49; regime sensitivity and, 27-30; strategy and risk-taking, 34,35-38,176-177,179; U.S. election interference, 120,122, 128,130-132,134,135-136,147,149, 152,158,159,169-170, 174-175 Qatar, 109 "Question More" media slogan, 42, 44,122 Race: Black Lives Matter movement, 120,134,142,143,163; race-related violence, 33,142; racial concepts as "dangerous influences," 33; U.S. race Index relations as target of disinformation campaigns, 4-5,121,126,129,142, 154,183 Raman, Suhit, 3,123,129
Regime sensitivity, 39; in Bolshevik era, 17-19; in Putin era, 27-30; in Soviet era, 19-22 "Reliable information," 40 Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election (Mueller Report), 119-120, 126-127,129,135-137,154 Reserve Fund of Russia, 36 Responsibility to Protect (R2P), 80-81 Rice, Susan, 142 Rid, Thomas, 103,128,151 Rock, Allan, 45 Rogan, Tom, 154 Rogers, Michael S., 103,178 Romanov dynasty, 18, 71-72 Roosevelt, Franklin, 12 Rose Revolution, 80 Rosenzweig, Paul, 55 Russia of the Future (political party), 49 Russia Today (RT), 41-44,45; "America's Lawyer," 43; Brexit and, 102; budget, 43; creation and history, 42-43; "Cultures of Protest," 130; documentary about Occupy Wall Street movement, 129-130; Englishlanguage activities, 43,121-122; Estonia and, 76; forced to register as foreign entity, 51; influence in Russia, 43-44; international arms of, 43; original purpose, 42,43-44; Putin on purpose of, 122; "Question More" slogan, 42,122; RT America, 43,122, 136; Spanish-language activities, 110; "World Tomorrow" (Julian Assange show), 42-43; YouTube channel, 122. See also Sputnik (media outlet) Russian Business Network (RBN), 58-59,62,65, 81, 83,91 Russian Civil War, 2,18-19,20, 71, 73-74,188 n.39 Russian Empire, 3-4,18,30, 35,71-74 Russian National Security Strategy, 13, 31,33 Russo, Bill, 149
Index Russo-Georgian War, 11,14,62,79-84, 91,100,109,110,178 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 80,82,83 Samuel, Terence, 151 Sandberg, Sheryl, 167 Sandworm (hacker team), 88,89 Sanger, David, 3 Sänger, Eugen, 2 Sauter, Van Gordon, 154-155 Schiff, Adam, 139,151 Schneier, Bruce, 138 Schröder, Gerhard, 40,81,100 Serbia, 30,80,110 Sevastopol, 176 Seven Years' War, 34 Singer, P. W, 9,71, 87-88,124 Skripal, Sergei, 50,70 Smith, Brad, 108,159 Snowden, Edward, 48-49 Social media. See Facebook; Twitter; YouTube SolarWinds hack, 108,152,157-158, 159-161,163,178 Soldatov, Andrei, 47,183 SORM, 47-49,52; origins and history, 47-48; SORM-1,47; SORM-2,27,41, 47; SORM-3,47-48,49 Sovereignty, 2,98,149; Budapest Memorandum and, 25; cultural, 33; defensive, 52-54,73; information, 33-34 Soviet Union, collapse of, 4,24, 37,40, 56-57, 76 Sputnik (media outlet): Brexit and, 102; creation of, 43; forced to register as foreign entity, 51; on Macron, 104; motto of, 43; Putin on purpose of, 122 Sputnik V (vaccine), 145 Spycraft and spymasters, 4. See also Cyberespionage Stalin, Joseph, 2; birthplace of, 79; death of, 4; disinformation and, 3,6; NaziSoviet partnership, 74—75; paranoia of, 74; revisionist history of, 19 Stent, Angela, 37,137 Stepashin, Sergei, 4,26 Stiglitz, Joseph, 25 267 Stoltenberg, Jens, 97 Svetoka, Sandra, 180-181 Sweden, 108 Swisher, Kara, 165 Syria, 12-13, 35,37,109 Syrian Civil War, 12-13,100,109 System for Operative Investigative Activities (SORM). See SORM Tass (Russian news agency), 156 Telegram (app), 48 The Onion Router (TOR), 64 Third Balkan War, 18 Third-sector organizations (TSOs),
51 Thomas, Timothy L., 80 Tokaev, Grigori, 2 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 73-74 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 25 Trenin, Dmitri, 37 Trolls and trolling: Americans hired as trolls, 148-149; bot accounts and, 126; counter-trolling ("troll the trolls"), 180, 184; definition of, 44-45; deniability of, 66-67,134-135; in hybrid warfare, 179; impact of, 183-184; IRA's use of, 4445,46,51,52,86,124,177,178; Lisa E case, 100; payment for, 90; role in COVID-19 pandemic, 138,146; role in Philando Castile case, 142-143; role in U.S. political campaigns, 120,124, 135; role in U.S. social movements, 120,134-135; taking both sides, 98, 120,134-135,182; troll farms, 52,178, 180; trolling of analysts, 95 Trump, Donald: Access Hollywood tape, 127; administration of, 10;birtherism and, 130; Charlottesville Unite the Right rally and, 132-135; COVID-19 pandemic and, 150; deplatforming of, 164-165; impeachments of, 130,139-140,151,158,164-165; January 6 Capitol riots and, 161-167; media industry and, 154-155, 169-171; Mueller Report and, 119-120,126-127,129,135-137,154; sanctions against Russia, 35. See also Presidential election of 2016 (U.S.); Presidential election of 2020 (U.S.)
268 Index Tsarist Russia (Russian Empire), 3-4, 18,30,35,71-74 Tukachevsky, Mikhail, 20 Twenty-Fifth Amendment, 130 Twitter, 3, 7; actions against disinformation, 148,164; Biden-Ukraine conspiracy theory and, 151; COVID-19 pandemic and, 146; IRA and, 45,46,102,123-126; #MacronGate and #MacronLeaks, 104,105; Trump and, 164,165 Ukraine: anti-Ukraine cyberattackers (CyberBerkut), 86; Biden conspiracy theory, 139, 150-152; cyberattacks against, 69,89-90, 93,114; history of, 24-25; Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 crash, 50,87-88,95, 98,114; Orange Revolution, 84-85; Russian aggression against, 34—35,38,97, 108,114,121,176-177,179 United Kingdom: Brexit, 101-103; Cambridge Five spy ring, 20; Continental System against, 30; COVID-19 pandemic and, 145; Russian information operations against, 14,43 United Nations, 25,54 U.S. Civil War, 34,133 U.S. Democratic National Committee hack, 65,126-127 Useful idiots, 40,41,148 Valenta, Jiri, 73 Venezuela, 35,37,110,170 Viral social media content, 7,45,121 Voice over internet (VoIP) calls, 47 Wahl, Liz, 121,208 n.11 Warner, Mark, 163 Warsaw Pact, 77 Washington Post, 124,133,134,136,151, 152,160 Watts, Clint, 148 Weapons of mass destruction, 2,10 Westby, Jody, 168 What-about-ism, 43,81 WikiLeaks, 42-43,127,128,131 Woodcock, Bill, 81-82 World Anti-Doping Agency data breach, 69 World War 1,18, 35,73,74,188-189 n.2 World War II: celebrations and commemorations, 76,77,92; geopolitical aftermath of, 75-76; "Great Patriotic War," 27; Gulag prison system during, 110; Holocaust, 3, 75; Montenegro and, 107; propaganda during, 107; Ukraine and, 86-87; V2
rockets in, 67-68; Western Allies' support for Soviet Union, 30 Wray, Christopher, 143 Yahoo data breaches, 69,136 Yanukovych, Viktor, 84-85,86 Yeltsin, Boris, 4,10,24,25-26, 61 YouTube: election misinformation on, 155,162; IRA and, 129,142; Navalny's use of, 49; RT and, 43, 45,122 Yushchenko, Viktor, 50,84 Zeihan, Peter, 37-38,177 Zuckerberg, Mark, 162,167 Bavarisnho |
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| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047879567 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:22:14Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T09:24:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781440876912 9798765119563 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033261935 |
| oclc_num | 1335402780 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xii, 268 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220801 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | ABC-CLIO, LLC |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Praeger security international |
| spelling | Sambaluk, Nick Verfasser (DE-588)1060560941 aut Weaponizing cyberspace inside Russia's hostile activities Nicholas Michael Sambaluk Santa Barbara, California ; Denver, Colorado ABC-CLIO, LLC [2022] © 2022 xii, 268 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Praeger security international "This title explores the Russian proclivity, particularly in the 21st century, for using cyberspace as an environment in which to launch technical attacks and disinformation campaigns that sow chaos and distraction in ways that provide short-term advantage to autocrats in the Kremlin"-- Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 gnd rswk-swf Information warfare (DE-588)4461975-3 gnd rswk-swf Cyberterrorismus (DE-588)1118882725 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Cyberterrorism / Russia Cyberspace / Security measures Computer crimes Cyberterrorism Russia Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Information warfare (DE-588)4461975-3 s Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 s Cyberterrorismus (DE-588)1118882725 s Geschichte z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4408-7692-9 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033261935&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033261935&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033261935&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Sambaluk, Nick Weaponizing cyberspace inside Russia's hostile activities Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 gnd Information warfare (DE-588)4461975-3 gnd Cyberterrorismus (DE-588)1118882725 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4252093-9 (DE-588)4461975-3 (DE-588)1118882725 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Weaponizing cyberspace inside Russia's hostile activities |
| title_auth | Weaponizing cyberspace inside Russia's hostile activities |
| title_exact_search | Weaponizing cyberspace inside Russia's hostile activities |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Weaponizing cyberspace inside Russia's hostile activities |
| title_full | Weaponizing cyberspace inside Russia's hostile activities Nicholas Michael Sambaluk |
| title_fullStr | Weaponizing cyberspace inside Russia's hostile activities Nicholas Michael Sambaluk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Weaponizing cyberspace inside Russia's hostile activities Nicholas Michael Sambaluk |
| title_short | Weaponizing cyberspace |
| title_sort | weaponizing cyberspace inside russia s hostile activities |
| title_sub | inside Russia's hostile activities |
| topic | Desinformation (DE-588)4252093-9 gnd Information warfare (DE-588)4461975-3 gnd Cyberterrorismus (DE-588)1118882725 gnd |
| topic_facet | Desinformation Information warfare Cyberterrorismus Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033261935&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033261935&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033261935&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sambaluknick weaponizingcyberspaceinsiderussiashostileactivities |