Strategic uses of nationalism and ethnic conflict: interest and identity in Russia and the post-Soviet space
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CONTENTS vii List of Figures and Tables Preface x 1 Nationalisms and Interest-Driven Identities: Theoretical Perspectives 1 2 Competing with Entrepreneurial Diasporians: Origins of Anti-Semitism in Nineteenth-Century Russia 30 3 Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict and Job Competition: Non-Russian Collective Action in the USSR under Perestroika 55 4 The Concept of ‘Rootedness’ in the Struggle for Political Power in the Former Soviet Union in the 1990s 74 5 Antemurale Thinking as Historical Myth and Ethnic Boundary Mechanism in Eastern Europe 93 6 Imperialism and Ethnocentrism in Russian Nationalism 113 7 The St George Ribbon and the Immortal Regiment: New Symbols and Rituals in Russian Regime-Legitimation 141
STRATEGIC USES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT 8 Collaboration between Nationalists and Liberals in the Russian Opposition, 2011-2013 167 9 Crimea versus Donbas: Russian Nationalist Reactions 190 Bibliography 219 Index 274
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INDEX Alexseev, Mikhail, 135 Alksnis, Viktor, 127-8 Andersen, Erik André, 72 Anderson, Benedict, 5 Antane, Aina, 70 antemurale myth in Belarus, 19, 20-1, 99, 100-3, 111 characteristics of, 94-5, 110 contrasted with the sui generis myth, 94, 111 for ethnic boundary-making, 19-21, 110 in Georgia, 19, 20-1, 99,100,107-8, 111 for peacekeeping, 98 power politics, 95, 110-11 in religious rhetoric, 20, 94, 96-8,110 as symmetrical or asymmetrical, 94-5 in Ukraine, 19, 20-1, 99,100,103-7, 111 anti-Putin movement bridge-builders, 177-9 bridge-wreckers, 179-81 Citizens Council, 175, 176-7 demonstrations, winter of 2011-12, 167-8,171, 174, 193 grassroots support for the anti-Putin nationalists, 182-6 history of, 173-4 274 ideological groupings, 175-6, 177, 178 liberal-nationalist alliance, 168-9,170, 186-8 master frame, 171 nationalist participation, 174-5 regime’s counterattack, 181-2 White Ribbon, 26,167, 172-3, 175, 181-2, 188 anti-Semitism arguments of, 49-52 discriminatory regulations, 33, 40-2, 49-50, 51 economic motives for, 15, 30, 31, 34, 35, 47-8, 51, 53-4 emergence, late nineteenth century, 14-15, 30-1, 40 job competition motivations for, 15, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36-7, 42, 46-7, 51, 52 pogroms, 31, 45-8 quota restrictions for higher education, 15, 31, 33, 43-5, 50 racialist approaches, 31, 34-5 as religiously motivated, 30, 31, 32-3, 49 socio-economic approaches, 30, 31, 33, 35-7
INDEX Armenians, 37 Armstrong, John, 37-8, 93 Aronson, Michael, 47 August War, 107, 109 Averin, I. A., 86-7 Avrutin, Eugene, 34-5 Baltics education factors in nationalism, 66-71 first language laws, 69-71 job competition for prestigious positions, 15, 55-6, 57, 68-9, 74 peaceful independence protests, 55, 56, 57 Barth, Fredrik, 16-17, 19, 59, 93 Bashkortostan Bashkir political elite, 82, 83, 90 Constitution, 81-2 demographic history, 80 ethnic Tatar population, 80, 82, 83, 88, 89 korennoi discourse, 16, 80, 81, 82-3, 89 modernisation, 79 non-titular population, 76 sons of the soil (SoS) conflicts, 76, 81-3 state status in the 1990s, 80-1, 88 ‘Ural’ nationalist organisation, 81 Basque liberation movement, 2 Beissinger, Mark, 58, 73 Belarus antemurale myth, 19,20-1, 99,100-3, 111 clash-of-civilisations thesis applied to, 98-9, 101 counter-discourses of boundary making, 19 identity in relation to Russia, 99,102, 103 national identity, 100-1 nationalist discourses, 101-3 St George ribbon conundrum, 163 sui generis myth in, 100 Uniate church, 97-8, 101 Belarusian Popular Front (BPF), 101-2 Beliaev, Mikhail, 197 Bell, Sandra, 171 Belov-Potkin, Aleksandr, 126,135,174, 177, 178,179-80, 183 Benediktov, Kirill, 126 Benford, Robert, 169,170 Bereza, Boryslav, 106-7 Blomqvist, Lars Erik, 22 Borovoi, Konstantin, 180 Brandenburger, David, 11 Brass, Paul, 6, 8 Breuilly, John, 3 Bronner, Stephen, 53 Brubaker, Rogers, 7, 27 Canovan, Margaret, 141 Carrère d’Encausse, Hélène, 56, 72 Central Asia first language laws, 69 independence, 56 migrants to Russia, 114, 132, 194 unemployment in, 15,
55-6, 57, 60, 64 violent ethnic conflict, 56-7, 64, 76 white-collar employment, 68 Chechnya, 11,13 Christianity, 97-8 Chua, Amy, 48 clash-of-civilisations thesis, 96-9, 101,110 Cohen, Abner, 22, 23 Cohen, Anthony, 17, 23, 164 Cohen, Robin, 37, 38 collective identities cultural traditions, 6, 16 ethno-nationalist rhetoric, 11 group interests and, 27-8 mobilisation of, 28 communist ideology approach to nationalism, 9-10 nationalism as a response to, 1-2 Congress of Russian Communities (KRO), 123 Connor, Walker, 4-5, 10 constructivism, 4, 11, 125 Conversi, Daniele, 28 Coordination Council of the Opposition, 169,176,187 Crimean Victory Day celebrations, 208-10 Crimean annexation 18 March 2014 speech, 109-10,114, 198,203 ethnic Russians, 196, 197 ethno-nationalist attitudes towards, 193, 196-200, 204 imperialist attitudes towards, 193, 203-4 motives for, 190 as a nationalist strategy, 26,190,191, 193 popular attitudes towards, 134 Putin’s popularity following, 26,135, 190, 191 St George ribbon and, 26 275
STRATEGIC USES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT culturalism links with instrumentalism, 3, 6 psychological nature of nationality, 4-5 Delaney, Mary, 171 democracy of ethno-nationalists, 126-7, 128-9, 194 Konstantin Krylov, 129, 178, 194 Russian national democrats, 126-7, 128, 132-3, 174-5, 194 demographics migration during the Soviet era, 77-8 modernisation and population growth, 39-40, 59 titular/non-titular regions, 10, 12, 16 Demushkin, Dmitrii, 135, 177 Deutsch, Karl, 116 diaspora the diasporic condition, 36, 37-8 mobilisation of, 37 perceived threat of, 38, 52-3 proletarian, 37 of Russians in non-Russian republics, 75, 79, 90, 124-5 social advancement, 37 Dima, Nicholas, 67 Donbas war see Eastern Ukraine war Dontsov, Dmytro, 104 Dorpema, Marc, 14 Drobizheva, Leokadia, 120 Dubin, Boris, 133 Dugin, Aleksandr, 99, 123, 126, 195, 204, 205-6, 207 Dunlop, John, 116, 120, 122 Durkheim, Émile, 22 Dzhunusova, Zhalnylzhan Kh., 85 Eastern Ukraine war deaths of 40 pro-Russians in a fire in Odesa, 207, 213-15 ethno-nationalist attitudes towards, 200-3 events of, 191 Russian imperialist attitudes towards, 204-8 Novorossia mythology, 195, 201, 205-6, 207-8 Putin’s strategy, 192 the St George ribbon and, 27, 191, 208-15 276 economics economic motives for anti-Semitism, 15, 30, 31, 34, 35, 47-8, 51, 53-4 ethnic economic manipulation, 13-14 in post-Soviet nationalism, 11,12, 13-14 see also employment education and the diasporic condition, 36, 37 educational qualification and employment opportunities, 66-8 effect on nationalist mobilisation, 58, 66-71 ethnic conflict over access to
higher education, 66-7 during modernisation, 36, 61 postwar higher education in the USSR, 66 quota restrictions for Jews in Tsarist Russia, 15, 31, 33, 43-5, 50 quota systems, 66 specialised Jewish colleges, 43 Elagin, Andrei Sergeevich, 87 Elgenius, Gabriella, 23, 24-5 elites articulate nationalism, 61 Bashkir political elite, 82, 83, 90 Kazakh political elites, 83-4 labour factor in elite nationalism, 61-3 during the Moldovan civil war, 13 role in national identity formation, 6, 7 secessionist campaigns in the Soviet republics, 11 employment competition for prestigious positions in the Baltics, 15, 55-6, 57, 68-9, 74 and the diasporic condition, 37-8 educational qualification and employment opportunities, 66-8 ethnic division of labour, 58-9 first language laws in Latvia and, 69-71 guest workers/migrant anxiety, 22,126, 131-3,136,138, 173,194 job competition dynamics and nationalism, 13-14, 15, 55-6, 62, 66-71 job equalisation under modernisation, 59 labour factor in elite nationalism, 61-3 labour factor in ethnic conflict, 15, 58-61, 62-3, 64-6
INDEX professional rivalries and anti-Semitism, 15, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36-7, 42, 46-7, 51,52 unemployment in Central Asia, 15, 55-6, 57, 60, 64 see also migration Eriksen, Thomas Hylland, 16 Estonia citizenship requirements, 71-2 opposition to the St George ribbon, 161 ethnic boundary making antiquitas myth, 19-20, 93 boundary contraction, 19, 22, 113 boundary expansion, 19, 21 boundary maintenance, 17 boundary markers (diacritica), 24, 26 boundary-making within a nation, 3, 142 counter-discourses, 19 diacritica (boundary markers), 16, 17, 93 for identity formation, 16-17, 59 individual agency, 18-19 martyrium myth, 19, 94 as multifaceted, 17-18 myths, symbols and rituals, 22-5, 93 for self- and other-identification, 19, 93,110 strategic behaviour, 18-19 sui generis myth, 19, 94,100, 111 in Zambia, 17-18 see also antemurale myth ethnic conflict in Central Asia, 56-7, 64, 76 in the former Yugoslavia, 8 globally, 2 labour factor in, 15, 58-61, 62-3, 64-6 over higher education, 66-7 during perestroika, 55, 56 titular/non-titular group power dynamics, 15 warmongering strategies, 8 see also Anti-Semitism ethnic entrepreneurs belief in own ideas, 14 nationalist rhetoric, 2 power struggles of, 12-13 use of ethnic boundaries, 17 use of Russian/titular economic gaps, 13-14 ethnic identities common-culture approach, 6, 16 under the communist regime, 2 interactions with the Other, 16,110 role of culture, history and symbols, 3-4,141,142 ethnic Russians dominance in well-paid jobs, 14 status in the non-Russian republics, 74-5 in Tsarist Russia, 38 ethnicity elites and identity-formation,
6, 7 politicisation of, 6-7, 77 Soviet institutionalisation of, 77-8 ethno-nationalism the Crimean annexation, 196-200, 204 democratic leanings, 126-7, 128-9, 194 emergence of in Russia, 126-9 imperialist-ethno-nationalist divisions in Russia, 117, 118, 127-8, 192,193-4 migrantphobia, 126, 131-3,138, 194 national democrats, 126-7, 128, 132-3, 174-5,194 nationalism as, 116-17,118 opposition to the Putin regime, 194 popular support in Russia, 133-5 russkii concept, 128, 133, 194 shift from statism to, 115 stance on the war in Eastern Ukraine, 200-3 ethno-nationalist rhetoric efficacy of in titular/non-titular regions, 12, 13 of the Putin regime, 114-15, 126, 129-31,138, 192-3, 215-17 use by regional leaders in the USSR under perestroika, 11-12 ethno-symbolism, 3-4, 28-9 Eurasianism, 119-20 Europe Central Europe, 95, 96 East/West cultural divide, 95-7 Huntington’s civilisational division, 96-8 Fearon, James, 90-1 Feoktistov, Aleksandr, 86 Fish, Stephen, 27 flags, 23 former Yugoslavia, 8 functionalism, 5 277
STRATEGIC USES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT Gagnon, V. P., 8 Geisler, Michael, 24 Gellner, Ernest, 5, 19, 62, 63,116 Georgia antemurale myth, 19, 20-1, 99, 100, 107-8, 111 clash-of-civilisations thesis applied to, 98-9, 108 identity in relation to Russia, 98, 99, 109 Gessen, lulii, 41, 43 Giuliano, Elise, 13-14, 15, 58, 60 Goble, Paul, 10 Goldstein, Jonah, 27 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 11, 14, 74,122, 124,171 Gorenburg, Dmitry, 88, 91 group interests collective identities and, 27-8 group grievances, 13-14 within nationalist agendas, 3 Guboglo, Mikhail, 69 Guibernau, Montserrat, 3, 4, 24, 25 Hale, Henry, 58,135 Heller, Mikhail, 10 Hobsbawm, Eric, 62, 141 Horowitz, Donald, 90 Hosking, Geoffrey, 119 housing shortages and ethnic conflict, 63, 65 Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 103-4 Huntington, Samuel, 96-8,110 Hutchinson, John, 3, 4, 24, 25 Huttenbach, Henry, 9 Hüttermann, Jörg, 38 Tarmonkin, V., 49-50 Immortal Regiment as a civil society initiative, 155-6 politicisation of, 157-8 popular adoption, 156-7, 159-60 70th anniversary of WWII, 156-7, 158 the St George ribbon and, 26, 142, 149, 154-5 Vladimir Putin and, 158, 159 imperialism empire-nostalgia in Russia, 118, 121 imperialist-ethno-nationalist divisions in Russia, 117, 118,127-8, 192, 193-4 nostalgia for the Soviet state, 194-5 Russian nationalism as, 116, 117 278 stance on the annexation of Crimea, 203-4 stance on the war in Eastern Ukraine, 204-8 Ingram, Alan, 123 instrumentalism applied to the former Soviet Union, 11 applied to the Soviet Union, 9 elitist approaches, 6-8 within ethno-symbolism, 28-9 group/individual interests in
nationalism, 3, 5-8, 11-12, 18 links with culturalism, 3, 6 primordialism and, 6 Ioseliani, Otar, 108 Islam, 2, 20, 94 Kaiser, Robert, 67, 68 Kalashnikov, Maksim, 207-8 Kappeler, Andreas, 38 Karklins, Rasma, 66-7, 78 Kasparov, Garrì, 173, 178 Kaufman, Stuart, 13 Kazakhstan demographic history, 81 ethnic conflict over higher education, 66-7 ethnic Kazakh political elites, 83-4 korennot discourse, 84-8, 89 language proficiency, 16, 71, 84 modernisation in, 79 non-Kazakh population, 76, 86-7 sons of the soil (SoS) conflicts in, 76, 83-8 Kel’ner, Viktor, 45 Kertzer, David, 22, 23, 25 Khakim, Rafael, 88 Khazanov, Anatoly, 84 Kholmogorov, Egor, 199, 201-2 Khramov, Alexander, 132-3, 197 Klier, John, 35 Kohn, Hans, 116 Kolesnikov, Andrei, 177 Konstantinov, Ilia, 127 korennot narod discourse of in Bashkortostan, 16, 80, 81, 82-3, 89 discourses of in Kazakhstan, 84-8, 89 lack of the korennot discourse in Tatarstan, 88-9 rights of, 79-80, 86, 88 term, 16, 79, 86, 88
INDEX Koroteeva, Viktoria, 11, 73 Kravchenko, Volodymyr, 103 Krawchenko, Bohdan, 67 Krokodil, 75 Krylov, Konstantin alliance with the liberals, 135, 174, 175, 177 as a bridge-builder, 175, 178-9 as a democrat, 129,178,194 ethno-nationalist-imperialist divisions, 127 russkii concept, 128 stance on the annexation of Crimea, 197,198 on the war in Eastern Ukraine, 201 Kuchma, Leonid, 104-5 Kundera, Milan, 95-6 Kyrgyzstan, 162-3 Laitin, David, 68, 90-1 language as an ethnic identity marker, 69 first language laws in the post-Soviet states, 69-71, 84 language issues during perestroika, 63, 69-70 proficiency, 16 Russian language, 75, 104-5,125 under Soviet nationality policies, 10 as a verbal symbol, 23 Laqueur, Walter, 32, 52 Lamelle, Marlène, 117, 120, 123,215 Lasswell, Harold, 27 Latvia citizenship requirements, 71-2 ethnicity and employment, 67-8 first language laws, 70 opposition to the St George ribbon, 161 Latynina, Iulia, 147-8, 215 law anti-Semitic discriminatory regulations, 33, 40-2, 49-50, 51 first language laws in the post-Soviet states, 69-71, 84 restrictive laws over civil society in Russia, 168, 187-8 Lazarenko, Ilia, 196-7, 201 Lenin, Vladimir, 9 Lewis, Bernard, 94 Liberals in the Russian opposition liberal-nationalist alliance, 168-9, 170, 173-4 the St George ribbon and, 142, 152, 159,163-4,165 Limonov, Eduard, 173,178, 204-5 Liutostanskii, Ippolit, 33 Loseva, Natalia, 147-8 Löwe, Heinz-Dietrich, 35 Lukashenko, Aleksandr, 163,164 Lysenko, Nikolai, 124 Malešević, Siniša, 1 Mannheim, Karl, 61 McCammon, Holly, 170-1 Medvedev, Dmitrii civic nation-state model,
129-30,137 job switch with Putin, 167-8, 184 on Russia-Georgia relations, 109 the St George ribbon, 148 migration from Central Asia to Russia, 114, 132,194 guest workers/migrant anxiety, 22, 126, 131-3, 136, 138,173,194 and the sons of the soil concept, 75-6, 90-1 under Soviet nationality policies, 77-8 visa schemes for migrant workers in Russia, 75-6, 132-3, 194 Mikhalchenko, Nikolai, 105-6 Miller, Aleksei, 172 Milne, R. R., 91 Milosevic, Slobodan, 8 Milov, Vladmtir, 196, 200 Mirsky, Georgiy, 120-1 Mitrokhin, Nikolai, 116 Moldova, 13, 67, 70 Mordvinov, V, 32-3 Motyl, Alexander, 116 Movement Against Illegal Immigration (DPNI), 126, 173, 174 myths, 19-22, 93-4 see also antemurale myth Napoleon, 5 Nathans, Benjamin, 42 national anthem, 143-4 National Salvation Front, 122, 127-8 National-Bolshevism, 119-20 279
STRATEGIC USES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT nationalism culturalist interpretations, 3-4 as ethno-nationalism, 116-17 instrumentalist interpretations, 3 as a political strategy, 1-3, 113-14 nationalism studies, 1 nationalist rhetoric, 15-16 see also ethno-nationalist rhetoric; religious rhetoric nation-building boundary contraction, 22 boundary expansion, 19, 21 constructivist approaches, 4 ethno-symbolist approaches, 3-4 myths, symbols and rituals, 22-5 in newer states, 4 in the West, 4 NATO, 98 Navalny, Aleksei as alliance bridge-builder, 177-8,181, 183,187 rejection of the Crimean annexation, 196 visa scheme for migrant workers, 132 on the war in Eastern Ukraine, 200 Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 84, 85, 87 nekorennoi, term, 16, 79 Nekrich, Aleksandr, 10 Nemenskii, Oleg, 130-1, 201 Nemtsov, Boris, 173, 180, 181 Neumann, Iver, 110 Norris, Stephen, 152 North Ossetia, 12,13 Northern Ireland, 2 Novodvorskaia, Valeriia, 180 Oberschall, Anthony, 170 O’Leary, Brandon, 28-9 Olzak, Susan, 59-60, 64 Orekh, Anton, 154, 157 Orthodox Church Crimea as the birthplace of, 190 Jewish converts, 34-5 post-Soviet, 2 Ozkirimh, Umut, 28 Pain, Emil, 117, 136 Pamiať, 123-4 Pazniak, Zianon, 101-2 280 perestroika dissolution of the state, 3 ethnic conflict, 55, 56 labour unions, 2 language issues, 63, 69-70 nationalist mobilisation, 57, 58, 74, 120, 122 symbols of the protest movements, 171-2 USSR-focused statism, 122-3 Petrov, Nikolai, 215-16 Poland, 100 Popescu, Nicu, 168 Poroshenko, Petro, 106 Posner, Daniel, 17-18 post-Soviet republics titular groups dominance in inter-ethnic conflicts, 15
titular groups’ nationalising policies, 78-9 titular/non-titular demographics, 10, 12 primordialism, 6, 11 Prokhanov, Aleksandr, 122, 195, 203, 206-7 Prostakov, S. A., 117 Pushilin, Denis, 209-10 Putin, Vladimir Eurasian Union project, 138, 194, 198 at the Immortal Regiment march, 158, 159 job switch with Medvedev, 167-8, 184 On the National Question’ article, 130 as a nationalist/patriot, 113-14,115, 136, 191 popularity after the annexation of Crimea, 26, 135, 190,191 rossiiskii nation project, 125, 194 Russia and Ukraine as one people, 109-10 ‘Russia between two millennia’ article, 115 on Russia-Georgia relations, 109 the St George ribbon, 148 Ukrainian policy, 192 use of terms russkii and rossiiskii, 130, 138-9, 194,198 Putin regime ethno-nationalist rhetoric, 114-15, 126, 129-31, 138,192-3, 215-17 Immortal Regiment, 26
INDEX opposition, 26, 114 repression of Russian nationalists, 135-6 symbolic innovation, 25-6, 143-4, 145 Ukrainian policy, 26-7 visa scheme for migrant workers, 132,194 Rakhimov, Murtaza, 82, 90 Ranger, Terence, 141 Rayner, Jeremy, 27 religious rhetoric antemurale myth, 20, 94, 96-8, 110 anti-Semitism, 30, 31, 32-3, 49 and the emergence of anti-Semitism, 14-15 see also anti-Semitism rituals of boundary making, 19-22 emotional power, 24 and the meaning of symbols, 23, 24 national day ceremonies, 24-5, 143 within national identity formation, 142 as performed symbols, 24 Victory Day, 9 May, 26, 142, 144-5, 150, 153-4, 162 see also Immortal Regiment Roeder, Philip, 12, 15 Rogger, Hans, 34, 35, 42 Romania, 97-8 rossiiskii narod Dmitrii Medvedev’s use of the term, 129-30 in post-Soviet nationalism, 121 in Putin’s language, 130, 138,194,198 of the Russian Federation, 125-6,128 term, 114 Rossov, S., 33, 50-1 Rothschild, Joseph, 6 Rowley, David, 116 Russia boundary contraction, 113 as between East and West, 99,102 fraternal attitudes towards Georgia, 98, 99,109 Russia and Ukraine as one people, 109-10 xenophobia, 114, 132, 133 Russian Empire see Tsarist Russia Russian Federation Crimea’s entry, 114 formation, 124 nation-building project, 125 Russian Federation-centred civic nationalism, 124-6, 137 Russian nationalism, 117,121,137 Russian National Unity (RNE), 124 Russian nationalism civic nation-state model, 125-6, 128, 129 démocratisation of, 22 dissident statists, 115, 120 economic factors, 11, 12, 13-14 empire-nostalgia, 118, 121 ethnic-core nationalism, 126-9 Eurasianism,
119-20 grassroots support for the anti-Putin nationalists, 182-6 as imperialism, 116, 117 liberal-nationalist alliance, 168-9,170, 173-4 migrant anxiety, 22, 126, 131-3, 136, 138,173 National-Bolshevism, 119-20 neo-Eurasianism, 123,131, 132,138 in post-Soviet Russia, 120-1 Putin regime’s nationalist rhetoric, 113-14 red-brown organisations, 115, 122-3 repression of the Russian nationalists, 135-6 during the Soviet era, 119-20, 136-7 state-focused nationalism, 21, 115, 116-17, 118, 119-20, 122-3 support for the annexation of Crimea, 26, 190 supremacist nationalism, 123-4, 137 trajectory of, 1-2, 113-14, 131, 136-8 in Tsarist Russia, 38-9, 117,118-19, 136 typology of, 116-18,137-8 USSR-focused statism, 122-3 during WW II, 10-11 see also ethno-nationalism; imperialism russkii narod concept, 114 popular support, 133 in post-Soviet nationalism, 121 in Putin’s language, 115-16,130, 138-9, 194,198 Ryzhkov, Vladimir, 173, 175, 180-1 281
STRATEGIC USES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT Saakashvili, Mikheil, 107, 108 Sabikenov, S., 85 Saganovich, Genad, 101 Sergeev, Sergei, 127,129 Sevast’ianov, Alexander, 127,128,130, 179,199,200,202 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 88 Shevel, Oxana, 118, 125 Shmakov, Aleksei, 50 Shornikov, Petr, 70 Simonsen, Sven Gunnar, 117 Slavic Union, 126 Smith, Anthony, 3, 4, 28 Smith, Rogers, 27 Snow, David, 169,170 social movement theory bridge-builders, 169, 171, 177-9 bridge-wreckers, 169, 179-81 coalition-building efforts, 171 frames, 169 ideologies, 169, 171 ideologies-frames relationship, 170-1 master frames, 169-70, 172 role of symbols, 171-2 Solovei, Valery, 198-9, 217 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 115, 120,124 sons of the soil (SoS) conflicts arrival time factors, 91 in Bashkortostan, 76, 81-3 concept, 75-6 expectations of in the former Soviet republics, 90-1, 92 in Kazakhstan, 76, 83-8 korennoi discourse, 74-5, 76 migrant anxiety, 75-6, 90-1 Soviet Union (USSR) dissolution of the state, 3 ethno-federal structure, 10 formation, 2 korenizatsia policy, 9-10 nationality policies, 9-10, 77 Russian nationalism, 119-20, 136-7 Russo-centric Soviet state nationalism during W II, 10-11 St George ribbon provenance, 25-6, 145, 146-7 USSR-focused statism, 122-3 Victory Day, 9 May, 144-5 during World War II, 144 282 St George Order of the Donetsk People’s Republic, 210, 211 St George ribbon anti-Putin liberals and, 142,152,159, 163-4, 165 as a boundary marker, 26, 161-2 commercial adoption, 150-3 dual provenance, 25-6, 145-7, 165 an emblem of the Putin regime, 26, 142, 153-5,158-9, 160-1,164-5 and the
Immortal Regiment, 26, 142, 149,154-5 opposition to outside Russia, 161-3,166 popular adoption of, 141-2,143,148-50, 159-60 Student Community’s initiative, 147-8 support for in Ukraine 208 during the war in Eastern Ukraine, 27, 191,208-15 Ukrainian opposition to, 161, 162 ‘We won!’ art exhibition, 215, 216 the White Ribbon as opposition to, 26, 172, 188 Stalin, Joseph, 9,10 state civic nation-state model, 125-6,128,129 dissident statists, 115,120 institutions, 25 state-focused nationalism, 21, 115, 116-17,118,119-20,122-3 strategies for identity-building, 4 use of national symbols, 25 USSR-focused statism, 122-3 Strelkov-Girkin, Igor, 201-2, 205, 209, 210 Surh, Gerald, 47 Sviatenkov, Pavel, 197-8 symbols as boundary markers, 22, 24, 93 definition, 23 ethno-symbolism, 3-4, 28-9 within national identity formation, 3-4, 141, 142 national symbols of the Yeltsin era, 143 rituals and, 23, 24 rival symbolic repertoires, 24 Russian national symbols, 25-6, 143-4, 145 in social movement theory, 171-2 symbolic construction of society, 22-3 of Tsarist Russia, 143
INDEX verbal/non-verbal, 23 White Ribbon, 26, 167,172-3,175, 181-2,188 see also St George ribbon Szporluk, Roman, 118 Tajikistan, 131 Tatarstan demographic history, 88, 89 ethnic mobilisation, 89 ethnic Tatar population in Bashkortostan, 80, 82, 83, 88, 89 lack of the korennot discourse, 76, 88-9 non-titular population, 76 state status in the 1990s, 88 Tatimov, Makash, 85-6 Teper, Yuri, 114 Tishkov, Valerii, 11-12,15, 125-6,128, 129,137 titularity, term, 79 titulars demographics, 10, 12, 16 dominance in inter-ethnic conflicts, 15 job competition dynamics, 14, 15, 56 ‘korennot naroď term, 20, 74 language proficiency, 16 myths of antiquitas, 19-20 preferential rights during the Soviet era, 78 titular language as state language, 13, 69-71, 74 use of ethno-national rhetoric, 12, 13 see also korennot narod Toft, Monica Duffy, 90 Tolz, Vera, 117 Vladimir, 135,174-5,177,178,180,183 Tsarist Russia anti-Semitic discriminatory regulations, 33, 40-2, 49-50, 51 Great Russian identity, 99,110, 136 modernisation, 36, 38-40 nationalist policies, 38-9 the Pale of Settlement, 40-1 population rises, 39-40 Russian identity, 99 Russian nationalism, 116, 117,118-19 social distinctions of, 38 St George ribbon provenance, 25-6, 145,146 terms rossiiskit and russkii, 114 see also anti-Semitism Tsilevich, Boris, 70 Tudjman, Franjo, 8 Tutkevich, D. V., 52 Ukraine antemurale myth, 19, 20-1, 99, 100, 103-7, 111 civilisational discourses, 104,105, 106-7 clash-of-civilisations thesis applied to, 98-9 Euromaidan revolution, 135-6, 148, 191, 200, 203 identity in relation to Russia, 99 nationalism, 67, 104
opposition to the St George ribbon, 161,162 Orange Revolution, 148 Russian attitudes towards, 109-10 the Russian language in, 104-5 as ‘little brothers’ of the Russians, 98, 99 Uniate church, 97-8 see also Crimean annexation; Eastern Ukraine war Umland, Andreas, 168-9 Uniate churches, 97-8, 101 Valeev, D. Zh., 80 Van Dyke, Nella, 170-1 Verkhovsky, Aleksandr, 126, 187 Victory Day, 9 May, 142, 144, 150, 153-4,162 Vishnevskii, Boris, 143,158, 165 Walzer, Michael, 25 Weiner, Myron, 75, 78, 90 Weinerman, Eli, 34 Westby, David, 170 Wilkinson, Steven, 60-1 Wilson, Andrew, 104, 192 Wimmer, Andreas, 18-19, 22, 25,113 World War II Russo-centric Soviet state nationalism during, 10-11 Soviet contribution to the victory, 144 Soviet Great Victory, 26, 142, 144-5, 150,153-4,162 283
STRATEGIC USES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT Yanov, Alexander, 122 Yeltsin, Boris and the formation of the Russian Federation, 124 national symbols, 143 ‘red-brown’ opposition, 122-3 rossiiskii nation project, 114,115,121,125 Vladimir Putin and, 173 Zambia, 17-18 Zarins, Vilis, 67 Zdravomyslova, Elena, 171-2 Zelenskyj, Volodymyr, 106 Zevelev, Igor, 129 Zhirinovskit, Vladimir, 123,151, 203 Zhvania, Zurab, 108 Ziuganov, Gennadii, 122, 123, 203 ------------------------- 284 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek' München v v
Dieter Birnbacher gilt als einer der führenden deutschen Klimaethiker. Seine Einführung von 2016 erscheint nun in vollständig über arbeiteter Fassung - Abschnitte zu Genera tionengerechtigkeit oder der Änderung des öffentlichen Bewusstseins in den letzten Jahren wurden neu gefasst: Die Industrieländer tragen den Hauptteil der Verantwortung für die Veränderungen des Weltklimas. Problematisch ist hier die Asymmetrie von Verursachung und Betrof fenheit. Der »Klimaethik« geht es in diesem Zusammenhang besonders um die Frage nach der Reichweite moralischer Verpflichtungen und ihre Konsequenzen für Länder, Gruppen und auch für jeden Einzelnen. |
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CONTENTS vii List of Figures and Tables Preface x 1 Nationalisms and Interest-Driven Identities: Theoretical Perspectives 1 2 Competing with Entrepreneurial Diasporians: Origins of Anti-Semitism in Nineteenth-Century Russia 30 3 Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict and Job Competition: Non-Russian Collective Action in the USSR under Perestroika 55 4 The Concept of ‘Rootedness’ in the Struggle for Political Power in the Former Soviet Union in the 1990s 74 5 Antemurale Thinking as Historical Myth and Ethnic Boundary Mechanism in Eastern Europe 93 6 Imperialism and Ethnocentrism in Russian Nationalism 113 7 The St George Ribbon and the Immortal Regiment: New Symbols and Rituals in Russian Regime-Legitimation 141
STRATEGIC USES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT 8 Collaboration between Nationalists and Liberals in the Russian Opposition, 2011-2013 167 9 Crimea versus Donbas: Russian Nationalist Reactions 190 Bibliography 219 Index 274
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INDEX Alexseev, Mikhail, 135 Alksnis, Viktor, 127-8 Andersen, Erik André, 72 Anderson, Benedict, 5 Antane, Aina, 70 antemurale myth in Belarus, 19, 20-1, 99, 100-3, 111 characteristics of, 94-5, 110 contrasted with the sui generis myth, 94, 111 for ethnic boundary-making, 19-21, 110 in Georgia, 19, 20-1, 99,100,107-8, 111 for peacekeeping, 98 power politics, 95, 110-11 in religious rhetoric, 20, 94, 96-8,110 as symmetrical or asymmetrical, 94-5 in Ukraine, 19, 20-1, 99,100,103-7, 111 anti-Putin movement bridge-builders, 177-9 bridge-wreckers, 179-81 Citizens Council, 175, 176-7 demonstrations, winter of 2011-12, 167-8,171, 174, 193 grassroots support for the anti-Putin nationalists, 182-6 history of, 173-4 274 ideological groupings, 175-6, 177, 178 liberal-nationalist alliance, 168-9,170, 186-8 master frame, 171 nationalist participation, 174-5 regime’s counterattack, 181-2 White Ribbon, 26,167, 172-3, 175, 181-2, 188 anti-Semitism arguments of, 49-52 discriminatory regulations, 33, 40-2, 49-50, 51 economic motives for, 15, 30, 31, 34, 35, 47-8, 51, 53-4 emergence, late nineteenth century, 14-15, 30-1, 40 job competition motivations for, 15, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36-7, 42, 46-7, 51, 52 pogroms, 31, 45-8 quota restrictions for higher education, 15, 31, 33, 43-5, 50 racialist approaches, 31, 34-5 as religiously motivated, 30, 31, 32-3, 49 socio-economic approaches, 30, 31, 33, 35-7
INDEX Armenians, 37 Armstrong, John, 37-8, 93 Aronson, Michael, 47 August War, 107, 109 Averin, I. A., 86-7 Avrutin, Eugene, 34-5 Baltics education factors in nationalism, 66-71 first language laws, 69-71 job competition for prestigious positions, 15, 55-6, 57, 68-9, 74 peaceful independence protests, 55, 56, 57 Barth, Fredrik, 16-17, 19, 59, 93 Bashkortostan Bashkir political elite, 82, 83, 90 Constitution, 81-2 demographic history, 80 ethnic Tatar population, 80, 82, 83, 88, 89 korennoi discourse, 16, 80, 81, 82-3, 89 modernisation, 79 non-titular population, 76 sons of the soil (SoS) conflicts, 76, 81-3 state status in the 1990s, 80-1, 88 ‘Ural’ nationalist organisation, 81 Basque liberation movement, 2 Beissinger, Mark, 58, 73 Belarus antemurale myth, 19,20-1, 99,100-3, 111 clash-of-civilisations thesis applied to, 98-9, 101 counter-discourses of boundary making, 19 identity in relation to Russia, 99,102, 103 national identity, 100-1 nationalist discourses, 101-3 St George ribbon conundrum, 163 sui generis myth in, 100 Uniate church, 97-8, 101 Belarusian Popular Front (BPF), 101-2 Beliaev, Mikhail, 197 Bell, Sandra, 171 Belov-Potkin, Aleksandr, 126,135,174, 177, 178,179-80, 183 Benediktov, Kirill, 126 Benford, Robert, 169,170 Bereza, Boryslav, 106-7 Blomqvist, Lars Erik, 22 Borovoi, Konstantin, 180 Brandenburger, David, 11 Brass, Paul, 6, 8 Breuilly, John, 3 Bronner, Stephen, 53 Brubaker, Rogers, 7, 27 Canovan, Margaret, 141 Carrère d’Encausse, Hélène, 56, 72 Central Asia first language laws, 69 independence, 56 migrants to Russia, 114, 132, 194 unemployment in, 15,
55-6, 57, 60, 64 violent ethnic conflict, 56-7, 64, 76 white-collar employment, 68 Chechnya, 11,13 Christianity, 97-8 Chua, Amy, 48 clash-of-civilisations thesis, 96-9, 101,110 Cohen, Abner, 22, 23 Cohen, Anthony, 17, 23, 164 Cohen, Robin, 37, 38 collective identities cultural traditions, 6, 16 ethno-nationalist rhetoric, 11 group interests and, 27-8 mobilisation of, 28 communist ideology approach to nationalism, 9-10 nationalism as a response to, 1-2 Congress of Russian Communities (KRO), 123 Connor, Walker, 4-5, 10 constructivism, 4, 11, 125 Conversi, Daniele, 28 Coordination Council of the Opposition, 169,176,187 Crimean Victory Day celebrations, 208-10 Crimean annexation 18 March 2014 speech, 109-10,114, 198,203 ethnic Russians, 196, 197 ethno-nationalist attitudes towards, 193, 196-200, 204 imperialist attitudes towards, 193, 203-4 motives for, 190 as a nationalist strategy, 26,190,191, 193 popular attitudes towards, 134 Putin’s popularity following, 26,135, 190, 191 St George ribbon and, 26 275
STRATEGIC USES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT culturalism links with instrumentalism, 3, 6 psychological nature of nationality, 4-5 Delaney, Mary, 171 democracy of ethno-nationalists, 126-7, 128-9, 194 Konstantin Krylov, 129, 178, 194 Russian national democrats, 126-7, 128, 132-3, 174-5, 194 demographics migration during the Soviet era, 77-8 modernisation and population growth, 39-40, 59 titular/non-titular regions, 10, 12, 16 Demushkin, Dmitrii, 135, 177 Deutsch, Karl, 116 diaspora the diasporic condition, 36, 37-8 mobilisation of, 37 perceived threat of, 38, 52-3 proletarian, 37 of Russians in non-Russian republics, 75, 79, 90, 124-5 social advancement, 37 Dima, Nicholas, 67 Donbas war see Eastern Ukraine war Dontsov, Dmytro, 104 Dorpema, Marc, 14 Drobizheva, Leokadia, 120 Dubin, Boris, 133 Dugin, Aleksandr, 99, 123, 126, 195, 204, 205-6, 207 Dunlop, John, 116, 120, 122 Durkheim, Émile, 22 Dzhunusova, Zhalnylzhan Kh., 85 Eastern Ukraine war deaths of 40 pro-Russians in a fire in Odesa, 207, 213-15 ethno-nationalist attitudes towards, 200-3 events of, 191 Russian imperialist attitudes towards, 204-8 Novorossia mythology, 195, 201, 205-6, 207-8 Putin’s strategy, 192 the St George ribbon and, 27, 191, 208-15 276 economics economic motives for anti-Semitism, 15, 30, 31, 34, 35, 47-8, 51, 53-4 ethnic economic manipulation, 13-14 in post-Soviet nationalism, 11,12, 13-14 see also employment education and the diasporic condition, 36, 37 educational qualification and employment opportunities, 66-8 effect on nationalist mobilisation, 58, 66-71 ethnic conflict over access to
higher education, 66-7 during modernisation, 36, 61 postwar higher education in the USSR, 66 quota restrictions for Jews in Tsarist Russia, 15, 31, 33, 43-5, 50 quota systems, 66 specialised Jewish colleges, 43 Elagin, Andrei Sergeevich, 87 Elgenius, Gabriella, 23, 24-5 elites articulate nationalism, 61 Bashkir political elite, 82, 83, 90 Kazakh political elites, 83-4 labour factor in elite nationalism, 61-3 during the Moldovan civil war, 13 role in national identity formation, 6, 7 secessionist campaigns in the Soviet republics, 11 employment competition for prestigious positions in the Baltics, 15, 55-6, 57, 68-9, 74 and the diasporic condition, 37-8 educational qualification and employment opportunities, 66-8 ethnic division of labour, 58-9 first language laws in Latvia and, 69-71 guest workers/migrant anxiety, 22,126, 131-3,136,138, 173,194 job competition dynamics and nationalism, 13-14, 15, 55-6, 62, 66-71 job equalisation under modernisation, 59 labour factor in elite nationalism, 61-3 labour factor in ethnic conflict, 15, 58-61, 62-3, 64-6
INDEX professional rivalries and anti-Semitism, 15, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36-7, 42, 46-7, 51,52 unemployment in Central Asia, 15, 55-6, 57, 60, 64 see also migration Eriksen, Thomas Hylland, 16 Estonia citizenship requirements, 71-2 opposition to the St George ribbon, 161 ethnic boundary making antiquitas myth, 19-20, 93 boundary contraction, 19, 22, 113 boundary expansion, 19, 21 boundary maintenance, 17 boundary markers (diacritica), 24, 26 boundary-making within a nation, 3, 142 counter-discourses, 19 diacritica (boundary markers), 16, 17, 93 for identity formation, 16-17, 59 individual agency, 18-19 martyrium myth, 19, 94 as multifaceted, 17-18 myths, symbols and rituals, 22-5, 93 for self- and other-identification, 19, 93,110 strategic behaviour, 18-19 sui generis myth, 19, 94,100, 111 in Zambia, 17-18 see also antemurale myth ethnic conflict in Central Asia, 56-7, 64, 76 in the former Yugoslavia, 8 globally, 2 labour factor in, 15, 58-61, 62-3, 64-6 over higher education, 66-7 during perestroika, 55, 56 titular/non-titular group power dynamics, 15 warmongering strategies, 8 see also Anti-Semitism ethnic entrepreneurs belief in own ideas, 14 nationalist rhetoric, 2 power struggles of, 12-13 use of ethnic boundaries, 17 use of Russian/titular economic gaps, 13-14 ethnic identities common-culture approach, 6, 16 under the communist regime, 2 interactions with the Other, 16,110 role of culture, history and symbols, 3-4,141,142 ethnic Russians dominance in well-paid jobs, 14 status in the non-Russian republics, 74-5 in Tsarist Russia, 38 ethnicity elites and identity-formation,
6, 7 politicisation of, 6-7, 77 Soviet institutionalisation of, 77-8 ethno-nationalism the Crimean annexation, 196-200, 204 democratic leanings, 126-7, 128-9, 194 emergence of in Russia, 126-9 imperialist-ethno-nationalist divisions in Russia, 117, 118, 127-8, 192,193-4 migrantphobia, 126, 131-3,138, 194 national democrats, 126-7, 128, 132-3, 174-5,194 nationalism as, 116-17,118 opposition to the Putin regime, 194 popular support in Russia, 133-5 russkii concept, 128, 133, 194 shift from statism to, 115 stance on the war in Eastern Ukraine, 200-3 ethno-nationalist rhetoric efficacy of in titular/non-titular regions, 12, 13 of the Putin regime, 114-15, 126, 129-31,138, 192-3, 215-17 use by regional leaders in the USSR under perestroika, 11-12 ethno-symbolism, 3-4, 28-9 Eurasianism, 119-20 Europe Central Europe, 95, 96 East/West cultural divide, 95-7 Huntington’s civilisational division, 96-8 Fearon, James, 90-1 Feoktistov, Aleksandr, 86 Fish, Stephen, 27 flags, 23 former Yugoslavia, 8 functionalism, 5 277
STRATEGIC USES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT Gagnon, V. P., 8 Geisler, Michael, 24 Gellner, Ernest, 5, 19, 62, 63,116 Georgia antemurale myth, 19, 20-1, 99, 100, 107-8, 111 clash-of-civilisations thesis applied to, 98-9, 108 identity in relation to Russia, 98, 99, 109 Gessen, lulii, 41, 43 Giuliano, Elise, 13-14, 15, 58, 60 Goble, Paul, 10 Goldstein, Jonah, 27 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 11, 14, 74,122, 124,171 Gorenburg, Dmitry, 88, 91 group interests collective identities and, 27-8 group grievances, 13-14 within nationalist agendas, 3 Guboglo, Mikhail, 69 Guibernau, Montserrat, 3, 4, 24, 25 Hale, Henry, 58,135 Heller, Mikhail, 10 Hobsbawm, Eric, 62, 141 Horowitz, Donald, 90 Hosking, Geoffrey, 119 housing shortages and ethnic conflict, 63, 65 Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 103-4 Huntington, Samuel, 96-8,110 Hutchinson, John, 3, 4, 24, 25 Huttenbach, Henry, 9 Hüttermann, Jörg, 38 Tarmonkin, V., 49-50 Immortal Regiment as a civil society initiative, 155-6 politicisation of, 157-8 popular adoption, 156-7, 159-60 70th anniversary of WWII, 156-7, 158 the St George ribbon and, 26, 142, 149, 154-5 Vladimir Putin and, 158, 159 imperialism empire-nostalgia in Russia, 118, 121 imperialist-ethno-nationalist divisions in Russia, 117, 118,127-8, 192, 193-4 nostalgia for the Soviet state, 194-5 Russian nationalism as, 116, 117 278 stance on the annexation of Crimea, 203-4 stance on the war in Eastern Ukraine, 204-8 Ingram, Alan, 123 instrumentalism applied to the former Soviet Union, 11 applied to the Soviet Union, 9 elitist approaches, 6-8 within ethno-symbolism, 28-9 group/individual interests in
nationalism, 3, 5-8, 11-12, 18 links with culturalism, 3, 6 primordialism and, 6 Ioseliani, Otar, 108 Islam, 2, 20, 94 Kaiser, Robert, 67, 68 Kalashnikov, Maksim, 207-8 Kappeler, Andreas, 38 Karklins, Rasma, 66-7, 78 Kasparov, Garrì, 173, 178 Kaufman, Stuart, 13 Kazakhstan demographic history, 81 ethnic conflict over higher education, 66-7 ethnic Kazakh political elites, 83-4 korennot discourse, 84-8, 89 language proficiency, 16, 71, 84 modernisation in, 79 non-Kazakh population, 76, 86-7 sons of the soil (SoS) conflicts in, 76, 83-8 Kel’ner, Viktor, 45 Kertzer, David, 22, 23, 25 Khakim, Rafael, 88 Khazanov, Anatoly, 84 Kholmogorov, Egor, 199, 201-2 Khramov, Alexander, 132-3, 197 Klier, John, 35 Kohn, Hans, 116 Kolesnikov, Andrei, 177 Konstantinov, Ilia, 127 korennot narod discourse of in Bashkortostan, 16, 80, 81, 82-3, 89 discourses of in Kazakhstan, 84-8, 89 lack of the korennot discourse in Tatarstan, 88-9 rights of, 79-80, 86, 88 term, 16, 79, 86, 88
INDEX Koroteeva, Viktoria, 11, 73 Kravchenko, Volodymyr, 103 Krawchenko, Bohdan, 67 Krokodil, 75 Krylov, Konstantin alliance with the liberals, 135, 174, 175, 177 as a bridge-builder, 175, 178-9 as a democrat, 129,178,194 ethno-nationalist-imperialist divisions, 127 russkii concept, 128 stance on the annexation of Crimea, 197,198 on the war in Eastern Ukraine, 201 Kuchma, Leonid, 104-5 Kundera, Milan, 95-6 Kyrgyzstan, 162-3 Laitin, David, 68, 90-1 language as an ethnic identity marker, 69 first language laws in the post-Soviet states, 69-71, 84 language issues during perestroika, 63, 69-70 proficiency, 16 Russian language, 75, 104-5,125 under Soviet nationality policies, 10 as a verbal symbol, 23 Laqueur, Walter, 32, 52 Lamelle, Marlène, 117, 120, 123,215 Lasswell, Harold, 27 Latvia citizenship requirements, 71-2 ethnicity and employment, 67-8 first language laws, 70 opposition to the St George ribbon, 161 Latynina, Iulia, 147-8, 215 law anti-Semitic discriminatory regulations, 33, 40-2, 49-50, 51 first language laws in the post-Soviet states, 69-71, 84 restrictive laws over civil society in Russia, 168, 187-8 Lazarenko, Ilia, 196-7, 201 Lenin, Vladimir, 9 Lewis, Bernard, 94 Liberals in the Russian opposition liberal-nationalist alliance, 168-9, 170, 173-4 the St George ribbon and, 142, 152, 159,163-4,165 Limonov, Eduard, 173,178, 204-5 Liutostanskii, Ippolit, 33 Loseva, Natalia, 147-8 Löwe, Heinz-Dietrich, 35 Lukashenko, Aleksandr, 163,164 Lysenko, Nikolai, 124 Malešević, Siniša, 1 Mannheim, Karl, 61 McCammon, Holly, 170-1 Medvedev, Dmitrii civic nation-state model,
129-30,137 job switch with Putin, 167-8, 184 on Russia-Georgia relations, 109 the St George ribbon, 148 migration from Central Asia to Russia, 114, 132,194 guest workers/migrant anxiety, 22, 126, 131-3, 136, 138,173,194 and the sons of the soil concept, 75-6, 90-1 under Soviet nationality policies, 77-8 visa schemes for migrant workers in Russia, 75-6, 132-3, 194 Mikhalchenko, Nikolai, 105-6 Miller, Aleksei, 172 Milne, R. R., 91 Milosevic, Slobodan, 8 Milov, Vladmtir, 196, 200 Mirsky, Georgiy, 120-1 Mitrokhin, Nikolai, 116 Moldova, 13, 67, 70 Mordvinov, V, 32-3 Motyl, Alexander, 116 Movement Against Illegal Immigration (DPNI), 126, 173, 174 myths, 19-22, 93-4 see also antemurale myth Napoleon, 5 Nathans, Benjamin, 42 national anthem, 143-4 National Salvation Front, 122, 127-8 National-Bolshevism, 119-20 279
STRATEGIC USES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT nationalism culturalist interpretations, 3-4 as ethno-nationalism, 116-17 instrumentalist interpretations, 3 as a political strategy, 1-3, 113-14 nationalism studies, 1 nationalist rhetoric, 15-16 see also ethno-nationalist rhetoric; religious rhetoric nation-building boundary contraction, 22 boundary expansion, 19, 21 constructivist approaches, 4 ethno-symbolist approaches, 3-4 myths, symbols and rituals, 22-5 in newer states, 4 in the West, 4 NATO, 98 Navalny, Aleksei as alliance bridge-builder, 177-8,181, 183,187 rejection of the Crimean annexation, 196 visa scheme for migrant workers, 132 on the war in Eastern Ukraine, 200 Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 84, 85, 87 nekorennoi, term, 16, 79 Nekrich, Aleksandr, 10 Nemenskii, Oleg, 130-1, 201 Nemtsov, Boris, 173, 180, 181 Neumann, Iver, 110 Norris, Stephen, 152 North Ossetia, 12,13 Northern Ireland, 2 Novodvorskaia, Valeriia, 180 Oberschall, Anthony, 170 O’Leary, Brandon, 28-9 Olzak, Susan, 59-60, 64 Orekh, Anton, 154, 157 Orthodox Church Crimea as the birthplace of, 190 Jewish converts, 34-5 post-Soviet, 2 Ozkirimh, Umut, 28 Pain, Emil, 117, 136 Pamiať, 123-4 Pazniak, Zianon, 101-2 280 perestroika dissolution of the state, 3 ethnic conflict, 55, 56 labour unions, 2 language issues, 63, 69-70 nationalist mobilisation, 57, 58, 74, 120, 122 symbols of the protest movements, 171-2 USSR-focused statism, 122-3 Petrov, Nikolai, 215-16 Poland, 100 Popescu, Nicu, 168 Poroshenko, Petro, 106 Posner, Daniel, 17-18 post-Soviet republics titular groups dominance in inter-ethnic conflicts, 15
titular groups’ nationalising policies, 78-9 titular/non-titular demographics, 10, 12 primordialism, 6, 11 Prokhanov, Aleksandr, 122, 195, 203, 206-7 Prostakov, S. A., 117 Pushilin, Denis, 209-10 Putin, Vladimir Eurasian Union project, 138, 194, 198 at the Immortal Regiment march, 158, 159 job switch with Medvedev, 167-8, 184 On the National Question’ article, 130 as a nationalist/patriot, 113-14,115, 136, 191 popularity after the annexation of Crimea, 26, 135, 190,191 rossiiskii nation project, 125, 194 Russia and Ukraine as one people, 109-10 ‘Russia between two millennia’ article, 115 on Russia-Georgia relations, 109 the St George ribbon, 148 Ukrainian policy, 192 use of terms russkii and rossiiskii, 130, 138-9, 194,198 Putin regime ethno-nationalist rhetoric, 114-15, 126, 129-31, 138,192-3, 215-17 Immortal Regiment, 26
INDEX opposition, 26, 114 repression of Russian nationalists, 135-6 symbolic innovation, 25-6, 143-4, 145 Ukrainian policy, 26-7 visa scheme for migrant workers, 132,194 Rakhimov, Murtaza, 82, 90 Ranger, Terence, 141 Rayner, Jeremy, 27 religious rhetoric antemurale myth, 20, 94, 96-8, 110 anti-Semitism, 30, 31, 32-3, 49 and the emergence of anti-Semitism, 14-15 see also anti-Semitism rituals of boundary making, 19-22 emotional power, 24 and the meaning of symbols, 23, 24 national day ceremonies, 24-5, 143 within national identity formation, 142 as performed symbols, 24 Victory Day, 9 May, 26, 142, 144-5, 150, 153-4, 162 see also Immortal Regiment Roeder, Philip, 12, 15 Rogger, Hans, 34, 35, 42 Romania, 97-8 rossiiskii narod Dmitrii Medvedev’s use of the term, 129-30 in post-Soviet nationalism, 121 in Putin’s language, 130, 138,194,198 of the Russian Federation, 125-6,128 term, 114 Rossov, S., 33, 50-1 Rothschild, Joseph, 6 Rowley, David, 116 Russia boundary contraction, 113 as between East and West, 99,102 fraternal attitudes towards Georgia, 98, 99,109 Russia and Ukraine as one people, 109-10 xenophobia, 114, 132, 133 Russian Empire see Tsarist Russia Russian Federation Crimea’s entry, 114 formation, 124 nation-building project, 125 Russian Federation-centred civic nationalism, 124-6, 137 Russian nationalism, 117,121,137 Russian National Unity (RNE), 124 Russian nationalism civic nation-state model, 125-6, 128, 129 démocratisation of, 22 dissident statists, 115, 120 economic factors, 11, 12, 13-14 empire-nostalgia, 118, 121 ethnic-core nationalism, 126-9 Eurasianism,
119-20 grassroots support for the anti-Putin nationalists, 182-6 as imperialism, 116, 117 liberal-nationalist alliance, 168-9,170, 173-4 migrant anxiety, 22, 126, 131-3, 136, 138,173 National-Bolshevism, 119-20 neo-Eurasianism, 123,131, 132,138 in post-Soviet Russia, 120-1 Putin regime’s nationalist rhetoric, 113-14 red-brown organisations, 115, 122-3 repression of the Russian nationalists, 135-6 during the Soviet era, 119-20, 136-7 state-focused nationalism, 21, 115, 116-17, 118, 119-20, 122-3 support for the annexation of Crimea, 26, 190 supremacist nationalism, 123-4, 137 trajectory of, 1-2, 113-14, 131, 136-8 in Tsarist Russia, 38-9, 117,118-19, 136 typology of, 116-18,137-8 USSR-focused statism, 122-3 during WW II, 10-11 see also ethno-nationalism; imperialism russkii narod concept, 114 popular support, 133 in post-Soviet nationalism, 121 in Putin’s language, 115-16,130, 138-9, 194,198 Ryzhkov, Vladimir, 173, 175, 180-1 281
STRATEGIC USES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT Saakashvili, Mikheil, 107, 108 Sabikenov, S., 85 Saganovich, Genad, 101 Sergeev, Sergei, 127,129 Sevast’ianov, Alexander, 127,128,130, 179,199,200,202 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 88 Shevel, Oxana, 118, 125 Shmakov, Aleksei, 50 Shornikov, Petr, 70 Simonsen, Sven Gunnar, 117 Slavic Union, 126 Smith, Anthony, 3, 4, 28 Smith, Rogers, 27 Snow, David, 169,170 social movement theory bridge-builders, 169, 171, 177-9 bridge-wreckers, 169, 179-81 coalition-building efforts, 171 frames, 169 ideologies, 169, 171 ideologies-frames relationship, 170-1 master frames, 169-70, 172 role of symbols, 171-2 Solovei, Valery, 198-9, 217 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 115, 120,124 sons of the soil (SoS) conflicts arrival time factors, 91 in Bashkortostan, 76, 81-3 concept, 75-6 expectations of in the former Soviet republics, 90-1, 92 in Kazakhstan, 76, 83-8 korennoi discourse, 74-5, 76 migrant anxiety, 75-6, 90-1 Soviet Union (USSR) dissolution of the state, 3 ethno-federal structure, 10 formation, 2 korenizatsia policy, 9-10 nationality policies, 9-10, 77 Russian nationalism, 119-20, 136-7 Russo-centric Soviet state nationalism during W II, 10-11 St George ribbon provenance, 25-6, 145, 146-7 USSR-focused statism, 122-3 Victory Day, 9 May, 144-5 during World War II, 144 282 St George Order of the Donetsk People’s Republic, 210, 211 St George ribbon anti-Putin liberals and, 142,152,159, 163-4, 165 as a boundary marker, 26, 161-2 commercial adoption, 150-3 dual provenance, 25-6, 145-7, 165 an emblem of the Putin regime, 26, 142, 153-5,158-9, 160-1,164-5 and the
Immortal Regiment, 26, 142, 149,154-5 opposition to outside Russia, 161-3,166 popular adoption of, 141-2,143,148-50, 159-60 Student Community’s initiative, 147-8 support for in Ukraine 208 during the war in Eastern Ukraine, 27, 191,208-15 Ukrainian opposition to, 161, 162 ‘We won!’ art exhibition, 215, 216 the White Ribbon as opposition to, 26, 172, 188 Stalin, Joseph, 9,10 state civic nation-state model, 125-6,128,129 dissident statists, 115,120 institutions, 25 state-focused nationalism, 21, 115, 116-17,118,119-20,122-3 strategies for identity-building, 4 use of national symbols, 25 USSR-focused statism, 122-3 Strelkov-Girkin, Igor, 201-2, 205, 209, 210 Surh, Gerald, 47 Sviatenkov, Pavel, 197-8 symbols as boundary markers, 22, 24, 93 definition, 23 ethno-symbolism, 3-4, 28-9 within national identity formation, 3-4, 141, 142 national symbols of the Yeltsin era, 143 rituals and, 23, 24 rival symbolic repertoires, 24 Russian national symbols, 25-6, 143-4, 145 in social movement theory, 171-2 symbolic construction of society, 22-3 of Tsarist Russia, 143
INDEX verbal/non-verbal, 23 White Ribbon, 26, 167,172-3,175, 181-2,188 see also St George ribbon Szporluk, Roman, 118 Tajikistan, 131 Tatarstan demographic history, 88, 89 ethnic mobilisation, 89 ethnic Tatar population in Bashkortostan, 80, 82, 83, 88, 89 lack of the korennot discourse, 76, 88-9 non-titular population, 76 state status in the 1990s, 88 Tatimov, Makash, 85-6 Teper, Yuri, 114 Tishkov, Valerii, 11-12,15, 125-6,128, 129,137 titularity, term, 79 titulars demographics, 10, 12, 16 dominance in inter-ethnic conflicts, 15 job competition dynamics, 14, 15, 56 ‘korennot naroď term, 20, 74 language proficiency, 16 myths of antiquitas, 19-20 preferential rights during the Soviet era, 78 titular language as state language, 13, 69-71, 74 use of ethno-national rhetoric, 12, 13 see also korennot narod Toft, Monica Duffy, 90 Tolz, Vera, 117 Vladimir, 135,174-5,177,178,180,183 Tsarist Russia anti-Semitic discriminatory regulations, 33, 40-2, 49-50, 51 Great Russian identity, 99,110, 136 modernisation, 36, 38-40 nationalist policies, 38-9 the Pale of Settlement, 40-1 population rises, 39-40 Russian identity, 99 Russian nationalism, 116, 117,118-19 social distinctions of, 38 St George ribbon provenance, 25-6, 145,146 terms rossiiskit and russkii, 114 see also anti-Semitism Tsilevich, Boris, 70 Tudjman, Franjo, 8 Tutkevich, D. V., 52 Ukraine antemurale myth, 19, 20-1, 99, 100, 103-7, 111 civilisational discourses, 104,105, 106-7 clash-of-civilisations thesis applied to, 98-9 Euromaidan revolution, 135-6, 148, 191, 200, 203 identity in relation to Russia, 99 nationalism, 67, 104
opposition to the St George ribbon, 161,162 Orange Revolution, 148 Russian attitudes towards, 109-10 the Russian language in, 104-5 as ‘little brothers’ of the Russians, 98, 99 Uniate church, 97-8 see also Crimean annexation; Eastern Ukraine war Umland, Andreas, 168-9 Uniate churches, 97-8, 101 Valeev, D. Zh., 80 Van Dyke, Nella, 170-1 Verkhovsky, Aleksandr, 126, 187 Victory Day, 9 May, 142, 144, 150, 153-4,162 Vishnevskii, Boris, 143,158, 165 Walzer, Michael, 25 Weiner, Myron, 75, 78, 90 Weinerman, Eli, 34 Westby, David, 170 Wilkinson, Steven, 60-1 Wilson, Andrew, 104, 192 Wimmer, Andreas, 18-19, 22, 25,113 World War II Russo-centric Soviet state nationalism during, 10-11 Soviet contribution to the victory, 144 Soviet Great Victory, 26, 142, 144-5, 150,153-4,162 283
STRATEGIC USES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT Yanov, Alexander, 122 Yeltsin, Boris and the formation of the Russian Federation, 124 national symbols, 143 ‘red-brown’ opposition, 122-3 rossiiskii nation project, 114,115,121,125 Vladimir Putin and, 173 Zambia, 17-18 Zarins, Vilis, 67 Zdravomyslova, Elena, 171-2 Zelenskyj, Volodymyr, 106 Zevelev, Igor, 129 Zhirinovskit, Vladimir, 123,151, 203 Zhvania, Zurab, 108 Ziuganov, Gennadii, 122, 123, 203 ------------------------- 284 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek' München v v
Dieter Birnbacher gilt als einer der führenden deutschen Klimaethiker. Seine Einführung von 2016 erscheint nun in vollständig über arbeiteter Fassung - Abschnitte zu Genera tionengerechtigkeit oder der Änderung des öffentlichen Bewusstseins in den letzten Jahren wurden neu gefasst: Die Industrieländer tragen den Hauptteil der Verantwortung für die Veränderungen des Weltklimas. Problematisch ist hier die Asymmetrie von Verursachung und Betrof fenheit. Der »Klimaethik« geht es in diesem Zusammenhang besonders um die Frage nach der Reichweite moralischer Verpflichtungen und ihre Konsequenzen für Länder, Gruppen und auch für jeden Einzelnen. |
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| author | Kolstø, Pål 1953- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)129379190 |
| author_facet | Kolstø, Pål 1953- |
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| author_sort | Kolstø, Pål 1953- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV047873425 |
| classification_rvk | MG 80968 MG 85968 MG 85330 MG 80330 MG 85070 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1314896819 (DE-599)BVBBV047873425 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Politologie |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV047873425 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-03T19:20:28Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-21T01:09:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781474495004 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-033255896 |
| oclc_num | 1314896819 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-521 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-384 |
| owner_facet | DE-521 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-384 |
| physical | xii, 284 Seiten Illustrationen (schwarz-weiß) |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20220530 |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publishDateSearch | 2022 |
| publishDateSort | 2022 |
| publisher | Edinburgh University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kolstø, Pål 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)129379190 aut Strategic uses of nationalism and ethnic conflict interest and identity in Russia and the post-Soviet space Pål Kolstø Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press [2022] © 2022 xii, 284 Seiten Illustrationen (schwarz-weiß) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd rswk-swf Minderheitenfrage (DE-588)4169999-3 gnd rswk-swf Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd rswk-swf Ethnozentrismus (DE-588)4070982-6 gnd rswk-swf Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd rswk-swf Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 s Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 s Minderheitenfrage (DE-588)4169999-3 s Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 s Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 s DE-604 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Ethnozentrismus (DE-588)4070982-6 s Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 978-1-4744-9502-8 (DE-604)BV048300213 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB 978-1-4744-9503-5 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033255896&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033255896&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033255896&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033255896&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Kolstø, Pål 1953- Strategic uses of nationalism and ethnic conflict interest and identity in Russia and the post-Soviet space Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd Minderheitenfrage (DE-588)4169999-3 gnd Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd Ethnozentrismus (DE-588)4070982-6 gnd Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4328855-8 (DE-588)4169999-3 (DE-588)4041300-7 (DE-588)4070982-6 (DE-588)4026482-8 (DE-588)4057952-9 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Strategic uses of nationalism and ethnic conflict interest and identity in Russia and the post-Soviet space |
| title_auth | Strategic uses of nationalism and ethnic conflict interest and identity in Russia and the post-Soviet space |
| title_exact_search | Strategic uses of nationalism and ethnic conflict interest and identity in Russia and the post-Soviet space |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Strategic uses of nationalism and ethnic conflict interest and identity in Russia and the post-Soviet space |
| title_full | Strategic uses of nationalism and ethnic conflict interest and identity in Russia and the post-Soviet space Pål Kolstø |
| title_fullStr | Strategic uses of nationalism and ethnic conflict interest and identity in Russia and the post-Soviet space Pål Kolstø |
| title_full_unstemmed | Strategic uses of nationalism and ethnic conflict interest and identity in Russia and the post-Soviet space Pål Kolstø |
| title_short | Strategic uses of nationalism and ethnic conflict |
| title_sort | strategic uses of nationalism and ethnic conflict interest and identity in russia and the post soviet space |
| title_sub | interest and identity in Russia and the post-Soviet space |
| topic | Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Nachfolgestaaten (DE-588)4328855-8 gnd Minderheitenfrage (DE-588)4169999-3 gnd Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd Ethnozentrismus (DE-588)4070982-6 gnd Identität (DE-588)4026482-8 gnd Strategie (DE-588)4057952-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politik Nachfolgestaaten Minderheitenfrage Nationalismus Ethnozentrismus Identität Strategie Sowjetunion Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033255896&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033255896&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033255896&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=033255896&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kolstøpal strategicusesofnationalismandethnicconflictinterestandidentityinrussiaandthepostsovietspace |